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Bosman ruling Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman (1995) C-415/93 (known as the Bosman ruling) is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association, and direct effect of article 39 (now article 45 of the Treaty on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236166 |
Bosman ruling On 15 December 1995, the court ruled the system, as it was constituted, placed a restriction on the free movement of workers and was prohibited by Article 39(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 45 (1) of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union). Bosman and all other EU footballers were given the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236166 |
Bosman ruling Also, UEFA had a rule that prohibited teams in its competitions, namely the Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup, from naming more than three "foreign" players in their squads for any game. After the ruling, quotas could still be imposed, but could only be used to restrict the number of non-EU ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236166 |
Bosman ruling In 2005, UEFA declared it was seeking to repair aspects of the ruling because it was believed to be the cause of the increasing rich-poor gap between elite and smaller clubs. Bosman confirmed the "rule of reason" approach of the courts used in the important Cassis de Dijon case as not only suitable for is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236166 |
Comptroller and Auditor General (United Kingdom) The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) in the United Kingdom is the government official responsible for supervising the quality of public accounting and financial reporting. The C&AG is an officer of the House of Commons who is the head of the National Audit Office, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236274 |
Comptroller and Auditor General (United Kingdom) The role has since been replicated in many Commonwealth and foreign countries. The Auditor General for Wales is the public official in charge of the Wales Audit Office, the body responsible for auditing the Welsh Assembly Government and £20 billion of taxpayers' money ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236274 |
Capital Adequacy Directive The was a European directive that aimed to establish uniform capital requirements for both banking firms and non-bank securities firms, first issued in 1993 and revised in 1998. These was superseded by the Capital Requirements Directives starting in 2006. The original 93/6/EEC (CAD1) directiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236294 |
Micromanagement In business management, micromanagement is a management style whereby a manager closely observes and/or controls and/or reminds the work of his/her subordinates or employees. is generally considered to have a negative connotation, mainly because it shows a lack of freedom in the workplace. Merriam-Webst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement A micromanager tends to require constant and detailed performance feedback and to focus excessively on procedural trivia (often in detail greater than they can actually process) rather than on overall performance, quality and results. This focus on "low-level" trivia often delays decisions, clouds overa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement resembles addiction in that although most micromanagers are behaviorally dependent on control over others, both as a lifestyle and as a means of maintaining that lifestyle, many of them fail to recognize and acknowledge their dependence even when everyone around them observes it. Some severe cases of mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement The most frequent motivations for micromanagement, such as detail-orientedness, emotional insecurity, and doubts regarding employees' competence, are internal and related to the personality of the manager. Since manager-employee relationships include a difference in power and often in age, workplace psy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement In reaction to this fear, the manager creates a "fiefdom" within which the manager selects performance standards not on the basis of their relevance to the corporation's interest but rather on the basis of the ability of the manager's division to satisfy them. Such motivations for micromanagement often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement These standards may be either specific to certain employees or generally applicable but selectively enforced only against particular employees. Alternatively, the micromanager may attempt by this or other means to create a stressful workplace in which the undesired employees no longer desire to particip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement Micromanagers of this severity often rely on inducing fear in the employees to achieve more control and can severely affect self-esteem of employees as well as their mental and physical health. Occasionally, and especially when their micromanagement involves the suppression of constructive criticism tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Micromanagement The resulting damage to the company's reputation may create or increase insecurity among management, prompting further micromanagement among managers who use it to cope with insecurity; such a feedback effect creates and perpetuates a vicious cycle. It may follow the forced-out employee to the new job a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236321 |
Hostile work environment In United States labor law, a hostile work environment exists when one's behavior within a workplace creates an environment that is difficult or uncomfortable for another person to work in, due to discrimination. Common complaints in sexual harassment lawsuits include fondling, suggestive remar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236325 |
Hostile work environment The United States Supreme Court stated in "Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc." that Title VII is "not a general civility code." Thus, federal law does not prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not extremely serious. Rather, the conduct must be so obj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236325 |
Hostile work environment Instead, an employee must prove they have been treated in a hostile manner "because" of their membership in a protected class, such as gender, age, race, national origin, disability status, and similar protected traits. Importantly, the hostile work environment is gender neutral, that is, men c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236325 |
Sexual harassment is a type of harassment technique with explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social sett... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Although legal activist Catharine MacKinnon is sometimes credited with creating the laws surrounding sexual harassment in the United States with her 1979 book entitled "Sexual Harassment of Working Women", she did not coin the term. The phrase appeared in print in a 1972 issue of "The Globe and Mail" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Farley wrote a book, "Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job", published by McGraw-Hill in 1978 and in a paperback version by Warner Books in 1980. These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Women United which, along with the Alliance Agai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Five years later the Supreme Court agreed with this holding in "Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson." Another pioneering legal case was "Alexander v. Yale", which established that the sexual harassment of female students could be considered sex discrimination under Title IX, and was thus illegal. The term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment The United States' Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines workplace sexual harassment as "unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature . . . when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment A Canadian study found that key risk factors associated with military settings are the typically young age of personnel, the 'isolated and integrated' nature of accommodation, the minority status of women, and the disproportionate number of men in senior positions. The traditionally masculine values a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Although the risk of sexual misconduct in the armed forces is widely acknowledged, personnel are frequently reluctant to report incidents, typically out of fear of reprisals, according to research in Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the US. Women affected by sexual harassment are more likely tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Many Greek organizations and universities nationwide have anti-hazing policies that explicitly recognize various acts and examples of hazing, and offer preventive measures for such situations. Anti-sexual harassment training programs have little evidence of effectiveness and "Some studies suggest that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Psychologists and social workers report that severe or chronic sexual harassment can have the same psychological effects as rape or sexual assault. For example, in 1995, Judith Coflin committed suicide after chronic sexual harassment by her bosses and coworkers. (Her family was later awarded six milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Immediate psychological and legal counseling are recommended since self-treatment may not release stress or remove trauma, and simply reporting to authorities may not have the desired effect, may be ignored, or may further injure the victim at its response. A 1991 study done by K.R. Yount found three ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment They attempted to separate themselves from the female stereotype and focused on their status as coal miners and tried to develop a "thick skin". They responded to harassment with humor, comebacks, sexual talk of their own, or reciprocation. As a result, they were often viewed as sluts or sexually prom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Common psychological, academic, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation: Some of the psychological and health effects that can occur in someone who has been sexually harassed as a result of stress and humiliation: depression; anxiety; panic attacks; sleeplessne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment If the harasser was male, internalized sexism (or jealousy over the sexual attention towards the victim) may encourage some women to react with as much hostility towards the complainant as some male colleagues. Fear of being targeted for harassment or retaliation themselves may also cause some women t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Of the women who have approached her to share their own experiences of being sexually harassed by their teachers, feminist and writer Naomi Wolf wrote in 2004: I am ashamed of what I tell them: that they should indeed worry about making an accusation because what they fear is likely to come true. Not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Backlash stress now deters many male workers from befriending female colleagues, or providing them with any assistance, such as holding doors open. As a result, women are being handicapped by a lack of the necessary networking and mentorship. Most companies have policies against sexual harassment; how... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Many women prefer to make a complaint and to have the matter resolved within the workplace rather than to "air out the dirty laundry" with a public complaint and be seen as a traitor by colleagues, superiors and employers, adds Kamir. Most prefer a pragmatic solution that would stop the harassment and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment The term "sexual harassment" is used in defining violence occurring in the general community, which is defined as: "Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment In 2006, "The Shanghai Supplement" was drafted to help further define sexual harassment in China. was specifically criminalized for the first time in modern Egyptian history in June 2014. , sexual harassment remains legal in Kuwait and Djibouti. The United Nations General Recommendation 19 to the Conv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment In 2016 a stricter law proscribing sexual harassment was proposed in Morocco specifying fines and a possible jail sentence of up to 6 months. The existing law against harassment was reported to not be upheld, as harassment was not reported to police by victims and even when reported, was not investiga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment The Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence also addresses the issue of sexual harassment (Article 40), using a similar definition. is defined as, when any verbal, non-verbal or physical action is used to change a victim's sexual status against the will of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment President François Hollande, the Minister of Justice (Christine Taubira) and the Minister of Equality (Najat Belkacem) asked that a new law be voted rapidly. As a result, "LOI n°2012-954 du 6 août 2012" was voted in, providing a new definition. In addition to criminal provisions, the French Labor code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment In June 2016 the governing coalition decided about the key points of a tightening of the law governing sexual offenses (Sexualstrafrecht, literally: law on the punishment of sexual delicts). At July 7, 2016 the Bundestag passed the resolution and by autumn 2016 the draft bill will be presented to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment " A ban on discrimination was included in the Federal Constitution (Article 4, Paragraph 2 of the old Federal Constitution) in 1981 and adopted in Article 8, paragraph 2 of the revised Constitution. The ban on sexual harassment in the workplace forms part of the Federal Act on Gender Equality (GEA) of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment " The Discrimination Act of 1975, was modified to establish sexual harassment as a form of discrimination in 1986. It states that harassment occurs where there is unwanted conduct on the ground of a person's sex or unwanted conduct of a sexual nature and that conduct has the purpose or effect of viola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment is still pervasive within Chinese culture. A 2018 survey of female journalists revealed that 80% had experienced unwanted behavior, and an online survey of college students from all 34 provinces the same year revealed that 75% of female students and 35% of male students had experience sexual harassmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Almost 16 years after the Supreme Court's landmark guidelines on prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace (known as the "Vishaka Guidelines"), the Act has endorsed many of the guidelines, and is a step towards codifying gender equality. The Act is intended to include all women employees in its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offense under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Laws then established two forms of sexual harassment: "daisho", in which rewards or penalties are explicitly linked to sexual acts, and "kankyo", in which the environment is made unpleasant through sexual talk or jokes, touching, or hanging sexually explicit posters. This applies to everyone in an off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment This law, consisting of ten sections, provides for a clear definition of work, education or training-related sexual harassment and specifies the acts constituting sexual harassment. It likewise provides for the duties and liabilities of the employer in cases of sexual harassment, and sets penalties fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Saxbe" established sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination when sexual advances by a male supervisor towards a female employee, if proven, would be deemed an artificial barrier to employment placed before one gender and not another. In 1980 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Brady" (US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit – 924 F.2d 872 (9th Cir. 1991)) resulted in rejecting the reasonable person standard in favor of the "reasonable woman standard" which allowed for cases to be analyzed from the perspective of the complainant and not the defendant. However, some legal s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment White", the standard for retaliation against a sexual harassment complainant was revised to include any adverse employment decision or treatment that would be likely to dissuade a "reasonable worker" from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. During 2007 alone, the U.S. Equal Employment Opp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (United States) states "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment : mediation, filing with the EEOC or filing a claim under a state Fair Employment Practices (FEP) statute (both are for workplace sexual harassment), filing a common law tort, etc. Not all sexual harassment will be considered severe enough to form the basis for a legal claim. However, most often there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment The EEOC defines sexual harassment as: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when: 1. and 2. are called "quid pro quo" (Latin for "this for that" or "something for something"). They are essentially "sexual bribery", or promising o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment This occurs when an employee is subjected to comments of a sexual nature, unwelcome physical contact, or offensive sexual materials as a regular part of the work environment. For the most part, a single isolated incident will not be enough to prove hostile environment harassment unless it involves ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Under these circumstances it would be appropriate to conclude that both harassment and retaliation in violation of section 704(a) of Title VII have occurred." In the United States, there are no federal laws prohibiting discrimination against employees based on their sexual orientation. However, Execut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Sexual orientation discrimination comes up, for instance, when employers enforce a dress code, permit women to wear makeup but not men, or require men and women to only use restrooms designated for their particular sex regardless of whether they are transgender. Retaliation has occurred when an employ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Accordingly, if a policy existed and was enforced, the victim or witness to the sexual harassment would need to complain about the conduct. The Company would not be liable if they investigate the matter and take some remedial measures to make sure that the harassment stops. The Company only becomes li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Though the phrase "sexual harassment" is generally acknowledged to include clearly damaging and morally deplorable behavior, its boundaries can be broad and controversial. Accordingly, misunderstandings can occur. In the US, sexual harassment law has been criticized by persons such as the criminal def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment Viki Shultz, a law professor at Yale University comments, "Many of the most prevalent forms of harassment are designed to maintain work—particularly the more highly rewarded lines of work—as bastions of male competence and authority." Feminist Jane Gallop sees this evolution of the definition of sexua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Sexual harassment " There is also discussion of whether some recent trends towards more revealing clothing and permissive habits have created a more sexualized general environment, in which some forms of communication are unfairly labeled harassment, but are simply a reaction to greater sexualization in everyday enviro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236331 |
Nielsen ratings Nielsen TV ratings (commonly referred to as "Nielsen ratings") are the audience measurement systems operated by Nielsen Media Research that seek to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States using a rating system. Nielsen Media Research was founded by Arth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings A year later, the networks were not factoring these new results into their ad rates because of the resistance of advertisers. In July 2017, Nielsen announced that it would include select programs from subscription-based video on demand (vSVOD) services Hulu and YouTube TV in its Digital in TV Ratings sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings 4% of all television-equipped households (that is to say homes with a TV set, not total number of people), regardless of the TV being on or not, were tuned in to that program, while 8% of households that were watching TV at that time were watching the specific program. Because ratings are based on sampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings According to "Advertising Age", during the 2007–08 season, ABC was able to charge $419,000 per commercial sold during its medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", compared to only $248,000 for a commercial during CBS' "", despite "CSI" having almost five million more viewers on average. Because of its strength i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings By the end of 2012, some television executives wanted to see C7, ratings for live plus seven days, with CBS Corporation chief executive officer Les Moonves making the claim C7 made ratings increase by 30%. The American television measurement by Nielsen is based on three different methodological approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings Over the course of a sweeps period, diaries are mailed to a new panel of homes each week. At the end of the month, all of the viewing data from the individual weeks is aggregated. One exception to the normal sweeps periods occurred in 2008–09, when the February sweeps period was moved to March in order ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings Audience counts gathered by the self-reporting diary methodology are sometimes higher than those gathered by the electronic meters which eliminate any response bias. Another criticism of the measuring system itself is that it fails the most important criterion of a sample: it is not random. A small frac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings Even in 2013, it was noted that Internet streams of television programs were still not counted because they had either no ads (such as Netflix) or totally different advertising (such as Hulu) than their television counterparts, effectively skewing the raw data on a show's popularity. A related criticism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings 3 million traditional television viewers and 2.1 million live stream viewers of Super Bowl XLVII. Responding to the criticism regarding accusations by several media executives (including Viacom CEO Phillippe Dauman and former Fox Entertainment Group chief operating officer Chase Carey) that it failed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
Nielsen ratings The advocates in the public relations campaign claimed that data derived from the newer People Meter system represented a bias toward underreporting minority viewing, which could lead to a de facto discrimination in employment against minority actors and writers. However, Nielsen countered the campaign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236591 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property is a book written by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means published in 1932 regarding the foundations of United States corporate law. It explores the evolution of big business through a legal and economic lens, and argues that in the modern world those who legally have ownership ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property “The property owner who invests in a modern corporation so far surrenders his wealth to those in control of the corporation that he has exchanged the position of independent owner for one in which he may become merely recipient of the wages of capital... [Such owners] have su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property "What contribution do they make, entitling them to heirship of half the profits of the industrial system, receivable partly in the form of dividends, and partly in the form of increased market values resulting from undistributed corporate gains? Stockholders toil not, neither... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property ” Book I is entitled, "Property in Flux: Separation of the attributes of ownership under the corporate system" and provides a general picture of the shifting economic power structure that Berle and Means observed. This first chapter explores the basic thesis of Berle and Mean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property Then, the modern corporation, equally revolutionary in its effect, placed the wealth of innumerable individuals under the same central control. By each of these changes the power of those in control was immensely enlarged and the status of those involved, worker or property o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property Whereas the organization of feudal economic life rested upon an elaborate system of binding customs, the organization under the system of private enterprise has rested upon the self-interest of the property owner - a self-interest held in check only by competition and the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property He may own an interest in one or more of them, he may be employed by one of them, but above all he is continually accepting their service.” “In conclusion, then, the huge corporation, the corporation with $90m of assets or more, has come to dominate most major industries if n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property No such responsibility attaches to a share of stock. The owner is practically powerless through his own efforts to affect the underlying property... Physical property capable of being shaped by its owner could bring to him direct satisfaction apart from the income it yielded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property State legislatures were needed to authorize their use, after Delaware allowed them but other courts struck them down. Berle and Means also deployed, uniquely, the concept of a shareholder's "rational apathy". "the normal apathy of the small stockholder is such that he will ei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property Originally the company was granted privileges to be a separate legal person and carry on business, to sue and be sued and these rights usually went with the grant of a monopoly. The monopolies were no longer used now. But then came the easy registration of companies and limit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property For protection the stockholder has only a set of expectations that the men who compose the management and control will deal fairly with his interest. He must rely for the most part not on legal rights but on economic significances – on an accumulation of conditions which will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property The traditional logic of property is that one will get all the gains and bear the losses associated with ownership. But now, since ownership has been separated from control, this no longer holds true. The traditional logic of profits, say Berle and Means, is that one will be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
The Modern Corporation and Private Property They again emphasise the distinction between active and passive property. This concluding part brings together the general thesis of the book. They finish by saying, "The rise of the modern corporation has brought a concentration of economic power which can compete on equal t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13249958 |
Pre-emption right A pre-emption right, right of pre-emption, or first option to buy is a contractual right to acquire certain property newly coming into existence before it can be offered to any other person or entity. It comes from the Latin verb "emo, emere, emi, emptum", to buy or purchase, plus the inseparable prep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13250727 |
Pre-emption right The European Union has brought an infringement action against Spain based on the claim that the lack of statutory pre-emptive rights under Spanish law violates the Second Company Law Directive. Other situations in which pre-emption rights are seen to arise are in property developments; parties close t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13250727 |
Pre-emption right Under international law, the right of preemption formerly referred to the right of a nation to detain merchandise passing through its territories or seas, in order to afford to its subjects the preference of purchase. This form of right was sometimes regulated by treaty. A treaty between the United St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13250727 |
Broadcast Electronics (BE) is a manufacturer of AM and FM transmitters, Marti Electronics STL and RPU equipment, developer of the AudioVAULT radio automation system and parent company to Commotion - a social media company for radio. Founded in 1959 in Silver Spring, Maryland, BE initially manufactured endless loop cart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13251786 |
Retailtainment is retail marketing as entertainment. In his book, "Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption" (1999), author George Ritzer describes "retailtainment" as the "use of ambience, emotion, sound and activity to get customers interested in the merchandise and in a mood to buy."... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13252351 |
Retailtainment As goods and services become more of a commodity, it is what a shopper experiences and what atmosphere retailers create that really matters. Brand building is a combination of physical, functional, operational and psychological elements. Consumers will be willing to pay more for a brand if there is a per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13252351 |
POS Solutions POS Solutions, is an Australian company. The company provides software and services to small and medium businesses, where the company has enjoyed steady growth so making it particularly well known in Australian Newsagencies where its software has taken hold as the market leader. It was rated in September ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13264388 |
Boxtop A boxtop, in the context of being a proof of purchase, is understood to be the upper portion of a product box, detached, and mailed as part of a claim for a radio premium or other advertising offer. During the 1930s through 1950s, cereal boxtops were usually the most common proofs of purchase used to claim such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13271194 |
Emanation of the state is a term used in European law to describe any body which provides a public service under the control of government. The term was defined by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1990, in the case of Foster, A and others v. British Gas plc. The ECJ's ruling defines the term as: A body, whatever ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13283278 |
Emanation of the state Therefore, the provisions of the Equal Treatment Directive (and any other EU directive) can be relied upon against any organisation that is an emanation of the state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13283278 |
On-target earnings "On-track" or "on-target" earnings (OTE) is a term often seen in job advertisements, especially for sales personnel. It is the expected total pay, if performance matches the expected targets. Actual pay may be higher or lower. The typical pay structure may be composed of a basic salary with an additi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13291592 |
Analytics in higher education Academic analytics is defined as the process of evaluating and analysing organisational data received from university systems for reporting and decision making reasons (Campbell, & Oblinger, 2007). According to Campbell & Oblinger (2007), accrediting agencies, governments, parents and stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
Analytics in higher education Learning and teaching at institutions of higher education if often a diverse and complex experience. Each and every teacher, student or course is quite different. However, LMS is tasked with taking care of them all. LMS is at the centre of academic analytics. It records each and every stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
Analytics in higher education Analytics, which is often termed “business intelligence”, has come out as new software and hardware that enables businesses to gather and analyse large amounts of information or data. The analytics process is made up of gathering, analysing, data manipulation and employing the results to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
Analytics in higher education Analysis is composed of five basic steps: capture, report, predict, act and refine Capture: All analytic efforts are centred on data. Consequently, academic analytics can be rooted in data from various sources such as a CMS, and financial systems (Campbell, Finnegan, & Collins, 2006). Addi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
Analytics in higher education The interventions to address problems might be in the form of a personal email, phone call or an automated contact from faculty advisors about study resources and skills, such as office hours or help sessions. Undoubtedly, institutions have to come up with appropriate mechanisms for impact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
Analytics in higher education However, some individuals argue that profiling of students tends to bias people's behaviours and expectations (Ferguson, 2012). Additionally, there is no clear guidelines on which profiling issues should be prohibited or allowed in institutions of higher learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13292275 |
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