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Hennig Brand (; c. 1630c. 1692 or c. 1710) was a German merchant, pharmacist and alchemist, who lived and worked in Hamburg. He is the discoverer of the chemical element phosphorus. The circumstances of Brand's birth are unknown but he was born in 1630 and died around 1692 or 1710. Some sources describe his origins as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2599252 |
Hennig Brand Around 1669 he heated residues from boiled-down urine on his furnace until the retort was red hot, where all of a sudden glowing fumes filled it and liquid dripped out, bursting into flames. He could catch the liquid in a jar and cover it, where it solidified and continued to give off a pale-green glow. Wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2599252 |
Hennig Brand The salt part he discarded contained most of the phosphate. He used about 5,500 litres of urine to produce just 120 grams of phosphorus. If he had ground up the entire residue he could have got many times more than this (1 litre of adult human urine contains about 1.4g of phosphorus salts, which amounts to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2599252 |
Degree of ionization The degree of ionization (also known as "ionization yield" in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous solution, that are ionized to charged particles. For electrolytes, it could be understood as a capacity of acid/base to ionize itself. A low... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602098 |
Degree of ionization One can classify strong acids as those having ionization degrees above 30%, weak acids as those with "α" below 30%, and the rest as moderate acids, at a specified molar concentration. In gases, the degree of ionization formula_1 refers to the proportion of neutral particles that are ionized into ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602098 |
Degree of ionization Stars contain largely hydrogen and helium gases, that are "fully ionized" into electrons, protons (H) and helium ions (He). Equations to characterize such very hot, fully ionized thermonuclear plasmas in the presence of stellar magnetic fields can be approximated to ideal magnetohydrodynamics laws ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602098 |
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity The (CMA) is a separate reporting activity of the United States Army Materiel Command (AMC). Its role is to enhance national security by securely storing the remaining U.S. chemical warfare materiel stockpiles, while protecting the work force, the public and the environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602658 |
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity CMA site teams are located at the individual stockpile locations where storage and destruction takes place. Only Pueblo, Colorado and Blue Grass, Kentucky still have weapons stockpiles which are managed by CMA although agent destruction will be handled by Program Executive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602658 |
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity The industrial wastewater produced by the process, known as hydrolysate, was sent to a permitted commercial hazardous waste storage, treatment and disposal facility for treatment and disposal. This process was used safely in Edgewood, Maryland, to eliminate its entire stoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602658 |
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity RCMD is best known for its history of responding to chemical weapons recovered at military installations, former defense sites and communities. RCMD's highly specialized equipment is employed in a manner that protects workers, citizens and the environment. In December 2006... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602658 |
United States Army Chemical Materials Activity CMA is meeting its commitment as outlined in the 1997 CWC, which more than 180 nations have signed as their pledge to rid the world of this class of weapons. CMA also shares lessons learned through its reporting to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2602658 |
Henry Drysdale Dakin FRS (12 March 188010 February 1952) was an English chemist. He was born in London as the youngest of 8 children to a family of steel merchants from Leeds. As a school boy he did water analysis with the Leeds City Analyst. He studied chemistry at the University of Leeds with Julius B. Cohen and afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2604445 |
Henry Drysdale Dakin After he married the widow of Christian Herter in 1916, he worked in his private laboratory in Scarsdale, New York and had several close collaborations with other scientists. His main working fields were amino acids and enzymes. The extraction of amino acids from hydrolyzed peptides by butanol was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2604445 |
Electron capture detector An electron capture detector (ECD) is a device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization. The device was invented in 1957 by James Lovelock and is used in gas chromatography to detect trace amounts of chemical compounds in a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606066 |
Electron capture detector ECD detectors are particularly sensitive to halogens, organometallic compounds, nitriles, or nitro compounds. It is not immediately obvious why the capture of electrons by electronegative analytes reduces the current that flows between the anode and cathode: the molecular negative ions of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606066 |
Electron capture detector The detection limit for electron capture detectors is 5 femtograms per second (fg/s), and the detector commonly exhibits a 10,000-fold linear range. This made it possible to detect halogenated compounds such as pesticides and CFCs, even at levels of only one part per trillion (ppt), thus revol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606066 |
Medical gas supply systems in hospitals and other healthcare facilities are utilized to supply specialized gases and gas mixtures to various parts of the facility. Products handled by such systems typically include: Source equipment systems are generally required to be monitored by alarm systems at the point of supply ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606275 |
Medical gas supply In small medical centers with a low patient capacity, oxygen is usually supplied by a manifold of multiple high-pressure cylinders. In areas where a bulk system or high-pressure cylinder manifold is not suitable, oxygen may be supplied by an oxygen concentrator. However, on site production of oxygen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606275 |
Medical gas supply However, it is generated on site by an air compressor (similar to a medical air compressor) rather than high-pressure cylinders. Early air compressors could not offer the purity required to drive surgical equipment. However, this has changed and instrument air is becoming a popular alternative to nit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606275 |
Medical gas supply In laboratories, culture growth applications include controlled aerobic or anaerobic incubator atmospheres for biological cell culture or tissue growth. Controlled aerobic conditions are created using mixtures rich in oxygen and anaerobic conditions are created using mixtures rich in hydrogen or carb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606275 |
Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules. Protein–protein complexes are the most commonly attempted targets of such modelling, followed by protein–nucleic acid complexes. The ultimate goal of docking is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Even those proteins that participate in a well-studied biological process (e.g., the Krebs cycle) may have unexpected interaction partners or functions which are unrelated to that process. In cases of known protein–protein interactions, other questions arise. Genetic diseases (e.g., cystic fibros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Modeling protein–nucleic acid complexes presents some unique challenges, as described below. In the 1970s, complex modelling revolved around manually identifying features on the surfaces of the interactors, and interpreting the consequences for binding, function and activity; any computer program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking The new methods were envisaged to apply even in the absence of phylogenetic or experimental clues; any specific prior knowledge could still be introduced at the stage of choosing between the highest ranking output models, or be framed as input if the algorithm catered for it. 1992 saw the publica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Docking procedures which permit conformational change, or "flexible docking" procedures, must intelligently select small subset of possible conformational changes for consideration. Successful docking requires two criteria: For many interactions, the binding site is known on one or more of the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Reciprocal space methods have been used extensively for their ability to evaluate enormous numbers of configurations. They lose their speed advantage if torsional changes are introduced. Another drawback is that it is impossible to make efficient use of prior knowledge. The question also remains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking To find a score which forms a consistent basis for selecting the best configuration, studies are carried out on a standard benchmark (see below) of protein–protein interaction cases. Scoring functions are assessed on the rank they assign to the best structure (ideally the best structure should be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking It was also observed that some components of the scoring algorithms may display better correlation to the experimental binding energies than the full score, suggesting that a significantly better performance might be obtained by combining the appropriate contributions from different scoring algor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking A protein-RNA docking benchmark was curated as a dataset of 45 non-redundant test cases with complexes solved by X-ray crystallography only as well as an extended dataset of 71 test cases with structures derived from homology modelling as well. The protein-RNA benchmark has been updated to includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Nine pairs of entries represent closely related complexes that have a similar structure, but a very different affinity, each pair comprising a cognate and a noncognate assembly. The unbound structures of the component proteins being available, conformation changes can be assessed. They are signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Macromolecular docking Although CAPRI results are of little statistical significance owing to the small number of targets in each round, the role of CAPRI in stimulating discourse is significant. (The CASP assessment is a similar exercise in the field of protein structure prediction). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606518 |
Glass knife A glass knife is a knife with a blade composed of glass. The cutting edge of a glass knife is formed from a fracture line, and is extremely sharp. Glass knives were used in antiquity due to their natural sharpness and the ease with which they could be manufactured. In modern electron microscopy, glass knive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606851 |
Glass knife The advent of diamond knives, which keep their edge much longer and are more suitable for cutting hard materials, quickly relegated glass knives to a second-rate status. However, some labs still use glass knives because they are significantly less expensive than diamond knives. A common practice is to use a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606851 |
Glass knife The better the break is aligned with the diagonal, the better the cutting edge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606851 |
Cross-conjugation is a special type of conjugation in a molecule, when in a set of three Pi bonds only two pi-bonds interact with each other by conjugation, the third one is excluded from interaction. Whereas a normal conjugated system such as a polyene typically has alternating single and double bonds along consecutiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2606916 |
Glucosinolate Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. These natural chemicals most likely contribute to plant def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2607178 |
Glucosinolate Every glucosinolate contains a central carbon atom, which is bound via a sulfur atom to the thioglucose group and via a nitrogen atom to a sulfate group (making a sulfated aldoxime). In addition, the central carbon is bound to a side group; different glucosinolates have different side groups, and it is va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2607178 |
Glucosinolate Aromatic glucosinolates include indolic glucosinolates, such as glucobrassicin, derived from tryptophan and others from phenylalanine, its chain-elongated homologue homophenylalanine, and sinalbin derived from tyrosine. The plants contain the enzyme myrosinase, which, in the presence of water, cleaves off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2607178 |
Glucosinolate To prevent damage to the plant itself, the myrosinase and glucosinolates are stored in separate compartments of the cell or in different cells in the tissue, and come together only or mainly under conditions of physical injury. The use of glucosinolate-containing crops as primary food source for animals c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2607178 |
Glucosinolate In contrast, the diamondback moth, a pest of cruciferous plants, may recognize the presence of glucosinolates, allowing it to identify the proper host plant. Indeed, a characteristic, specialised insect fauna is found on glucosinolate-containing plants, including butterflies, such as large white, small wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2607178 |
Cascade (chemical engineering) In chemical engineering, a cascade is a plant consisting of several similar stages with each processing the output from the previous stage. Cascades are most commonly used in isotope separation, distillation, flotation and other separation or purification processes. Cascade process is any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2610033 |
Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel developed for applications involving sulfuric acid. Its corrosion resistance also finds other uses in the chemical, petrochemical, power generation, and plastics industries. resists pitting and chloride ion corrosion, better than 304 stainless steel and on par with 316L stainle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2612253 |
Electron bubble An electron bubble is the empty space created around a free electron in a cryogenic gas or liquid, such as neon or helium. They are typically very small, about 2 nm in diameter at atmospheric pressure. At room temperature, electrons in noble gasses move about freely, limited only by collisions with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2612804 |
Electron bubble In this case, the minimum energy is about 1 eV (a moderate amount of energy on an atomic scale)[3]. When an electron is forced into liquid helium rather than floating on its surface, it forms a bubble rather than entering the liquid. The size of this bubble is determined by three main factors (ignoring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2612804 |
Hypophosphorous acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula HPO. It is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane, and alcohols. The formula for this acid is generally written HPO, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2614426 |
Hypophosphorous acid can reduce chromium(III) oxide to chromium(II) oxide: HPO + 2 CrO → 4 CrO + HPO In organic chemistry, HPO can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting to Ar–H. When diazotized in a concentrated solution of hypophosphorous acid, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2614426 |
Hypophosphorous acid The Cyanex family of dialkylphosphinic acids are used in hydrometallurgy to extract metals from ores. Few metal complexes have been prepared from HPO, one example is Ni(OPH). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2614426 |
Carroll rearrangement The is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β-keto allyl ester into a α-allyl-β-ketocarboxylic acid. This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone. The is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2614982 |
Trost ligand The is a diphosphine used in the palladium-catalyzed Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation. Other C-symmetric ligands derived from "trans"-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) have been developed, such as the ("R","R")-DACH-naphthyl ligand derived from 2-diphenylphosphino-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid. Related biden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2615082 |
Pole figure A pole figure is a graphical representation of the orientation of objects in space. For example, pole figures in the form of stereographic projections are used to represent the orientation distribution of crystallographic lattice planes in crystallography and texture analysis in materials science. Consider ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2616258 |
Pole figure The Wulff net is arcs corresponding to planes which share a common axis in the ("x","y") plane. If the pole and the trace of a plane are represented on the same diagram, then Consider an axis Δ, and planes belonging to the zone of this axis, i.e. Δ is in all these planes, the intersection of all the planes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2616258 |
Pole figure In a rolled metal, for example, the directions in the material are the rolling direction, transverse direction and rolling plane normal. If a large number of crystals are involved, then it is typical to make a contour plot, rather than plotting individual poles. The full determination of the texture require... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2616258 |
Strontium oxide or strontia, SrO, is formed when strontium reacts with oxygen. Burning strontium in air results in a mixture of strontium oxide and strontium nitride. It also forms from the decomposition of strontium carbonate SrCO. It is a strongly basic oxide. About 8% by weight of cathode ray tubes is strontium oxid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2616890 |
Phytoncide Phytoncides are antimicrobial allelochemic volatile organic compounds derived from plants. The word, which means "exterminated by the plant", was coined in 1928 by Dr. Boris P. Tokin, a Russian biochemist from Leningrad University. He found that some plants give off very active substances which prevent them ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2618516 |
List of benzo compounds Benzo might also refer to: Benzodiazepine In organic chemistry the addition of the prefix benzo to the name of a chemical compound indicates the addition of an even number of carbon atoms to an unsaturated or already aromatic compound by which a new aromatic ring is formed. Between the prefix "b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2618605 |
Ionic strength The concept of ionic strength was first introduced by Lewis and Randall in 1921 while describing the activity coefficients of strong electrolytes. The ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the concentration of ions in that solution. Ionic compounds, when dissolved in water, dissociate into ions. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2619023 |
Ionic strength 020 M in KCl is: Because in non-ideal solutions volumes are no longer strictly additive it is often preferable to work with molality "b" (mol/kg of HO) rather than molarity "c" (mol/L). In that case, molal ionic strength is defined as: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2619023 |
Water Environment Federation The (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization of more than 34,000 individual members and 75 Member Associations (MAs) representing water quality professionals around the world. WEF, which was formerly known as the Federation of Sewage Works Associations and later as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2620577 |
FOX reagent The FOX reagent, or ferrous oxidation−xylenol orange, is used to measure levels of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems. The reagent is incubated with the sample and absorbance of the product form after a series of oxidation reactions is then measured at a wavelength of 560 nm. The reagent itself is an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2621773 |
FOX reagent Recent uses of the assay involve modifications in which the assay can be used to detect the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which can be found in insect and human cells. Modifying the assay can also aid in the detection of protein, as well as lipid, hydroperoxide in human cells. Aside from its use in vegetation, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2621773 |
Number needed to harm The number needed to harm (NNH) is an epidemiological measure that indicates how many persons on average need to be exposed to a risk factor over a specific period to cause harm in an average of one person who would not otherwise have been harmed. It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2622311 |
Emmanuel Dongala Emmanuel Boundzéki Dongala (born 1941) is a Congolese chemist and novelist. He was Richard B. Fisher Chair in Natural Sciences at Bard College at Simon's Rock until 2014. In 1997, he was dean of Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville when war broke out in the Republic of Congo. Bard College president... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2624717 |
Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon. It is a gastrointestinal hormone, secreted from mucosal cells primarily of the colon and terminal ileum. It consists of 37 amino acids. is released when fats and glucose are present in the small intestine; which decrease the motility to allow sufficient t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2624997 |
STAT protein Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. They are primarily activated by membrane receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK). Dysre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2626268 |
STAT protein Much research has focused on elucidating the roles each of these domains play in regulating different STAT isoforms. Both the N-terminal and SH2 domains mediate homo or heterodimer formation, while the coiled-coil domain functions partially as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Transcriptional activity a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2626268 |
Endo-exo isomerism endo"–"exo" isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or ""syn"", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo" is reserved for the isomer with the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2627469 |
Chemical Institute of Canada The is a Canadian professional umbrella organization for chemists (Canadian Society for Chemistry), chemical engineers (Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering) and chemical technologists (Canadian Society for Chemical Technology). As of 2012, CIC and formed an agreement with the Society ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2627913 |
Spin wave Spin waves are propagating disturbances in the ordering of magnetic materials. These low-lying collective excitations occur in magnetic lattices with continuous symmetry. From the equivalent quasiparticle point of view, spin waves are known as magnons, which are bosonic modes of the spin lattice that correspo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Spin wave That formula_4 is an eigenstate of formula_1 can be verified by rewriting it in terms of the spin-raising and spin-lowering operators given by: resulting in where has been taken as the direction of the magnetic field. The spin-lowering operator annihilates the state with minimum projection of spin along the -... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Spin wave From this explanation one can see why the Ising model magnet with discrete symmetry has no spin waves: the notion of spreading a disturbance in the spin lattice over a long wavelength makes no sense when spins have only two possible orientations. The existence of low-energy excitations is related to the fact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Spin wave In metals the damping forces described by the constant are in many cases dominated by the eddy currents. One important difference between phonons and magnons lies in their dispersion relations. The dispersion relation for phonons is to first order linear in wavevector , namely , where is frequency, and is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Spin wave Important inelastic neutron scattering facilities are present at the ISIS neutron source in Oxfordshire, UK, the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France, the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA, and at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Spin wave With momentum resolution, the magnon dispersion was explored for an 8 ML fcc Co film on Cu(001) and an 8 ML hcp Co on W(110), respectively. The maximum magnon energy at the border of the surface Brillouin zone was 240 meV. When magnetoelectronic devices are operated at high frequencies, the generation of spin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2629646 |
Brunt–Väisälä frequency In atmospheric dynamics, oceanography, asteroseismology and geophysics, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency, is a measure of the stability of a fluid to vertical displacements such as those caused by convection. More precisely it is the frequency at which a vertically displaced pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2630316 |
Brunt–Väisälä frequency Instead, the parcel will expand adiabatically as the pressure declines. Therefore a more general formulation used in meteorology is: Since formula_19, where formula_20 is a constant reference pressure, for a perfect gas this expression is equivalent to: where in the last form formula_22, the adi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2630316 |
Brunt–Väisälä frequency In the ocean where salinity is important, or in fresh water lakes near freezing, where density is not a linear function of temperature, The concept derives from Newton's Second Law when applied to a fluid parcel in the presence of a background stratification (in which the density changes in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2630316 |
Fanning friction factor The Fanning friction factor, named after John Thomas Fanning, is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density: where: In particular the shear stress at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2632079 |
Fanning friction factor formula_22 Koo introduced another explicit formula in 1933 for a turbulent flow in region of formula_23 formula_24 When the pipes have certain roughness formula_25, this factor must be taken in account when the is calculated. The relationship between pipe roughness and was developed by Haaland (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2632079 |
Fanning friction factor The Darcy Weisbach Formula formula_35, also called Moody friction factor, is 4 times the formula_36 and so a factor of formula_37 has been applied to produce the formula given below. Due to geometry of non-circular conduits, the can be estimated from algebraic expressions above by using hydrauli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2632079 |
Rubidium oxide is the chemical compound with the formula RbO. is highly reactive towards water, and therefore it would not be expected to occur naturally. The rubidium content in minerals is often calculated and quoted in terms of RbO. In reality, the rubidium is typically present as a component of (actually, an impuri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2633283 |
Rubidium oxide As for most alkali metal oxides, the best synthesis of RbO does "not" entail oxidation of the metal but reduction of the anhydrous nitrate: Typical for alkali metal hydroxides, RbOH "cannot" be dehydrated to the oxide. Instead, the hydroxide can be decomposed to the oxide (by reduction of the hydrogen io... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2633283 |
Patterson function The is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren at MIT. The is defined as It is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities rather than the struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634020 |
Enzyme assay Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. They are vital for the study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition. The quantity or concentration of an enzyme can be expressed in molar amounts, as with any other chemical, or in terms of activity in enzyme units. Enzyme activity = ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay This is the activity of an enzyme per milligram of total protein (expressed in μmol min mg). Specific activity gives a measurement of enzyme purity in the mixture. It is the micro moles of product formed by an enzyme in a given amount of time (minutes) under given conditions per milligram of total proteins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay The % purity is 100% × (specific activity of enzyme sample / specific activity of pure enzyme). The impure sample has lower specific activity because some of the mass is not actually enzyme. If the specific activity of 100% pure enzyme is known, then an impure sample will have a lower specific activity, al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay The MTT assay, a redox assay using a tetrazolium dye as substrate is an example of a colorimetric assay. UV light is often used, since the common coenzymes NADH and NADPH absorb UV light in their reduced forms, but do not in their oxidized forms. An oxidoreductase using NADH as a substrate could therefore ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay Oxidation reactions can therefore be followed by a decrease in fluorescence and reduction reactions by an increase. Synthetic substrates that release a fluorescent dye in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are also available, such as 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside for assaying β-galactosidase or 4-methylum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay Given a fixed total concentration of one or more species over the measurement time, the scattering signal is a direct measure of the weight-averaged molar mass of the solution, which will vary as complexes form or dissociate. Hence the measurement quantifies the stoichiometry of the complexes as well as ki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Enzyme assay Since radioactive isotopes can allow the specific labelling of a single atom of a substrate, these assays are both extremely sensitive and specific. They are frequently used in biochemistry and are often the only way of measuring a specific reaction in crude extracts (the complex mixtures of enzymes produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2634856 |
Perfect conductor A perfect conductor or perfect electric conductor (PEC) is an idealized material exhibiting infinite electrical conductivity or, equivalently, zero resistivity (cf. perfect dielectric). While perfect electrical conductors do not exist in nature, the concept is a useful model when electrical resistance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635006 |
Molecular tweezers Molecular tweezers, and molecular clips, are host molecules with open cavities capable of binding guest molecules. The open cavity of the molecular tweezers may bind guests using non-covalent bonding which includes hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635128 |
Molecular tweezers Water-soluble phosphate-substituted molecular tweezers made of alternating phenyl and norbornenyl substituents bind to positively charged aliphatic side chains of basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine (Figure 3). Similar compounds called "molecular clips," whose side walls are flat rather th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635128 |
Molecular tweezers Examples include the proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease – amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and tau; α-synuclein, which is thought to cause Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies and is involved in spinal-cord injury; mutant huntingtin, which causes Huntington's disease; islet amyloid polypeptide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635128 |
Cavitand A cavitand is a container shaped molecule. The cavity of the cavitand allows it to engage in host–guest chemistry with guest molecules of a complementary shape and size. The original definition proposed by Cram includes many classes of molecules: cyclodextrins, calixarenes, pillararenes and cucurbiturils. Howe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635392 |
Cerebos is a brand of salt and, more recently, of other flavourings and nutritional supplements. The company is now owned by a Japanese company, Suntory K.K. The product was developed by George Weddell, a Scottish chemist working at the British company Mawson & Swan, and sold under the brand by a new partnership, Mawso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2635689 |
Fluxon In physics, a fluxon is a quantum of electromagnetic flux. The term may have any of several related meanings. In the context of superconductivity, in type II superconductors fluxons (also known as Abrikosov vortices) can form when the applied field lies between formula_1 and formula_2. The fluxon is a small whis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2636319 |
Fluxon models are explicitly designed to preserve the topology of the magnetic field, overcoming numerical resistivity effects in Eulerian models. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2636319 |
Wolf effect The (sometimes Wolf shift) is a frequency shift in the electromagnetic spectrum. The phenomenon occurs in several closely related phenomena in radiation physics, with analogous effects occurring in the scattering of light. It was first predicted by Emil Wolf in 1987 and subsequently confirmed in the laborat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2637521 |
Wolf effect However, when interacting with a medium, in combination with effects such as Brillouin scattering it may produce distorted shifts greater than the linewidth of the source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2637521 |
Zinc flake coating Zinc flake coatings are non-electrolytically applied coatings, which provide good protection against corrosion. These coatings consist of a mixture of zinc and aluminium flakes, which are bonded together by an inorganic matrix. The specifications for zinc flake coatings are defined in international s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40056948 |
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