text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Nerolic acid Nerolic acid, also known as ("Z")-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid is one of seven chemicals found in the Nasonov scent gland of honey-bees along with geraniol, geranic acid, ("E")-citral, ("Z")-citral, ("E","E")-farnesol, and nerol. Of these, nerolic acid, geraniol, and ("E","E")-farnesol are present in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41104992 |
GeNMR method (GEnerate NMR structures) is the first fully automated template-based method of protein structure determination that utilizes both NMR chemical shifts and NOE-based distance restraints. In addition to the template-based approach, the webserver also offers an "ab initio" protein folding mode that starts fol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41110901 |
GeNMR The output for a typical structure calculation consists of a user-defined set of lowest energy PDB coordinates in a simple, downloadable text format. In addition, details about the overall energy score (prior to and following energy minimization) and chemical shift correlations (between the observed and calculate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41110901 |
GeNMR GeNMR's genetic algorithm creates a population of initial structures and then uses combinations of mutations, cross-overs, segment swaps and writhe movements to comprehensively sample conformation space. The 25 lowest energy structures are then selected, duplicated and carried to the next round of conformational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41110901 |
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 referred the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) “to all States for their consideration, signature, and ratification”. The resolution was adopted on 10 December 1976 at the 31st Session of the UN General Assembly. The convention aims to prohibit the military or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113556 |
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 Finalized in 1976, the agreed text was sent to the UN General Assembly for consideration during the fall session. On 10 December 1976, the resolution was approved with 96 to 8 votes, 30 abstaining. In the treaty text "Environmental Modification Technique" is defined as f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113556 |
CS23D is a web server to generate 3D structural models from NMR chemical shifts. combines maximal fragment assembly with chemical shift threading, "de novo" structure generation, chemical shift-based torsion angle prediction, and chemical shift refinement. makes use of RefDB and ShiftX. accepts chemical shift files in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113726 |
CS23D "Chemical shift threading:" Backbone Phi and Psi torsion angles predicted from chemical shifts by PREDITOR are mapped into nine different regions in Ramachandran space, each of which are assigned specific letters. A protein can represented by a sequence of these nine "torsion angle letters". Thrifty is using thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113726 |
CS23D "Model optimization:" Model optimization in is done by a torsion-angle-based minimizer GAfolder (Genetic Algorithm folder) that uses a genetic algorithm to sample conformation space. The method is similar to that employed by GENFOLD. GAFolder makes torsion angles moves within the ranges defined by the values and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113726 |
Epitope binning is a competitive immunoassay used to characterize and then sort a library of monoclonal antibodies against a target protein. Antibodies against a similar target are tested against all other antibodies in the library in a pairwise fashion to see if antibodies block one another's binding to the epitope of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41120778 |
Cryoneurolysis Cryoneurolysis, also referred to as cryoanalgesia, is a medical procedure that temporarily blocks nerve conduction along peripheral nerve pathways. The procedure, which inserts a small probe to freeze the target nerve, can facilitate complete regeneration of the structure and function of the affected ner... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41121217 |
Cryoneurolysis Nerves treated in this temperature range experience a disruption of the axon, with Wallerian degeneration occurring distal to the site of injury. The axon and myelin sheath are affected, but all of the connective tissues (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium) remain intact. Following Wallerian degene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41121217 |
Cryoneurolysis created an early cryoprobe that reached -190 °C using liquid nitrogen. Shortly thereafter, in 1967, an ophthalmic surgeon named Amoils used carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide to create a cryoprobe that reached -70 °C. is performed with a cryoprobe, which is composed of a hollow cannula that contains a smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41121217 |
Joachim Seelig Joachim Heinrich Seelig is a German physical chemist and specialist in NMR Spectroscopy. He is one of the founding fathers of the Biozentrum of the University of Basel. studied chemistry and physics from 1961 till 1966 at the University of Cologne. In 1968 he graduated with a doctorate under the guidance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41126060 |
Constant viscosity elastic fluid Constant viscosity elastic liquids, also known as Boger fluids are elastic fluids with constant viscosity. This creates an effect in the fluid where it flows like a liquid, yet behaves like an elastic solid when stretched out. Most elastic fluids exhibit shear thinning (viscosity decrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41131672 |
Constant viscosity elastic fluid He released his first paper on Boger fluids in 1977, titled "A Highly Elastic Constant-Viscosity Fluid", where he described the ideal fluid for experimentation as a fluid that is "highly viscous and highly elastic at room temperature and at the same time is optically clear". The main pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41131672 |
Constant viscosity elastic fluid Elastic properties were introduced to the fluid while only a slight amount of shear thinning was observed, small enough to be ignored. The syrup solution had properties very similar to a polymer melt, but there was no shear thinning and the materials could be produced at room temperatur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41131672 |
O-Cresolphthalein "o"-Cresolphthalein is a phthalein dye used as a pH indicator in titrations. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol. Its solution is colourless below pH 8.2, and purple above 9.8. Its molecular formula is CHO. It is used medically to determine calcium levels in the human body, or to synthesiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41134694 |
O-Cresolphthalein o-Cresophthalein has been used to derive polyamides and polyimides, colorimetrically estimate calcium in serum, and predict amount of time to wait before blood collection after a patient receives gadodiamide. Aromatic polyamides and polyamides are practical compounds due to their temperature resistanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41134694 |
O-Cresolphthalein It should then be vacuum filtered to isolate the solid, yelding 3,3-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-3-methylphenyl]pthalide, or BAMP, as a white solid. It should then be purified by water and ethanol. Calcium in a blood sample should be estimated when required medically. Calcium should be precipitated out of 0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41134694 |
O-Cresolphthalein The gadodinium ion with a charge of +3 can be removed from gadodiamide using o-cresolphthalein. For these methods, glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, and time since gadodiamide was given should be recorded. Ultimately, these two factors and the impact of gadodiamide on calcium levels calculated by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41134694 |
SAE 304 stainless steel is the most common stainless steel. The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10.5%) metals as the main non-iron constituents. It is an austenitic stainless steel. It is less electrically and thermally conductive than carbon steel and is essentially non-ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41138917 |
SAE 304 stainless steel 304 stainless steel is also very sensitive at room temperature to the thiosulfate anions released by the oxidation of pyrite (as encountered in acid mine drainage) and can undergo severe pitting corrosion problems when in close contact with pyrite- or sulfide-rich clay materials exposed to oxida... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41138917 |
SAE 304 stainless steel The subsequent formation of chromium carbide results in reduced corrosion resistance along the grain boundary leaving the stainless steel susceptible to unanticipated corrosion in an environment where 304 would be expected to be corrosion resistant. This grain boundary corrosive attack is known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41138917 |
C4H8OS The molecular formula CHOS (molar mass: 104.17 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41150645 |
C15H12N2O3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41150682 |
Stanene is a 2D material and a 2D topological insulator. It is composed of tin atoms arranged in a single, hexagonal layer, in a manner similar to graphene. Its name combines "stannum" (the Latin name for tin) with the suffix "-ene" used by graphene. was theoretically predicted to be a 2D topological insulator in 2011,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41162315 |
Interfungin Interfungins are "Phellinus" isolates with NF-κB inhibitory activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41164606 |
Malettinin Malettinins are polyketide-derived, antimicrobials made by "Hypoxylon". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41164716 |
Biomimetic synthesis is an area of organic chemical synthesis that is specifically biologically inspired. The term encompasses both the testing of a "biogenetic hypothesis" ("conjectured" course of a biosynthesis in nature) through execution of a series of reactions designed to parallel the proposed biosynthesis, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41175952 |
Biomimetic synthesis , a purely proteinaceous catalyst, a metal or other cofactor bound to an enzyme, or a ribozyme) can be said to be accomplishing a biomimetic synthesis, where design and characterization of such catalytic systems has been termed "biomimetic chemistry". "Proto"-daphniphylline is a precursor in the bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41175952 |
Biomimetic synthesis It was proposed in the original report that hydroxyldihydropyran intermediate C was first formed when the dialdehyde starting material (A) was treated with potassium hydroxide. A 2-aza-1, 3-diene intermediate (D) was generated from the reaction of intermediate C with ammonia. An acid-catalyzed Diel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41175952 |
Radio spectrum scope The radio spectrum scope (also radio panoramic receiver, panoramic adapter, pan receiver, pan adapter, panadapter, panoramic radio spectroscope, panoramoscope, panalyzor and band scope) was invented by Marcel Wallace and measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within one or more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41176434 |
Stereoelectronic effect In chemistry, primarily organic and computational chemistry, a stereoelectronic effect is an effect on molecular geometry, reactivity, or physical properties due to spatial relationships in the molecules' electronic structure, in particular the interaction between atomic and/or molecular orbital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect A stereoelectronic effect generally involves a stabilizing donor–acceptor (i.e., filled-empty, 2-electron 2-orbital) interaction. The donor is usually a higher bonding or nonbonding orbital and the acceptor is often a low-lying antibonding orbital as shown in the scheme below. Whenever possible,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect When moving from fluorine to chlorine, then to bromine, the electronegativity of the halogen and the energy level of the σ*(C–X) orbitals decreases. Consequently, the general trend of acceptors can be summarized as: π*(C=O)>σ*(C–Hal)>σ*(C–O)>σ*(C–N)>σ*(C–C), σ*(C–H). For donating orbitals, the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect The orientation of the two interacting orbitals can have a significant effect on the stabilization effect (σ(C–Si) → empty p orbital), where antiperiplanar (180°) > perpendicular (90°) > syn (0°). One structural consequence of acyclic systems due to the stereoelectronic effect is the gauche effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect In anisole, the methyl group prefers to be coplanar with the phenyl group, while (trifluoromethoxy)benzene favors a geometry in which the [C(aryl)–C(aryl)–O–C(F)] dihedral angle is around 90°. In other words, the O–CF bond is perpendicular to the plane of the phenyl group. Further studies illust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect In the hydrogenation of ketones using CBS catalysts, the ketone coordinates to the boron atom with the lone pair on the oxygen atom. In the following example, the inductive influence of the substituents can lead to differentiation of the two sp lone pairs on the oxygen atom. The relevant stereoe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect Since the σ* orbital adjacent to the electron-withdrawing carbonyl group is lower in energy and is therefore a better acceptor than the σ* orbital adjacent to the methoxy, the isomer in which the n lone pair is able to donate into this lower-energy antibonding orbital will be stabilized (orbital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect In the asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions, instead of using chiral ligands or chiral auxiliaries to differentiate the side selectivity of the dienolphiles, the differentiation of face selectivity of the dienes (especially for cyclopentadiene derivatives) using stereoelectronic effects have been re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Stereoelectronic effect Sometimes, stereoelectronic effects can win over extreme steric clash. In a similar cyclobutene ring-opening reaction, the trimethylsilyl group, which is very bulky, still favors the inward rotation. The stereoelectronic effect, which is the interaction shown above when the acceptor orbital is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178541 |
Bottromycin is a macrocyclic peptide with antibiotic activity. It was first discovered in 1957 as a natural product isolated from "Streptomyces bottropensis". It has been shown to inhibit methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among other Gram-positive bacteria a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin has a unique structure, consisting of the macrocyclic amidine linkage and four β-methylated amino acids. blocks aminoacyl "t"RNA binding to the ribosome by binding to the A site of the 50s subunit. Although bottromycin was discovered over 50 years ago, there was a lack of research following initial studies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin A2 is singly methylated on proline, bottromycin B lacks methylation on proline, and bottromycin C contains a doubly methylated proline. A partial structure of bottromycin was reported shortly after the initial discovery of bottromycin. The first structural studies relied on traditional methods of analysis. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin Stereochemistry at carbon 18 and 25 was proposed by comparing predicted conformers obtained using molecular dynamics to experimental constraints obtained through NMR experiments. Stereochemistry at carbon 43 was confirmed by comparing H NMR of authentic hydrolysis product to a chemically synthesized sample ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin The presence of amino acids other than the 20 proteinogenic amino acids is often a feature of NRPS products because NRPS machinery can directly incorporate other amino acids, among other chemical building blocks. Ribosomal peptide synthesis, which is the same machinery that produces all proteins found in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin It is predicted to contain 13 genes, including the precursor peptide (notation will follow Crone and colleagues; other studies had similar results). One of the genes in the cluster, "btmL", is proposed to be a transcriptional regulator. Another gene, "btmA", is proposed to export bottromycin. The remaining ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin Bioinformatics suggest that "btmB", is an "O"-methyltransferase, while the other three, "btmC", "G" and "K", are radical "S"-adenosyl methionine (SAM) methyltransferases. The radical SAM methyltransferases are believed to β-methylate amino acid residues within the precursor peptide. "btmC" is believed to me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin Radical transfer with a cobalmin B12 cofactor and SAM has been shown with the few characterized radical SAM methyltransferases. Although the evidence points to radical β-methylation during bottromycin biosynthesis, it remains to be seen whether bioinformatic hypothesis and feeding studies will be supported ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin This intermediate was prepared stereoselectively. To obtain the amidine linkage, a tripeptide intermediate was coupled to a phthaloyl-protected thioamide via mercury-mediated condensation using mercury (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Hg(OTf)) to yield a branched amidine intermediate. To obtain the final pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin The full synthetic scheme may be viewed under the collapsed synthetic scheme link. Following the total synthesis of bottromycin, Kobayashi and colleagues synthesized a series of bottromycin derivatives and evaluated their anti-MRSA and anti-VRE activity. Only derivatives of the methyl ester moiety were expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin A2 completely degraded in mouse plasma after 10 minutes and exhibited 0% residual activity after exposure to rat serum. Only one derivative had lower than 50% residual activity. In contrast, many derivatives retained a significant percentage of residual anti-MRSA activity following exposure to serum. Thioes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin A natural derivative of bottromycin, bottromycin D, has also been identified. It is produced in a marine "Streptomyces" species, strain WMMB272. Although the methyl ester is still present in bottromycin D, one of the macrocyclic valines is mutated to an alanine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Bottromycin A combination of biologic and synthetic techniques may yield both an efficacious and stable bottromycin analog for development as a potential drug candidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41183836 |
Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory The (short: Penn State ARL or simply ARL), is a specialized research unit dedicated to interdisciplinary scientific research at the Penn State, University Park campus. The ARL is a DoD designated U.S. Navy University Affiliated Research Center. It is the univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41185716 |
Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory The Acoustic Test Tank is equipped with the instrumentation required for determining the acoustic characteristics of sonar devices designed for frequency response calibrations, radiation pattern plots, and impedance and admittance characterizations. Additionally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41185716 |
Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory In September 4, 2013 an agreement has been reached between the Applied Research Laboratory and NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The laboratory created the Space Systems Initiative which would allow the space center to provide bipropellant rockets and liqui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41185716 |
C4H6Cl2 The molecular formula CHCl (molar mass: 124.996 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41189850 |
Peginterferon-alfa may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41190496 |
Choi Yang-do () is a South Korean agricultural biotechnologist. His research focuses on the development of crops with stress-tolerant and yield-enhancing traits. One of his academic achievements is the discovery of a new jasmonate which enhances resistance against external stress of the crop. Choi is currently professo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41193411 |
Choi Yang-do The major research activity is the discovery of a novel enzyme and its genes encoding jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, which is involved in stress response and signal transduction in plant. Other achievements are the development of drought tolerant transgenic rice and transferred technology to Mah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41193411 |
No. 7 (brand) No7 is a brand of anti-ageing creams, skincare and cosmetic products developed by Boots UK. The brand No. 7 was launched by Boots in 1935 as a selection of eleven skincare products and was expanded in 1937 with some colour cosmetics. Since its introduction, the brand has undergone eight redesigns. In 2007... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41197872 |
Drug pollution or pharmaceutical pollution is pollution of the environment with pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites, which reach the aquatic environment (groundwater, rivers, lakes, and oceans) through wastewater. is therefore mainly a form of water pollution. "Pharmaceutical pollution is now detected in waters ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41202666 |
Drug pollution Other sources include agricultural runoff (because of antibiotic use in livestock) and pharmaceutical manufacturing. is implicated in the sex effects of water pollution. It is a suspected a contributor (besides industrial pollution) in fish kills, amphibian dieoffs, and amphibian pathomorphology. The mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41202666 |
Drug pollution In places where environmental law and regulation are adequately enforced, the wastewater from the factories is cleaned to a safe level. But to the extent that the market rewards "looking the other way" in developing nations, whether through local corruption (bribed inspectors or regulators) or plausible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41202666 |
Biological photovoltaics (BPV) is an energy-generating technology which uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, or fractions thereof, to harvest light energy and produce electrical power. Biological photovoltaic devices are a type of biological electrochemical system, or microbial fuel cell, and are sometimes also ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Biological photovoltaics The higher electrode potential of the cathodic reaction relative to the reduction of the anode drives current through an external circuit. In the illustration, oxygen is being reduced to water at the cathode, though other electron acceptors can be used. If water is regenerated there is a closed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Biological photovoltaics This improves the efficiency of light-to-electricity conversion by minimising the number of reactions separating the capture of light energy and reduction of the anode. A disadvantage of using oxygenic photosynthetic material in bioelectrochemical systems is that the production of oxygen in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Biological photovoltaics A benefit of using material that contains both photosystem II and photosystem I is that electrons extracted from water by photosystem II can be donated to the anode at a more negative redox potential (from the reductive end of photosystem I). A redox mediator (e.g. ferricyanide) is required to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Biological photovoltaics Isolated photosystems and sub-cellular photosynthetic fractions may be able to directly reduce the anode if the biological redox components are close enough to the electrode for electron transfer to occur. In contrast to organisms such as dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, algae and cyanoba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Biological photovoltaics The conversion efficiency of biological photovoltaic devices is presently too low for scaled-up versions to achieve grid parity. Genetic engineering approaches are being employed to increase the current output from photosynthetic organisms for use in biological photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207008 |
Aerucyclamide Aerucyclamides are bio-active peptides isolated from "Microcystis aeruginosa" cyanobacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207332 |
Venturamide The venturamides are cyclic peptides isolated from "Oscillatoria", a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium. They have anti-malarial activity, and are the first peptides with this activity to have been found in cyanobacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41207526 |
Majdine is a bio-active isolate of "Vinca minor" and "Vinca herbacea". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41210405 |
Girolline is a marine sponge isolate that inhibits protein synthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41210474 |
Tormentic acid is a bio-active isolate of "Luehea divaricata" and "Agrimonia eupatoria". derivatives have been synthesized and researched. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41210630 |
Dragomabin is a bio-active isolate of marine cyanobacteria, Lyngbya majuscula, which has been shown to have good antimalarial activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41210703 |
S-14,506 is a phenylpiperazine, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and a dopamine receptor antagonist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41213173 |
Donovan's solution is an inorganic compound prepared from arsenic triiodide and mercuric iodide. Despite its name, it is a compound and not a solution. 1g each of AsI and HgI with 0.9 sodium bicarbonate in water to make 100 ml. Cooley's "cyclopædia of practical receipts and ... information on the arts, manufactures, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41219148 |
Vinyl iodide functional group In organic chemistry, a vinyl iodide (also known as an iodoalkene) functional group is an alkene with one or more iodide substituents. Vinyl iodides are versatile molecules that serve as important building blocks and precursors in organic synthesis. They are commonly used in carbon-carbon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group 6kcal/mol, while fluoride, chloride and bromide are 115, 83.7, 72.1 kcal/mol respectively. As a result of having weaker bond, vinyl iodide does not polymerize as easily as its vinyl halide counterparts, but rather decompose and release iodide. It is generally believed that vinyl iodide can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group Vinyl iodides with well-defined geometry (regiochemistry and stereochemistry) are important in synthesis since many natural products and drugs that have specific structure and dimension. Example of regiochemistry is whether the iodide is positioned in either alpha or beta position on the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group Also they observed reverse selectivity for β with Ni(PPh)Cl in their hydroalumination reactions under same conditions with little or no byproducts. The advantage of this method is that is inexpensive (and commercially available), scalable and one-pot reaction. Another method doesn't involv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group Z selective β-vinyl iodides are slightly more difficult to introduce than E-β-vinyl iodides, often requiring more than one step. Hydroalumination and hydroboration usually proceed by syn fashion, therefore selectively favors E geometry. The Oshima group have demonstrated using hydroindatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group The zirconium's oxophilic nature allows elimination alkoxy group at the β position to form intermediate vinyl zirconium complex. The E geometry selectivity is not cause by sterics but rather the reaction itself is not concerted. In a mechanistic study, they observed isomerization, which su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group Vinyl silyl can be made from terminal alkyne or other methods. The Kishi's group reported a mild preparation of vinyl iodide from vinyl silyl using NIS in mixture of acetonitrile and chloroacetonitrile. They observed retention of olefin geometry in some vinyl silyl substrates while inversi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Vinyl iodide functional group Some famous vinyl iodide synthesis methods involve conversion of aldehyde or ketone to vinyl iodide. Barton's hydrazone iodination method involves addition of hydrazines to aldehyde or ketone to form hydrazone. Then the hydrazone is converted to vinyl iodide by addition of iodide and DBU. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41227461 |
Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent ster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41228482 |
Proline organocatalysis Modifications on the basic proline structure improved the enantioselectivity and regioselectivity of the catalysis. These proline-derived auxiliaries and catalysts, including the Enders hydrazone reaction and Corey–Itsuno reduction, have been reviewed, as have MacMillan’s iminium catalysts, Mill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41228482 |
Difluorine complex A difluorine complex is a molecular complex involving a difluorine molecule (F) and another molecule. The first synthesised difluorine complex was gold heptafluoride (AuF) in 1986, which involved a gold pentafluoride molecule (AuF) and a difluorine molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41234248 |
Poly(amidoamine) Poly(amidoamine), or PAMAM, is a class of dendrimer which is made of repetitively branched subunits of amide and amine functionality. PAMAM dendrimers, sometimes referred to by the trade name Starburst, have been extensively studied since their synthesis in 1985, and represent the most well-characteriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) The relative ease/low cost of synthesis of PAMAM dendrimers (especially relative to similarly-sized biological molecules such as proteins and antibodies), along with their biocompatibility, structural control, and functionalizability, have made PAMAMs viable candidates for application in drug developme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) With divergent synthesis of dendrimers, it is extremely important to allow each reaction to proceed to completion; any defects caused by incomplete reaction or intramolecular coupling of new surface amines with unreacted methyl ester surface groups could cause "trailing" generations, stunting further g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) B is also orthogonally protected, leaving the unprotected A on this molecule to couple with each of the unprotected B groups from the initial compound. This results in a new higher-generation species that is protected on both A and B. Selective deprotection of A yields a new molecule which can again be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) have shed some light on the mechanism of PAMAM cytotoxicity, providing evidence that the dendrimers break free of their encapsulating membrane (endosome) after being absorbed by the cell, causing harm to the cell's mitochondria and eventually leading to cell death. Further elucidation of the mechanism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) These systemic-level observations seem to align with the observation that PAMAM dendrimers are not extremely cytotoxic overall; however, more in-depth studies of the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PAMAM are required before a move toward "in vivo" applications can be made. One unique property o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) Hydrophobic interactions can also cause cell lysis, and PAMAM dendrimers whose surfaces are saturated with nonpolar modifications such as lipids or polyethylene glycol (PEG) suffer from higher cytotoxicity than their partially substituted analogues. PAMAM dendrimers with nonpolar internal components ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) In the future, as synthetic control over dendrimer surface chemistry becomes more robust, PAMAM and other dendrimer families may rise to prominence alongside other major approaches to targeted cancer therapy. In a study of folic acid functionalized PAMAM, methotrexate was combined either as an inclusio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Poly(amidoamine) The solubilization of prions is attributed to the polycationic and dendrimeric nature of the PAMAMs, with higher generation (>G3) dendrimers being the most efficient; hydroxy-terminated PAMAMs as well as linear polymers showed little to no effect. Since there are no other known compounds capable of dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41237117 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.