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Protein adsorption The amount of protein adsorbed at high temperature is usually higher than that at room temperature. Temperature variation causes conformational changes in protein influencing adsorption. These conformational rearrangements in proteins results in an entropy gain which acts as a major driving force for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption In addition, there is a time-dependent protein spreading, where protein molecules initially make contact with minimal binding sites on the surface. With the increase in protein's residence time on the surface, the protein may unfold for interaction with additional binding sites. This results in a tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption However, the limiting factor of many AFM studies is that imaging is often performed after drying the surface which might affect protein folding and the structure of the protein layer. Moreover, the cantilever tip can dislodge a protein or corrugate the protein layer. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption This technique works only on highly transparent surfaces. Other methods widely used for measuring the amount of protein adsorbed on surfaces include radio-labelling, Lowry assay, scanning angle reflectometry, total internal reflection fluorescence, bicinchoninic acid assay etc. Metallic bonding refer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption This state of higher energy is unfavorable, and the surface atoms will try to reduce it by binding to available reactive molecules. This is often accomplished by protein adsorption, where the surface atoms are reduced to a more advantageous energy state. The internal environment of the body is often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption Surfaces with more topographical features and roughness will have more exposed surface area for proteins to interact with. In terms of biomedical engineering applications, micromachining techniques are often used to increase protein adhesion to implants in the hopes of shortening recovery time. The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption By carefully selecting the type or types of mers in a polymer and its manufacturing process, the chemical and physical properties of a polymer can be highly tailored to adsorb specific proteins and cells for a particular application. often results in significant conformational changes, which refers t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption Generally, it has been found that scaffolds that closely resemble the natural environments of the tissue being engineered are the most successful. As a result, much research has gone into investigating natural polymers that can be tailored, through processing methodology, toward specific design crite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption Biomolecular Adsorption Database (BAD) is a freely available online database with experimental protein adsorption data collected from the literature. The database can be used for the selection of materials for microfluidic device fabrication and for the selection of optimum operating conditions of la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Polymer adsorption Adsorption is the adhesion of ions or molecules onto the surface of another phase. Adsorption may occur via physisorption and chemisorption. Ions and molecules can adsorb to many types of surfaces including polymer surfaces. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits bound together ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption Some examples of polymer surfaces include: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon, polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP). Polymer surfaces have been analyzed using a variety of techniques, including: scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption This is accomplished by measuring the contact angles of a series of liquids on a polymer surface. A Fox and Zisman plot of cosθ versus surface tensions of the liquids(γ) gives a straight line which can be extrapolated back to determine the critical surface tension of the solid (γ). formula_1 Where: T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption Because the ability of a surface to adsorb molecules onto its surface depends on energies of interaction, thermodynamics of adsorption can be used to understand the driving forces for adsorption. To measure the thermodynamics of polymer surfaces, contact angles are often used to easily obtain useful ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption For heterogeneous surfaces (consisting of two or more different types of material), the contact angle of a drop of liquid at each point along the three phase contact line with a solid surface is a result of the surface tension of the surface at that point. For example, if the heterogeneous regions of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption The observed contact angle is given by the following formula: where: If the polymer is made out of only two different monomers, it is possible use the above equation to determine the composition of the polymer simply by measuring the contact angle of a drop of liquid placed on it: where: One of the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption For example, many applications utilize polymers as structural components, but which degrade rapidly when exposed to weather or other sources of wear. Therefore, coatings must be used which protect the structural layer from damage. However, the poor adhesive properties of nonpolar polymers makes it di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption Because the relative magnitudes of chemisorption processes are generally much greater than magnitudes of physisorption processes, this forms a strong bond between the polymer and the surface it is chemically adhered to, while allowing the polymer to retain its physisorption characteristics toward oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption Furthermore, the device’s resistance to protein adsorption, fibroblast adhesion and bacteria adhesion are increased. The hemocompatability of a medical device is dependent upon surface charge, energy and topography. Devices that fail to be hemocompatabile run the risk of forming a thrombus, prolifera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymer adsorption FRPs are usually in a laminate formation with each lamina having unidirectional fibers, typically carbon or glass, embedded within a layer of light polymer matrix material. FRPs have great resistance against environmental exposure and great durability. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a polymer used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002781 |
Polymeric surface Polymeric materials have widespread application due to their versatile characteristics, cost-effectiveness, and highly tailored production. The science of polymer synthesis allows for excellent control over the properties of a bulk polymer sample. However, surface interactions of polymer substrates ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface The radius of gyration of the polymer therefore is the limiting factor in the number of polymer chains that can reach the surface and adhere. The 'grafting from' technique circumvents this phenomenon and allows for greater grafting densities. The processes of grafting "onto", "from", and "through" are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface This grafting technique allows for excellent control over the peptide composition as the bonded chain can be washed without desorption from the polymer. Polymeric coatings are another area of applied grafting techniques. In the formulation of water-borne paint, latex particles are often surface modifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface The hazardous nature of remnant ozone after corona treatment stipulates careful filtration and ventilation during processing, restricting its implementation to applications with strict catalytic filtered systems. This limitation prevents widespread use within open-line manufacturing processes Several ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface The power required to produce the necessary plasma flux can be derived from the active volume mass/energy balance: formula_1 where formula_2 where formula_3 denotes the surface energy of the solid–liquid, liquid–gas, or solid–gas interface formula_4 is the measured contact angle A series of solutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a type of scanning force microscopy, was developed for mapping three-dimensional topographical variations in atomic surfaces with high resolution (on the order of fraction of nanometers). AFM was developed to overcome the material conduction limitations of electron trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polymeric surface Functionalizing polymer surfaces can inhibit protein adsorption, which may otherwise initiate cellular interrogation upon the implant, a predominant failure mode of medical prostheses. Narrow biocompatibility requirements within the medical industry have over the past ten years driven surface modifica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005243 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on solid substrates is a surface phenomenon where long-chained polymer molecules with charged groups (dubbed polyelectrolytes) bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity. On the molecular level, the polymers do not actually bond to the surface, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption However, the general character of the process can be reasonably well modeled with a polyelectrolyte in solution, and an oppositely charged surface where no covalent interaction between the surface and chain occurs. This model for the adsorbed amount of polyelectrolyte at a charged surface is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption Their large size and high charge densities tend to overcompensate the original negative surface charge, resulting in a net positive charge due to the cationic polyelectrolytes. This solid surface, with its cationic polyelectrolyte film and consequent positive surface charge, can then be expos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption The interactions between a polyelectrolyte and the solvent it is placed in have a large effect on the conformation of the polymer both in solution and upon deposition onto the substrate. Due to their unique nature, polyelectrolytes have many options for solvents that traditional polymers such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption Since the polymer backbone does not repel itself as strongly as it would in a poor solvent, the polymer chain acts more similarly to an uncharged polymer, assuming a compact conformation. In a poor solvent, the solvent molecules interact poorly or unfavorably with the charged portions of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption This leads to a much more clumped and dense polymer deposited onto the surface. In a low ionic strength solution, the charges present on the repeat units of the polymer are the dominant force controlling conformation. Since there is very little charge present to screen the repulsive interacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption Polyelectrolytes have been used by scientists to coat stainless steel using the layer-by-layer application method in order to inhibit corrosion. The exact mechanism by which corrosion is restricted is unknown because polyelectrolyte multi-layers are water-logged and of a gel-like consistency.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption This would be more effective than the current technique of releasing a high dose of drugs into the body and counting on some of it to navigate to the afflicted area. The base layer for an effective coating for an implant is DMLPEI/PAA, or linear N, N-dodecyl,methyl-poly(ethyleneimine) / poly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption It can also be used to destabilize suspensions by adsorbing oppositely charged chains to the particle surface, neutralizing the zeta-potential and causing flocculation or coagulation of contaminants. This is used heavily in waste-water treatment to force suspensions of contaminants to floccul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Polyelectrolyte adsorption For drug delivery, the polyelectrolyte shell would break down after a certain amount of time, releasing the drug and helping it travel through the digestive tract, which is one of the biggest barriers for the effectiveness of drug delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32005612 |
Colloidal probe technique The colloidal probe technique is commonly used to measure interaction forces acting between colloidal particles and/or planar surfaces in air or in solution. This technique relies on the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). However, instead of a cantilever with a sharp AFM tip, one uses th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique Forces are equally most informative to investigate the mechanical properties of interfaces, bubbles, capsules, membranes, or cell walls. Such measurements permit to make conclusions about the elastic or plastic deformation or eventual rupture in such systems. The colloidal probe technique prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique It is also possible to study forces between colloidal particles by attaching another particle to the substrate and perform the measurement in the "sphere-sphere geometry", see figure above. The force mode used in the colloidal probe technique is illustrated in the figure on the left. The scann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique This response is referred to as the "constant compliance" or contact region. The lever signal "S" as a function of the scanner displacement "D" is shown in the figure below. This graph consists of two straight lines resembling a hockey-stick. When the surfaces are not in contact, the lever sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique Typical spring constants of AFM cantilevers are in the range of 0.1−10 N/m. Since the deflection is monitored with a precision better 0.1 nm, one typically obtains a force resolution of 1−100 pN. The separation distance can be obtained from the displacement of the scanner and the cantilever de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique The colloidal probes are normally fabricated by gluing a colloidal particle to a tip-less cantilever with a micromanipulator in air. The subsequent rewetting of the probe may lead to the formation of nanosized bubbles on the probe surface. This problem can be avoided by attaching the colloidal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique The "frictional force method" relies on measurement of the approach and retract curves of the cantilever through a viscous fluid. Since the hydrodynamic drag of a sphere close to a planar substrate is known theoretically, the spring constant of the cantilever can be deduced. The "geometrical m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique However, this technique uses a regular AFM tip to which a single polymer molecule is attached. From the retraction part of the force curve, one can obtain information about stretching of the polymer or its peeling from the surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Acyl azide Acyl azides are carboxylic acid derivatives with the general formula RCON. Alkyl or aryl acyl chlorides react with sodium azide to give acyl azides. They can also be synthesized from various carboxylic acids and sodium azide in presence of triphenylphosphine and trichloroacetonitrile catalysts in excellent y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37608694 |
Trichloroacetonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CClCN. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples often are brownish. It is used commercially as a precursor to the fungicide etridiazole. It is prepared by dehydration of trichloroacetamide. As a bifunctional compound, trichloroacetonitrile can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37610142 |
Trichloroacetonitrile It is sensitive towards water, acids and bases. The bond lengths are 146.0 pm (C-C), 116.5 pm (C-N) and 176.3 pm (C-Cl). The bond angle is 110.0 ° (ClCCl). The substitution of all electronegative substituents in trichloroacetonitrile by nucleophilic attack of alkoxide anions produces orthocarbonic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37610142 |
Trichloroacetonitrile The electron-withdrawing effect of the trichloromethyl group activates the nitrile group of trichloroacetonitrile for the attack of nucleophilic oxygen, nitrogen and sulfuric compounds. For example, alcohols give under base catalysis in a direct and reversible addition "O"-alkyltrichloroacetimidat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37610142 |
Trichloroacetonitrile Under kinetic control with potassium carbonate as the base, β-trichloroacetimidates are formed selectively, whereas with sodium hydride, cesium carbonate or potassium hydroxide and in the presence of phase transfer catalysts only α-trichloroacetimidates are obtained (thermodynamically controlled).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37610142 |
FM12 NBC Respirator The is a military gas mask produced by Avon Rubber and in service with the British Armed Forces and various police forces. The FM12 was introduced in 2000 as an intended replacement for the standard issue S10 NBC Respirator in service from the 1980s. However, the FM12 was never widely adopted by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37617951 |
FM12 NBC Respirator The 'ridge' present around the edge of the S10 is absent from the FM12. The main noticeable difference between the FM12 and the S10 is the ability of some FM12's to mount two filters to the mask simultaneously, as was done by the SBS in the Gulf War. When only one filter is fitted to a mask that has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37617951 |
ChemWindow is a chemical structure drawing and publishing program developed by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. It was first developed by SoftShell International in the 1990s. Bio-Rad acquired this technology in 1996 and eventually made it part of their KnowItAll software product line, offering a specific edition of their so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37621707 |
Mechanochromic luminescence (ML) references to intensity and/or color changes of (solid-state) luminescent materials induced by mechanical forces, such as rubbing, crushing, pressing, shearing, or smearing. Unlike "triboluminescence" which does not require additional excitation source other than force itself, ML is oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37626168 |
Guillermo Bazan Guillermo Carlos Bazan is an American chemist, material scientist, and academic. Bazan earned a B.Sc with Honors in chemistry from the University of Ottawa in 1986, and a Ph.D in Inorganic Chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. From 1992 to 1998 he was on the faculty of the Univer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37628061 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition (STACE), also South Turkmenistan Archaeological Inter-disciplinary Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (YuTAKE) was endorsed by the Turkmenistan Academy of Sciences. It was initially organized by the orientalist, Mikhail Evg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition The Merv Oasis is one of the regions explored by Soviet archeologists of the YuTAKE; Antiochia is the primary site in this oasis. Namazgtepe ('tepe' means "hill") is 100–120 kilometers from Ashkhabad in Turkmenistan at the border with Iran and is south east of the Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition Between 1951 and 1961, the VII Brigade explored the Bronze Age site of Altyndepe (which had been discovered earlier by A.A. Semenov in 1929), Iron Age Yaz I culture complex in Margiana (old delta of the Morghab River, 11 sites at the ancient delta of the Geoksyur oas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition The IX Brigade, led by Okladnikov, occurred in the Balshoi Balkan region and in the plateau of Krasnovodsk. The finds at the Jebel rock shelter site near the Caspian Sea on the southwestern end of the Balshoi Balkan massif was a stratigraphic sequence of Mesolithic a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition Chalcolithic stone amulets with geometric shapes, pottery traditions with two-tiered furnaces for firing ceramics, terracotta figurines, stamp seals of clay and stone, and centres of metallurgical production were uncovered. Rosette and zoomorphic patterns were uneart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition One year after he started sequencing the site, he died suddenly and was replaced by Vadim Mikhailovich Masson who published a book on the Bronze Age sequence of this site. The settlement of Ilgynly had also shifted to Altyndepe. Early Bronze period fort walls with de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition Also unearthed were 62 double-tiered kilns, beads and seals, four stepped ziggurats, female terracotta figurines with plaited hair, stone vessels, hafted bronze and copper daggers with flat blades, tabbed silver and bronze seals, paintings of animals such as goats, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition Ceramics were also found with dichromatic paintings and many female terracotta figurines. The culture of Geoksyurtepe was correlated with an eastern Anau group of tribes linked to Elam and Mesopotamia. According to the Greek-Russian archaeologist, Sarianidi, who expl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition " A fort had been built with thick walls and the enclosed area within the fort had single storied houses, and also a palace, two observatories and cremation grounds. The excavation of the cemeteries revealed many objects, both local and imported (from Indus Valley an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629831 |
Quantasome Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37630226 |
Domain wall (magnetism) A domain wall is a term used in physics which can have similar meanings in magnetism, optics, or string theory. These phenomena can all be generically described as topological solitons which occur whenever a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken. In magnetism, a domain wall is an interface s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37633242 |
Domain wall (magnetism) In the end an equilibrium is reached between the two and the domain wall's width is set as such. An ideal domain wall would be fully independent of position, but the structures are not ideal and so get stuck on inclusion sites within the medium, also known as crystallographic defects. These incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37633242 |
Domain wall (magnetism) After their application to any inhomogeneous region, they predict the existence of even parts in functions of the distribution of order parameters. Identification of the remaining odd parts of these functions was formulated based on symmetry transformations that interrelate domains. The symmetry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37633242 |
Domain wall (magnetism) Bloch domain walls appear in bulk materials, i.e. when sizes of magnetic material are considerably larger than domain wall width (according to the width definition of Lilley ). In this case energy of the demagnetization field does not impact the micromagnetic structure of wall. The mixed cases a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37633242 |
C23H28O7 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 416.464 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37643184 |
Dally (gene) Dally (division abnormally delayed) is the name of a gene that encodes a HS-modified-protein found in the fruit fly ("Drosophila melanogaster"). The protein has to be processed after being codified, and in its mature form it is composed by 626 amino acids, forming a proteoglycan rich in heparin sulfate whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37644961 |
Dally (gene) Dpp and Wg are mutually antagonistic in patterning genitalia. Concretely, dally selectively regulates both Wg signalling in epidermis and Dpp in genitalia. This selectivity is supposed to be controlled by the type of Glycosaminoglycan GAG bonded to the dally protein, considering that there is a huge struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37644961 |
Dally (gene) Those mutations are pleiotropic and can affect viability and produce morphological defects in several adult tissues, such as the eye, antenna, wing and genitalia. Once the mutation has been codified and the protein is functional, there is no chance to turn back and we will speak about a mutated individual.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37644961 |
Laminin 111 Laminin–111 (also "laminin–1") is a protein of the type known as laminin isoforms. It was among the first of the laminin isoforms to be discovered. The "111" identifies the isoform's chain composition of α1β1γ1. This protein plays an important role in embryonic development. Injections of this substance are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Laminin 111 Laminin-111 is expressed very early on in development and is present in the blastocyst. When various parts of the trimer chains are knocked out by mutations, devastating consequences occur in the embryo. If the β1 or γ1 chains of laminin-111 are absent the basement membrane fails to form. Without a basement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Laminin 111 In cell adhesion laminin-111 and other isoforms are important proteins that anchor cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The linkage between cells and the ECM is formed by binding cell surface receptors to one end of the laminin α chain and binding ECM components to another region of the laminin. Globula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Laminin 111 Activation of c-Jun kinases leads to high levels of c-Jun expression which results in neurite outgrowth. The synthesis of Nitric Oxides resides somewhere in the pathway and is yet to be determined. Weston et al. (2000) proposed that the synthesis of Nitric Oxide may be upstream to the activation of Cdc42. N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Laminin 111 Their study gave the following conclusions: The biological process in which a cell ceases to continue growing and dividing is called quiescence (the opposite of cancer). ECM laminin-111 sends chemical signals that promotes adhesion of a cell and its ECM. Although the mechanism is unknown, these signals have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Laminin 111 Therefore, further exploration of laminin-111 and nuclear actin interaction could be a target for future experimental therapeutic investigations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37656184 |
Planetary equilibrium temperature The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be at when considered simply as if it were a black body being heated only by its parent star. In this model, the presence or absence of an atmosphere (and therefore any greenhouse effect) is irreleva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657202 |
Planetary equilibrium temperature The temperature at which this balance occurs is the planetary equilibrium temperature. The solar flux absorbed by the planet from the star is equal to the flux emitted by the planet: formula_2 Assuming a fraction of the incident sunlight is reflected according to the planet's Bond albe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657202 |
Planetary equilibrium temperature To find the incident stellar flux on the planet, formula_15, at some orbital distance from the star, formula_16, one can divide by the surface area of a sphere with radius formula_17: formula_18 Plugging this into the general equation for planetary equilibrium temperature gives: formul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657202 |
Planetary equilibrium temperature Similarly, Earth has an equilibrium temperature of 255 K, but a surface temperature of about 288 K due to the greenhouse effect in our lower atmosphere. On airless bodies, the lack of any significant greenhouse effect allows equilibrium temperatures to approach mean surface temperature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657202 |
Planetary equilibrium temperature Again, these temperature variations result from poor heat transport and retention in the absence of an atmosphere. Orbiting bodies can also be heated by tidal heating, geothermal energy which is driven by radioactive decay in the core of the planet, or accretional heating. These intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657202 |
C21H19ClN4O2 The molecular formula CHClNO (molar mass: 394.86 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37657545 |
Hybrid difference scheme The hybrid difference scheme is a method used in the numerical solution for convection–diffusion problems. It was first introduced by Spalding (1970). It is a combination of central difference scheme and upwind difference scheme as it exploits the favorable properties of both of these schemes. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37668443 |
Hybrid difference scheme , Now let us define variables F and D to represent the convection mass flux and diffusion conductance at cell faces, Hence, equations () and () transform into the following equations: Where, the lower case letters denote the values at the faces and the upper case letters denote that at the node... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37668443 |
Hybrid difference scheme It makes use of the central difference scheme, which is second order accurate, for small Peclet numbers (|Pe| < 2). For large Peclet numbers (|Pe| > 2) it uses the Upwind difference scheme, which first order accurate but takes into account the convection of the fluid. As it can be seen in figur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37668443 |
C19H23ClN2 The molecular formula CHClN (molar mass: 314.852 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37687136 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is an inherited pediatric disorder characterized by movement problems, and most commonly displayed as a pattern of involuntary sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Symptoms are usually present within the first year of age, but diagnosis is delayed due to physicians lack of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency The enzyme is involved in the last step of producing tetrahydrobiopterin better known as BH. BH is involved in the processing of amino acids and the production of neurotransmitters, specifically that of dopamine and serotonin which are primarily used in transmission of signals between n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency The pterin compound functions as a cofactor in enzyme catalysis and biogenic amines which include adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin have functions that vary from the control of homeostasis to the management of cognitive tasks. This analysis reveals decreased concentrations of homovani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency Carbidopa is in a class of medications called decarboxylase inhibitors and it works by preventing levodopa from being broken down before it reaches the brain. This treatment is effective in mitigating motor symptoms, but it does not totally eradicate them and it is not as effective on c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency By using exome sequencing, which sequences a selective coding region of the genome, researchers have found a homozygous five-nucleotide deletion in the SPR gene which confirmed both siblings were homozygous. It is predicted that this mutation leads to premature translational termination... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency The results also show that the urine concentrations of neurotransmitter metabolites are abnormal in patients with this disorder. This finding may provide an initial and easier indication of the deficiency before CSF analysis is performed. Human findings provide insufficient data for dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency Gene targeting is a technique used to delete a gene, add a gene, remove exons, and introduce point mutations and can be either permanent or temporary. The mice that were SPR deficient showed similar symptoms to those observed in patients with SR deficiency including impaired body moveme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691693 |
C24H40N5O8 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 526.603 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37693457 |
Hydroxyphenethylamine may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696681 |
In vitro recombination Recombinant DNA (rDNA), or molecular cloning, is the process by which a single gene, or segment of DNA, is isolated and amplified. Recombinant DNA is also known as in vitro recombination. A cloning vector is a DNA molecule that carries foreign DNA into a host cell, where it replicates, producing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37698469 |
In vitro recombination It depends on the presence of a primer, usually a poly-dT oligonucleotide, to prime DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase can use these single–stranded primers to initiate second strand DNA synthesis on the mRNA templates. After the single-stranded DNA molecules are converted into double-stranded DNA mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37698469 |
Aqion is a hydrochemistry software tool. It bridges the gap between scientific software (such like PhreeqC) and the calculation/handling of "simple" water-related tasks in daily routine practice. The software aqion is free for private users, education and companies. First. Most of the hydrochemical software is designed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37699547 |
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