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Electoral system In Romania a proposal to switch to a two-round system for parliamentary elections failed only because voter turnout in the referendum was too low. Attempts to reintroduce single-member constituencies in Poland (2015) and two-round system in Bulgaria (2016) via referendums both also failed due to low tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29066482 |
Electoral system Arrow's and Gibbard's theorems prove that no system using ranked voting or cardinal voting, can meet all such criteria simultaneously. Instead of debating the importance of different criteria, another method is to simulate many elections with different electoral systems, and estimate the typical overal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29066482 |
Gamification is the application of game-design elements and game principles in non-game contexts. It can also be defined as a set of activities and processes to solve problems by using or applying the characteristics of game elements. commonly employs game design elements to improve user engagement, organizational prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Game design elements are the basic building blocks of gamification applications. Among these typical game design elements, are points, badges, leader-boards, performance graphs, meaningful stories, avatars, and teammates. Points are basic elements of a multitude of games and gamified applications. They are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Badges can influence players' behavior, leading them to select certain routes and challenges in order to earn badges that are associated with them. Additionally, as badges symbolize one's membership in a group of those who own this particular badge, they also can exert social influences on players and co-p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Thus, in contrast to leaderboards, performance graphs do not compare the player's performance to other players, but instead, evaluate the player's own performance over time. Unlike the social reference standard of leaderboards, performance graphs are based on an individual reference standard. By graphicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Avatars are visual representations of players within the game or gamification environment. Usually, they are chosen or even created by the player. Avatars can be designed quite simply as a mere pictogram, or they can be complexly animated, three- dimensional representations. Their main formal requirement i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Students may also receive incentives, such as an honorable mention on the dean's list, the honor roll, and scholarships, which are equivalent to leveling-up a video game character or earning virtual currency or tools that augment game success. Job application processes sometimes use gamification as a way t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Transmedia: The result of taking a media property and extending it into a different medium for both promotional and monetisation purposes. Nintendo's "007: GoldenEye" is a classic example. A video game created to advertise the originally titled movie. In the end, the promotional game brought in more money ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification On the programming question-and-answer site Stack Overflow users receive points and/or badges for performing a variety of actions, including spreading links to questions and answers via Facebook and Twitter. A large number of different badges are available, and when a user's reputation points exceed variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification In a review of health apps in the 2014 Apple App Store, more than 100 apps showed a positive correlation between gamification elements used and high user ratings. MyFitnessPal was named as the app that used the most gamification elements. Reviewers of the popular location-based game "Pokémon Go" praised th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification In general, enterprise gamification refers to work situations where "game thinking and game-based tools are used in a strategic manner to integrate with existing business processes or information systems. And these techniques are used to help drive positive employee and organizational outcomes." Crowdsourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification SAP has used games to educate their employees on sustainability. The US military and Unilever have also used gamification in their training. The Khan Academy is an example of the use of gamification techniques in online education. In August 2009, Gbanga launched the educational location-based game Gbanga Z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification The Chinese government has announced that it will begin using gamification to rate its citizens in 2020, implementing a Social Credit System in which citizens will earn points representing trustworthiness. Details of this project are still vague, but it has been reported that citizens will receive points f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Based on the design methodology user-centered design, its main goal is to promote greater connectivity and positive behavior change between technological consumers. It has five steps that help computer users connect with other people online to help them accomplish goals and other tasks they need to complet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification For example, the Casumo and Casino Heroes brands use an incremental reward system to extend the typical player lifecycle and to encourage repeat visits and cash deposits at the casino in return for rewards such as free spins and cash match bonuses on subsequent deposits. Though the term "gamification" firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Fuchs points out that gamification might be driven by new forms of ludic interfaces. conferences have also retroactively incorporated simulation; e.g. Will Wright, designer of the 1989 video game SimCity, was the keynote speaker at the gamification conference Gsummit 2013. In addition to companies that use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification The legal uncertainty surrounding the virtual currency schemes might constitute a challenge for public authorities, as these schemes can be used by criminals, fraudsters and money launderers to perform their illegal activities. University of Hamburg researcher Sebastian Deterding has characterized the init... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Game designers like Jon Radoff and Margaret Robertson have also criticized gamification as excluding elements like storytelling and experiences and using simple reward systems in place of true game mechanics. practitioners have pointed out that while the initial popular designs were in fact mostly relying ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Gamification Ian Bogost has referred to the term as a marketing fad and suggested "exploitation-ware" as a more suitable name for the games used in marketing. Other opinions on the terminology criticism have made the case why the term gamification makes sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29089099 |
Funware Funware, a term coined by Gabe Zichermann, is the use of game mechanics in non-game contexts to encourage desired user actions and generate customer loyalty. typically employs game mechanics such as points, leaderboards, badges, challenges and levels. is employed online in websites such as eBay and Facebook as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29100218 |
Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec L'"(Hydro-Québec Research Institute)", known by its acronym IREQ ("Institut de recherche en électricité du Québec", "Quebec Electricity Research Institute") is a research institute established in 1967 by government-owned utility Hydro-Québec. IREQ operates from Varennes, a town on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29136815 |
Hanging man (candlestick pattern) A hanging man is a type of bearish reversal pattern, made up of just one candle, found in an uptrend of price charts of financial assets. It has a long lower wick and a short body at the top of the candlestick with little or no upper wick. In order for a candle to be a valid hanging ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29205449 |
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Small Industries The Ministry of Trade and Industry is a cabinet level department in the government of Egypt. Its headquarters located in Cairo. The position of minister has been held by Tareq Qabil since 19 September 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29206081 |
Project sponsorship is the ownership of projects on behalf of the client organization. There are two main differences between project sponsorship and project management. Firstly project sponsorship includes the identification and definition of the project whereas project management is concerned with delivering a projec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29206221 |
Project sponsorship designers, manufacturers and contractors, whilst the project sponsor coordinates all departments of the client organization and associated stakeholders so as to integrate the delivered project into the client organization and take full benefits from it such that the business case is fulfilled. Becau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29206221 |
Diamond coconut model The is an economic model constructed by the American economist and 2010 Nobel laureate Peter Diamond which analyzes how a search economy in which traders cannot find partners instantaneously operates. The model was first presented in a 1982 paper published in the "Journal of Political Economy". Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Diamond coconut model The key point is that when an individual finds a palm tree, because climbing the tree is costly, they will only be willing to climb it to get a coconut if there are a sufficiently high number of other individuals who are willing to do likewise. If nobody else is obtaining coconuts then there won't... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Diamond coconut model It involves an externality because each person who chooses to pick a coconut does so with only their own self-interest in mind, but the fact that they do so has an effect on the overall social outcome. People who are currently looking for coconut palm trees find these at a random rate formula_5. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Diamond coconut model Likewise, the present discounted value of searching for palm trees is given by formula_14 where formula_5 is the rate at which searchers find palm trees, and formula_16 is the expected cost (hence it enters with a minus sign) of climbing a palm tree when one is found. In the general version of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Diamond coconut model In the first equation formula_22 is just the number of searchers who happen to find a palm tree at a particular time formula_23 (the "inflow" of coconut carriers), while formula_24 is the number of previous coconut-carriers who managed to successfully find a trading partner and hence reverted to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Diamond coconut model If formula_32 we have formula_33 which means no one will want to pick coconuts. Hence formula_34 is indeed an equilibrium. Otherwise we need formula_35. Note that this formula_36 is independent of formula_5 while the formula_38 given above is a function of formula_5 only. This means that the criti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29213393 |
Implicit contract theory In economics, implicit contracts refer to voluntary and self-enforcing long term agreements made between two parties regarding the future exchange of goods or services. Implicit contracts theory was first developed to explain why there are quantity adjustments (layoffs) instead of price adjustm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory In traditional economic theory, a worker takes their wage as given and decides how many hours they work. The firm also takes the wage as given and decides how much labor to buy. Then wage is determined in the market to ensure total labor supply equals total labor demand. If workers supply more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory Under the implicit contract, a worker is able to reduce the fluctuation in their labor income and the employer is able to increase their average profit. Hence, both parties are better off than being in the spot market. Therefore, the implicit contract between a worker and an employer is like in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory The earliest studies to employ implicit contracts models in capital markets see the existence of credit rationing as part of an equilibrium risk-sharing arrangement between a bank and its customer: the bank is risk neutral, and the borrower is risk averse, hence they gain from a long term relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory This "inside information" reduces the information asymmetries and identifies the most productive firms (those with lower default risks). Hence the bank is able to better allocate financial resources and ensure that more capital goes to higher quality firms. This view is usually referred to as r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory If the lender could not check whether the borrower is lying, then there might not be any lending in the market at all, especially when the debt is unsecured. Second, when a borrower, for example, a firm makes a bad decision that leads to its bankruptcy, it does not bear the full consequence of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Implicit contract theory There is widespread evidence supporting the conjecture that borrowing constraints may be important determinants of firm growth and survival. Many of these studies model borrowing constraint as a consequence of an optimal implicit contract when there is asymmetric information between the borrowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29224049 |
Sharjah Professor in Islamic Law and Finance The Sharjah Chair in Islamic Law and Finance is a professorship or chair in the Institute for Middle East and Islamic Studies, which forms part of the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University. The Chair is named after the Sharjah emirate whose Emir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29227977 |
Land Reform in Taiwan In the 1950s, after the Nationalist government fled to Taiwan, land reform and community development was carried out by the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction. This course of action was made attractive, in part, by the fact that many of the large landowners were Japanese who ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29240420 |
Pensions in Canada can be public, private, and collective, or come from individual savings. The Canada Pension Plan (CPP) forms the basic state pension system. All those employed aged 18 or older must contribute a portion of their income to a pension plan. In all provinces and territories except Quebec, these plans are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29271008 |
Pensions in Canada The study found that in the period 1977-2011, the proportion of the overall employed population covered by registered pension plans (RPPs) decreased approximately 15% (from 52% to 37%) among men due mainly to a decline in DB plan coverage. For women, RPP coverage actually increased 4% in the period. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29271008 |
Pensions in Canada According to a 2013 Boston Consulting Group study, over 75% of assets in the top 10 largest pension funds in Canada were managed by internal staff. This strategy comes with the dual benefit of greater control over investment and cost-reduction from streamlined organizational costs, according to Canad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29271008 |
Real-time economy is an environment where all the transactions between business entities are in digital format, increasingly generated automatically, and completed in real-time (as they occur) without store and forward processing. The real-time enterprise is a giant spreadsheet of sorts, in which new information, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29290534 |
Richard Koo Richard C. Koo (, ; ; born 1954) is a Taiwanese-American economist living in Japan specializing in balance sheet recessions. He is Chief Economist at the Nomura Research Institute. Koo was born in Kobe. His father, Koo Kwang-ming, was an activist in the Taiwan independence movement then living in exile in J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29322539 |
Identity economics captures the idea that people make economic choices based on both monetary incentives and their identity: holding monetary incentives constant, people avoid actions that conflict with their concept of self. The fundamentals of identity economics was first formulated by Nobel Prize–winning economist G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29336774 |
Identity economics This theory that is referred to the macro-processes based on a "large-scale production" later gets applied to the individual creativity's psychology: Garai derived it from the principal's and, resp., agent's "identity elaboration". A further special feature of Garai's theory on social identity is tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29336774 |
NYSE Listed Company Manual The is a set of regulations applicable to all corporations who wish to sell securities by listing themselves on the New York Stock Exchange. The Manual covers regulations on how a corporation's board should be composed, its internal audit and remuneration committees function, the voting right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29376107 |
Domestic material consumption is a measurement of the total amount of material directly used in an economy, excluding hidden flows. DMC equals DMI minus exports (in economy wide material flow accounting). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379776 |
Household economics analyses all the decisions made by household. These analyses are both at le microeconomic and macroeconomic level. This field analyse the structures of the household and their behavior: it includes decision making, division of labour among the household, allocation of time to household production, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
Household economics Becker's work has taken place at a time when the American and more generally Western family has been undergoing profound changes since the Second World War. His model helped to described resource allocation, utility maximization processes and decision making first in the USA and in the other develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
Household economics Each member of the family can have total freedom of action; in fact, the person transferring the resources would not want to change the consumption of a family member even if he or she had dictatorial power!”". So, the only way for the egoist members (all the other member of the household) to increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
Household economics Becker also developed a general theory of family behavior for decisions concerning marriage, divorce, children and fertility. According to Becker, parents have to decide how many children they want and how much money and time they are willing to spend on them. Becker thinks that when his income incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
Household economics There are two approach of collective models: cooperative, where household decisions are Pareto efficient, and noncooperative, based on Nash's equilibrium. The non-cooperative is based on non-cooperative provision of public goods. Each member has separate economies within the household. The provision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
Household economics pdf Pierre-Andre Chiappori, Lawrence Haddad, John Hoddinott, Ravi Kanbur "Unitary versus Collective Modelsof the Household: Time to Shift the Burden of Proof?" POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1217, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/514541468766231479/pdf/multi0page.pdf | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29379843 |
HSC Economics The Higher School Certificate (HSC) Economics course is a 2-unit elective course undertaken by students in New South Wales across their final 2 years of schooling. The course includes a preliminary program for study across 3 terms of Year 11, and an HSC course for study over 4 terms of Year 12. In 2012, 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418550 |
HSC Economics The four topics studied in the HSC course are: The HSC examination allows 3 hours and encompasses the following items: Sect I (20 marks): Twenty objective response (multiple choice) questions mostly examining definitions, basic economic calculations, and the application of basic economic analysis and reas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418550 |
Workforce development Workforce development, an American approach to economic development, attempts to enhance a region's economic stability and prosperity by focusing on people rather than businesses. It essentially develops a human-resources strategy. Work-force development has evolved from a problem-focused approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Informal schooling took place at home, depending on the household's ability and income level. Public schools were founded to prepare students to earn a living wage by providing them with skills such as reading and arithmetic. However, employers still typically provided vocational training on-the-j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development However, contemporary strategies often use a mixed approach. Sector-based approaches consider the sectors, or industries, in a region that are in need of specific workplace skills. These strategies focus on the demand side of workplace development and consider the industries in which it is most li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development The intermediary can facilitate partnerships with employers, and help create solutions for both employers and potential employees. Employers will be encouraged to participate in activities such as developing curriculum, creating evaluation and assessment tools, and committing to job shadow program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Place-based approaches, which consider the supply side of the workplace (workers), are primarily focused on the characteristics of people in the region or community where the training program will be located. Place-based strategies often help participants gain initial access to the labor market wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Skills, networks, careers, and collaboration play a key part in the concept and implementation of workforce development programs. The acquisition and development of skills is one of the crucial aspects of workforce development training. Two types of skills are commonly defined: general skills and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development In recent years, economists has noticed a growing occurrence in skills mismatch where the education received through the public education system, does not align with the kind of education needed for high wage, steady careers. Though workforce development strives to remedy the effects of this probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Another key part in workforce development's service for individuals is career advancement. This guidance on paths and barriers to advancement is especially relevant today, where the practice of internal labor markets is uncommon, particularly among women and minorities. In the past, advancement of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Timberland's and City Year's partnership exemplifies the purpose of workforce development and Austin uses the development of their relationship as an example for all three stages. In the philanthropic stage, the relationship between the partners is donor and receiver. For Timberland, this meant do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development This stage requires further involvement than the transactional stage and is characterized by "imprinting" on each other's organizational culture. City Year's commitment to community service has been engrained in Timberland, now that their employees get 40 hours of paid time off each year for servi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development These factors, especially the cuts in federal funding, pressure organizations to collaborate with other organizations that oftentimes have different missions. The forced partnerships resulting from this bring new factors to the table, heightening the chaos within the already struggling system. Tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Considering there are no short term incentives to reward this front load effort required from companies engaging in collaboration, the motivation to do so is weak. To combat these high initial upfront costs, some organizations with complementary interests collaborate with each other to form "clust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development Although workforce development strategies vary by whether they are focused on demands due to the location or from industries in the area, or both, common threads run through the success stories evaluated by economic developers thus far. Prior to implementing a sector- or place-based approach, an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
Workforce development With a good reputation, the program may be able to work with more companies and make even more jobs available to participants. Programs must be flexible, so that they can change when market or work force conditions change. One marker of adaptability is the presence of mechanisms to listen to what ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29418665 |
In Time is a 2011 American science fiction action film written, directed, and produced by Andrew Niccol. Amanda Seyfried and Justin Timberlake star as inhabitants in a society where people stop aging at 25. Instead of using paper money, a new economic system uses time as currency, and each person has a clock on their a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time Raymond Leon, who leads a unit of police-like Timekeepers, considers Will a suspect in Hamilton's death. Will visits his friend Borel, who warns him that having so much time will get him killed. Will gives Borel 10 years and goes to meet his mother to leave for New Greenwich together. But the city bus fare has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time They rob her father's time banks, giving the extra time capsules to the needy, but soon realize that they cannot significantly change anything, as prices are simply raised faster. They get attacked by Fortis' gang again, but Will manages to time out Fortis in an arm wrestling match and then shoot all his thugs.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time In an interview with Kristopher Tapley of "In Contention", Roger Deakins stated that he would be shooting the film in digital, which makes this the first film to be shot in digital by the veteran cinematographer. The Dayton scenes were filmed primarily in the Skid Row and Boyle Heights neighborhoods of Los Ange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time That film also features electrically powered vintage cars (notably a Rover P6 and again, a Citroën DS), as well as buildings of indeterminate age. "Gattaca" also deals with innate inequalities (though in its case genetic, rather than longevity) and also features a character seeking to cross the divide that his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time The parties wish each other well, and have no further comment on the matter." In Harlan Ellison's 1965 short story "'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman", the crime of being late is punished by a proportionate amount of time being "revoked" from one's life. The ultimate consequence is to run out of time an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
In Time The novel and movie "Logan's Run" (1976) depict a world where everyone is destroyed when they reach the age of 30 in the film or 21 in the book. The antagonists are Sandmen who hunt Runners trying to avoid destruction. "In Time" received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29446866 |
InteliSpend Prepaid Solutions is a private company formed as a joint venture by American Express and Maritz, Inc in 1997. InteliSpend provides incentive programs for 76% of Fortune 500 companies. In 2010, Maritz bought out American Express' interest in the company to obtain 100% ownership. One of the primary selling po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29468251 |
Luz para Todos ("Light for All") is a program of the Federal Government of Brazil, launched in November 2003, with a goal of bringing electricity to more than 10 million rural people by the year 2008. It was initiated by Dilma Rousseff, then Minister of Mines and Energy of Brazil, operated by the large power utility co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29472914 |
Bank of Natural Capital The is an educational initiative associated with The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) to communicate natural capital investment and value theory related to what are sometimes called "economic intangibles" to the global public, in particular the direct economic and financial value ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29488325 |
D'Aveni's 7S framework is Richard D'Aveni's approach to directing a firm in a high velocity or Hypercompetitive markets. it is designed to enable firms sustain the momentum of their competitiveness through a series of initiatives that are poised to give temporary advantages rather than just structuring the firm to achi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29492719 |
Low base effect in business and economics is the tendency of a small absolute change from a low initial amount to be translated into a large percentage change. In the following example, focusing solely on the 33.3% growth of Company B in year 5 may give a misleading indication of the company's relative performance vers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29506683 |
Simple Dietz method The simple Dietz method is a means of measuring historical investment portfolio performance, compensating for external flows into/out of the portfolio during the period. The formula for the simple Dietz return is as follows: where It is based on the assumption that all external flows occur at the ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29527576 |
Time-weighted return The time-weighted return (TWR) is a method of calculating investment return. To apply the time-weighted return method, combine the returns over sub-periods, by compounding them together, resulting in the overall period return. The rate of return over each different sub-period is weighted according ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return ) To illustrate the problem of external flows, consider the following example. Suppose an investor transfers $500 into a portfolio at the beginning of Year 1, and another $1,000 at the beginning of Year 2, and the portfolio has a total value of $1,500 at the end of the Year 2. The net gain over the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return The time-weighted return appears in this example to overstate the return to the investor, because he sees no net gain. However, by reflecting the performance each year compounded together on an equalized basis, the time-weighted return recognizes the performance of the investment activity independe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return The return is: and the corresponding growth factor is: To compensate for an external flow formula_12 into the portfolio just before the valuation formula_3 at the "end" of the period, adjust the portfolio's final value formula_3 by subtracting formula_12. The return is: and the corresponding growth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return Over a period of a decade, a portfolio grows by a continuous rate of return of 5% p.a. (per annum) over three of those years, and 10% p.a. over the other seven years. The continuous time-weighted rate of return over the ten-year period is the time-weighted average: Consider another example to calcu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return A cash dividend on a stock in a portfolio, which is retained in the same portfolio as the stock, is a flow from the stock to the cash account within the portfolio. It is internal to the portfolio, but external to both the stock and the cash account when they are considered individually, in isolatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return If the individual security return matches the share price return, the transaction timing effect is zero. See Example 4 below, which illustrates this feature of the time-weighted method. Let us imagine an investor purchases 10 shares at 10 dollars per share. Then the investor adds another 5 shares i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return buying all the shares at the beginning, and holding them until the end of the period). Other methods exist to compensate for external flows when calculating investment returns. Such methods are known as "money-weighted" or "dollar-weighted" methods. The time-weighted return is higher than the resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return However, the Simple Dietz method is unsuitable when such assumptions are invalid, and will produce different results to other methods in such a case. The simple Dietz returns of two or more different constituent assets in a portfolio over the same period can be combined together to derive the simpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return Like the simple Dietz method, the Modified Dietz returns of two or more different constituent assets in a portfolio over the same period can be combined together to derive the Modified Dietz portfolio return, by taking the weighted average. The weight to be applied to the return on each asset in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return This is still noticeably less than the 10 percent time weighted return. Calculating the "true time-weighted return" depends on the availability of portfolio valuations during the investment period. If valuations are not available when each flow occurs, the time-weighted return can only be estimated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Time-weighted return ) give identical results - it is only the various ways they handle flows which makes them different from each other. The "continuous" or "logarithmic return" method is not a competing method of compensating for flows. It is simply the natural logarithm formula_71 of the growth factor. To measure re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29529119 |
Waves of economic development Economic development research has currently identified five phases, or "waves" of economic development practice. The differences between these waves are shaped by historical factors, the economic climate during historical periods, and leaders' response to these forces, which over time have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29558646 |
Waves of economic development Next, the economic developer seeks to improve the likelihood of the employer locating within the area by providing incentives (e.g., cheap land or labor, lax environmental regulations). Detractors of this form of economic development have labeled it haphazard and suggested that smokestack-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29558646 |
Waves of economic development Third-wave economic development focuses on “broadening of the foundation for effective economic development.” It also stresses the importance of nurturing and advancing local and sectoral resources resulting in more complex economic development planning. States increasingly see themselves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29558646 |
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