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Positioning (marketing) In their early writing, Ries and Trout suggest that the positioning concept was widely used in the advertising industry prior to the 1950s. Ogilvy's own writings indicate that he was well aware of the concept and drilled his creative team with this idea from at least the 1950s. Among other thing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) Cano, for example, has argued that marketing practitioners followed competitor-based approaches to both market segmentation and product positioning in the first decades of the twentieth century; long before these concepts were introduced into the marketing literature in the 1950s and 60s. From a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) In the case of Lux, the brand disconnected from images of household drudgery, and connected with images of leisure and fashion. As advertising executives in their early careers, both Ries and Trout were exposed to the positioning concept via their work. Ries and Trout codified the tacit knowledg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) The article, "How Brands Were Born: A Brief History of Modern Marketing," states, "This marked the start of almost 50 years of marketing where 'winning' was determined by understanding the consumer better than competitors and getting the total 'brand mix' right. This early positioning tactic was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) Positioning is part of the broader marketing strategy which includes three basic decision levels, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning, sometimes known as the S-T-P approach: In general terms, there are three broad types of positioning: functional, symbolic, and experiential position. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) Notes: "Annotations, added in square brackets, were not in the original positioning statement, but are included here to show how the general format and elements of positioning statements described in the preceding discussion, have been applied to the specific example, which in this case is Volvo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) As markets become increasingly competitive, buyer have more purchase choices, and the process of setting one brand apart from rival brands is critical success factor. It is vital that a product or service needs to have a clear identity and placement to the needs of the consumers targeted as they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) ' The following statistical procedures have been found to be useful in carrying out positioning analysis: The right positioning strategy at the right time can help a brand build a powerful image in the mind of consumer(s). From time to time, the current positioning strategy fails to resonate. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) The consumer places important weights on each of these product characteristics and it can be possible by using things such as promotional efforts to realign the weights of price, quality, durability, reliability, colour and flavour of which can then help adjust the position of a brand in the min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Positioning (marketing) Often these decisions must be made without the benefit of sufficient information, simply because the definition of "volatility" is that change becomes difficult or impossible to predict. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234194 |
Magali Febles Magali Maria Esperanza Febles y Moretta (born 1964 in Santo Domingo) is a Dominican beautician and beauty pageant circuit personality. Febles is the national director for the Miss Dominican Republic Universe franchise and has previously served as national director for Miss Universe Puerto Rico and Miss Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234750 |
Magali Febles In 2016, the license of Miss Haiti Universe was awarded to Chris Puesan from the Dominican Republic, a pageant coach and license holder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234750 |
Corporate development refers to the planning and execution of strategies to meet organizational objectives. The kinds of activities falling under corporate development may include management team recruitment, phasing in or out of markets or products, arranging strategic alliances, identifying and acquiring companies (M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234835 |
Corporate development In this scenario, the project development will involve identifying potential target companies for acquisitions or unions resulting in a new and more aggressive corporation. The team will consider all possible outcomes from any given potential merger or acquisition and attempt to project if the act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234835 |
Corporate development Depending on the status of the base market, corporate development may also look at shifting away from a shrinking consumer market while seeking market share in a different consumer market with newer products. For example, many typewriter manufacturers during the 1980s and 1990s slowly phased out t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234835 |
List of most expensive paintings This is a list of the highest known prices paid for paintings. The current record price is approximately US$400 million paid for Leonardo da Vinci's "Salvator Mundi" in November 2017. The most famous paintings, especially old master works done before 1803, are generally owned or held at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235235 |
List of most expensive paintings The sale of Van Gogh's "Sunflowers" was the first time a "modern" (in this case 1888) painting became the record holder, as opposed to the old master paintings which previously had dominated the market. In contrast, there are currently only nine pre-1875 paintings among the listed top 8... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235235 |
List of most expensive paintings Whereas Picasso and Warhol became wealthy men, Van Gogh is known to have sold only one painting in his lifetime, "The Red Vineyard", for 400 francs (approximately $2,000 in 2018 dollars) in 1890, to the impressionist painter and heiress Anna Boch. Prices realised for just his nine paint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235235 |
List of most expensive paintings Paintings are listed only once, i.e. for the highest price sold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235235 |
Corporate governance is the collection of mechanisms, processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and operated. Governance structures and principles identify the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation (such as the board of directors, managers, shareh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Their demise led to the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act in 2002, a U.S. federal law intended to improve corporate governance in the United States. Comparable failures in Australia (HIH, One.Tel) are associated with the eventual passage of the CLERP 9 reforms there, that similarly aimed to impro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance One more specific danger that demonstrates possible conflict between shareholders and upper management materializes through stock purchases. Executives may have incentive to divert firm profit towards buying shares of own company stock, which will then cause the share price to rise. However, retain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Ways of mitigating or preventing these conflicts of interests include the processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions which affect the way a company is controlled—and this is the challenge of corporate governance. To solve the problem of governing upper management under multiple shareholde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance has also been more narrowly defined as "a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and directors and thereby, mitigating agency risks whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance The board is ultimately "governing" the IT function because they stand outside of the function and are only able to externally direct, control and evaluate the IT function by virtue of established policies, procedures and indicators. Without these policies, procedures and indicators, the board has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance The Anglo-American "model" tends to emphasize the interests of shareholders. The coordinated or multistakeholder model associated with Continental Europe and Japan also recognizes the interests of workers, managers, suppliers, customers, and the community. A related distinction is between market-or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance It is about commitment to values, about ethical business conduct and about making a distinction between personal & corporate funds in the management of a company." India is a growing economy and it is quite important to safeguard the interests of investors and also ensure that the responsibility of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance In the United States, corporations are directly governed by state laws, while the exchange (offering and trading) of securities in corporations (including shares) is governed by federal legislation. Many US states have adopted the Model Business Corporation Act, but the dominant state law for publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Through the lens of concentrated equity ownership theory, a new theory of the firm, the traditional checklist of best practices are inapplicable, as evidenced by the significant outperformance of technology companies with dual-class share structures and integrated CEO/Chairman positions: An article... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance In most jurisdictions, corporations also have a constitution that provides individual rules that govern the corporation and authorize or constrain its decision-makers. This constitution is identified by a variety of terms; in English-speaking jurisdictions, it is usually known as the Corporate Char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance The law required, along with many other elements, that: principles and codes have been developed in different countries and issued from stock exchanges, corporations, institutional investors, or associations (institutes) of directors and managers with the support of governments and international or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and other stock exchanges are required to meet certain governance standards. For example, the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires, among many other elements: The investor-led organisation International Corporate Governance Network (ICGN) was se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance For example, the guidelines issued by associations of directors, corporate managers and individual companies tend to be wholly voluntary, but such documents may have a wider effect by prompting other companies to adopt similar practices. The modern practice of corporate governance has its roots in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance US economic expansion through the emergence of multinational corporations after World War II (1939–1945) saw the establishment of the managerial class. Several Harvard Business School management professors studied and wrote about the new class: Myles Mace (entrepreneurship), Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance The California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) led a wave of "institutional" shareholder activism (something only very rarely seen before), as a way of ensuring that corporate value would not be destroyed by the now traditionally cozy relationships between the CEO and the board of dir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has made considerable progress with respect to the implementation of viable and culturally appropriate governance mechanisms (Al-Hussain & Johnson, 2009). Al-Hussain, A. and Johnson, R. (2009) found a strong relationship between the efficiency of corporate governance str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance In private for-profit corporations, shareholders elect the board of directors to represent their interests. In the case of nonprofits, stakeholders may have some role in recommending or selecting board members, but typically the board itself decides who will serve on the board as a 'self-perpetuati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Directors, workers and management receive salaries, benefits and reputation, while investors expect to receive financial returns. For lenders, it is specified interest payments, while returns to equity investors arise from dividend distributions or capital gains on their stock. Customers are concer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance In 2016 the director of the World Pensions Council (WPC) said that "institutional asset owners now seem more eager to take to task [the] negligent CEOs" of the companies whose shares they own. This development is part of a broader trend towards more fully exercised asset ownership—notably from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Ownership is typically defined as the ownership of cash flow rights whereas control refers to ownership of control or voting rights. Researchers often "measure" control and ownership structures by using some observable measures of control and ownership concentration or the extent of inside control ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance " A 2007 study by Credit Suisse found that European companies in which "the founding family or manager retains a stake of more than 10 per cent of the company’s capital enjoyed a superior performance over their respective sectoral peers", reported "Financial Times". Since 1996, this superior perfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Particularly in the United States, proxy access allows shareholders to nominate candidates which appear on the proxy statement, as opposed to restricting that power to the nominating committee. The SEC had attempted a proxy access rule for decades, and the United States Dodd–Frank Wall Street Refor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Care should be taken that incentives are not so strong that some individuals are tempted to cross lines of ethical behavior, for example by manipulating revenue and profit figures to drive the share price of the company up. Internal corporate governance controls monitor activities and then take cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance GAAP allow managers some choice in determining the methods of measurement and criteria for recognition of various financial reporting elements. The potential exercise of this choice to improve apparent performance increases the information risk for users. Financial reporting fraud, including non-di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Increasing attention and regulation (as under the Swiss referendum "against corporate rip-offs" of 2013) has been brought to executive pay levels since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Research on the relationship between firm performance and executive compensation does not identify consistent an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Even before the negative influence on public opinion caused by the 2006 backdating scandal, use of options faced various criticisms. A particularly forceful and long running argument concerned the interaction of executive options with corporate stock repurchase programs. Numerous authorities (inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Corporate governance Warren Buffett wrote in 2014: "In my service on the boards of nineteen public companies, however, I've seen how hard it is to replace a mediocre CEO if that person is also Chairman. (The deed usually gets done, but almost always very late.)" Advocates argue that empirical studies do not indicate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235657 |
Outsourcing is an agreement in which one company hires another company to be responsible for a planned or existing activity that is or could be done internally, and sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another. The term "outsourcing", which came from the phrase "outside resourcing", ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Cost savings from economies of scale and specialization can also motivate outsourcing. Another motivation is speed to market; to make this work, a new process was developed: "outsource the outsourcing process." Details of managing DuPont's CIO Cinda Hallman's $4 billion 10-year outsourcing contract with Com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Two organizations may enter into a contractual agreement involving an exchange of services, expertise, and payments. is said to help firms to perform well in their core competencies, fuel innovation, and mitigate a shortage of skill or expertise in the areas where they want to outsource. Following the addin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Other options subsequently emerged: nearshoring, crowdsourcing, multisourcing, strategic alliances/strategic partnerships, strategic outsourcing. From Drucker's perspective, a company should only seek to subcontract in those areas in which it demonstrated no special ability. The business strategy outlined b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Although offshoring initially focused on manufacturing, white-collar offshoring/outsourcing has grown rapidly since the early 21st century. The digital workforce of countries like India and China are only paid a fraction of what would be minimum wage in the US. On average, software engineers are getting pai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Mandated benefits like social security, Medicare, and safety protection (OSHA regulations) are also motivators. By contrast, executive pay in the United States in 2007, which could exceed 400 times more than average workers — a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965 is not a factor. Other reasons include r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Co-sourcing services can supplement internal audit staff with specialized skills such as information risk management or integrity services, or help during peak periods, or similarly for other areas such as software development or human resources. Identity management co-sourcing is when on-site hardware inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The main driver for offshoring development work has been the greater availability of developers at a lower cost than in the home country. However, the rise in offshore development has taken place in parallel with an increased awareness of the importance of usability, and the user experience, in software. Ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Maximizing the economic value of an offshore software development asset critically depends on understanding how best to use the available forms of legal regulations to protect intellectual rights. If the vendor cannot be trusted to protect trade secrets, then the risks of an offshoring software development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing " The """Do what you do best and outsource the rest"" approach means that "integration with retained systems" is the new transition challenge - people training still exists, but is merely an "also." There is more complexity than before, especially when the outside company may be an integrator. While the num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The term Transition methodology In the area of call center outsourcing, especially when combined with offshoring, agents may speak with different linguistic features such as accents, word use and phraseology, which may impede comprehension. In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver E. Williamson wrote that the governa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Citibank did not find out about the problem until the American customers noticed discrepancies with their accounts and notified the bank. Richard Baldwin's 2006 "The Great Unbundling" work was followed in 2012 by "Globalization's Second Acceleration (the Second Unbundling)" and in 2016 by "The Great Converg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The New York Times reported in 2017 that IBM "plans to hire 25,000 more workers in the United States over the next four years," overlapping India-based Infosys's "10,000 workers in the United States over the next two years." A clue to a tipping point having been reached was a short essay titled "Maybe You S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing A counterswing depicted by a 2016 Deloitte survey suggested that companies are no longer reluctant to outsource. Deloitte's survey identified three trends: Insourcing is the process of reversing an outsourcing, possibly using help from those not currently part of the inhouse staff. has gone through many ite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing To those who are concerned that nations may be losing a net number of jobs due to outsourcing, some point out that insourcing also occurs. A 2004 study in the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other industrialized countries more jobs are insourced than outsourced. The New York Times disagreed, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing For example, "offshore insourcing" is "when companies set up their own "" process centers overseas, sometimes called a "Captive Service", taking advantage of their cheaper surroundings while maintaining control of their back-office work and business processes." "" refers to hiring developers to work in-hous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The Directive is implemented differently in different nations. In the United States, the Trade Adjustment Assistance Act is meant to provide compensation for workers directly affected by international trade agreements. Whether or not these policies provide the security and fair compensation they promise is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing When transportation costs remain unchanged, the negative effect may be permanent; jobs in protected sectors may no longer exist. USA outsourcing's effect on Mexico, studies suggest, is that for every 10% increase in US wages, north Mexico cities along the border experienced wage rises of 2.5%, about 0.69% h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing As Mexico competes with China over Canadian and American markets, its national Commission for Environmental Cooperation has not been active in enacting or enforcing regulations to prevent environmental damage from increasingly industrialized Export Processing Zones. Similarly, since the signing of NAFTA, he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The rise of the middle class in China, India and other countries has created markets for the products made in those countries. Just as the U.S. has a "Made in U.S.A." program, other countries support products made in their countries as well. Localization, the process of manufacturing products for the local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing firms that outsource jobs abroad or that incorporate overseas in tax havens to avoid paying their "fair share" of U.S. taxes "Benedict Arnold corporations". A Zogby International August 2004 poll found that 71% of American voters believed "outsourcing jobs overseas" hurt the economy while another 62% believ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing There are others in larger markets, such as Russia and Ukraine. The attraction is lower-cost skilled labor forces, and a less stringent regulatory environment, but crucially they allow for more day to day physical oversight. They also have strong cultural ties to the major economic centers in Europe. For ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Zehnacker Gebäudereinigung GmbH Krankenhausservice, Case C-13/95 [1997]). In principle, employees may benefit from the protection offered by the directive. Many Western European firms have been transferring tech projects eastward. Deutsche Bank has some of its software developed in Ukraine, Siemens possesse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing " Countries that have been the focus of outsourcing include India,Pakistan, and the Philippines for American and European companies, and China and Vietnam for Japanese companies. The Asian IT service market is still in its infancy, but in 2008 industry think tank Nasscom-McKinsey predicted a $17 billion IT ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing In the US, American clients nearshore to Canada and Mexico, or both, as well as to many nations in Central and South America. Software development nearshoring is mainly due to available low cost skilled developers. The nearshoring of call centers, shared services centers, and (Business Process Outsourcing) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The Print Services & Distribution Association was formed in 1946, and its members provide services that today might involve the word outsource. Similarly, members of the Direct Mail Marketing Association were the "outsourcers" for advertising agencies and others doing mailings. DMMA celebrated their 100th a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing BPO can be offshore outsourcing or to a neighbouring (or nearby) country: nearsourcing (nearshore outsourcing). Information Technology Enabled Service (ITES-BPO), Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and Legal process outsourcing (LPO) are some of the sub-segments of BPO. Although BPO began as a cost-reducer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing Unclear contractual issues are not the only risks; there's also changing requirements and unforeseen charges, failure to meet service levels, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. The latter is called lock-in; flexibility may be lost due to penalty clauses and other contract terms. Also, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing In the short term, however, there is likely to be little impact as existing contracts run their course: it is only reasonable to expect demand for cost efficiency and innovation to result in transformative changes at the point of contract renewals. With the average length of a BPO contract being 5 years or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Outsourcing The BPO industry workforce in India is expected to shrink by 14% in 2021. The BPO industry and IT services industry in combination are worth a total of US$154 billion in revenue in 2017. The BPO industry in the Philippines generated $22.9 billion in revenues in 2016, while around 700 thousand medium and hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235890 |
Doggerel is poetry that is irregular in rhythm and in rhyme, often deliberately for burlesque or comic effect. Alternatively, it can mean verse which has a monotonous rhythm, easy rhyme, and cheap or trivial meaning. The word is derived from the Middle English "dogerel", probably a derivative of "dog". In English it ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235912 |
Hydrogenation – meaning, to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. typically constitutes the additi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation The hydrogenation process often uses greater than 1 atmosphere of H, usually conveyed from the cylinders and sometimes augmented by "booster pumps". Gaseous hydrogen is produced industrially from hydrocarbons by the process known as steam reforming. For many applications, hydrogen is transferred from dono... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation The trade-off is activity (speed of reaction) vs. cost of the catalyst and cost of the apparatus required for use of high pressures. Notice that the Raney-nickel catalysed hydrogenations require high pressures: Catalysts are usually classified into two broad classes: homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation In industry, precious metal hydrogenation catalysts are deposited from solution as a fine powder on the support, which is a cheap, bulky, porous, usually granular material, such as activated carbon, alumina, calcium carbonate or barium sulfate. For example, platinum on carbon is produced by reduction of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation For example, when the catalyst palladium is placed on barium sulfate and then treated with quinoline, the resulting catalyst reduces alkynes only as far as alkenes. The Lindlar catalyst has been applied to the conversion of phenylacetylene to styrene. Transfer hydrogenation uses other hydrogen donor molec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation In the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fatty acids, for example, the heat released, about 25 kcal per mole (105 kJ/mol), is sufficient to raise the temperature of the oil by 1.6–1.7 °C per iodine number drop. However, the reaction rate for most hydrogenation reactions is negligible in the absence of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation The cyclohexene is ordinarily reduced immediately to a fully saturated cyclohexane, but special modifications to the catalysts (such as the use of the anti-solvent water on ruthenium) can preserve some of the cyclohexene, if that is a desired product. In many homogeneous hydrogenation processes, the metal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes some important physical properties, such as the melting range, which is why liquid oils become semi-solid. Solid or semi-solid fats are preferred for baking because the way the fat mixes with flour produces a more desirable texture in the baked product.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation trans fats) and towards fully hydrogenated fats and interesterified fats in response to bad publicity about trans fats, labeling requirements, and removal of trans fats from the FDA list of foods Generally Recognized as Safe. In petrochemical processes, hydrogenation is used to convert alkenes and aromati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation Primary amines can be synthesized by hydrogenation of nitriles, while nitriles are readily synthesized from cyanide and a suitable electrophile. For example, isophorone diamine, a precursor to the polyurethane monomer isophorone diisocyanate, is produced from isophorone nitrile by a tandem nitrile hydroge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation In 1922, Voorhees and Adams described an apparatus for performing hydrogenation under pressures above one atmosphere. The Parr shaker, the first product to allow hydrogenation using elevated pressures and temperatures, was commercialized in 1926 based on Voorhees and Adams' research and remains in widespr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation One such system for reduction of ketones consists of "tert"-butanol and potassium tert-butoxide and very high temperatures. The reaction depicted below describes the hydrogenation of benzophenone: A chemical kinetics study found this reaction is first-order in all three reactants suggesting a cyclic 6-mem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation Since many hydrogenation reactions such as hydrogenolysis of protecting groups and the reduction of aromatic systems proceed extremely sluggishly at atmospheric temperature and pressure, pressurised systems are popular. In these cases, catalyst is added to a solution of reactant under an inert atmosphere ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Hydrogenation Catalyst loading is typically much lower than in laboratory batch hydrogenation, and various promoters are added to the metal, or mixed metals are used, to improve activity, selectivity and catalyst stability. The use of nickel is common despite its low activity, due to its low cost compared to precious m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235968 |
Pump and dump "Pump and dump" (P&D) is a form of securities fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme "dump" (sell) their overvalued shares, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump When the promoters behind the scheme sell (dump) their shares and stop promoting the stock, the price plummets, and other investors are left holding a stock that is worth significantly less than they paid for it. Fraudsters frequently use this ploy with small, thinly traded companies—known as "penny stock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump Firm co-founder Jordan Belfort was criminally convicted for his role in the scheme. He later turned his story into a memoir, "The Wolf of Wall Street", which was later adapted into an Academy Award-nominated film of the same name. During the dot-com era, when stock-market fever was at its height and many ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump After Enron falsely reported profits which inflated the stock price, they covered the real numbers by using questionable accounting practices. Twenty-nine Enron executives sold overvalued stock for more than a billion dollars before the company went bankrupt. Park Financial Group, Spear & Jackson Inc. and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump When questioned by federal agents, Tobin told the agents that he was involved in another scheme implicating a soccer coach from Yale University, which in turn led to the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal. In February 2019, Tobin pled guilty to conspiracy and securities fraud. On June 7, 2019 a feder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump A pump and dump scheme is similar in many ways to a Ponzi scheme (in that both types of scam use misrepresentations in an effort to enrich the promoters and/or initial investors with money from later investors), however, there are a number of differences between the schemes: differs from many other forms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump In the United States, regulators have defined a penny stock as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, market capitalization, and minimum shareholder equity. Securities traded on a national stock exchange, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
Pump and dump Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either shuttering or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=236093 |
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