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Cambridge capital controversy , that the income earned by each "factor of production" (essentially, labor and "capital") is equal to its marginal product. Thus, with perfect product and input markets, the wage (divided by the price of the product) is alleged to equal the marginal physical product of labor. More importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Capitalist income (total profit or property income) is defined as the rate of profit multiplied by the amount of capital, but the measurement of the "amount of capital" involves adding up quite incomparable physical objects – adding the number of trucks to the number of lasers, for example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy As noted, this K can change if the rate of profit rises. To see this, define the price of production for the two types of capital goods. For each item, follow the type of pricing rule used by Classical economics for produced items, where price is determined by explicit costs of production:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy That is because the whole neoclassical theory of profit-rate determination is being questioned: if we can go from the marginal product of capital to the profit rate, we should be able to go from the profit rate to the marginal product. In any event, few if any participants in the Cambridge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy This result is not changed by the fact that for both items, the capital cost per unit would change as the two prices change (contrary to the assumption made above). Nor does it change if the wage rate and labor cost per unit (W) change. Also, an obvious riposte is that we can aggregate cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Sraffa suggested an aggregation technique (stemming in part from Marxian economics) by which a measure of the amount of capital could be produced: by reducing all machines to a sum of "dated labor" from different years. A machine produced in the year 2000 can then be treated as the labor a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy According to the Cambridge, England, critics, this analysis is thus a serious challenge, particularly in factor markets, to the neoclassical vision of prices as indices of scarcity and the simple neoclassical version of the principle of substitution. A different way to understand the aggre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy A third way to look this problem is to remember that many neoclassical economists assume that both individual firms (or sectors) and the entire economy fit the Cobb-Douglas production function with constant returns to scale. That is, output of each sector "i" is determined by the equation:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Reswitching implies the possibility of capital reversing, an association between high interest rates (or rates of profit) and more capital-intensive techniques. Thus, reswitching implies the rejection of a simple (monotonic) non-increasing relationship between capital intensity and either ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Samuelson ends up rejecting his previously held view that heterogeneous capital could be treated as a single capital good, homogeneous with the consumption good, through a "surrogate production function". Consider Samuelson's "Austrian" approach. In his example, there are two techniques, A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy The results in bold-face indicate which technique is less expensive, showing reswitching. There is no simple (monotonic) relationship between the interest rate and the "capital intensity" or roundaboutness of production, either at the macro- or the microeconomic level of aggregation. Natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy " (Lavoie 2000) "These findings destroy, for example, the general validity of Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson international trade theory (as authors such as Sergio Parrinello, Stanley Metcalfe, Ian Steedman, and Lynn Mainwaring have demonstrated), of the Hicksian neutrality of technical progress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Interest has shifted from general equilibrium style (high-dimension) models to simple, mainly one-good models. Ramsey-style dynamic-optimization models have largely displaced the fixed-saving coefficient approach. The many consumers that Stiglitz implanted into neoclassical growth modellin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy It reflects badly on economists and their keenness of intellect that this was not always obvious to everyone." (Bliss 2005) In his 1975 book Capital Theory and the Distribution of Income, Bliss showed that in general equilibrium, there is no relationship between relative scarcity of an inp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy The fact that the critique was also stated entirely using exactly the same kind of unrealistic assumptions meant that it was very difficult to do anything but 'criticize' Solow and Swan. That is, Sraffian models were explicitly divorced from empirical reality. And, as is very common in deb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Neoclassical theorists, such as Bliss, (quoted above) have generally accepted the "Anglo-Italian" critique of the simple neoclassical model and have moved on, applying the 'more general' political-economic vision of neoclassical economics to new questions. Some theorists, such as Bliss, Ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
Cambridge capital controversy Indeed, the vast majority of economics graduate schools in the United States do not teach their students about it: "It is important, for the record, to recognize that key participants in the debate openly admitted their mistakes. Samuelson's seventh edition of "Economics" was purged of err... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38971733 |
ISTTOK The Tokamak ("Instituto Superior Técnico TOKamak") is a research fusion reactor (tokamak) of the Instituto Superior Técnico. It has a circular cross-section due to a poloidal graphite limiter and an iron core transformer. Its particularity is that it is one of the few tokamaks operating in AC (alternating plasma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39011211 |
Radical sustainability recognizes that a system is not sustainable if any part of it is unsustainable. An economy cannot be sustained if the underlying social structure is unsustainable. A social structure cannot be sustained if the environment it depends upon is unsustainable. Vice versa we find that in our modern day... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39019161 |
Radical sustainability Empirical research also show that this concept is more prevalent in smaller firms, suggesting that there is a negative link between the radicality of sustainable innovation and firm size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39019161 |
Metals Disintegrating Company The was founded by Professor Everett Joel Hall in 1916 to manufacture metal powders. It was acquired by Alcan in 1963 and renamed as Alcan Powders and Pigments. The aluminium powder business was separated and is now part of Toyal America while the copper-based powder business continued as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39023759 |
Standby Equity Distribution Agreement In corporate finance, a (SEDA) is a type of share allocation agreement between a company and a share purchaser. It is a form of private placement. A SEDA offers a relatively flexible way of raising capital, allowing companies to further customize their approach to capital and risk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39031038 |
The Low Road (play) The Low Road is a 2013 play by the American playwright Bruce Norris. It premiered from 23 March to 11 May 2013 at the Royal Court Theatre in London, in a production directed by Dominic Cooke (his final production as Artistic Director of that theatre) and with a cast including Bill Paterson, Johnny F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39070144 |
Pollution haven hypothesis The pollution haven hypothesis posits that, when large industrialized nations seek to set up factories or offices abroad, they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and labor that offers the land and material access they require. However, this often comes at the cost o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Pollution haven hypothesis According to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, this equation shows that environmental regulations and economic activity are negatively correlated, because regulations raise the cost of key inputs to goods with pollution-intensive productions and reduce jurisdictions' comparative advantage in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Pollution haven hypothesis In this sense, the EKC is potentially a reflection of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, because one of the factors that may drive the increase in environmental degradation seen in pre-industrial economies is an influx of waste from post-industrial economies. This same transfer of polluting firm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Pollution haven hypothesis According to "The New York Times" in 2011, 20% of spent American vehicle and industrial batteries were being exported to Mexico, up from 6% in 2007, meaning that approximately 20 million batteries would cross the border that year. A significant proportion of this flow was being smuggled in af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Pollution haven hypothesis Another major critique of the second formula is that it is difficult to measure regulatory stringency and trade barriers because the two effects are likely endogenous, so few studies have attempted to estimate the indirect effect of trade liberalization on pollution havens. Furthermore, gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Pollution haven hypothesis Paul Krugman, a Nobel Prize–winning economist, is skeptical as to whether pollution havens have empirical support in economic theory, as he writes, "At this point it's hard to come up with major examples of industries in which the pollution haven phenomenon, to the extent that it occurs, lead... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39076976 |
Convertible husbandry Convertible husbandry, also known as alternate husbandry or up-and-down husbandry, is a method of farming whereby strips of arable farmland were temporarily converted into grass pasture, known as leys. These remained under grass for up to 10 years before being ploughed under again, while some even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39091628 |
Convertible husbandry However, in the Midlands the rising population, density of settlements, lack of new areas into which cultivation could expand, and the 15th century enclosures of sheep flocks, led to a system of agriculture with increasing numbers of livestock. A possible factor that influenced the adoption of con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39091628 |
Convertible husbandry " They believe that this "fodder" crop pushed agriculture in a direction in which "alternating" husbandry was seen as more efficient than traditional permanent pasture farming and jump-started the improvement of crop rotation and agricultural output versus capital. Although the turnip was populari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39091628 |
Causation in economics has a long history with Adam Smith explicitly acknowledging its importance via his (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and David Hume (1739, 1742, 1777) and John Stuart Mill (1848) both offering important contributions with more philosophical discussions. Hoover ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39098637 |
Causation in economics New Haven: Yale University Press. Hoover, Kevin D. (1990) “The Logic of Causal Inference: Econometrics and the Conditional Analysis of Causality,” "Economics and Philosophy" 6(2), 207-234. Hoover, Kevin D. (2001) "Causality in Macroeconomics". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hume, David. (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39098637 |
IFRS 2 is an international financial reporting standard issued in February 2004 . by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to provide guidance on the accounting for share based payments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39116769 |
Ethanol fireplace An ethanol fireplace (also bio-ethanol fireplace, bio fireplace), is a type of fireplace which burns ethanol fuel. They are often installed without a chimney. Ethanol for these fires is often marketed as bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass). The main part of the fireplace is the burner. The burn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39141747 |
Ethanol fireplace User can turn the flames on or off as well as regulate the flame size with a remote control, mobile app or smart home system. A microprocessor controls burning process, using numerous sensors to keep burning parameters stable. If the sensors detect any issues — such as an earth quake, low oxygen or ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39141747 |
Forward estimates are budget projections for revenue, expenses and financial position for the three years beyond the current (budgeted) fiscal year. The “forward estimates” system evolved in Australia from the late 1970s through the 1980s and is used at both the Federal and State levels. The forward estimates provide a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39174660 |
Forward estimates The Charter of Budget Honesty Act 1998 places an obligation on the Government to regularly update the economic projections, including annually for the "Budget economic and fiscal outlook" report, semi-annually for the "Mid-year economic and fiscal outlook" report (MYEFO) and, prior to an election, for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39174660 |
Encyclopedia of the Consumer Movement The is a 1997 encyclopedia edited by Stephen Brobeck and which describes the history of the consumer movement and other topics related to consumerism. The work contains 198 entries written by 168 authors. The scope is the history, activities, interests, legislation, and actors in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39196610 |
IS/MP model The (Investment–Savings / Monetary–Policy) is a macroeconomic tool which displays short-run fluctuations in the interest rate, inflation and output. The MP curve displays a positive relationship, upward-sloping curve, where the real interest rate is located on the vertical axis and output on the horizontal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39229407 |
IS/MP model Mankiw prefers the IS–LM model, for, according to him, it focuses on "important connections between the money supply, interest rates, and economic activity, whereas the leaves some of that in the background". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39229407 |
Marketable collateral is the exchange of financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, for a loan between a financial institution and borrower. To be deemed marketable collateral, assets must be capable of being sold under normal market conditions with reasonable promptness at a fair market value. Conditions are based up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39229437 |
Business Spectator is an Australian business news website led by Alan Kohler as chairman and editor in chief. It is published by Australian Independent Business Media which is owned by News Corp Australia. was launched on 30 October 2007. It was established by journalists Alan Kohler, Stephen Bartholomeusz, Robert Gott... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39230411 |
Recovery of loans In finance the term recovery refers to collection of amount due. The normally recovery depends on the purpose, time and condition, business running process etc. Normally loan amount will be recovered on installment basis. The manager can fix installment period on the basis of nature of their business.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39231618 |
Recovery of loans Therefore, systematic follow-up recovery of loan plays a significant role in our operations. In fact, is not exaggeration of the state that effective recovery of loans is the backbone of any financial institutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39231618 |
Contract failure describes a situation in which the consumer of a good or service is unable to evaluate its quality, thus incentivizing the producer to produce a lower quality good or service. Such behavior creates suboptimal economic conditions. is one explanation for the existence of non-profit organizations, althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39248723 |
Contract failure Arrow argues that nonprofits will step in and provide the necessary good or service in response to market failure. When markets potentially take advantage of the information asymmetry situation, nonprofits must protect the consumer. According to Hansmann, the “non-distribution constraint - prohibits th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39248723 |
Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied. For example, it has been found that chief executives tend to be taller and have wider faces than average. The journal "Economics and Human Biology" covers the field and has an impact factor of 2.722. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39250635 |
Beverly Hills Caviar Automated Boutique The sells caviar, escargot and truffles from vending machines. The machines were first placed just before the Black Friday shopping holiday in 2012. In 2013, the machines began operating in three locations: Westfield Century City, Westfield Topanga and Hollywood and Highland Cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39253491 |
Michael Mobbs is a Sydney-based author and environmental consultant. He graduated from the Australian National University with a Bachelor of Laws in 1975 and then worked as an environmental lawyer for 19 years. Through this work he developed an interest in sustainability. Mobbs served as an Independent Alderman on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39264291 |
Amazon Coin is a digital payment method created by Amazon.com. Currently, the coins can only be used to purchase software for Kindle, Kindle Fire, and Android devices from within an app or from the Amazon Appstore. Amazon introduced Amazon Coins on July 13, 2013 in the United States and gave 500 free coins valued $5/£3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39292620 |
Salem Harbor Power Station is a natural gas-fired power plant located in Salem, Massachusetts. It replaced an outdated coal-fired plant on the same site and went online in May 2018. The facility sits on land reclaimed during the 1800s, and was previously the site of a wharf and coal depository. Construction on the orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39303674 |
Economic opportunism is a term related to the subversion of morality to profit. There exists no agreed general, scientific definition or theory of economic opportunism; the literature usually considers only specific cases and contexts. There is no agreement about "why" this is so. Oliver E. Williamson comments: Market ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 |
Economic opportunism If it is believed that markets gravitate spontaneously to an equilibrium state, so that price-levels ensure that everybody gets what they want, how can there be any "opportunism"? At best one could draw a subtle distinction between "selfishness" and "self-interest". For example, "self-interest" cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 |
Economic opportunism Opportunism could then be thought of as an "aberration", a "market imperfection" or a "grey area" that sometimes occurs in normal trading activity. People would not normally trade, if they did not expect to gain something by it; the fact that they do trade, rather than simply rob each other, normal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 |
Economic opportunism " Some years later, he explained that "Today’s banks represent the incarnation of profit-seeking behaviour taken to its logical limits, in which the only question asked by senior staff is not what is their duty or their responsibility, but what can they get away with." What exactly the rightful or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 |
Economic opportunism Whether a trading activity is viewed as "opportunist" might just depend on one's moral viewpoint or informal expectation, because "there is no law against it". For this reason, institutional economics often evaluates economic opportunism in relation to those norms of acceptable human conduct that, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39328042 |
Tapered integration is a term from organization theory that refers to a mix of vertical integration and market exchange. Upstream, a producer might manufacture some of the input itself and buy the remaining portion from independent firms. Downstream, the manufacturer might sell a portion of its output through an in-hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39339569 |
Hibernian Catholic Benefit Society The is a friendly society in New Zealand, with a former associated credit union. It was created in 1869. After a large case of fraud occurring over several years through the early 2000s, in which an employee stole an estimated $1.24 million in society money, the associated credit unio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39382922 |
Carbon bubble The carbon bubble is a hypothesized bubble in the valuation of companies dependent on fossil-fuel-based energy production, because the true costs of carbon dioxide in intensifying global warming are not yet taken into account in a company's stock market valuation. Currently the price of fossil fuels compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39383318 |
Carbon bubble The following year, Mark Carney, the Governor of the Bank of England, in his lecture to Lloyd's of London, warned that limiting global warming to 2 °C appears to require that the "vast majority" of fossil fuel reserves be "stranded assets", or "literally unburnable without expensive carbon-capture technol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39383318 |
Carbon bubble A widely shared article by Bill McKibben was published in Rolling Stone magazine in July 2012, bringing the idea to the attention of a popular audience. These were followed later in 2013 by a report from the Demos think tank. Author Bill McKibben has estimated that to sustain human life in the world, up t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39383318 |
Iceberg transport cost model The iceberg transport cost model is a commonly used, simple economic model of transportation costs. It relates transport costs linearly with distance, and pays these costs by extracting from the arriving volume. The model is attributed to Paul Samuelson's 1954 article in Deardorffs' Glossar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39395426 |
LSE approach to econometrics The LSE approach to econometrics, named for the London School of Economics, involves viewing econometric models as "reductions" from some unknown data generation process (DGP). A complex DGP is typically modelled as the starting point and this complexity allows information in the data from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39410831 |
LSE approach to econometrics Economists often associated with "Hendry's methodology" include Clive Granger, Robert F. Engle, Søren Johansen, Grayham Mizon, Jennifer Castle, Hans M. Krolzig, Neil Ericsson, and Jurgen Doornik. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39410831 |
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind by H. G. Wells is the final work of a trilogy of which the first volumes were "The Outline of History" (1919–1920) and "The Science of Life" (1929). Wells conceived of the three parts of his trilogy as, respectively, "a survey of history, of the science of life, and of existing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39433639 |
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind "The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind" sold relatively well (17,000 copies in England in the first month alone). But the Great depression restrained sales and Wells's optimistic utopianism struck many as passé and naïve in the increasingly violent political climate of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39433639 |
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind Humans are "economic animals" because they prepare and store food socially. This important development occurred in the Pleistocene, when man "became very rapidly indeed an unprecedented species." For Wells, the adaptation of the "very imperfect instrument" of the human mind to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39433639 |
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind and beginning again upon a different ground plan, with whatever hope is left to us, amidst the ruins." Wells's treatment of contemporary political institutions is aggressively satirical, but he attributes their shortcomings to their need to accommodate the biological heritage h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39433639 |
Investing.com is a global financial portal and internet brand, composed of 33 editions in 24 languages and mobile apps for Android and iOS that provide news, analysis, streaming quotes and charts, technical data and financial tools about the global financial markets. The editions each cover a broad variety of financial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39463407 |
Investing.com Additional editions are dedicated to the Australian, Brazilian, Canadian, Hong Kong, Indian, Mexican and South African markets. Investing.com's Android app was launched on September 18, 2013, initially supporting five languages (currently the application supports fifteen). The company spent in excess of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39463407 |
Banking in Kosovo Banking in Kosova has been developing significantly since the country declared its independence in 2008. is made up of a network centered on the Central Bank of Kosovo (CBK) with the nodes being commercial banks and other micro financial institutions. The banking network of the country was devastated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39470504 |
Banking in Kosovo On the other hand, the commercial banks and other micro financial institution have their own network as well. Each commercial bank has its headquarters in the capital in Pristina. They also have regional headquarters in the regions and branches in other cities. Kosovo administratively has six regions:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39470504 |
Express pricing is a form of price discrimination where, in a reverse of economies of scale, retailers raise their prices slightly in smaller stores. The name of it originates from Tesco Express, but it can be used to apply to any retailer operating a similar policy. According to Sainsbury's, this can be attributed to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39515125 |
NewDay (company) NewDay, formerly SAV Credit, is a financial services company specializing in providing credit products to consumers in the United Kingdom. The company was established in 2000. On 13 May 2013 the company completed the purchase of Santander UK's store card business, including branded cards issued for ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39533386 |
Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39643910 |
Land Reform in Developing Countries This chapter looks at the trade-offs and how various types of claimed land reform affect these goals and others, notably poverty reduction, sustainability, economic efficiency and economic growth. Chapter 2 explores the impact of land reform and land policy on farm and non-farm growt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39643910 |
Land Reform in Developing Countries However, Andrew Dorward did have some "minor gripes" within his very positive review. He wished that it did not finish so abruptly and that it had a final chapter "summing up the main lessons from the book for the next generation of researchers, analysts and practitioners in the fiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39643910 |
Labor burden is the actual cost of a company to have an employee, aside from the salary the employee earns. costs include benefits that a company must, or chooses to, pay for employees included on their payroll. These costs include but are not limited to payroll taxes, pension costs, health insurance, dental insurance,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39649787 |
Labor burden As costs are often used as the basis for pricing services or products, this is why it is so critical to obtain an in-depth understanding of the true cost of an employee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39649787 |
Adam Maciejewski (born 1962) is a Polish economist and manager. He is president of the Management Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Maciejewski graduated from Warsaw School of Economics. He has been authorised to represent the Polish State Treasury on Supervisory Boards. Since 1994, he has worked for the Warsaw Stock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39671585 |
Eco-socialism Eco-socialism, green socialism or socialist ecology is an ideology merging aspects of socialism with that of green politics, ecology and alter-globalization or anti-globalization. Eco-socialists generally believe that the expansion of the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion, poverty, war an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism "The Watermelon", a New Zealand website, uses the term proudly, stating that it is "green on the outside and liberal on the inside", while also citing "socialist political leanings", reflecting the use of the term "liberal" to describe the political left in many English-speaking countries. Red Greens are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Practically, eco-socialists have generated various strategies to mobilise action on an internationalist basis, developing networks of grassroots individuals and groups that can radically transform society through nonviolent "prefigurative projects" for a post-capitalist, post-statist world. Contrary to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Following the Russian Revolution, some environmentalists and environmental scientists attempted to integrate ecological consciousness into Bolshevism, although many such people were later purged from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The "pre-revolutionary environmental movement", encouraged by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Mannin's 1944 book "Bread and Roses: A Utopian Survey and Blue-Print" has been described by anarchist historian Robert Graham as setting forth "an ecological vision in opposition to the prevailing and destructive industrial organization of society". Important contemporary currents are anarcho-primitivism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism "Post-Scarcity Anarchism" is a collection of essays written by Murray Bookchin and first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press. It outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity. It is one of Bookchin's major works, and its radical thesis provoked controversy for being uto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Politically, Communalists advocate a network of directly democratic citizens' assemblies in individual communities/cities organized in a confederal fashion. This method used to achieve this is called Libertarian Municipalism which involves the establishment of face-to-face democratic institutions which ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism The debates ensued led to a host of theoretical works by O'Connor, Carolyn Merchant, Paul Burkett and others. The Australian Democratic Socialist Party launched the "Green Left Weekly" newspaper in 1991, following a period of working within Green Alliance and Green Party groups in formation. This ceased w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism In 2001, Joel Kovel, a social scientist, psychiatrist and former candidate for the Green Party of the United States (GPUS) presidential nomination in 2000, and Michael Löwy, an anthropologist and member of the Reunified Fourth International (a principal Trotskyist organisation), released "An Ecosocialist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism The Green Party of England and Wales features an eco-socialist group, Green Left, that was founded in June 2005 and whose members hold a number of influential positions within the party, including both the former Principal Speakers Siân Berry and Derek Wall, himself an eco-socialist and Marxist academic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Yue stated in an interview that, while he often finds eco-socialist theory "too idealistic" and lacking "ways of solving actual problems", he believes that it provides "political reference for China’s scientific view of development", "gives socialist ideology room to expand" and offers "a theoretical basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism The meeting attracted "more than 60 activists from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States" and elected a steering committee featuring representatives from Britain, the United States, Canada, France, Greece, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Merging aspects of Marxism, socialism, environmentalism and ecology, eco-socialists generally believe that the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion, inequality and environmental degradation through globalization and imperialism under the supervision of repressive states and transnational str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Wall shows that many of the world's poor have access to the means of production through "non-monetised communal means of production", such as subsistence farming, but, despite providing for need and a level of prosperity, these are not included in conventional economics measures, like GNP. Wall therefore ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism Others have also noted that capitalism disproportionately affects the poorest in the Global North as well, leading to examples of resistance such as the environmental justice movement in the United States, consisting of working-class people and ethnic minorities who highlight the tendency for waste dumps,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism The depreciation of share value made many shareholders sell their stock, weakening the company and leading to cost-cutting measures that eroded the safety procedures and mechanisms at the Bhopal site. Though this did not, in Kovel's mind, make the Bhopal disaster inevitable, he believes that it illustrate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism While the second contradiction is often considered a theory of environmental degradation, O'Connor's theory in fact goes much further. Building on the work of Karl Polanyi, along with Marx, O'Connor argues that capitalism necessarily undermines the "conditions of production" necessary to sustain the endle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
Eco-socialism While O'Connor believes that capitalism is capable of spreading out its economic supports so widely that it can afford to destroy one ecosystem before moving onto another, he and many other eco-socialists now fear that, with the onset of globalization, the system is running out of new ecosystems. Kovel ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39699737 |
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