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Spontaneous magnetization This is a way of saying that they cost a minimum amount of energy to excite, hence they are very unlikely to be excited as formula_2. Hence the magnetization of an anisotropic magnet is harder to destroy at low temperature and the temperature dependence of the magnetization deviates accordingl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2562358 |
Microemulsion Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. The aqueous phase may contain salt(s) and/or other ingredients, and the "oil" may actually be a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons and olefins. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563234 |
Microemulsion Microemulsions also have industrial applications, one of them being the synthesis of polymers. polymerization is a complex heterogeneous process where transport of monomers, free radicals and other species (such as chain transfer agent, co-surfactant and inhibitors) between the aqueous and organic phases,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563234 |
Microemulsion For example, one explanation for their thermodynamic stability is that the oil/water dispersion is stabilized by the surfactant present and their formation involves the elastic properties of the surfactant film at the oil/water interface, which involves as parameters, the curvature and the rigidity of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563234 |
Microemulsion As in the binary systems (water/surfactant or oil/surfactant), self-assembled structures of different types can be formed, ranging, for example, from (inverted) spherical and cylindrical micelles to lamellar phases and bicontinuous microemulsions, which may coexist with predominantly oil or aqueous phases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563234 |
Microemulsion These points combine to form regions with boundaries between them, which represent the "phase behavior" of the system at constant temperature and pressure. The Gibbs phase diagram, however, is an empirical visual observation of the state of the system and may, or may not express the true number of phases ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563234 |
Prismane or 'Ladenburg benzene' is a polycyclic hydrocarbon with the formula CH. It is an isomer of benzene, specifically a valence isomer. is far less stable than benzene. The carbon (and hydrogen) atoms of the prismane molecule are arranged in the shape of a six-atom triangular prism—this compound is the parent and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563306 |
Prismane The deviation of the carbon-carbon bond angle from 109° to 60° in a triangle leads to a high ring strain, reminiscent of that of cyclopropane but greater. The compound is explosive, which is unusual for a hydrocarbon. Due to this ring strain, the bonds have a low bond energy and break at a low activation energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563306 |
Prismane This photolysis leads to a biradical which forms prismane (6) and nitrogen with a yield of less than 10%. The compound was isolated by preparative gas chromatography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563306 |
Exchange bias or exchange anisotropy occurs in bilayers (or multilayers) of magnetic materials where the hard magnetization behavior of an antiferromagnetic thin film causes a shift in the soft magnetization curve of a ferromagnetic film. The exchange bias phenomenon is of tremendous utility in magnetic recording, wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563319 |
Exchange bias This inequality means that the direction of the exchange bias can be set by cooling through T in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The moment of the magnetically ordered ferromagnet will apply an effective field to the antiferromagnet as it orders, breaking the symmetry and influencing the format... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563319 |
Exchange bias The expression omits magnetocrystalline anisotropy, which is unaffected by the presence of the antiferromagnet. At the switching field of the ferromagnet, the pinning energy represented by the first term and the Zeeman dipole coupling represented by the second term will exactly balance. The equation then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563319 |
Exchange bias Without the stabilization, the magnetic domain state of the head could be unpredictable, leading to reliability problems. Currently exchange bias is used to pin the harder reference layer in spin valve readback heads and MRAM memory circuits that utilize the giant magnetoresistance or magnetic tunneling e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563319 |
CBS catalyst The or Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst is an asymmetric catalyst derived from proline. It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions. Proline, a naturally occurring chiral compound, is readily and cheaply available. It transfers its stereoce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563655 |
CBS catalyst Many other such catalysts exist with different derivatives of these reactants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563655 |
Minatec (initially called the Micro and Nanotechnology Innovation Centre) is a vast complex specializing in micro-nano technologies in Grenoble, France. The centre was launched in June 2006 as a partnership between (the Electronics and Information Technologies Laboratory of CEA, the French Atomic Energy Commission) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2567355 |
(E)-Stilbene ("E")-Stilbene, commonly known as "trans"-stilbene, is an organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula CHCH=CHCH. Classified as a diarylethene, it features a central ethylene moiety with one phenyl group substituents on each end of the carbon–carbon double bond. It has an ("E") stereoch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570077 |
(E)-Stilbene One popular route entails reduction of benzoin using zinc amalgam. Both isomers of stilbene can be produced by decarboxylation of α-phenylcinnamic acid, "trans"-stilbene being produced from the of the acid. Richard Heck and Tsutomu Mizoroki independently reported the synthesis of "trans"-stilbene by coupli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570077 |
(E)-Stilbene Vicinal diols can be produced via the Upjohn dihydroxylation or enantioselectively using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation with enantiomeric excesses as high as 100%. Bromination of "trans"-stilbene produces predominantly "meso"-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane (sometimes called "meso"-stilbene dibromide)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570077 |
(E)-Stilbene Stilbene is one of the gain mediums used in dye lasers. Disodium 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate is prepared by the sulfonation of 4-nitrotoluene to form 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid, which can then be oxidatively coupled using sodium hypochlorite to form the ("E")-stilbene derivative in a process ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570077 |
Bioplastic Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc. can be made from agricultural by-products and also from used plastic bottles and other containers using microorganisms. Common plastics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings. Thermoplastic starch currently represents the most widely used bioplastic, constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics market. Simple starch bioplastic can be made at home. Pure starch is able to absorb h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic These complex blends improve water resistance as well as processing and mechanical properties. Starch-based films (mostly used for packaging purposes) are made mainly from starch blended with thermoplastic polyesters to form biodegradable and compostable products. These films are seen specifically in consume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Soy proteins have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic. There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity and relatively high cost. Therefore, producing blen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic The South American sugar industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic It is used in high-performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters. A similar plastic is Polyamide 410 (PA 410), derived 70% ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic One such example utilizes a spontaneous reaction between polyamines and cyclic carbonates to produce polyhydroxurethanes. Unlike traditional cross-linked polyurethanes, cross-linked polyhydroxyurethanes have been shown to be capable of recycling and reprocessing through dynamic transcarbamoylation reactions.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Firms worldwide would also be able to increase the environmental sustainability of their products by using bioplastics Although bioplastics save more nonrenewable energy than conventional plastics and emit less GHG compared to conventional plastics, bioplastics also have negative environmental impacts such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Artificial fertilizer increase nitrous oxide emissions especially when the crop does not need all the nitrogen. Minor environmental impacts of bioplastics include toxicity through using pesticides on the crops used to make bioplastics. Bioplastics also cause carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting vehicles.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic 3rd generation feedstock bioplastics use algae as the feedstock. Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase Both bioplastics and conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. Biopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Hence it is accurate to conclude that biodegradation of bioplastics in water bodies which leads to the death of aquatic organisms and unhealthy water can be noted as one of the negative environmental impacts of bioplastics. While plastics based on organic materials were manufactured by chemical companies thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic And when bioplastics reach the end of their life cycle, those designed to be compostable and marketed as biodegradable are often sent to landfills due to the lack of proper composting facilities or waste sorting, where they then release methane as they break down anaerobically. Despite this, the bioplastics ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic This demand from consumers for more sustainable options was also seen in recent policies; Italy has banned the use of petroleum-based plastic bags, and there is a tax on use of petroleum based plastic bags in Germany However, the industry in biobased polymers has not grown as rapidly as some have predicted. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bioplastics in different sectors of the European economy: <nowiki>*</nowiki>not a comprehensive list; invention... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic The ASTM D 6002 method for determining the compostability of a plastic defined the word "compostable" as follows: that which is capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site such that the material is not visually distinguishable and breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Bioplastic Under the right conditions, and over geological timescales, the remains of living organisms can be transformed into fossil fuels. After ~100,000 years all the carbon-14 present in the original organic material will have undergone radioactive decay leaving only carbon-12. A product made from biomass will have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570207 |
Iminium An iminium cation in organic chemistry is a functional group with the general structure [RRC=NRR]. They are common in synthetic chemistry and biology. Imininium cations adopt alkene-like geometries. The central C=N unit is nearly coplanar with all four substituents. The C=N distances, which are near 129 picomet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570745 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), otherwise known as its conjugate base, , is a naturally produced substance in humans that is used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in certain medical foods that are intended to promote wound healing and provide nutritional support fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid HMB has not been banned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, World Anti-Doping Agency, or any other prominent national or international athletic organization. In 2006, only about 2% of college student athletes in the United States used HMB as a dietary supplement. As of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid Supplemental HMB has been used in clinical trials as a treatment for preserving lean body mass in muscle wasting conditions, particularly sarcopenia, and has been studied in clinical trials as an adjunct therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise. Based upon two medical reviews... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid According to one review, an optimal dosing regimen is to administer it in one 1 gram dose, three times a day, since this ensures elevated plasma concentrations of HMB throughout the day; however, the best dosing regimen for muscle wasting conditions is still being investigated. Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid Based upon limited clinical research, HMB supplementation may also improve aerobic exercise performance and increase gains in aerobic fitness when combined with high-intensity interval training. These effects of HMB are more pronounced in untrained individuals and athletes who perfo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid The safety profile of HMB in adult humans is based upon evidence from clinical trials in humans and animal studies. In humans, no adverse effects in young adults or older adults have been reported when HMB is taken in doses of 3 grams per day for up to a year. Studies on young adult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid Similar to HMB's metabolic precursor, , HMB has been shown to increase protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle via phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and subsequent activation of , which leads to protein biosynthesis in cellular ribosomes via phosphoryl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid Based upon animal studies, HMB appears to be metabolized within skeletal muscle into cholesterol, which may then be incorporated into the muscle cell membrane, thereby enhancing membrane integrity and function. The effects of HMB on muscle protein metabolism may help stabilize muscl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid HMB-FA is more readily absorbed into the bloodstream and has a longer elimination half-life (3 hours) relative to HMB-Ca (2.5 hours). Tissue uptake and utilization of HMB-FA is higher than for HMB-Ca. The fraction of an ingested dose that is excreted in urine does not differ between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid is then converted by the enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase to methylglutaconyl-CoA (), which is subsequently converted to by methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase. is then cleaved into and acetoacetate by lyase or used in the production of cholesterol via the mevalonate pathway. In hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid At room temperature, pure acid occurs as a transparent, colorless to light yellow liquid which is soluble in water. acid is a weak acid with a p"K" of 4.4. Its refractive index (formula_1) is 1.42. acid is a member of the carboxylic acid family of organic compounds. It is a structur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid The concentration of naturally produced HMB has been measured in several human body fluids using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. In the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid The following table lists some of these disorders along with the associated HMB concentrations detected in urine or blood plasma. The first reported chemical synthesis of HMB was published in 1877 by the Russian chemists Michael and Alexander Zaytsev. HMB was isolated from the bark ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2570928 |
SEQUEST is a tandem mass spectrometry data analysis program used for protein identification. Sequest identifies collections of tandem mass spectra to peptide sequences that have been generated from databases of protein sequences. This tool is most useful in the context of proteomics. Starting with a complex mixture of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572130 |
SEQUEST The candidate sequence with the best matching theoretical tandem mass spectrum is reported as the best identification for this spectrum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572130 |
Georges Claude (24 September 187023 May 1960) was a French engineer and inventor. He is noted for his early work on the industrial liquefaction of air, for the invention and commercialization of neon lighting, and for a large experiment on generating energy by pumping cold seawater up from the depths. He has been consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572362 |
Georges Claude Claude and businessman Paul Delorme founded "L'Air Liquide, S.A." (Air Liquide), which is presently a large multinational corporation headquartered in Paris, France. Inspired by Geissler tubes and by Daniel McFarlan Moore's invention of a nitrogen-based light (the "Moore tube"), Claude developed neon tub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572362 |
Georges Claude The terms "neon light" and "neon sign" are now often applied to electrical lighting incorporating sealed glass tubes filled with argon, mercury vapor, or other gases instead of neon. In 1915 a U.S. patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the electrodes for neon lights; this patent became the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572362 |
Georges Claude The system produced 22 kilowatts of electricity with a low-pressure turbine. In 1935, Claude constructed another plant, this time aboard a 10,000-ton cargo vessel moored off the coast of Brazil. Weather and waves destroyed both plants before they could become net power generators. (Net power is the amoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572362 |
Georges Claude He was condemned to life imprisonment, and was imprisoned. In 1950 he was released from prison, with acknowledgment of his research on ocean thermal energy conversion. Claude wrote several semi-popular descriptions of his research, in addition to his wartime tracts and a memoir. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572362 |
Ultraviolet-sensitive bead Ultraviolet-sensitive beads (UV beads) are beads that are colorful in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet rays are present in sunlight and light from various artificial sources and can cause sunburn or skin cancer. The color change in the beads alerts the wearer to the presence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572932 |
Rubidium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula RbNO. This alkali metal nitrate salt is white and highly soluble in water. is a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and very slightly soluble in acetone. In a flame test, RbNO gives a mauve/light purple colour. Rubidium compounds have very ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2573268 |
Acoustic emission (AE) is the phenomenon of radiation of acoustic (elastic) waves in solids that occurs when a material undergoes irreversible changes in its internal structure, for example as a result of crack formation or plastic deformation due to aging, temperature gradients or external mechanical forces. In partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574174 |
Acoustic emission The three major applications of AE techniques are: 1) source location – determine the locations where an "event" source occurred; 2) material mechanical performance – evaluate and characterize materials/structures; and 3) health monitoring – monitor the safe operation of a structure, for example, brid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574174 |
Acoustic emission The technique is used, for example, to study the formation of cracks during the welding process, as opposed to locating them after the weld has been formed with the more familiar ultrasonic testing technique. In a material under active stress, such as some components of an airplane during flight, tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574174 |
Bergius process The is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure. It was first developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In 1931 Bergius was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of high pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574661 |
Bergius process The liquid product from Platforming will contain over 75% aromatics and has a Research Octane Number (RON) of over 105. Overall, about 97% of input carbon fed directly to the process can be converted into synthetic fuel. However, any carbon used in generating hydrogen will be lost as carbon dioxide, so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574661 |
Bergius process Extract then passes to a catalytic ebullated-bed hydrocracker (H-Oil unit) fed by additional hydrogen, forming lower molecular weight hydrocarbons and splitting off sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen originally present in the coal. Part of the liquid product is hydrogenated donor solvent which is returned to S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574661 |
Bergius process The production began only in 1919, after World War I ended, when the need for fuel was already declining. The technical problems, inflation and the constant criticism of Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, which changed to support after a personal demonstration of the process, made the progress slow, and Bergius... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574661 |
Bergius process The Louisiana process method produced automobile gasoline at a price slightly higher than, but comparable to, petroleum-based gasoline but of a higher quality. The facility was shut down in 1953 by the Eisenhower administration, allegedly after intense lobbying by the oil industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2574661 |
Fluoride volatility is the tendency of highly fluorinated molecules to vaporize at comparatively low temperatures. Heptafluorides, hexafluorides and pentafluorides have much lower boiling points than the lower-valence fluorides. Most difluorides and trifluorides have high boiling points, while most tetrafluorides and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2576183 |
Fluoride volatility This fraction contains the fission products that are radiation hazards on a scale of decades (Cs-137, Sr-90, Sm-151), the four remaining long-lived fission products Cs-135, Zr-93, Pd-107, Sn-126 of which only the last emits strong radiation, most of the neutron poisons, and the higher actinides (ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2576183 |
Fluoride volatility is only one of several pyrochemical processes designed to reprocess used nuclear fuel. The Řež nuclear research institute at Řež in the Czech Republic tested screw dosers that fed ground uranium oxide (simulating used fuel pellets) into a fluorinator where the particles were burned in fluorine gas t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2576183 |
Aflatoxin total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. These compounds occur naturally in several fungi. As with other chemical compound targets in organic chemistry, the organic synthesis of aflatoxins serves various purposes. Traditionally it served to prove the stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2576438 |
Aflatoxin total synthesis The hydroxyl group in 3 is esterified with triflic anhydride which adds a triflate protecting group. This step enables a Grignard reaction of the aldehyde group in 4 with methylmagnesiumbromide to the alcohol 5 which is then oxidized with the Dess-Martin periodinane to the ketone 6. A Baeyer-V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2576438 |
Atropisomer Atropisomers are stereoisomers arising because of hindered rotation about a single bond, where energy differences due to steric strain or other contributors create a barrier to rotation that is high enough to allow for isolation of individual conformers. The word "atropisomer" (Gr., άτροπος, "atropos", mean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578372 |
Atropisomer When the barrier to racemization is high, as illustrated by the binap ligands, the phenomenon becomes of practical value in asymmetric synthesis. Determining the axial stereochemistry of biaryl atropisomers can be accomplished through the use of a Newman projection along the axis of hindered rotation. The o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578372 |
Atropisomer Enantioselective coupling can be achieved through the use of a chiral leaving group on one of the biaryls or under oxidative conditions that utilize chiral amines to set the axial configuration. Individual atropisomers can be isolated by seed-directed crystallization of racemates. Thus, 1,1'-binaphthyl crys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578372 |
Atropisomer Others are dimers of naphthalene derivatives such as 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol. In a similar way, aliphatic ring systems like cyclohexanes linked through a single bond may display atropisomerism provided that bulky substituents are present. The use of axially chiral biaryl compounds such as BINAP, QUINAP and BINOL... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578372 |
Atropisomer Knipholone, with its axial chirality, occurs in nature and has been shown to offer good antimalarial and antitumor activities particularly in the M form. The use of atropisomeric drugs provides an additional way for drugs to have stereochemical variations and specificity in design. One example is (–)-"N"-ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578372 |
Friction sensitivity is an approximation of the amount of friction or rubbing a compound can withstand before prematurely exploding. For instance, nitroglycerin has an extremely high sensitivity to friction, meaning that very little rubbing against it could set off a violent explosion. There is no exact determining the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2578790 |
TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology, especially in procedures involving DNA, cDNA or RNA. "TE" is derived from its components: Tris, a common pH buffer, and EDTA, a molecule that chelates cations like Mg. The purpose of is to solubilize DNA or RNA, while protecting it from degradation. A t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2579464 |
Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2580900 |
Liquefaction of gases Liquefaction of helium (He) with the precooled Hampson–Linde cycle led to a Nobel Prize for Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1913. At ambient pressure the boiling point of liquefied helium is . Below 2.17 K liquid He becomes a superfluid (Nobel Prize 1978, Pyotr Kapitsa) and shows characteristic properti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2580900 |
Liquefaction of gases Final liquefaction takes place by isenthalpic expansion in a thermal expansion valve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2580900 |
Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula SN. This gold-poppy coloured solid is the most important binary sulfur nitride, which are compounds that contain only the elements sulfur and nitrogen. It is a precursor to many S-N compounds and has attracted wide interest for its unusual structure and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582573 |
Tetrasulfur tetranitride This endothermic enthalpy of formation originates in the difference in energy of SN compared to its highly stable decomposition products: Because one of its decomposition products is a gas, SN can be used as an explosive. Purer samples tend to be more explosive. Small samples can be detonated b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582573 |
Tetrasulfur tetranitride It is protonated by HBF to form a tetrafluoroborate salt: The soft Lewis acid CuCl forms a coordination polymer: Dilute NaOH hydrolyzes SN as follows, yielding thiosulfate and trithionate: More concentrated base yields sulfite: SN reacts with metal complexes. The cage remains intact in some cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582573 |
Tetrasulfur tetranitride In addition, adducts of aluminium chloride with SeN have been isolated; this is formed from SeN. SN is shock-sensitive. Purer samples are more shock-sensitive than those contaminated with elemental sulfur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582573 |
Dichloromethane (data page) Please find below supplementary chemical data about dichloromethane. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. Table data ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582747 |
Lawesson's reagent Lawesson's reagent, or LR, is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with PS. is commercially available. It can also b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582816 |
Lawesson's reagent Additionally, has been used to thionate enones, esters, lactones, amides, lactams, and quinones. In one study, reaction of maltol with LR results in a selective oxygen replacement in two positions. A combination of silver perchlorate and is able to act as an oxophilic Lewis acid with the ability to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2582816 |
Seminaphtharhodafluor or SNARF is a fluorescent dye that changes color with pH. It can be used to construct optical biosensors that use enzymes that change pH. The absorption peak of the derivative carboxy-SNARF at pH 6.0 is at wavelength (515 and) 550 nm, while that at pH 9.0 is at 575 nm. The emission peak of carboxy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2583245 |
Bis-tris propane Bis-tris propane, or 1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane, also known as BTP, is a chemical substance that is used in buffer solutions. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It has a wide buffering range, from 6 to 9.5 due to its two pK values which are close... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2583357 |
Von Hippel–Lindau binding protein 1 (VBP1), also known as "prefoldin 3", is a chaperone protein that binds to von Hippel–Lindau protein and transports it from perinuclear granules to the nucleus or cytoplasm inside the cell. It is also involved in transporting nascent polypeptides to cytosolic chaperonins for post-tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2583687 |
Bismuthia is a rare dermatological condition that results from the prolonged use of bismuth. Much more rarely than with silver, bismuth may produce a generalized persistent skin discoloration resembling argyria. This is known as bismuthia. The conjunctivae and oral mucosa, as well as skin, are commonly afflicted by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584326 |
Chrysiasis is a dermatological condition induced by the parenteral administration of gold salts, usually for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Such treatment has been superseded as the best practice for treating the disease because of "numerous side effects and monitoring requirements, their limited efficacy, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584385 |
Chrysiasis There is no way to reverse or treat chrysiasis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584385 |
Iron Act In American Colonial history, the Iron Act, short-titled the Importation, etc. Act 1750, (Statute 23 Geo. II c. 29) was one of the legislative measures introduced by the British Parliament, within its system of Trade and Navigation Acts. The Act sought to increase the importation of pig and bar iron from its A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584465 |
Iron Act Conversely, the Act was designed to restrict the colonial manufacture of finished iron products and steel. Existing works could continue in operation, but no expansion would be possible in the output of: This was a continuation of a long term British policy, beginning with the British Navigation Acts, which we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584465 |
Iron Act Other prominent members of the Virginia aristocracy and House of Burgesses involved in the iron industry included John Tayloe (Bristol Ironworks, near Fredericksburg; Neabsco Ironworks; and Occoquan Ironworks), Augustine Washington, George's father (Accoceek/Potomac Ironworks), and Benjamin Grimes (Grimes Reco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2584465 |
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity. The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration fluctuations of fluorescent particles (molecules) in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2589751 |
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Commonly, FCS is employed in the context of optical microscopy, in particular Confocal microscopy or two-photon excitation microscopy. In these techniques light is focused on a sample and the measured fluorescence intensity fluctuations (due to diffusion, physical or chemical react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2589751 |
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