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Urban wealth fund The term (UWF) was coined by Detter and Fölster in their book “The Public Wealth of Cities". In its general idea, it is a compromise between government control and privatization. A UWF is an investment fund that is set up to manage the assets of a city, often with the objective of maximizing return on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62575947 |
Urban wealth fund For Detter and Fölster the core idea of the Urban Wealth Fund can be summarized by 5 key points, which are simple in design but may be difficult to execute: Some economists and politicians advocate for the establishment of UWFs as a means of making more efficient use of city-owned assets, such as land... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62575947 |
Urban wealth fund CPH City and Port Development was established with the explicit purpose of using the revenues of redevelopment to finance the construction of infrastructure (especially the CPH metro line). It accomplishes this task through the use of smart valuation techniques and low-cost financing using the assets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62575947 |
Urban wealth fund Similar to the CPH, HafenCity Hamburg GmbH benefits from the high credit rating of the city of Hamburg. As a result, it is one of the few European megaprojects which does not receive EU funds and almost no federal budgetary support. When completed, the HafenCity development areas will become home for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62575947 |
Urban wealth fund While the railway system itself is profitable, most MTR’s profits derive from property development and other commercial activities, such as leasing of retail space or personal telecommunication services. As a result, MTR pays a substantial dividend to the city, which has been used to pay off existing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62575947 |
International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods is a non-fiction book detailing the economic history of international monetary systems after 1945. Written by Harold James, Professor of Economic History at Princeton University, the book details the history of the postwar monetary order amidst geopolitical tension... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62624306 |
Mellon: An American Life is a biographical book detailing the life Andrew Mellon (1855–1937), American banker, businessman, and philanthropist. Written by Sir David Cannadine, Dodge Professor of History at Princeton University, the book describes how Mellon built his personal wealth by investing and running businesses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62625557 |
Mellon: An American Life In 1902, he was worth about $20 million, while in 1921, $135 million; and in 1930, about $170 million. Cannadine also chronicles Mellon's economic and political ideology. He was an ardent supporter of laissez-faire capitalism. But, as the author notes, he also believed in protectionism and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62625557 |
Mellon: An American Life [he] admirably succeeds in filling in what he views as a significant gap in American biography and history.' Robert Whaples, professor of economics at Wake Forest University, compliments the degree to which Cannadine remained sympathetic and fair to Mellon despite him being, as Cannadine descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62625557 |
Condução coercitiva is a Brazilian judicial mandate or summons, which provides for a compulsory method of bringing subjects of a judicial process, victims, witnesses, accused parties, or expert subjects into the presence of law enforcement or judicial authorities against their wishes. This is a measure provided for in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62661771 |
Condução coercitiva According to this line of thinking, the only ones who can be compelled to appear by a are those witnesses who were appropriately summoned beforehand and who fail to attend the act to which they were summoned, without valid cause, may be compelled to appear via a warrant. There is some controversy co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62661771 |
Young Economist of the Year is an academic award granted to individuals that won the competition of the same name hosted by the Royal Economic Society (RES) in association with the Financial Times (FT). High school students around the world taking A Level and equivalent economics courses are eligible to submit a 1500-w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62675580 |
Susan Howson (economist) Susan Kyle Howson (born October 21, 1945) is a British economist, currently professor emeritus of economics at the University of Toronto in Canada. Born in London, Howson received her Ph.D. in economics from the University of Cambridge in 1975, as well as a B.A./M.Sc. from the London School of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62686828 |
Property tax equalization Equalization is a step in property taxation to bring a uniformity to tax assessment levels across different geographical areas or classes of properties. Equalization is usually in the form of a uniform percentage of increase or decrease to each area or class of property. Attempts at explicit e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62689652 |
Cities in Motion Index The IESE is a study published annually by the business school of the University of Navarra (IESE) that aims to evaluate the development of the world's cities. It assesses several socioeconomic aspects of development, including human capital, social cohesion (which includes employment, female part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62777293 |
Democracy in Deficit Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes - a book by American economists James M. Buchanan and Richard E. Wagner originally published in 1977. The book consists of 12 chapters: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62781018 |
List of economics awards This list of economics awards is an index to articles about notable awards for economics. The list is organized by region and country of the sponsoring organization, but awards may be given to economists from other countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62802698 |
Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences relative to an existing reference point, or status quo. It is related to loss aversion and the endowment effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62804923 |
Veblen-Commons Award The is presented annually by the Association for Evolutionary Economics in recognition of outstanding scholarly contributions to the field of evolutionary institutional economics. It is the association’s highest honor, named after two key originators of the evolutionary-institutionalist tradition, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62838615 |
Veblen-Commons Award Fagg Foster, David Hamilton, Harry Trebing, Marc Tool, and Wendell Gordon were among the winners. In the 1990s, winners included Wallace Peterson, Robert Heilbroner, and Hyman Minsky. More recent winners include Anne Mayhew, Edythe Miller, F. Gregory Hayden, Willam Dugger, Glen Atkinson, William Wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62838615 |
Platform capitalism The expression Platform Capitalism refers to the activities of companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Uber, Airbnb and others to operate as platforms. In this business model both hardware and software are used as a foundation (platform) for other actors to conduct their own business. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62894863 |
Ian Smith (impresario) Ian Smith (1939–2019) was a journalist, businessman and impresario. He founded the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival in 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62908190 |
For Keeps (bookstore) For Keeps (stylized as For Keeps!) is a bookstore in Atlanta that specializes in Black classic and rare books. The shop opened in 2018 and is owned and operated by Rosa Duffy. Rosa Duffy was inspired to open the bookstore after reading her father's collection of the black 1960s periodical "SoulBoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62928490 |
Bernard E. Anderson is the Whitney M. Young, Jr. Professor Emeritus at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was the first African American tenured professor. He was Assistant Secretary of Labor during the Clinton Administration, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of Tuskeegee University.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62947730 |
Frederic F. Clairmont is a Canadian economist and essayist specializes in economic history and geopolitics. He educated in Montreal at Mcgill University and worked for the United Nations. He is the author of the books "The Rise & Fall of Economic Liberalism: The Making of the Economic Gulag" (1996), "Cuba and Venezuela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62995933 |
Economic ethics combines economics and ethics, uniting value judgements from both disciplines in order to predict, analyse and model economic phenomena. It encompasses the theoretical ethical prerequisites and foundations of economic systems. The school of thought dates back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose "N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics For example, their regulation of demand when it exceeded supply as a means of avoiding anarchy, achieved at the time by stressing that non-material goods was the source of happiness, is a reflection of Marshall’s dictum of the insatiability of wants. The Rig Veda illustrates an apprehension of economic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics This was reconciled by the division of labour, where basic human wants such as food, clothing and shelter, were efficiently manufactured given each individual limits their production to their most productive function, thus maximising utility. Xenophon's Oeconomicus, inspired by Socrates' concept of euda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics Islam supported this anti-ascetic ethic in the role of merchants, given its teaching that salvation derives from moderation rather than abstinence in such affairs. The Labour Theory of Value holds that labour is the source of all economic value, which was the viewpoint of David Ricardo, Adam Smith and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics Such an assumption as that individuals are self-interested and rational has implied the exemption of collective ethics. Under rational choice and neoclassical economics' adoption of Newtonian atomism, many consumer behaviours are disregarded, meaning that it often cannot explain the source of consumer p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics ' This enforced the idea that an unethical socioeconomic state is apparent when the economy is under full employment, to which Keynes proposed productive spending as a mechanism to return the economy to full employment; the state where, also, an ethically rational society exists. Philosophers in the Hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics For example, an injured worker was considered a slave in the labour market while, for compensation purposes, their worth before and after injury as well as their potential decline in income and consumption was evaluated. The idea of opportunity cost is grounded in the ‘S’kbar B’telio’ (literally meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics attempts to incorporate morality and cultural value-qualities in order to account for the limitation of economics being that human decision making isn't restricted to rationality. This understanding of culture unites economics and ethics as a complete theory of human action. Academic culture has increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics For example, in experiments on honesty, it is predicted that lying will occur when it increases these payoffs notwithstanding the fact that the results proved otherwise. It is found that people also employ the '50/50 rule' in dividing something regardless of the distribution of power in the decision mak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics Normative concerns in economics can compensate the applicability of behavioural economic models to real economic phenomena. Most behavioural economic models assume that preferences change endogenously, meaning that there are numerous possible decisions applicable to a given scenario, each with their own... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics The economics of climate change, for example, is inseparable with social ethics. The idea of individuals and institutions working companionably in the public domain, as a reflection of , is also an apposite ethic that can rectify this normative concern. An ethical problem associated with the sub-discipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics Historically, morality was a notion used to discern the distribution of these roles and responsibilities, given that most economic problems derived from the failure of economic agents to fulfil them. The transition of moral philosophy from such ethics to Kantian ethics, as well as the emergence of marke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics The discourse is based on the notion that certain tools in welfare economics, particularly choice criterion, hold no value-judgement, and are Paretian given that collective perspectives of utility aren't considered. There are numerous ethical issues associated with the methodological approach of develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics This, in its entirety, is based on the notion that healthcare as such isn't intrinsically valuable, but morally significant on the grounds that it contributes to this overall well-being. The methodology of analysis in health economics, with respect to clinical trials, is subject to ethical debate. The e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Economic ethics Academic literature also presents an ethical reasoning to the limitation associated with the application of rational actor theory to policy choice. Given that incomes are dependent on policy choice, and vise-versa, the logic of the rational model in policy choice is circular, hence the possibility of wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63072175 |
Global Social Mobility Index The is an index prepared by the World Economic Forum in the Global Social Mobility report. The Index measures the intergenerational social mobility in different countries in relation to socioeconomic outcomes. The inaugural re ranked 82 countries. The Index is grounded on the following five... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63190064 |
Robert Graboyes Robert F. Graboyes is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, author of "Fortress and Frontier in American Health Care", and a public speaker focusing on technological innovation in health care. He has taught health economics at Virginia Commonwealth University and in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63238602 |
Robert Graboyes The Mercatus Center republished his article "How the 1920s Can Inform the 2020s in Health Care". A major theme in his research is biomedical engineering. He worked as regional economist/director of education for the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. He "began adult life not as an economist, but a studen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63238602 |
Poverty Industrial Complex The refers to private corporations taking over social services functions, that were formerly provided by government agencies. These private corporations have a vested interest in profit and it is thus debated whether the practice of privatising social services is hurtful for society, in parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63243784 |
Poverty Industrial Complex Funds provided by the federal government to help vulerable populations are misused and fuddled towards privat companies and in addition to that used by the states, which often have a tight budget, as a mere revenue stream. The Health and Human Services Department (HHS) is a department that pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63243784 |
Poverty Industrial Complex As for profit companies they turn to consultants that help them figure out how to maximise their bottom line. The company Maximus for example states in advertisements that it has partnered with state, federal and local governments to help provide high-quality health and human service programs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63243784 |
Poverty Industrial Complex " from 2019 explored the poverty-industrial complex as a multi-billion dollar market of NGOs, multilateral agencies, and for-profit aid contractors turning the most vulnerable members of society into profit generators and misappropriating funds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63243784 |
Economic diversity or economic diversification refers to the variations in the economic status or the use of a broad range of economic activities in a region or country. Diversification is used as a strategy to encourage positive economic growth and development. Research shows that more diversified economies are associ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63252200 |
Corn-rent Corn rent is a type of variable money rent that follows fluctuations in the price of corn. The principle underlying the concept of corn-rent is that a tenant farmer pays a portion of the produce of a farm to the landlord as rent. However, the price of produce varies and so the money value of this allotted por... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63259195 |
Corn-rent Joddrell" concerned Yelling Parish, the corn rent was imposed as compensation after the practice of paying tithes ended when the parish was enclosed by an act of Parliament. David Ricardo wrote: "But there are improvements which may lower the relative value of the produce without lowering the corn rent, thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63259195 |
Corn-rent Ricardo reasons that where "the same cause, the difficulty of production, raises the exchangeable value of raw produce paid to the landlord for rent, it is obvious that the landlord is doubly benefited by difficulty of production. First he obtains a "greater share", and secondly the commodity in which he is p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63259195 |
Corn-rent it appears by the returns of the Board of Agriculture that they are now only a fifth of the gross produce, whereas they were formerly a fourth or a third." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63259195 |
Rachael Meager is an Australian economist and statistician. She currently holds an Assistant Professorship at the London School of Economics, within the STICERD (Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines) research centre. Meager has significantly contributed to the development of ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63291694 |
Victory Tax The was a 5% income tax established in the United States by the Revenue Act of 1942. Congress attempted to reduce the tax to 3% in the Revenue Act of 1943; that bill was vetoed by President Roosevelt, but his veto was overridden. The tax was eliminated in the Individual Income Tax Act of 1944. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63317257 |
Five Acres and Independence Five Acres and Independence: A practical guide to the selection and management of the small farm is a book about self-sustainable small-scale farming. It was written by Maurice Grenville Kains. It was first published in 1935 during the Great Depression. It was written to provide practical in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63332003 |
Corporate debt bubble The corporate debt bubble is the large increase in corporate bonds, excluding that of financial institutions, following the financial crisis of 2007–08. Global corporate debt rose from 84% of gross world product in 2009 to 92% in 2019, or about $72 trillion. In the world's eight largest economies—... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble In December 2019, Moody's Analytics described Chinese corporate debt as the "biggest threat" to the global economy. Regulators and investors have raised concern that large amounts of risky corporate debt have created a critical vulnerability for financial markets, in particular mutual funds, durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble Fed in dropping interest rates to historically low levels and preventing illiquid markets from worsening the financial crisis prompted central banks around the world to copy these techniques. However, the effect of quantitative easing was not limited to the toxic mortgage bonds targeted by central... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble Fed noted in November 2019 that mutual funds held about one-sixth of outstanding corporate debt, but were acquiring one-fifth of new leveraged corporate loans. The size of high-yield corporate bond mutual funds, which specialize in riskier bonds, had doubled in the decade prior to 2019. While trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble In a 2018 study of 14 rich countries, the Bank of International Settlements stated that zombie firms increased from 2% of all firms in the 1980s to 12% in 2016. By March 2020, one-sixth of all publicly-traded companies in the U.S. did not make enough profit to cover the interest on their issued de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble The increased purchases resulted in 42% of European investment-grade corporate debt having a negative yield, as investors effectively paid less risky companies to borrow money. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York noted in January 2020 that only two U.S. firms had the highest rating of AAA, Johnso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble Instead, it vastly increased an existing trend towards share buybacks, which increase the value of the remaining publicly traded shares and contributed to the rise of stock market indexes generally. While the S&P 500 has risen by over 300% from its low in the Great Recession, this rise is driven p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble A writer for Bloomberg News opined in February 2020, "If and when the credit cycle turns, the aggressive push toward weakening protections virtually ensures that recovery rates will be worse than in 2008. But there's no going back now: The risky debt markets are full of cov-lite deals. Investors e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble In 2017, both Moody's and Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC downgraded China's sovereign debt rating because of concerns about the health of the financial system. The Chinese government recognized the risk posed by corporate debt. The 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in 2015, included financia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble 9% of Chinese private companies had defaulted on bond payments in first 11 months of 2019, compared to 0.6% in all of 2014. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development noted in February 2020 that "today’s stock of outstanding corporate bonds has lower overall credit quality, higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble In contrast, other observers believed that a crisis could be averted, noting that banks are better capitalized and central banks more responsive than in the 2007-08 financial crisis. In 2019, the McKinsey Global Institute expressed doubt that defaults in the corporate debt market would result in s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble Our estimate is that there is potentially as much as a trillion dollars of high-grade bonds heading to junk. That supply would swamp the high yield market as it would double the size of the below investment grade bond market. That alone would widen [yield] spreads even without the effect of increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble A concern is that companies, unable to cover their debt, will draw down their credit lines to banks, thereby reducing bank liquidity. An example is Boeing, which declared on 11 March that it would draw down the entirety of a $13.825 billion line of credit meant to cover costs related to the Boeing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble analyst on 16 March opined, "The longer the pandemic lasts, the greater the risk that the sharp downturn morphs into a financial crisis with zombie companies starting a chain of defaults just like subprime mortgages did in 2008." On 19 March, the European Central Bank announced a 750 billion euro ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble The Council on Foreign Relations opined that due to the dependence of riskier companies on commercial paper to meet short-term liabilities, there would be a large increase in corporate defaults, unless aid was extended to lower-rated borrowers. Also on 23 March, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble At the end of March, Goldman Sachs estimated that $765 billion in U.S. corporate bonds had already experienced rating downgrades. Slippage of firms from investment-grade to junk status continued to pose a stability risk. Fitch forecasted a doubling of defaults on US leveraged loans from 3% in 2019... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble Nevertheless, yields on won-denominated corporate debt were at the highest since 2012 amid pessimism about the global economic outlook and impacts upon South Korean firms. On 9 April, following passage of the U.S. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), the Fed announced th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble On 16 April, Bloomberg News reported that Chinese interest rates were so low that Chinese firms were being incentivized to sell short-term debt in order to buy high-yield and less-regulated wealth management products. This arbitrage was attractive as the poor economic climate reduced incentives to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble One prominent Singaporean commodity firm, Agritrade International had gone bankrupt after being unable to service $1.55 billion in debt, while another, Hin Leong Trading, was struggling to manage almost $4 billion in debt. The Chief Economist of trading giant Trafigura expressed concern that the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble department store retailer to fall to the COVID-19 downturn, albeit in the context of the ongoing North American retail apocalypse. Ratings agencies had downgraded Neiman Marcus and J. C. Penney the previous week. J.C. Penney decided not to make a scheduled $12 million interest payment on a 2036 bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Corporate debt bubble shale oil bonds may pose a risk to the high-yield market as a whole. The airline Virgin Australia entered voluntary administration on 21 April, after being unable to manage $4.59 billion in debt. It named Deloitte as its administrator, with the intention of receiving binding offers on the entirety... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63343162 |
Plantas Alimentícias Não Convencionais Plantas Alimentícias Não Convencionais, known by the acronym PANC, is an academic and popular movement in Brazil in favor of propagating and foraging for unconventional edible plants. The name, translating to Non-conventional Food Plants, refers to species with food potential that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63404998 |
Principles of Economics (Mankiw book) Principles of Economics is an introductory economics textbook by Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw. It was first published in 1997 and has now gone on to have nine editions, with the ninth releasing in 2020. The text has sold over a million copies over its lifetime, gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63406682 |
Non-financial asset A non-financial asset is an asset that cannot be traded on the financial markets and whose value is derived by its physical net worth rather than from a contractual claim, as opposed to a financial asset (e.g., stock, bonds). Non-financial assets may be tangible (also known as real assets, e.g., lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63488602 |
Inti-Plasma Farming Inti-Plasma refers to a farming system for oil palm practised in Indonesia. Inti, the Bahasa word for nucleus, is the part of such a plantation that is under concession of the company, while plasma is operated on land owned by the smallholders but planted by the company. Plasma farming is a particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63520876 |
Inti-Plasma Farming Nucleus Estate Smallholders Project for Transmigrants. Construction of health treatment facilities and public facilities such as roads, schools, houses of worship, clinics, and other projects are included in the PIR scheme. The other, more recent form of the system, started in the 1990s and is calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63520876 |
Transport divide (also known as transport exclusion, transport disadvantage, transport deprivation, transportation divide, and mobility divide) refers to unequal access to transportation. It can result in the social exclusion of the disadvantaged groups. The concept covers issues ranging from unequal access to public t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63542953 |
Transport divide Attempts to fix the fear barriers through increased surveillance and policing have however been linked to the lowering of the usage of such services by other groups, such as the youth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63542953 |
Wrong way risk In Finance, a (WWR) occurs when credit exposure to a counterparty is negatively correlated with the credit quality of that counterparty. In other words, the more a party gains on a trade, the more likely it is for the counterparty to default. It is a source of concerns for banks and regulators, as it inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63552801 |
Negative pricing In economics, negative pricing can occur when demand for a commodity drops to an extent that suppliers are prepared to pay others to take it away, in effect setting the price to a negative number. This phenomenon has occurred in electricity prices, natural gas prices,sour crude oil prices. and regular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63571084 |
Fuel bunker Fuel bunkers, commonly simply known as bunkers, are containers for the storage of fuel on steamships or steam tank engines, or rooms for the storage of fuel in furnaces. The term 'Bunker' or 'Fuel bunker' is typically only used for storage areas for solid fuels, especially coal; the term fuel tank is used f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63649291 |
Debt jubilee A debt jubilee is a clearance of debt from public records across a wide sector or a nation. Such a jubilee was proposed as a solution to debt incurred or anticipated during the 2020 coronavirus recession. The American economist Michael Hudson was a proponent of a debt jubilee, writing in a "Washington Post... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63668713 |
Bachelier model The Model of Bachelier is the name given by a model of an asset price under brownian motion presented by Louis Bachelier on his PhD thesis "The Theory of Speculation" ("Théorie de la spéculation", published 1900). On the day of 2020-04-08, CME Group posted the note "CME Clearing Plan to Address the Pote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63719093 |
Sari Pohjonen is a Finnish business executive who was appointed as the interim CEO or the Fiskars company in April, 2020. She had previously served as the company CFO from 2017. She joined Fiskars in 2016 and has held the position of CFO of the Living business group. Previously, she has served as CFO and deputy to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63727303 |
Video games in Italy In 2017, the Italian video game market posted a revenue of €1.8 billion. In 2018, Italy had 26.2 million players. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63782851 |
Video games in Norway The total value of Norwegian games industry was US$328 million in 2018. Norwegian games industry managed a turnover of $42 million (NOK 330 million) in 2014. As of 2015, there are 140 companies in the whole sector with 565 people employed. In 2020, Tencent, one of the world's biggest video and onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63784918 |
Cambridge capital controversy The Cambridge capital controversy, sometimes called "the capital controversy" or "the two Cambridges debate", was a dispute between proponents of two differing theoretical and mathematical positions in economics that started in the 1950s and lasted well into the 1960s. The debate concerned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy In classical, orthodox economic theory, economic growth is assumed to be exogenously given: Growth is dependent on exogenous variables, such as population growth, technological improvement, and growth in natural resources. Classical theory claims that an increase in either of the factors o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy At the theoretical level, there are implications for the efficiency and speed of the adjustment process between the warranted and the natural rates of growth in Harrod's growth model. Also, there are implications for the way the growth process should be viewed, and for understanding why gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy The question of whether the natural growth rate is exogenous, or endogenous to demand (and whether it is input growth that causes output growth, or vice versa), lies at the heart of the debate between neoclassical economists and Keynesian/post-Keynesian economists. The latter group argues ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Natural rate of growth is the rate at which the growth an economy requires that full employment is maintained. For example, If the labor force grows at 3 percent per year, with everything else being equal, then to maintain full employment, the economy’s annual growth rate must be 3 percent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy " The neoclassical and Neo-Keynesian sides were represented by Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, and Franco Modigliani, who taught at the MIT, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, while the Keynesian and Post-Keynesian sides were represented by Nicholas Kaldor, Joan Robinson, Luigi Pasinetti, Pie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy The famous neoclassical economist John Bates Clark saw the equilibrium rate of profit (which helps to determine the income of the owners of capital goods) as a market price determined by technology and the relative proportions in which the "factors of production" are used in production. Ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy , abstinence from current consumption, which leads to the creation of the capital goods. (Later, John Maynard Keynes and his school argued that saving does not automatically lead to investment in tangible capital goods.) Thus, in this view, profit income is a reward for those who value fut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Nor do all Marxists embrace the Sraffian model: in fact, such authors as Michael Lebowitz and Frank Roosevelt are highly critical of Sraffian interpretations, except as a narrow technical critique of the neoclassical view. There are also Marxian economists, like Michael Albert and Robin Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
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