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Neuroeconomics Further support for this idea comes from research demonstrating that activation in the striatum and the ventral tegmental area show similar patterns of activation when receiving money and when donating money to charity. In both cases, the level of activation increases as the amount of money increases, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Neuroeconomics Rational strategy for Player 2 would be to accept any offer because it has more value than zero. However, it has been shown that people often reject offers that they consider as unfair. Neuroimaging studies indicated several brain regions that are activated in response to unfairness in ultimatum game. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Neuroeconomics Regarding the choice of sexual partner, research studies have been conducted on humans and on nonhuman primates. Notably, Cheney & Seyfarth 1990, Deaner "et al." 2005, and Hayden "et al." 2007 suggest a persistent willingness to accept fewer physical goods or higher prices in return for access to sociall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Neuroeconomics There are several different techniques that can be utilized to understand the biological basis of economic behavior. Neural imaging is used in human subjects to determine which areas of the brain are most active during particular tasks. Some of these techniques, such as fMRI or PET are best suited to giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Neuroeconomics In addition to studying the behavior of normal individuals in decision making tasks, some research involves comparing the behavior of normal individuals to that of others with damage to areas of the brain expected to be involved in certain behaviors. In humans, this means finding individuals with specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Neuroeconomics Some authors have demonstrated that neuroeconomics may be useful to describe not only experiments involving rewards but also common psychiatric syndromes involving addiction or delusion. Glenn W. Harris and Emanuel Donchin have criticized the emerging field. Criticisms have included claims that neuroecon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515094 |
Birth rate The crude birth rate in a year or other period is the total number of live births per 1,000 population (divided by the length of the period in years). The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through specializ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate 3 births per second or about 256 births per minute for the world. The birth rate is an issue of concern and policy for national governments. Some (including those of Italy and Malaysia) seek to increase the birth rate with financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Family programs were discussed, and 137 countries drafted a World Population Plan of Action. As part of the discussion, many countries accepted modern birth control methods such as the birth control pill and the condom while opposing abortion. Population concerns, as well as the desire to include women in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate One of the most notorious natalist policies was that in communist Romania in 1967–1990, during the time of communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness, and lega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Given strict family size limitations and a preference for sons, girls became unwanted in China because they were considered as depriving the parents of the chance of having a son. With the progress of prenatal sex-determination technologies and induced abortion, the one-child policy gradually turned into a o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Caldwell also believes that agricultural improvements led to the need for less labour. Children not needed to plough the fields would be of surplus and require some education, so in turn, families become smaller and women are able to work and have greater ambitions. Other examples of non-coercive family plan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Some observers claim this to be a triumph of Western values of freedom for women against states with Islamic values. Islamic clerics are also having less influence over women in other Muslim countries. In the past 30 years Turkey's fertility rate of children per woman has dropped from 4.07 to 2.08. Tunisia h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Compared with the 1950s (when the birth rate was 36 per thousand), as of 2011, the world birth rate has declined by 16 per thousand. As of 2017, Niger has had 49.443 births per thousand people. Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world with 8 per thousand people. While in Japan there are 126 milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate This was followed by a decline which continued until the mid-2000, when a one off cash incentive was introduced to reverse the decline. In 2004, the then Howard government introduced a non-means tested 'Maternity Payment' to parents of every newborn as a substitute to maternity leave. The payment known as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate France has been successful in increasing fertility rates from the low levels seen in the late 1980s, after a continuous fall in the birth rate. In 1994, the total fertility rate was as low as 1.66, but perhaps due to the active family policy of the government in the mid 1990s, it has increased, and maintaine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Since the 1970s, the focus has been on supporting families who are vulnerable such as single parent families and the children of a poor family in order to ensure equality of opportunity. In addition, as many women began to participate in the labor market, the government introduced policies of financial suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate An increasing number of Japanese people are staying unmarried: between 1980 and 2010, the percentage of the population who had never married increased from 22% to almost 30%, even as the population continued to age, and by 2035 one in four people will not marry during their childbearing years. The Japanese s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate The connection between birth rate and economic conditions stems from the fact that US birth rates have fallen to levels comparable to those during the Great Depression during the 1930s. A state-level look at fertility, based on a report published by the Pew Research Center in October 2011, points out the str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate The unemployment rate shows a similar pattern—unemployment among Hispanics increased 2.0 percentage points from 2007 to 2008, while for whites the increase was 0.9 percentage points. A recent report from the Pew Hispanic Center revealed that Hispanics have also been the biggest losers in terms of wealth sinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate National Institutes of Health announced that the adolescent birth rate continues to decline. In 2013, teenage birth rates in the U.S. were at the lowest level in U.S. history. Teen birth rates in the U.S. have decreased from 1991 through 2012 (except for an increase from 2005–2007). The other aberration from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate The current US birth rates are not high enough to maintain the size of the U.S. population, according to The Economist. There are many factors that interact in complex ways, influencing the births rate of a population. Developed countries have a lower birth rate than underdeveloped countries (see Income and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Birth rate Reproductive health can also affect the birth rate, as untreated infections can lead to fertility problems, as can be seen in the "infertility belt" - a region that stretches across central Africa from the United Republic of Tanzania in the east to Gabon in the west, and which has a lower fertility than othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=515898 |
Historic value In the study of collectibles, historic value means an increase in value because of historical aging. Collectibles - Rares - Rarity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=518089 |
Managerial economics deals with the application of the economic concepts, theories, tools, and methodologies to solve practical problems in a business. In other words, managerial economics is the combination of economics theory and managerial theory. It helps the manager in decision-making and acts as a link between pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=523104 |
Managerial economics In many countries it is possible to read for a degree in Business Economics which often covers managerial economics, financial economics, game theory, business forecasting and industrial economics. to a certain degree is prescriptive in nature as it suggests course of action to a managerial problem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=523104 |
Cadbury Report The Cadbury Report, titled "Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance", is a report issued by "The Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance" chaired by Adrian Cadbury that sets out recommendations on the arrangement of company boards and accounting systems to mitigate corporate governan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=528210 |
Bertrand paradox (economics) In economics and commerce, the Bertrand paradox — named after its creator, Joseph Bertrand — describes a situation in which two players (firms) reach a state of Nash equilibrium where both firms charge a price equal to marginal cost ("MC"). The paradox is that in models such as Cournot comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=528305 |
Bertrand paradox (economics) For the case of finite monopoly profits, it has been shown that positive profits under price competition are impossible in mixed equilibria and even in the more general case of correlated equilibria. The Bertrand paradox rarely appears in practice because real products are almost always dif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=528305 |
Positive economics (as opposed to normative economics) is the branch of economics that concerns the description and explanation of economic phenomena. It focuses on facts and cause-and-effect behavioral relationships and includes the development and testing of economic theories. An earlier term was value-free (German: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531357 |
Positive economics The methodological basis for a positive/normative distinction has its roots in the fact-value distinction in philosophy, the principal proponents of such distinctions being David Hume and G. E. Moore. The logical basis of such a relation as a dichotomy has been disputed in the philosophical literatur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531357 |
Normative economics (as opposed to positive economics) is a part of economics that is objective fairness or what the outcome of the economy or goals of public policy "ought to be". Economists commonly prefer to distinguish normative economics ("what ought to be" in economic matters) from positive economics ("what is").... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531367 |
Normative economics Some earlier technical problems posed in welfare economics and the theory of justice have been sufficiently addressed as to leave room for consideration of proposals in applied fields such as resource allocation, public policy, social indicators, and inequality and poverty measurement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=531367 |
External debt External loan (or foreign debt) is the total debt which the residents of a country owe to foreign creditors; its complement is internal debt which is owed to domestic lenders. The debtors can be the government, corporations or citizens of that country. The debt includes money owed to private commercial ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535650 |
External debt For example, while Egypt maintains this four-head classification, in India it is classified in seven heads: Sustainable debt is the level of debt which allows a debtor country to meet its current and future debt service obligations in full, without recourse to further debt relief or rescheduling, avoiding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535650 |
External debt According to these two institutions, "bringing the net present value (NPV) of external public debt down to about 150 percent of a country's exports or 250 percent of a country's revenues" would help eliminating this "critical barrier to longer-term debt sustainability". High external debt is believed to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535650 |
External debt Examples of liquidity monitoring indicators include the The final indicators are more forward-looking, as they point out how the debt burden will evolve over time, given the current stock of data and average interest rate. The dynamic ratios show how the debt-burden ratios would change in the absence of r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535650 |
Edgeworth box In economics, an Edgeworth box, named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, is a way of representing various distributions of resources. Edgeworth made his presentation in his book "Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences", 1881. Edgeworth's original two-axis depi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537821 |
Edgeworth box Thus, every possible division of the goods between the two people can be represented as a point in the box. Indifference curves (derived from each consumer's utility function) can be drawn in the box for both Abby and Octavio. The points on each person's indifference curve represent equally liked combinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537821 |
Edgeworth box Any point in the interior of this lens represents an allocation of the two goods between the two people such that both people would be better off than at the corners of the lens, since the interior point is on an indifference curve farther from both of their respective origins, and thus, each individual a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537821 |
Edgeworth box Other authors who have a more game theoretical bent, such as Martin Osborne and Ariel Rubinstein (1994), use the term core for the section of the Pareto set which is at least as good for each consumer as the initial endowment. In order to calculate the Pareto set, the slope of the indifference curves for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537821 |
Risk premium For an individual, a risk premium is the minimum amount of money by which the expected return on a risky asset must exceed the known return on a risk-free asset in order to induce an individual to hold the risky asset rather than the risk-free asset. It is positive if the person is risk averse. Thus it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=539962 |
Risk premium Further, the certainty equivalent "C" is defined by thus the certainty equivalent is the certain value which is equally attractive as the risky asset; due to risk aversion the certainty equivalent will be less than the expected return on the risky asset. Suppose a game show participant may choose one of tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=539962 |
Risk premium In finance, a common approach for measuring risk premia is to compare the risk-free return on T-bills and the risky return on other investments (using the "ex post" return as a proxy for the "ex ante" expected return). The difference between these two returns can be interpreted as a measure of the excess e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=539962 |
Classical general equilibrium model The classical general equilibrium model aims to describe the economy by aggregating the behavior of individuals and firms. Note that the classical general equilibrium model is unrelated to classical economics, and was instead developed within neoclassical economics beginning in the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540392 |
Classical general equilibrium model Some notation: Let us specify this output (commodity supply) function as: It is an increasing concave function with respect to L because of the Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor. Note that in this simplified model, labour is the only factor of production. If we were analysing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540392 |
Classical general equilibrium model Some notation: Consumption constraint = profit income + wage income<br> total utility = utility from consumption - disutility from work <br> formula_12<br> substitute consumption: <br> formula_13 Maximized utility function: <br> formula_14<br> When functions are given, Labor Supply (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=540392 |
Contract curve In microeconomics, the contract curve is the set of points representing final allocations of two goods between two people that could occur as a result of mutually beneficial trading between those people given their initial allocations of the goods. All the points on this locus are Pareto efficient alloca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541323 |
Contract curve As with all points that are Pareto efficient, each point on the contract curve is a point of tangency between an indifference curve of one person and an indifference curve of the other person. Thus, on the contract curve the marginal rate of substitution is the same for both people. Assume the existence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541323 |
Contract curve Since the trades will always provide each person with more of one good and less of the other, trading results in movement upward and to the left, or downward and to the right, in the diagram. The two people will continue to trade so long as each one's marginal rate of substitution (the absolute value of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541323 |
Contract curve , formula_2 and formula_3 refer to the final levels of utility experienced by person 1 and person 2 respectively, formula_4 refers to the level of utility that person 2 would receive from the initial allocation without trading at all, and formula_5 and formula_6 refer to the fixed total quantities availa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541323 |
Contract curve Maximize a weighted average of the utilities of persons 1 and 2, with weights "b" and 1 – "b", subject to the constraints that the allocations of each good not exceed its supply and subject to the constraints that both people's utilities be at least as great as their utilities at the initial endowments: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541323 |
Trade justice is a campaign by non-governmental organisations, plus efforts by other actors, to change the rules and practices of world trade in order to promote fairness. These organizations include consumer groups, trade unions, faith groups, aid agencies and environmental groups. The organizations campaigning for tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544484 |
Trade justice Today, the trade justice movement concentrates more on the abolition of agricultural subsidies and dumping, and to a much lesser extent on offsetting penalties on "unfair" goods. Indeed, although there are many who are still critical of free trade in general, there is a trend towards campaigning against w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544484 |
Trade justice In trading blocs such as the European Union (EU), the campaigns seek to influence policy across a number of member state governments. "Trade Justice" and "Fair Trade" were originally used by those supporting social justice and the alleviation of the intense poverty found in many developing nations. They c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544484 |
Trade justice This view is strenuously contested by trade law officials and many domestic policy makers. "The mostly widely referred to demand of trade justice campaigners is access to the markets of developed countries or rich countries. When developing countries export to developed country markets, they often face ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544484 |
Trade justice The term "trade justice" emphasizes that even if the playing field were level, instead of tilted against developing countries, the poorest developing countries in particular would still struggle to gain from trade if forced to trade under free trade terms. This is because of their overwhelming lack of com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544484 |
Tankan (短観), a shorthand for "kigyō tanki keizai kansoku chōsa" (企業短期経済観測調査, literally Business Short-Term Economic Sentiment Survey), is a quarterly poll of business confidence reported by the Bank of Japan showing the status of the Japanese economy. It is one of the key financial measures in Japan and has considerabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=545544 |
Yield curve In finance, the yield curve is a curve showing several yields to maturity or interest rates across different contract lengths (2 month, 2 year, 20 year, etc. ...) for a similar debt contract. The curve shows the relation between the (level of the) interest rate (or cost of borrowing) and the time to maturit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve A risk premium is needed by the market, since at longer durations there is more uncertainty and a greater chance of catastrophic events that impact the investment. This explanation depends on the notion that the economy faces more uncertainties in the distant future than in the near term. This effect is ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve The shape of the yield curve is influenced by supply and demand: for instance, if there is a large demand for long bonds, for instance from pension funds to match their fixed liabilities to pensioners, and not enough bonds in existence to meet this demand, then the yields on long bonds can be expected to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve These yield curves are typically a little higher than government curves. They are the most important and widely used in the financial markets, and are known variously as the LIBOR curve or the swap curve. The construction of the swap curve is described below. Besides the government curve and the LIBOR curve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve It also creates a need for a risk premium associated with the uncertainty about the future rate of inflation and the risk this poses to the future value of cash flows. Investors price these risks into the yield curve by demanding higher yields for maturities further into the future. In a positively sloped y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve This type of curve can be seen at the beginning of an economic expansion (or after the end of a recession). Here, economic stagnation will have depressed short-term interest rates; however, rates begin to rise once the demand for capital is re-established by growing economic activity. In January 2010, the g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve Economist Campbell Harvey's 1986 dissertation showed that an inverted yield curve accurately forecasts U.S. recessions. An inverted curve has indicated a worsening economic situation in the future eight times since 1970. In addition to potentially signaling an economic decline, inverted yield curves also im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve The New York Fed publishes a monthly recession probability prediction derived from the yield curve and based on Estrella's work. All the recessions in the US since 1970 have been preceded by an inverted yield curve (10-year vs 3-month). Over the same time frame, every occurrence of an inverted yield curve h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve Estrella and others have postulated that the yield curve affects the business cycle via the balance sheet of banks (or bank-like financial institutions). When the yield curve is inverted, banks are often caught paying more on short-term deposits (or other forms of short-term wholesale funding) than they are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve If this did not hold, the theory assumes that investors would quickly demand more of the current short-term or long-term bonds (whichever gives the higher expected long-term yield), and this would drive down the return on current bonds of that term and drive up the yield on current bonds of the other term, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve The liquidity premium theory is an offshoot of the pure expectations theory. The liquidity premium theory asserts that long-term interest rates not only reflect investors' assumptions about future interest rates but also include a premium for holding long-term bonds (investors prefer short term bonds to lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve Proponents of this theory believe that short-term investors are more prevalent in the fixed-income market, and therefore longer-term rates tend to be higher than short-term rates, for the most part, but short-term rates can be higher than long-term rates occasionally. This theory is consistent with both the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve dollar would no longer be based on the gold standard, thereby ending the Bretton Woods system and initiating the era of floating exchange rates. Floating exchange rates made life more complicated for bond traders, including those at Salomon Brothers in New York City. By the middle of the 1970s, encouraged b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve Vasicek's model has been superseded by many different models including the Hull–White model (which allows for time varying parameters in the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process), the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model, which is a modified Bessel process, and the Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework. There are also many modifications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve the annualized interest rate) for borrowing money for that period of time via the formula The significant difficulty in defining a yield curve therefore is to determine the function P("t"). P is called the discount factor function or the zero coupon bond. Yield curves are built from either prices available ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve The spread between the LIBOR or swap rate and the government bond yield, usually positive, meaning private borrowing is at a premium above government borrowing, of similar maturity is a measure of risk tolerance of the lenders. For the U. S. market, a common benchmark for such a spread is given by the so-ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve It transpires that the most natural method – that of minimizing formula_9 by least squares regression – leads to unsatisfactory results. The large number of zeroes in the matrix "A" mean that function "P" turns out to be "bumpy". In their comprehensive book on interest rate modelling James and Webber note t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve The result is that, in practice, curves are built as a "set" and not individually, where, correspondingly: (i) "forecast curves" are constructed for "each" floating-leg Libor tenor; and (ii) discounting is on a single, common OIS curve which must simultaneously be constructed. See for the math, and for cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Yield curve Because longer-term bonds have a larger duration, a rise in rates will cause a larger capital loss for them, than for short-term bonds. But almost always, the long maturity's rate will change much less, flattening the yield curve. The greater change in rates at the short end will offset to some extent the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=547742 |
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-worl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics There are two general sets of questions that experimental economists typically ask when examining such games: (1) Can laboratory subjects coordinate, or learn to coordinate, on one of multiple equilibria, and if so are there general principles that can help predict which equilibrium is likely to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Oftentimes, the general patterns of learning behavior can be best illustrated with individual choice tasks. In games of two players or more, the subjects often form beliefs about what actions the other subjects are taking and these beliefs are updated over time. This is known as belief learning. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Generality in games is addressed by replacing fixed parameters with "self-tuning" functions of experience, allowing pseudo-parameters to change over the course of a game and to also vary systematically across games. Modern experimental economists have done much notable work recently. Roberto Webe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Smith studied the behavior of "buyers" and "sellers", who are told how much they "value" a fictitious commodity and then are asked to competitively "bid" or "ask" on these commodities following the rules of various real world market institutions (e.g., the Double auction as well the English and D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Experimental finance studies financial markets with the goals of establishing different market settings and environments to observe experimentally and analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion and aggregation, price setting mechanism and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Hence, contract theory is difficult to test in the field: If the researcher could verify the relevant variables, then the contractual parties could contract on these variables, hence any interesting contract-theoretic problem would disappear. Yet, in laboratory experiments it is possible to direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Experimental economics Specifically, economics experiments are often challenged because of concerns about their "internal validity" and "external validity", for example, that they are not applicable models for many types of economic behavior, so the experiments simply aren't good enough to produce useful answers. Howev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=548102 |
Development as Freedom is a 1999 book about international development by Indian economist and philosopher Amartya Sen. The American edition of the book was published by Alfred A. Knopf. Amartya Sen was the winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economics. was published one year later and argues that "development" entails a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=549891 |
National Science and Technology Development Agency The (NSTDA) is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551247 |
The Case Against Free Trade The Case Against Free Trade: GATT, NAFTA, and the Globalization of Corporate Power () is a book edited by Ralph Nader which was first published in 1993. Besides Nader himself, the chapters are authored by many well known writers, activists and politicians. The volume is claims critical of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=551763 |
Free Culture (book) Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity (published in paperback as Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity) is a 2004 book by law professor Lawrence Lessig that was released on the Internet under the Creative Commons Attribution/N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) One way was to extend the term "on the installment plan". Another was to broaden the scope to include not only copying but creating "derivative works". This latter broadening is so ambiguous that it provides a foundation for massive abuse of power by companies holding large copyright portfolios. For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) "Free Culture"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s message is different, Lessig writes, because it is "about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important." (pg. xiv) Professor Lessig analyzes the te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) " He also argues for the creation of shorter renewable periods of copyright and a limitation on derivative rights, such as limiting a publisher's ability to stop the publication of copies of an author's book on the internet for non-commercial purposes or create a compulsory licensing scheme to ensur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) In the first, an example of "free culture", he describes how aircraft operators did not have to abide by an old law that land owners also owned the air above the property and thus could forbid overflight. In the second, an example of a "permissions culture", he describes how David Sarnoff, president... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) Initially, the law, "protected the incentives of creators by granting them exclusive rights to their creative work, so that they could sell those exclusive rights in a commercial marketplace." This protection has become far more extensive, as is evinced in the Armstrong/RCA example. Lessig argues th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) He writes that the First Amendment protects creators against state control and copyright law, when properly balanced, protects creators against private control. Expansive intellectual property rights stands to dramatically increase all regulations on creativity in America, stifling innovation by req... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) " This new role of law is meant to protect copyright owners from 'pirates' who share their content for free, effectively 'robbing' the creator of any profit. Lessig acknowledges piracy is wrong and deserving of punishment, however he is concerned the concept, as it appears in the context of 'interne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) Importantly, Lessig points out, throughout human history, "every society has left a certain bit of its culture free for the taking." This free culture has historically been deliberate, and widely appreciated. In fact, "creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the creati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) However, the law still remains: If you sing a copyrighted song in public, you are legally required to pay the copyright holder. Copyright law has also been extended to threaten the very creativity that is a central value of our society, burdening it "with insanely complex and vague rules and with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) The resulting potential for media literacy could help ordinary people not only communicate their concerns better but also make it easier for them to understand when they are being suckered into things not in their interests. However, current copyright law effectively restricts the use of this to ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
Free Culture (book) Lessig says it best ‘ it is the special duty of policy makers to guarantee that that protection not become a deterrent to progress’ He specifies that his argument is not about justification of protection of copyrights but the effects of changing the law regarding copyright in the face of the Interne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553671 |
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