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Inflation The inflation rate is the percentage change of a price index over time. The Retail Prices Index is also a measure of inflation that is commonly used in the United Kingdom. It is broader than the CPI and contains a larger basket of goods and services. To illustrate the method of calculation, in January 2007, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation This is the purpose of a price index, which is the combined price of a "basket" of many goods and services. The combined price is the sum of the weighted prices of items in the "basket". A weighted price is calculated by multiplying the unit price of an item by the number of that item the average consumer pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation New products may be introduced, older products disappear, the quality of existing products may change, and consumer preferences can shift. Both the sorts of goods and services which are included in the "basket" and the weighted price used in inflation measures will be changed over time to keep pace with the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation This problem can be overcome by including all available price changes in the calculation, and then choosing the median value. In some other cases, governments may intentionally report false inflation rates; for instance, during the presidency of Cristina Kirchner (2007–2015) the government of Argentina was cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation However, in the short and medium term inflation may be affected by supply and demand pressures in the economy, and influenced by the relative elasticity of wages, prices and interest rates. The question of whether the short-term effects last long enough to be important is the central topic of debate between m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Another (although much less common) cause can be a rapid decline in the "demand" for money, as happened in Europe during the Black Death, or in the Japanese occupied territories just before the defeat of Japan in 1945. The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a cri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Thus, central banks can influence the money supply by making money cheaper or more expensive, thus increasing or decreasing its production. A fundamental concept in inflation analysis is the relationship between inflation and unemployment, called the Phillips curve. This model suggests that there is a trade-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation ) If GDP exceeds its potential (and unemployment is below the NAIRU), the theory says that inflation will "accelerate" as suppliers increase their prices and built-in inflation worsens. If GDP falls below its potential level (and unemployment is above the NAIRU), inflation will "decelerate" as suppliers attem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation In Marxian economics, the unemployed serve as a reserve army of labor, which restrain wage inflation. In the 20th century, similar concepts in Keynesian economics include the NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Rate of Unemployment) and the Phillips curve. Monetarists believe the most significant factor influencing infla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Under these assumptions, the primary driver of the change in the general price level is changes in the quantity of money. With exogenous velocity (that is, velocity being determined externally and not being influenced by monetary policy), the money supply determines the value of nominal output (which equals f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation In this view, while generally grounded in monetarism, future expectations and strategies are important for inflation as well. A core assertion of rational expectations theory is that actors will seek to "head off" central-bank decisions by acting in ways that fulfill predictions of higher inflation. This mean... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Ludwig von Mises said that inflation should refer to an increase in the quantity of money that is not offset by a corresponding increase in the need for money, and that price inflation will necessarily follow. The real bills doctrine asserts that banks should issue their money in exchange for short-term real ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation In the wake of the collapse of the international gold standard post 1913, and the move towards deficit financing of government, RBD has remained a minor topic, primarily of interest in limited contexts, such as currency boards. It is generally held in ill repute today, with Frederic Mishkin, a governor of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Their ability to do so will depend on the degree to which their income is fixed. For example, increases in payments to workers and pensioners often lag behind inflation, and for some people income is fixed. Also, individuals or institutions with cash assets will experience a decline in the purchasing power of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation. Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving. can also impose hidden tax increases. For instance, infl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Some central banks have a symmetrical inflation target while others only control inflation when it rises above a threshold, whether publicly disclosed or not. In the 21st century, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation. In most countries, central banks or other monetary authorities are taske... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation 6 trillion down to $7.9 trillion. In the latter part of the 20th century, there was a debate between Keynesians and monetarists about the appropriate instrument to use to control inflation. Monetarists emphasize a low and steady growth rate of the money supply, while the Keynesians emphasize reducing aggregat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation dollar. This limited inflation in those countries, but also exposed them to the danger of speculative attacks. After the Bretton Woods agreement broke down in the early 1970s, countries gradually turned to floating exchange rates. However, in the later part of the 20th century, some countries reverted to a fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation Under a gold standard, the long term rate of inflation (or deflation) would be determined by the growth rate of the supply of gold relative to total output. Critics argue that this will cause arbitrary fluctuations in the inflation rate, and that monetary policy would essentially be determined by gold mining.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation For example, if the official price of bread is too low, there will be too little bread at official prices, and too little investment in bread making by the market to satisfy future needs, thereby exacerbating the problem in the long term. Temporary controls may "complement" a recession as a way to fight infla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Inflation It does not control inflation, but rather seeks to mitigate the consequences of inflation for those on fixed incomes. Salaries are typically adjusted annually in low inflation economies. During hyperinflation they are adjusted more often. They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geograph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38286 |
Auxiliary power is electric power that is provided by an alternate source and that serves as backup for the primary power source at the station main bus or prescribed sub-bus. An offline unit provides electrical isolation between the primary power source and the critical technical load whereas an online unit does not. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758 |
Auxiliary power explains for how a significant portion of emissions come from commercial vehicles. Diesel engines operating within densely populated areas, running within an ineffective range in order to power their auxiliary systems, such as refrigeration, are contributors to a large portion of the emissions from aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758 |
Auxiliary power Types of ASPS necessary for adequate power generation include: internal combustion engines, microturbines, solar cells, fuel cells, and wind turbines. ASPS technology is required to be reliable enough to start up quickly, and run for extended periods of time, (i.e. 48 hours or more) with sufficient fue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758 |
Auxiliary power There are a great many factors such as machinery variables, power schemes, and size and power of vessels, that there are too many factors to take into account in order to portray an accurate representation of the ratio between main power and auxiliary power output. More surveys and studies should be don... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758 |
Subscription (finance) Subscription refers to the process of investors signing up and committing to invest in a financial instrument, before the actual closing of the purchase. The term comes from the Latin word "subscribere". An early form of subscription was praenumeration, a common business practice in the 18th-cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41913 |
Subscription (finance) At the end of the subscription period, the demand for a new issue can exceed the number of shares or bonds being issued. In such cases, the underwriting bank allots the securities with the approval of the issuer, either by lottery or on the basis of a formula. An allotment formula usually takes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41913 |
Primary market The primary market is the part of the capital market that deals with the issuance and sale of equity-backed securities to investors directly by the issuer. Investors buy securities that were never traded before. Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities raise funds fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41915 |
Primary market The securities issued at the primary market can be issued in "face value", "premium value," and "at par value." Once issued, the securities typically trade on a secondary market such as a stock exchange, bond market or derivatives exchange. Corporate entities raise funds from the primary market in three ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41915 |
Monetarism is a school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation. Monetarist theory asserts that variations in the money supply have major influences on national output in the short run and on price levels over longer periods. Monetarists ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism This theory draws its roots from two historically antagonistic schools of thought: the hard money policies that dominated monetary thinking in the late 19th century, and the monetary theories of John Maynard Keynes, who, working in the inter-war period during the failure of the restored gold standard, propos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism Most monetarists oppose the gold standard. Friedman, for example, viewed a pure gold standard as impractical. For example, whereas one of the benefits of the gold standard is that the intrinsic limitations to the growth of the money supply by the use of gold would prevent inflation, if the growth of populati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism In this, Friedman challenged a simplification attributed to Keynes suggesting that "money does not matter." Thus the word 'monetarist' was coined. The rise of the popularity of monetarism also picked up in political circles when Keynesian economics seemed unable to explain or cure the seemingly contradictory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism Nevertheless, the influence of monetarism on the Federal Reserve was twofold: a direct influence, by the adherence of some members of the Federal Open Market Committee to monetarist ideas; and an indirect influence, because monetarist views were taken into account in the determination of US monetary policy: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism They also maintained that post-war inflation was caused by an over-expansion of the money supply. They made famous the assertion of monetarism that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon". Many Keynesian economists initially believed that the Keynesian vs. monetarist debate was solely abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Monetarism This is because of events that many economists interpreted as being inexplicable in monetarist terms: the disconnection of the money supply growth from inflation in the 1990s and the failure of pure monetary policy to stimulate the economy in the 2001–2003 period. Former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greensp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42423 |
Simulation A simulation is an approximate imitation of the operation of a process or system; that represents its operation over time. is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. Often, computer experi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of systems theory and cybernetics combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept. "Physical simulation" refers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation "Deterministic simulation" is a simulation which is not stochastic: thus the variables are regulated by deterministic algorithms. So replicated runs from the same boundary conditions always produce identical results. "Hybrid Simulation" (sometime Combined Simulation) corresponds to a mix between Continuous a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be made: Human in the loop simulations can include a computer simulation as a so-called "synthetic environment". "in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitution for, modelin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Less theoretically, an interesting application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers. In computer architecture, a type of simulator, typically called an "emulator", is often used to execute a program that has to run on some inconvenient type of computer (for example, a newly designe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation In such situations they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system. Simulations in education are somewhat like training simula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation These may, for example, take the form of civics simulations, in which participants assume roles in a simulated society, or international relations simulations in which participants engage in negotiations, alliance formation, trade, diplomacy, and the use of force. Such simulations might be based on fictitiou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Virtual simulations represent a specific category of simulation that utilizes simulation equipment to create a simulated world for the user. Virtual simulations allow users to interact with a virtual world. Virtual worlds operate on platforms of integrated software and hardware components. In this manner, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation , virtual people) or to manipulate objects in the simulation (e.g., information). Voice interaction presumably increases the level of immersion for the user. Research in future input systems holds a great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) offer the abil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Vestibular display: These displays provide a sense of motion to the user (motion simulator). They often manifest as motion bases for virtual vehicle simulation such as driving simulators or flight simulators. Motion bases are fixed in place but use actuators to move the simulator in ways that can produce the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation In other simulations, visual components of the procedure are reproduced by computer graphics techniques, while touch-based components are reproduced by haptic feedback devices combined with physical simulation routines computed in response to the user's actions. Medical simulations of this sort will often us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation " Eder-Van Hook (2004) also noted that medical errors kill up to 98,000 with an estimated cost between $37 and $50 million and $17 to $29 billion for preventable adverse events dollars per year. is being used to study patient safety, as well as train medical professionals. Studying patient safety and safety ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Although evidence that simulation-based training actually improves patient outcome has been slow to accrue, today the ability of simulation to provide hands-on experience that translates to the operating room is no longer in doubt. One of the largest factors that might impact the ability to have training imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation , Chinese culture) as a "diagnostic" instrument, allowing women to consult male physicians while maintaining social laws of modesty. Models are used today to help students learn the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and organ systems. In 2002, the Society for in Healthcare (SSH) was formed to become a le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation The process of iterative learning through assessment, evaluation, decision making, and error correction creates a much stronger learning environment than passive instruction. Simulators have been proposed as an ideal tool for assessment of students for clinical skills. For patients, "cybertherapy" can be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation in entertainment encompasses many large and popular industries such as film, television, video games (including serious games) and rides in theme parks. Although modern simulation is thought to have its roots in training and the military, in the 20th century it also became a conduit for enterprises which wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Advances in technology in the 1980s caused 3D simulation to become more widely used and it began to appear in movies and in computer-based games such as Atari's "Battlezone" (1980) and Acornsoft's "Elite" (1984), one of the first wire-frame 3D graphics games for home computers. Advances in technology in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation The advent of virtual cinematography in the early 2000s (decade) has led to an explosion of movies that would have been impossible to shoot without it. Classic examples are the digital look-alikes of Neo, Smith and other characters in the Matrix sequels and the extensive use of physically impossible camera r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation games, as opposed to other genres of video and computer games, represent or simulate an environment accurately. Moreover, they represent the interactions between the playable characters and the environment realistically. These kinds of games are usually more complex in terms of gameplay. games have become in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Today's simulator rides, such as The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man include elements to increase the amount of immersion experienced by the riders such as: 3D imagery, physical effects (spraying water or producing scents), and movement through an environment. Manufacturing represents one of the most import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation For novice drivers, truck simulators provide an opportunity to begin their career by applying best practice. For mature drivers, simulation provides the ability to enhance good driving or to detect poor practice and to suggest the necessary steps for remedial action. For companies, it provides an opportunity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation AnyLogic is an example of modern, large-scale urban simulators designed for use by urban planners. City simulators are generally agent-based simulations with explicit representations for land use and transportation. UrbanSim and LEAM are examples of large-scale urban simulation models that are used by metrop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Modern satellite communications systems (SATCOM) are often large and complex with many interacting parts and elements. In addition, the need for broadband connectivity on a moving vehicle has increased dramatically in the past few years for both commercial and military applications. To accurately predict and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation The use of simulation throughout the product lifecycle, especially at the earlier concept and design stages, has the potential of providing substantial benefits. These benefits range from direct cost issues such as reduced prototyping and shorter time-to-market to better performing products and higher margin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Disaster preparedness simulations can involve training on how to handle terrorism attacks, natural disasters, pandemic outbreaks, or other life-threatening emergencies. One organization that has used simulation training for disaster preparedness is CADE (Center for Advancement of Distance Education). CADE ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation ESP uses simulation to train on the following situations: forest fire fighting, oil or chemical spill response, earthquake response, law enforcement, municipal firefighting, hazardous material handling, military training, and response to terrorist attack One feature of the simulation system is the implementa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Some emergency training simulators also allow for immediate feedback, while other simulations may provide a summary and instruct the learner to engage in the learning topic again. In a live-emergency situation, emergency responders do not have time to waste. Simulation-training in this environment provides a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation For example, in electrical engineering, delay lines may be used to simulate propagation delay and phase shift caused by an actual transmission line. Similarly, dummy loads may be used to simulate impedance without simulating propagation and is used in situations where propagation is unwanted. A simulator may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Ergonomic simulation involves the analysis of virtual products or manual tasks within a virtual environment. In the engineering process, the aim of ergonomics is to develop and to improve the design of products and work environments. Ergonomic simulation utilizes an anthropometric virtual representation of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Some ergonomics simulation software permits interactive, real-time simulation and evaluation through actual human input via motion capture technologies. However, motion capture for ergonomics requires expensive equipment and the creation of props to represent the environment or product. Some applications of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation There are stock market simulations, portfolio simulations, risk management simulations or models and forex simulations. Such simulations are typically based on stochastic asset models. Using these simulations in a training program allows for the application of theory into a something akin to real life. As wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Once fuel, maintenance, and insurance costs are taken into account, the operating costs of an FSTD are usually substantially lower than the operating costs of the simulated aircraft. For some large transport category airplanes, the operating costs may be several times lower for the FSTD than the actual aircr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are models in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. They exist in many different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, their scope has widened to include not only military but a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Central banks have been using payment system simulations to evaluate things such as the adequacy or sufficiency of liquidity available ( in the form of account balances and intraday credit limits) to participants (mainly banks) to allow efficient settlement of payments. The need for liquidity is also depende... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation An inference is usually done by comparing the benchmark simulation results to the results of altered simulation setups by comparing indicators such as unsettled transactions or settlement delays. Project management simulation is simulation used for project management training and analysis. It is often used a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation A production system is very much dynamic depending on variations in manufacturing processes, assembly times, machine set-ups, breaks, breakdowns and small stoppages. There are lots of software commonly used for discrete event simulation. They differ in usability and markets but do often share the same founda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation Accuscore, which is licensed by companies such as ESPN, is a well-known simulation program for all major sports. It offers a detailed analysis of games through simulated betting lines, projected point totals and overall probabilities. With the increased interest in fantasy sports simulation models that predi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation The Space Shuttle engineering community would participate in a launch countdown integrated simulation before each Shuttle flight. This simulation is a virtual simulation where real people interact with simulated Space Shuttle vehicle and Ground Support Equipment (GSE) hardware. The Shuttle Final Countdown Ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation The Space Shuttle vehicle hardware and related GSE hardware is simulated by mathematical models (written in Shuttle Ground Operations Simulator (SGOS) modeling language) that behave and react like real hardware. During the Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation, engineers command and control hardware via r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Simulation For testing receivers that will use the new Galileo (satellite navigation) there is no alternative, as the real signals do not yet exist. Predicting weather conditions by extrapolating/interpolating previous data is one of the real use of simulation. Most of the weather forecasts use this information publish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444 |
Operations research () (OR) is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. Further, the term operational analysis is used in the British (and some British Commonwealth) military as an intrinsic part of capability development, management and assurance. In pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Operational research (OR) encompasses the development and the use of a wide range of problem-solving techniques and methods applied in the pursuit of improved decision-making and efficiency, such as simulation, mathematical optimization, queueing theory and other stochastic-process models, Markov de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research In the 17th century mathematicians like Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) and Blaise Pascal (problem of points) tried to solve problems involving complex decisions with probability. Others in the 18th and 19th centuries solved these types of problems with combinatorics. Charles Babbage's research into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Scientists in the United Kingdom (including Patrick Blackett (later Lord Blackett OM PRS), Cecil Gordon, Solly Zuckerman, (later Baron Zuckerman OM, KCB, FRS), C. H. Waddington, Owen Wansbrough-Jones, Frank Yates, Jacob Bronowski and Freeman Dyson), and in the United States (George Dantzig) looked f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Blackett's team at Coastal Command's Operational Research Section (CC-ORS) included two future Nobel prize winners and many other people who went on to be pre-eminent in their fields. They undertook a number of crucial analyses that aided the war effort. Britain introduced the convoy system to reduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research This change indicated that 30% more submarines would be attacked and sunk for the same number of sightings. As a result of these findings Coastal Command changed their aircraft to using white undersurfaces. Other work by the CC-ORS indicated that on average if the trigger depth of aerial-delivered d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Bomber Command's Operational Research Section (BC-ORS), analyzed a report of a survey carried out by RAF Bomber Command. For the survey, Bomber Command inspected all bombers returning from bombing raids over Germany over a particular period. All damage inflicted by German air defences was noted and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research When Germany organized its air defences into the Kammhuber Line, it was realized by the British that if the RAF bombers were to fly in a bomber stream they could overwhelm the night fighters who flew in individual cells directed to their targets by ground controllers. It was then a matter of calcula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Operational research doubled the on-target bomb rate of B-29s bombing Japan from the Marianas Islands by increasing the training ratio from 4 to 10 percent of flying hours; revealed that wolf-packs of three United States submarines were the most effective number to enable all members of the pack to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Moreover, the large volumes of data required for such problems can be stored and manipulated very efficiently." Much of operations research (modernly known as 'analytics') relies upon stochastic variables and a therefore access to truly random numbers. Fortunately the cybernetics field also required... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Management scientists help businesses to achieve their goals using the scientific methods of operational research. The management scientist's mandate is to use rational, systematic, science-based techniques to inform and improve decisions of all kinds. Of course, the techniques of management science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Operations research Therefore, during the past 30 years, a number of non-quantified modeling methods have been developed. These include: The International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) is an umbrella organization for operational research societies worldwide, representing approximately 50 national... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43476 |
Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and movement encompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that oppose capitalism. In this sense, anti-capitalists are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type of economic system, usually some form of socialism. Socialism advocates public or direct worker ownership ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism According to socialists, private property in the means of production becomes obsolete when it concentrates into centralized, socialized institutions based on private appropriation of revenue (but based on cooperative work and internal planning in allocation of inputs) until the role of the capitalist be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism " Recognising its need for state protection, Stirner argued that "[i]t need not make any difference to the 'good citizens' who protects them and their principles, whether an absolute King or a constitutional one, a republic, if only they are protected. And what is their principle, whose protector they a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism Within anarchism there emerged a critique of wage slavery which refers to a situation perceived as quasi-voluntary slavery, where a person's livelihood depends on wages, especially when the dependence is total and immediate. It is a negatively connoted term used to draw an analogy between slavery and wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism With the advent of the industrial revolution, thinkers such as Proudhon and Marx elaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use, Luddites emphasized the dehumanization brought about by machines while later E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism As such, they see a distinction between the concepts of "private property" and "personal possession". Whereas "private property" grants an individual exclusive control over a thing whether it is in use or not, and regardless of its productive capacity, "possession" grants no rights to things that are no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase "vulgar political economy," which Karl Marx described as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism Private ownership over the means of production and distribution is seen as a dependency of non-owning classes on the ruling class, and ultimately a source of restriction of human freedom. Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Anti-capitalism The term wage slavery has been used to criticize exploitation of labour and social stratification, with the former seen primarily as unequal bargaining power between labor and capital (particularly when workers are paid comparatively low wages, e.g. in sweatshops), and the latter as a lack of workers' s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 |
Natural Capitalism Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution is a 1999 book on environmental economics co-authored by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins. It has been translated into a dozen languages and was the subject of a Harvard Business Review summary. In "Natural Capitalism" the authors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45291 |
Natural Capitalism Their fundamental questions are: What would an economy look like if it fully valued all forms of capital? What if an economy were organized not around the abstractions of neoclassical economics and accountancy but around the biological realities of nature? What if generally accepted accounting princi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45291 |
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