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MEMS for in situ mechanical characterization The system could be operated inside a transmission electron microscope. The MEMS based platform was applied to the study of poly-Silicon samples, multi-walled CNTs and more recently metallic and semiconducting nanowires. In particular, the theoretical strength of carbon nano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31894500 |
MEMS for in situ mechanical characterization What has been found consistently is that mechanical properties of materials change as a function of size. In metals, elastic modulus, yield strength and fracture strength all increase, while in semiconducting brittle materials, either increments or reductions are observed de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31894500 |
MEMS for in situ mechanical characterization Recent examples are the tensile characterization of collagen fibrils and DNA bundles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31894500 |
Pickering series The (also known as the Pickering–Fowler series) consists of three lines of singly ionized helium found, usually in absorption, in the spectra of hot stars like Wolf–Rayet stars. The name comes from Edward Charles Pickering and Alfred Fowler. The lines are produced by transitions from a higher energy le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31896081 |
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b, also known by trade names including Freon-142b) is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) with the chemical formula CHCClF. It is primarily used as a refrigerant. For the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that are reported by industries. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31899711 |
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane According to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31899711 |
C17H18N2O The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31903687 |
Anodic aluminium oxide Anodic aluminium oxide, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), or anodic alumina is a self-organized form of aluminium oxide that has a honeycomb-like structure formed by high density arrays of uniform and parallel pores. The diameter of the pores can be as low as 5 nanometers and as high as several hundre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905433 |
Anodic aluminium oxide It was shown, that the formation of the long-range ordered porous structure occurs when all pores grow with equal rate (when anodization rate is limited by kinetics of the barrier layer dissolution at the pore bases or by diffusion of ions in pores). Starting in the late 1980s, owing to uniform n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905433 |
Anodic aluminium oxide Protein molecules like thrombin have been detected using AAO membranes. <!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905433 |
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase () (also known as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT)) is an enzyme that creates S-adenosylmethionine (a.k.a. AdoMet, SAM or SAMe) by reacting methionine (a non-polar amino acid) and ATP (the basic currency of energy). AdoMet is a methyl donor for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905871 |
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme The predicted hairpins (named A-F) have strong evolutionary conservation and 3 of the predicted RNA structures (hairpins A, C and D) have been confirmed by in-line probing analysis. No structural changes were observed for any of the hairpins in the presence of metabolites SAM, S-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905871 |
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme In molecular biology, the protein domain S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, C-terminal domain refers to the C terminus of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase The function of the C-terminal domain has been experimentally determined as being important for cytoplasmic localisation. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31905871 |
Phonon noise Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment. This energy is quantized in the form of phonons. Each phonon has an energy of order formula_1, where formula_2 is Boltzmann's constant and formula_3 is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31907150 |
Phonon noise A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant, as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector. The transition edge sensor typically maintain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31907150 |
SUI1 In molecular biology, the single-domain protein is a translation initiation factor often found in the fungus, "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" (Baker's yeast) but it is also found in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as archaea. It is otherwise known as Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1) in eukaryo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31907314 |
Pulmonary surfactant protein D In molecular biology, (SP-D) is a protein domain predominantly found in lung surfactant. This protein plays a special role; its primary task is to act as a defence protein against any pathogens that may invade the lung. It also plays a role in lubricating the lung and preventing it from c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31907346 |
Omega-Atracotoxin "omega"-Atracotoxin (ω-atracotoxin) is an insect-specific neurotoxin produced by the Blue Mountains funnel-web spider. Its phylogenetic specificity derives from its ability to antagonise insect, but not vertebrate, voltage-gated calcium channels. Two spatially proximal amino acid residues, Asn(27) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31911373 |
Kostanecki acylation The is a method used in organic synthesis to form chromones or coumarins by acylation of "O"-hydroxyaryl ketones with aliphatic acid anhydrides, followed by cyclization. If benzoic anhydride (or benzoyl chloride) is used, a particular type of chromone called a flavone is obtained. The mechanism con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31916527 |
Clouding agent Clouding agents or cloudifiers are a type of food additive used to make beverages such as fruit juices to look more cloudy, and thus more natural-looking and visually appealing, typically by creating an emulsion of oil droplets. Natural fruit juices are often opalescent, due to protein, oil or pectin par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31924586 |
Bauer-Nilsen Bauer Nilsen AS is a Norwegian company established in 1925. The company is located in Karmøy municipality. The company started with production of central pressure lubricators. Expansion led to the design and production of high-pressure hydraulics. produces an extensive range of high-pressure hydraulic equi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31926981 |
Crocco's theorem is an aerodynamic theorem relating the flow velocity, vorticity, and stagnation pressure (or entropy) of a potential flow. gives the relation between the thermodynamics and fluid kinematics. The theorem was first enunciated by Alexander Friedmann for the particular case of a perfect gas and published i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928335 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus The with Steam pump for circulating water attached was an early design of an evaporator, a device for producing fresh water on board ship by distillation of seawater. An example of this apparatus has been recovered from the wreck of (1872), an auxiliary steamship used in Australia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus Chaplins' produced a range of steam powered industrial products including steam cranes, hoists, locomotives, pumping and winding engines, ship's deck engines and sea water distilling apparatus, used throughout the world during the 19th and 20th century. Chaplin's patent sea water d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus Normandy's, were on a much larger scale, distilling some 12,000 gallons of water per hour, whereas the Chaplin distilling apparatus used onboard vessels produced roughly 23 gallons of fresh water per hour. Essentially, the distilled water produced for Egypt was made in a special ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus In direct competition with Alexander Chaplin, Dr. Alphonse Normandy’s (1809–1864) apparatus is another successful distiller. It consists of three essential parts, the evaporator, the condenser and the refrigerator. The apparatus passes a mixture of steam and gasses from the evapora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus distilling apparatus was designed initially for use on board steam vessels where it could be supplied with steam from either the main boiler or a donkey boiler with cooling water circulation from a pump driven from the main engine or an auxiliary. The subsequent addition of a steam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus The aerated water would collect as a clear, bright and odourless liquid at a temperature of about at the bottom of the coil, to be drawn off for use. The machine could supply approximately of water per hour. "The samples of water subjected to analysis were collected at different ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus E Professor of Chemistry, Andersonian University, Glasgow, the distiller filtered out noxious chemicals such as lead, copper, tin and iron through the use of a series of iron plates with perforated holes and matting. These plates were located in the large box-like structure at the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus Initial speculation was that this may be a condenser or a heat exchanger or perhaps a circle condenser [?] but the discovery of a brass manufacturer's nameplate found whilst de-concreting the object and subsequent archival documentation has confirmed its identity to be a Chaplin di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus The Chaplin Distilling apparatus excavated from "Xantho" is believed to be the only known example in existence and therefore can be regarded as a unique piece of maritime history that helps to explain how steamships and sailing vessels fitted with these devices were able to underta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31928665 |
The Cheese Mites (1903) is a British short silent documentary film, produced by Charles Urban and directed by F. Martin Duncan. A gentleman is put off his lunch when he holds up a magnifying glass and sees a microscopic view of the cheese mites in his Stilton cheese sandwich. The film "was the sensation of the first pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31930804 |
College of Chemical Sciences The is an institute in Sri Lanka. It was established 25 January 2001 during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon. As per by law 15 of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, the was established to conduct all the educational and training activities of the institut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31932045 |
College of Chemical Sciences A number of visiting academics and teaching assistants drawn from universities, research institutes, and service organisations and well as the private sector carry out the day-to-day teaching activities of the college. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31932045 |
Lucideon (formerly Ceram) is an independent materials development, testing and assurance company based in Stoke-on-Trent and in the US. owns testing facilities around the world. The British Refractories Research Association was formed in 1920. The pottery industry was required by the Import Duties Advisory Committee in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31933021 |
Callystatin A is a polyketide natural product from the leptomycin family of secondary metabolites. It was first isolated in 1997 from the marine sponge "Callyspongia truncata" which was collected from the Goto Islands in the Nagasaki Prefecture of Japan by the Kobayashi group. Since then its absolute configuration has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31934637 |
Callystatin A " and share a common structural motif consisting of a terminal α,β-unsaturated lactone group attached to a long unsaturated fatty acid chain which includes two diene systems separated by two sp-hybridized carbons. It is believed that this highly conserved structural motif is important for biological targe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31934637 |
Callystatin A There, the cargo will be released when the Ran-GTP protein is hydrolyzed by a cytoplasmic Ran-GTPase enzyme to form Ran-GDP. This step completes the transport process and CRM1/exportin1 reenters the nucleus for more cargo binding. Leptomycin B and callystatin A inhibit the action of CRM1/exportin1 by a li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31934637 |
Callystatin A In the same manner, callystatin A biosynthesis starts with an acetate unit and elongates by either the malonate or the methyl malonate extender units, depending on the specific module. An exception to this is in module 7 where an ethyl malonate molecule replaces the other two options as the extender unit.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31934637 |
Conjugated microporous polymer Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a sub-class of porous materials that are related to structures such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent organic frameworks, but are amorphous in nature, rather than crystalline. CMPs are also a sub-class of conjugated polymers and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
Conjugated microporous polymer Since 1979, Suzuki coupling has been an efficient method for aryl-aryl bond formation. The reaction conditions of Suzuki coupling for the formation of a biphenyl repeat unit for CMPs include the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of an organo-boron reagent with an organic halide or sulfon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
Conjugated microporous polymer These solvents help neutralize the formation of the hydrogen halide produced as a byproduct. A disadvantage of using terminal alkynes as a monomer, is that terminal alkynes readily undergo homocoupling under the presence of oxygen, so the reaction must be carried out without the presence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
Conjugated microporous polymer Schiff base is a preferred metal free method due to industrial scale cheap monomers containing multiple aldehyde functional groups. Another benefit of Schiff base is nitrogen is produced in creating CMPs, which could be beneficial for many applications. Cyano cyclotrimerization reactions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
Conjugated microporous polymer The series of CMP-1,4 to CMP-5 shows a dramatic increase in surface area from 500 m/g to 1000 m/g. The increase in surface area can drastically improve their ability to be filled with various organic and inorganic compounds for different applications. The increased surface area can also i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
Conjugated microporous polymer They can be processed to serve as electronic junctions. They allow flow in and out of the pores that can be utilized for surface electrochemical applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31946100 |
History of the Haber process The history of the Haber process begins with the invention of the Haber process at the dawn of the twentieth century. The process allows the economical fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen in the form of ammonia, which in turn allows for the industrial synthesis of various explosives and nitr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process In 1913, barely five years later, a research team from BASF, led by Carl Bosch, developed the first industrial-scale application of the Haber process, sometimes called the Haber-Bosch process. The industrial production of nitrogen prolonged World War I by providing Germany with the gunpowde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process Half of the nitrogen in the great quantities of synthetic fertilizers employed today is not assimilated by plants but finds its way into rivers and atmosphere as volatile chemical compounds. For several centuries, farmers knew that certain nutrients were essential for plant growth. In diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process Then chemists successfully developed a process to turn the "Chilean saltpeter" into quality saltpeter to produce gunpowder. The saltpeter, could, in turn, be converted into nitric acid, the precursor of powerful explosives, such as nitroglycerine and dynamite. As exports from this region in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process Its importance emerged later, and in the 1900s the industry modified their facilities to produce it from coke. Still, production could not meet demand. For example, in 1910, production of fixed nitrogen from coke ovens totaled 230,000 tonnes, while Chile exported around 370,000 metric tonne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process However, the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process. Today, cyanamide is used primarily as a herbicide. Wilhelm Ostwald, considered one of the best German chemists of the early twentieth century, attempted to synthesi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process The Birkeland–Eyde process requires a considerable amount of electricity, constraining possible site location; fortunately, Norway possessed several sites capable of meeting these needs. Norsk Hydro was founded 2 December 1905 to commercialize the new process. In 1911, the Norsk Hydro facil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process A few years later, Haber used results published by Nernst on the chemical equilibrium of ammonia and his own familiarity with high pressure chemistry and the liquefaction of air, to develop a new nitrogen fixation process. He had no precise information on the parameters to impose on the sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process According to Bernthsen, no industrial device was capable of withstanding, for a long period, such high pressure and temperature. In addition, the catalytic potential of osmium could disappear with use, which required its regular replacement despite the metal being scarce on Earth. However, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
History of the Haber process " In July 1909, BASF employees came to check on Haber's success again: the laboratory equipment fixed the nitrogen from the air, in the form of liquid ammonia, at a rate of about 250 milliliters every two hours. BASF decided to industrialize the process, although it was associated with Nors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31947482 |
Hydrogen ion cluster A hydrogen molecular ion cluster or hydrogen cluster ion is a positively charged cluster of hydrogen molecules. The hydrogen molecular ion () and trihydrogen ion () are well defined molecular species. However hydrogen also forms singly charged clusters () with "n" up to 120. Hydrogen ion clusters c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31948434 |
Hydrogen ion cluster , and were detected at lesser amounts than . Kurosaki and Takayanagi showed that is much more stable than other even clusters and showed antiprismatic symmetry of order 4 ( molecular symmetry). This turnstile structured molecule was computationally found to be more energetically stable than a ring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31948434 |
Hydrogen ion cluster If it could be made it would have a higher energy than other rocket fuels with only 2% concentration of ions. However they could not contain the H in a stable way, but determined that other negative ions would do as well. This theoretical impulse exceeds that of solid and liquid fuel rockets. SRI d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31948434 |
Mappae clavicula The is a medieval Latin text containing manufacturing recipes for crafts materials, including for metals, glass, mosaics, and dyes and tints for materials. The information and style in the recipes is very terse. Each recipe consists of the names of the ingredients and typically about two sentences on c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31949402 |
Mappae clavicula The core of the Latin "Mappae clavicula" is very likely a translation of a Greek text, although the original Greek text (if it existed) does not exist today. The best manuscripts of the "Mappae clavicula" date from the eighth to the twelfth century. One of the fullest collections of recipes is in a cer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31949402 |
Paul B. Ferrara (November 2, 1942 – May 30, 2011) was a scientist and administrator who pioneered the use of DNA profiling in America. In 1989 under his leadership, Virginia became the first state laboratory capable of performing DNA fingerprinting. Prior to his directorship of the state's Department of Forensic Scienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31958459 |
Multimedia fugacity model is a model in environmental chemistry that summarizes the processes controlling chemical behavior in environmental media by developing and applying of mathematical statements or "models" of chemical fate. Most chemicals have the potential to migrate from the medium to medium. Multimedia fugaci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31962997 |
Multimedia fugacity model There are four levels of multimedia fugacity Models applied for prediction of fate and transport of organic chemicals in the multicompartmental environment: Depending on the number of phases and complexity of processes different level models are applied. Many of the models apply to steady-stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31962997 |
Electroviscous effects Electroviscous effects, in chemistry of colloids and surface chemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, are the effects of the particle surface charge on viscosity of a fluid. Viscoelectric is an effect by which an electric field near a charged interface influences the structure of the surround... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31965473 |
Droplet vaporization The vaporizing droplet (droplet vaporization) problem is a challenging issue in fluid dynamics. It is part of many engineering situations involving the transport and computation of sprays: fuel injection, spray painting, aerosol spray, flashing releases… In most of these engineering situations ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
Droplet vaporization In this section we assume that there is no relative motion between the droplet and the gas, formula_1, and that the temperature inside the droplet is uniform (models that account for the non-uniformity of the droplet temperature are presented in the next section). The time evolution of the droplet ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
Droplet vaporization The assumption of quasi-steadiness of the gas phase finds its limitation in situations in which the gas film surrounding the droplet is in a near-critical state or in a situation in which the gas field is submitted to an acoustic field. The assumption of constant thermo-physical properties is found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
Droplet vaporization After some manipulations the conservation equation of energy writes: where: Applying the boundary condition at the droplet surface and using the relation formula_50 we have: where: Integrating this equation from formula_21 to the ambient gas phase conditions (formula_54) gives the variation of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
Droplet vaporization The relative motion between a droplet and the gas results in an increase of the heat and mass transfer rates in the gas film surrounding the droplet. A convective boundary layer and a wake can surround the droplet. Furthermore, the shear force on the liquid surface causes an internal circulation th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
Droplet vaporization If the droplet heating time is short compared to the droplet lifetime we can assume that the temperature field inside the droplet is uniform and model (2) is obtained. In the infinite liquid conductivity model (2) the temperature of the droplet is uniform but varies with time. It is possible to go ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31969872 |
C17H19N5O The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31970560 |
Smoothed finite element method Smoothed finite element methods (S-FEM) are a particular class of numerical simulation algorithms for the simulation of physical phenomena. It was developed by combining meshfree methods with the finite element method. S-FEM are applicable to solid mechanics as well as fluid dynamics prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976290 |
Smoothed finite element method The W2 formulation offers possibilities for formulate various (uniformly) "soft" models that works well with triangular meshes. Because triangular mesh can be generated automatically, it becomes much easier in re-meshing and hence automation in modeling and simulation. In addition, W2 mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976290 |
Smoothed finite element method The major property of S-PIM can be found also in S-FEM. S-FEM has been applied to solve the following physical problems: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976290 |
Quinone methide A quinone methide is a type of conjugated organic compound that contain a cyclohexadiene with a carbonyl and an exocyclic methylene group or extended alkene unit. It is analogous to a quinone, but having one of the double bonded oxygens replaced with a carbon. The carbonyl and methylene are usually orie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976714 |
Quinone methide Quinones methides and their derivatives are common constituents of biological systems. Quinone methanide itself arises by the degradation of tyrosine, leading ultimately to "p"-cresol. Various quinone methides are directly involved in the process of lignification (creation of complex lignin polymers) in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976714 |
Quinone methide Maytenoquinone, an isomer of taxodione, is a biologically active quinone methide found in "Maytenus dispermus". Kendomycin is an antitumor antibacterial quinone methide macrolide first isolated from the bacterium "Streptomyces violaceoruber". It has potent activity as an endothelin receptor antagonist a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31976714 |
Kodevirion The term kodecyte is used to describe cells with detectable Function-Spacer-Lipid (FSL) constructs, and in concert, the term kodevirion (pronounced co-da-virion), is used to describe virions with detectable FSL constructs. The method for labeling virions with FSL constructs is simple, non covalent and only i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31985560 |
Wilson ratio The of a metal is the dimensionless ratio of the zero-temperature magnetic susceptibility to the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the electronic specific heat. The relative value of the Wilson ratio, compared to the for the non-interacting Fermi gas, can provide insight into the types of inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31995543 |
Wilson ratio a deviation of the experimental value of "R" from 1 may indicate strong electronic correlations. Very high Wilson ratios (above 2) indicate nearness to ferromagnetism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31995543 |
Standard litre per minute The standard litre per minute (SLM or SLPM) is a unit of volumetric flow rate of a gas at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), which is most commonly practiced in the United States whereas European practice revolves around the normal litre per minute (NLPM).. Until 1982, STP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31998678 |
Plithotaxis Plithotaxis, from the Greek, πλήΘος, denoting crowd, swarm, or throng. In collective cellular migration, plithotaxis is the tendency for each individual cell within a monolayer to migrate along the local orientation of the maximal principal stress, or equivalently, minimal intercellular shear stress. requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31999551 |
Peregrine soliton The (or Peregrine breather) is an analytic solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This solution was proposed in 1983 by Howell Peregrine, researcher at the mathematics department of the University of Bristol. Contrary to the usual fundamental soliton that can maintain its profile unchanged du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000325 |
Peregrine soliton The dispersion is anomalous and the nonlinearity is self-focusing (note that similar results could be obtained for a normally dispersive medium combined with a defocusing nonlinearity). The Peregrine analytical expression is: so that the temporal and spatial maxima are obtained for formula_6 and formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000325 |
Peregrine soliton In 2010, more than 25 years after the initial work of Peregrine, researchers took advantage of the analogy that can be drawn between hydrodynamics and optics in order to generate Peregrine solitons in optical fibers. In fact, the evolution of light in fiber optics and the evolution of surface waves in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000325 |
Peregrine soliton Those substructures have also a profile close to a Peregrine soliton, which can be analytically explained using a Darboux transformation. The typical triangular spectral shape has also been experimentally confirmed. These results in optics have been confirmed in 2011 in hydrodynamics with experiments ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32000325 |
Surfactants in paint Paint has four major components: pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Pigments serve to give paint its color, texture, toughness, as well as determining if a paint is opaque or not. Common white pigments include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Binders are the film forming component of a pai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint In solutions this behavior is known as wetting, and it occurs as a result of surfactants adsorbing to the air/water interface. Soluble surfactants are also capable of forming micelles and other aggregate structures in solution, leading to a stabilizing effect in latex paints. are used to change man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint This problem of moisture resistance is particularly prevalent problem for art conservation, as well as problems with adhesion, loss of optical clarity, and dirt pickup caused by polyether surfactants in contemporary acrylic emulsion used in artworks bearing acrylic coats. While the type and amount ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint Cationic surfactants are least commonly used because of their high cost, inefficient emulsifying capability, and undesirable effects on initiator decomposition. High speed application, low temperature storage, shear stresses from pumping, and other extreme storage or application conditions can caus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint Ionic surfactants will stabilize particles suspended in a paint by electrostatic repulsion and are easily adsorbed and desorbed from a surface due to their small size. Anionic head groups are negatively charged, and commonly used in cleaning products. Anionic surfactants can be found in products su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint In solutions of hard water, nonionic surfactants are used to help limit the deactivation of ionic surfactants caused by the calcium and magnesium ions. Some common nonionic surfactant head groups include fatty acids and glycols. Hydrocarbon chains are long chains which consist of a carbon backbone ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Surfactants in paint When fluorocarbons are incorporated into surfactants they are used as stain repellents and incorporated into coatings in order to decrease surface defects. Siloxane chains consist of a backbone which contains alternating oxygen and silicon atoms. Surfactants with siloxane tails have been found to r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001021 |
Phosphinous acid is the inorganic compound with the formula HPOH. It exists, fleetingly, as a mixture with its less stable tautomer HPO (phosphine oxide). These species have been generated by low temperature oxidation of phosphine with ozone. HPOH is mainly of pedagogical interest. Phosphinous acids are known as minor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32001355 |
Protein adsorption Adsorption (not to be mistaken for "absorption") is the accumulation and adhesion of molecules, atoms, ions, or larger particles to a surface, but without surface penetration occurring. The adsorption of larger biomolecules such as proteins is of high physiological relevance, and as such they adsorb ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption This would reduce the risk of implant rejection and accelerate recovery by selecting for the necessary proteins and cells necessary for endothelialization. After the formation of the endothelium, the body will no longer be exposed to the foreign material, and will stop the immune response. Proteins s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption The adhesion of clotting factors may induce thrombosis, which may lead to stroke or other blockages. Some devices are intended to interact with the internal body environment such as sensors or drug-delivery vehicles, and protein adsorption would hinder their effectiveness. Proteins are biomolecules t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption The fundamental idea behind spontaneous protein adsorption is that adsorption occurs when more energy is released than gained according to Gibbs law of free energy. This is seen in the equation: where: In order for the protein adsorption to occur spontaneously, "∆G" must be a negative number. Protein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption The consequential protein surface interactions result in high local concentrations of adsorbed protein, reaching concentrations of up to 1000 times higher than in the bulk solution. However, the body is much more complex, containing flow and convective diffusion, and these must be considered in the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
Protein adsorption During a folding and association process, peptide and amino acid groups exchange hydrogen bonds with water. Thus, hydrogen bonding does not have a strong stabilizing effect on protein adsorption in an aqueous medium. Hydrophobic interactions are essentially entropic interactions basically due to orde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32002467 |
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