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Human papillomavirus infection Some of the "early genes" carried by the HPV virus, such as genes E6 and E7, act as oncogenes that promote tumor growth and malignant transformation. Furthermore, HPV can induce a tumorigenic process through integration into a host genome which is associated with alterations in DNA copy n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are associated with HPV infection, with two types, HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cases. In 2012, twelve HPV types were considered carcinogenic for cervical cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Moreover, the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among HIV-positive individuals who were coinfected with high-risk HPV, and 80 times higher for particularly HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Anal Pap smear screening for anal cancer might benefit some subpopulations of men... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection 5 per 100,000 in 2012, and, as of 2015, the rate has continued to increase. Researchers explain these recent data by an increase in oral sex. This type of cancer is more common in men than in women. The mutational profile of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer has been repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection The reported average frequencies of HPV in lung cancers were 17% and 15% in Europe and the Americas, respectively, and the mean number of HPV in Asian lung cancer samples was 35.7%, with a considerable heterogeneity between certain countries and regions. In very rare cases, HPV may cause ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Genital HPV is spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal, anal, and oral sex being the most common methods. Occasionally it can spread from a mother to her baby during pregnancy. HPV is difficult to remove via standard hospital disinfection techniques, and may be trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), three as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108). Condoms do not completely protect from the virus because the are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection In a separate report on genital HPV infection, 1% of virgin women (1 of 76) with no sexual contact tested positive for HPV, while 10% of virgin women reporting non-penetrative sexual contact were positive (7 of 72). Sharing of possibly contaminated objects, for example, razors, may transm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection However, it is important to note that detecting the presence of HPV DNA in blood is not the same as detecting the virus itself in blood, and whether or not the virus itself can or does reside in blood in infected individuals is still unknown. As such, it remains to be determined whether H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection It is believed that involved antibodies play a major neutralizing role while the virions still reside on the basement membrane and cell surfaces. HPV lesions are thought to arise from the proliferation of infected basal keratinocytes. Infection typically occurs when basal cells in the hos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection A sophisticated transcriptional cascade then occurs as the host keratinocyte begins to divide and become increasingly differentiated in the upper layers of the epithelium. The phylogeny of the various strains of HPV generally reflects the migration patterns of "Homo sapiens" and suggests ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Thus, viral genome integration into host DNA genome increases E6 and E7 expression to promote cellular proliferation and the chance of malignancy. The degree to which E6 and E7 are expressed is correlated with the type of cervical lesion that can ultimately develop. The E6/E7 proteins ina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Once the genome is encapsidated, the capsid appears to undergo a redox-dependent assembly/maturation event, which is tied to a natural redox gradient that spans both suprabasal and cornified epithelial tissue layers. This assembly/maturation event stabilizes virions, and increases their s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Low-risk types cause warts and high-risk types can cause lesions or cancer. Guidelines from the American Cancer Society recommend screening for cervical cancer based on age, screening history, risk factors and choice of tests available. Because of the link between HPV and cervical cancer,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection However, the tests are approved by the FDA for only two indications: for follow-up testing of women who seem to have abnormal Pap test results and for cervical cancer screening in combination with a Pap test among women over age 30." Guidelines for oropharyngeal cancer screening by the Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Clinicians often depend on the vaccine among young people and high clearance rates (see Clearance subsection in Virology) to create a low risk of disease and mortality, and treat the cancers when they appear. Others believe that reducing HPV infection in more men and women, even when it h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection In one study the subjects were asked not to wash their genitals for 12 hours before sampling, including the urethra as well as the scrotum and the penis. Other studies are silent on washing - a particular gap in studies of the hands. One small study used wet cytobrushes, rather than wet t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection These visible growths, however, are the result of non-carcinogenic HPV types. Five percent acetic acid (vinegar) is used to identify both warts and squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL) lesions with limited success by causing abnormal tissue to appear white, but most doctors have found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Three vaccines are available to prevent infection by some HPV types: Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix; all three protect against initial infection with HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most of the HPV-associated cancer cases. Gardasil also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection The CDC recommends the vaccines be delivered in two shots at an interval of least 6 months for those aged 11–12, and three doses for those 13 and older. In most countries, they are funded only for female use, but are approved for male use in many countries, and funded for teenage boys in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection In December 2014, the FDA approved a nine-valent Gardasil-based vaccine, Gardasil 9, to protect against infection with the four strains of HPV covered by the first generation of Gardasil as well as five other strains responsible for 20% of cervical cancers (HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection For such equipment, some health authorities encourage use of UV disinfection or a non-hypochlorite "oxidizing‐based high‐level disinfectant [bleach] with label claims for non‐enveloped viruses", such as a strong hydrogen peroxide solution or chlorine dioxide wipes. Such disinfection metho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection 2 million new HPV infections among Americans aged 15–44; of these, an estimated 74% occurred to people between ages of 15 and 24. Of the STDs studied, genital HPV was the most commonly acquired. In the United States, it is estimated that 10% of the population has an active HPV infection, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection A study of 996 cervical cytology samples in an Irish urban female, opportunistically screened population, found an overall HPV prevalence of 19.8%, HPV 16 at 20% and HPV 18 at 12% were the commonest high-risk types detected. In Europe, types 16 and 18 are responsible for over 70% of cervi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Human papillomavirus infection The HeLa cell line contains extra DNA in its genome that originated from HPV type 18. The Ludwig-McGill HPV Cohort is one of the world's largest longitudinal studies of the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer risk. It was established in 1993 by Ludw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188518 |
Active site In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of amino acid residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate (binding site) and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate (catalytic site). Althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Usually, an enzyme molecule has only two active sites, and the active sites fit with one specific type of substrate. An active site contains a binding site that binds the substrate and orients it for catalysis. The orientation of the substrate and the close proximity between it and the active site is so imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site In order to exert their function, enzymes need to assume their correct protein fold ("native fold") and tertiary structure. To maintain this defined three-dimensional structure, proteins rely on various types of interactions between their amino acid residues. If these interactions are interfered with, for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Factors such as temperature likely influences the pathway taken during binding, with higher temperatures predicted to increase the importance of conformational selection and decrease that of induced fit. This concept was suggested by the 19th-century chemist Emil Fischer. He proposed that the active site an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site The induced fit model is a development of the lock-and-key model and assumes that an active site is flexible and changes shape until the substrate is completely bound. This model is similar to a person wearing a glove: the glove changes shape to fit the hand. The enzyme initially has a conformation that att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site For example, when a carboxylic acid (R-COOH) dissociates into RCOO and H ions, COO will attract positively charged groups such as protonated guanidine side chain of arginine. Hydrogen bond: A hydrogen bond is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site The residues of the catalytic site are typically very close to the binding site, and some residues can have dual-roles in both binding and catalysis. Catalytic residues of the site interact with the substrate to lower the activation energy of a reaction and thereby make it proceed faster. They do this by a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site In addition, this binding is favoured by entropy as the energy cost associated with solution reaction is largely eliminated since solvent cannot enter active site. In the end, the active site may manipulate the Molecular orbital of the substrate into a suitable orientation to reduce activation energy. The e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Both groups are also affected by their chemical properties such as polarizability, electronegativity and ionization potential. Amino acids that can form nucleophile including serine, cysteine, aspartate and glutamine. Electrophilic catalysis: The mechanism behind this process is exactly same as nucleophilic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Candidate include aspartate, glutamate, histidine, cysteine. These acids and bases can stabilise the nucleophile or electrophile formed during the catalysis by providing positive and negative charges. Quantitative studies of enzymatic reactions often found that the acceleration of chemical reaction speed ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site The role of glutathione(GSH) is to remove accumulated reactive oxygen species which may damage cells. During this process, its thiol side chain is oxidised and two glutathione molecules are connected by a disulphide bond to form a dimer(GSSG). In order to regenerate glutathione the disulphide bond has to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Chymotrypsin is a serine endopeptidase that is present in pancreatic juice and helps the hydrolysis of proteins and peptide. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in L-isomers of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. In the active site of this enzyme, three amino acid residues work together to for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site A proton is transferred to Ser-195 through His-57, so that all three amino acid return to their initial state. Substrate unbinding is influenced by various factors. Larger ligands generally stay in the active site longer, as do those with more rotatable bonds (although this may be a side effect of size). Wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Flavin has multiple redox states and can be used in processes that involve the transfer of one or two electrons. It can act as an electron acceptor in reaction, like the oxidation of NAD to NADH, to accept two electrons and form 1,5-dihydroflavin. On the other hand, it can form semiquinone(free radical) by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site Since they do not compete with substrates for the active site, they cannot be overcome by simply increasing the substrate concentration. They usually bind to a different site on the enzyme and alter the 3-dimensional structure of the active site to block substrates from entry or leaving the enzyme. Irrevers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site HIV protease belongs to aspartic protease family and has a similar mechanism. Firstly the aspartate residue activates a water molecule and turns it into a nucleophile. Then it attacks the carbonyl group within the peptide bond(NH-CO ) to form a tetrahedral intermediate. The nitrogen atom within the intermed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site However, this control is broken down when strychnine is added. It inhibits glycine receptors(a chloride channel) and a much lower level of neurotransmitter concentration can trigger an action potential. Nerves now constantly transmit signals and cause excessive muscular contraction, leading to asphyxiation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Active site If the enzyme found in bacteria is significantly different from the human enzyme then an inhibitor can be designed against that particular bacterium without harming the human enzyme. If one kind of enzyme is only present in one kind of organism, its inhibitor can be used to specifically wipe them out. Activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188688 |
Pyrophoricity A pyrophoric substance (from , , 'fire-bearing') is a substance that ignites spontaneously in air at or below (for gases) or within 5 minutes after coming into contact with air (for liquids and solids). Examples are iron sulfide and many reactive metals including plutonium and uranium, when powdered or th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188762 |
Pyrophoricity Thus, many pyrophoric solids are sold as solutions, or dispersions in mineral oil or lighter hydrocarbon solvents. Mildly pyrophoric solids (such as lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (lithium aluminium hydride) and sodium hydride) can be handled in the air for brief periods of time, but the containers must be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188762 |
Silane is an inorganic compound with chemical formula, SiH, making it a group 14 hydride. It is a colourless, pyrophoric, toxic gas with a sharp, repulsive smell, somewhat similar to that of acetic acid. is of practical interest as a precursor to elemental silicon. "Silanes" refers to many compounds with four substitue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Silane The silicon atom could be rationalized as having the highest formal oxidation state and partial positive charge in SiCl and the lowest formal oxidation state in SiH since Cl is far more electronegative than is H. An alternative industrial process for the preparation of very high purity silane, suitable for use i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Silane The magnesium silicide reacts with the acid to produce silane gas, which burns on contact with air and produces tiny explosions. This may be classified as a heterogeneous acid-base chemical reaction since the isolated Si ion in the MgSi antifluorite structure can serve as a Brønsted–Lowry base capable of accepti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Silane A second consequence is that silane is pyrophoric — it undergoes spontaneous combustion in air, without the need for external ignition. However, the difficulties in explaining the available (often contradictory) combustion data are ascribed to the fact that silane itself is stable and that the natural formation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Silane The PECVD process is relatively inefficient at materials utilization with approximately 85% of the silane being wasted. To reduce that waste and the ecological footprint of a-Si:H-based solar cells further several recycling efforts have been developed. A number of fatal industrial accidents produced by combustio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Silane In regards to occupational exposure of silane to workers, the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 ppm (7 mg/m) over an eight-hour time-weighted average. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=188972 |
Spiegeleisen (literally "mirror-iron", —mirror or specular; —iron) is a ferromanganese alloy containing approximately 15% manganese and small quantities of carbon and silicon. is sometimes also referred to as "specular pig iron", "Spiegel iron", just "Spiegel", or "Bisalloy". Historically, this was the standard form in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189278 |
All-silica fiber All-silica fiber, or silica-silica fiber, is an optical fiber whose core and cladding are made of silica glass. The refractive index of the core glass is higher than that of the cladding. These fibers are typically step-index fibers. The cladding of an all-silica fiber should not be confused with the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189589 |
Fire sprinkler system A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. Although historically only used in factories and large commercial buildings, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system A series of smaller pipes fed from the distribution pipe were pierced with a series of holes which pour water in the event of a fire. Frederick Grinnell improved Henry S. Parmalee's design and in 1881 patented the automatic sprinkler that bears his name. He continued to improve the device and in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system In Scotland, all new schools are sprinkler protected, as are new care homes, sheltered housing and high rise flats. In England all high rise buildings over 30 m must have sprinkler protection. In 2011 Wales became the first country in the world to make installation of fire sprinklers in new homes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system The primary fire code writing organization is the private National Fire Protection Association or NFPA. NFPA sets the standards for technical aspects of sprinklers installed in the USA. Building codes, which specify which buildings require sprinklers are generally left to local jurisdictions. Howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system Consequently, the total building cost is often decreased by installing a sprinkler system and saving money in the other aspects of the project, as compared to building a non-sprinklered structure. In 2011, Pennsylvania and California became the first US states to require sprinkler systems in all n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system For example, the presence of a sprinkler system will usually permit doubling of compartment sizes and increases in travel distances (to fire exits) as well as allowing a reduction in the fire rating of internal compartment walls. In Norway as of July 2010, all new housing of more than two storeys,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system Thus, only sprinklers near the fire will operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water pressure over the point of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building. A sprinkler activation will do less water damage than a fire department hose stream, which provide approximately 900 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system While such systems were once common in cold areas, after several fires caused by systems running too high a percentage of antifreeze, the regulatory authority in the United States effectively banned new antifreeze installations. A sunset date of 2022 applies to older antifreeze systems in the USA.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system When one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads is triggered, it opens allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates independently, as its temperature rises above its triggering threshold. As the air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard. They are sometimes installed in personnel egress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire (e.g. openings in a fire-rated wall). Wate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system Operation - Activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station, signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously. Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system In this case, the pre-action valve will not open due to loss of supervisory pressure, and water will not enter the piping. The operation of double interlock systems are similar to deluge systems except that automatic sprinklers are used. These systems require that both a "preceding" fire detection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as flammable liquids, and airport hangars. Operation is as described above, depending on the system type into which the foam is injected. "Water spray" systems are operationally identical to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system NFPA 750 defines water mist as a water spray with a droplet size of "less than 1000 microns at the minimum operation pressure of the discharge nozzle." The droplet size can be controlled by the adjusting discharge pressure through a nozzle of a fixed orifice size. By creating a mist, an equal volu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system The fire is not extinguished until the burning combustibles are exhausted or manual extinguishment is effected by firefighters. "Suppression mode" sprinklers (formerly known as "Early Suppression Fast Response" (ESFR) sprinklers) are intended to result in a severe sudden reduction of the heat rele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system After the design area and density have been determined, calculations are performed to prove that the system can deliver the required amount of water over the required design area. These calculations account for all of the pressure that is lost or gained between the water supply source and the spri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system Most residential sprinkler systems are primarily designed to suppress a fire in such a way to allow for the safe escape of the building occupants. While these systems will often also protect the structure from major fire damage, this is a secondary consideration. In residential structures sprinkle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system Residential systems, installed at the time of initial home construction and utilizing municipal water supplies, average about US$0.35/square foot. Systems can be installed during construction or retrofitted. Some communities have laws requiring residential sprinkler systems, especially where large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Fire sprinkler system The NFPA states that it "has no record of a fire killing more than two people in a completely sprinklered building where a sprinkler system was properly operating, except in an explosion or flash fire or where industrial fire brigade members or employees were killed during fire suppression operati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189699 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach, who received the hereditary title Freiherr von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929) was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated the ore didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach In 1878 Auer entered the University of Vienna, studying mathematics, general chemistry, engineering physics, and thermodynamics. He then moved to the University of Heidelberg in 1880, where he continued his studies in spectroscopy under the direction of Robert Bunsen, (inventor of the Bunsen burn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach Nonetheless, his name for the major fraction, neodidymium, after some modification, became the name of the element neodymium. Praseodymium was also accepted as the name of the minor fraction. The rare earth element lutetium was independently discovered by three scientists at around the same time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach In 1890 he introduced a new form of the mantle based on a mixture of 99% thorium dioxide and 1% cerium(IV) oxide, which he developed in collaboration with his colleague Ludwig Haitinger. These proved both more robust and having a much "whiter" light. Another company founded to produce the newer d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach He worked on this until finally developing a workable technique in 1898 and started a new factory to produce his "Auer-Oslight", which he introduced commercially in 1902. The metal-filament light bulb was a huge improvement on the existing carbon-filament designs, lasting much longer, using about... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach He worked largely on his estate at Welsbach Castle (Schloß Welsbach) near Treibach near Althofen. In addition to his work on elements and minerals, he made advances in the development of photographic techniques. He was also a devoted gardener, carefully supporting rare and difficult-to-grow plant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Carl Auer von Welsbach After the war, he was active in supporting the work of the Institute, and other scientists. He presented a major paper on his spectroscopic work and the separation of radioactive elements in 1922. The following photographs show scientific equipment from Auer von Welsbach's laboratory, from "Spekt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=189819 |
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190273 |
Timeline of nuclear fusion This timeline of nuclear fusion is an incomplete chronological summary of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190878 |
Hyponatremia is a low sodium concentration in the blood. It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe. Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia SIADH is typically treated with fluid restriction while high volume hyponatremia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt. Correction should generally be gradual in those in whom the low levels have been present for more than two days. is the most common type of electrolyte i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia As pressure increases in the skull, herniation of the brain can occur, which is a squeezing of the brain across the internal structures of the skull. This can lead to headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, brain stem compression and respiratory arrest, and non-cardiogenic accumulation of fluid in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia Both sodium and water content increase: Increase in sodium content leads to hypervolemia and water content to hyponatremia. There is volume expansion in the body, no edema, but hyponatremia occurs Hypovolemia (extracellular volume loss) is due to total body sodium loss. is caused by a relatively smaller lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia ADH then enters the bloodstream and signals the kidney to bring back sufficient solute-free water from the fluid in the kidney tubules to dilute the serum sodium back to normal, and this turns off the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. Also, thirst is stimulated. Normally, when mild hyponatremia begins to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia "Impairment of urine diluting ability related to ADH" occurs in nine situations: 1) arterial volume depletion 2) hemodynamically-mediated, 3) congestive heart failure, 4) cirrhosis, 5) nephrosis, 6) spinal cord disease, 7) Addison's disease, 8) cerebral salt wasting, and 9) syndrome of inappropriate antidi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia An assessment is also made to determine if the person is experiencing symptoms from their hyponatremia. These include assessments of alertness, concentration, and orientation. False hyponatremia, also known as spurious, pseudo, hypertonic, or artifactual hyponatremia is when the lab tests read low sodium l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia Acute hyponatremia is when sodium levels drop rapidly, resulting in potentially dangerous effects, such as rapid brain swelling, which can result in coma and death. The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause. How quickly treatment is required depends on a person's symptoms. Fluids are ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia 6 Options include: In persons with hyponatremia due to low blood volume (hypovolemia) from diuretics with simultaneous low blood potassium levels, correction of the low potassium level can assist with correction of hyponatremia. American and European guidelines come to different conclusions regarding the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Hyponatremia The disorder is more frequent in females, the elderly, and in people who are hospitalized. The number of cases of hyponatremia depends largely on the population. In hospital it affects about 15–20% of people, however, only 3–5% of people who are hospitalized have a sodium level less than 130 mmol/L. has be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190961 |
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin The lignols that crosslink are of three main types, all derived from phenylpropane: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpropane, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane, and 4-hydroxyphenylpropane. The former tends to be more prevalent in conifers and the latter in hardwoods. is a cross-linked polymer with molecular masses in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin It is covalently linked to hemicellulose and therefore cross-links different plant polysaccharides, conferring mechanical strength to the cell wall and by extension the plant as a whole. It is particularly abundant in compression wood but scarce in tension wood, which are types of reaction wood. plays a crucial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin It can thus be seen that lignin is handled on a very large scale. is an impediment to papermaking as it is colored, it yellows in air, and its presence weakens the paper. Once separated from the cellulose, it is burned as fuel. Only a fraction is used in a wide range of low volume applications where the form but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin Also, can be used in making of biodegradable plastic along with cellulose as an alternative to hydrocarbon made plastics if lignin extraction is achieved through a more environmentally viable process than generic plastic manufacturing. removed by the kraft process is usually burned for its fuel value, providing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin Both peroxidase and laccase enzymes are present in the plant cell walls, and it is not known whether one or both of these groups participates in the polymerisation. Low molecular weight oxidants might also be involved. The oxidative enzyme catalyses the formation of monolignol radicals. These radicals are often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin Dye-decolorizing peroxidases, or DyPs, exhibit catalytic activity on a wide range of lignin model compounds, but their "in vivo" substrate is unknown. In general, laccases oxidize phenolic substrates but some fungal laccases have been shown to oxidize non-phenolic substrates in the presence of synthetic redox me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
Lignin In contrast to fungi, most bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation are intracellular, including two classes of DyP and most bacterial laccases. Bacterial degradation of lignin is particularly relevant in aquatic systems such as lakes, rivers, and streams, where inputs of terrestrial material (e.g. leaf ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=190996 |
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