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Jeremy Bentham As the hedonic calculus shows "expectation utilities" to be much higher than natural ones, it follows that Bentham does not favour the sacrifice of a few to the benefit of the many. Law professor Alan Dershowitz has quoted Bentham to argue that torture should sometimes be permitted. Bentham's "An Introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Instead of suppressing the evil acts, Bentham argues that certain unnecessary laws and punishments could ultimately lead to new and more dangerous vices than those being punished to begin with, and calls upon legislators to measure the pleasures and pains associated with any legislation and to form laws ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham He was concerned with maxima and minima of pleasures and pains; and they set a precedent for the future employment of the maximisation principle in the economics of the consumer, the firm and the search for an optimum in welfare economics. Bentham advocated "Pauper Management" which involved the creation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham He argued and believed that the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, should be the benchmark, or what he called the "insuperable line". If reason alone were the criterion by which we judge who ought to have rights, human infants and adults with certain forms of disability might fall short, too. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Bentham nevertheless thought women inferior to men regarding such qualities as "strength of intellectual powers" and "firmness of mind". The essay "Paederasty" ("Offences Against One's Self") (c. 1785) argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexual sex. The essay remained unpublished during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham He considered both surveillance and transparency to be useful ways of generating understanding and improvements for people's lives. Bentham distinguished among fictional entities what he called "fabulous entities" like Prince Hamlet or a centaur, from what he termed "fictitious entities", or necessary ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham There is some evidence that, from the sidelines, he played a "more than passive part" in the planning discussions for the new institution, although it is also apparent that "his interest was greater than his influence". He failed in his efforts to see his disciple John Bowring appointed professor of Engl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Several of his works first appeared in French translation, prepared for the press by Étienne Dumont, for example, Theory of Legislation, Volume 2 (Principles of the Penal Code) 1840, Weeks, Jordan, & Company. Boston. Some made their first appearance in English in the 1820s as a result of back-translation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Nevertheless, Bowring's remained the standard edition of most of Bentham's writings for over a century, and is still only partially superseded: it includes such interesting writings on international relations as Bentham's A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace written 1786–89, which forms part IV of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham To assist in this task, the Bentham papers at UCL are being digitised by crowdsourcing their transcription. Transcribe Bentham is an award-winning crowdsourced manuscript transcription project, run by University College London's Bentham Project, in partnership with UCL's UCL Centre for Digital Humanities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham He had continued to write up to a month before his death, and had made careful preparations for the dissection of his body after death and its preservation as an auto-icon. As early as 1769, when Bentham was 21 years old, he made a will leaving his body for dissection to a family friend, the physician an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Upon the retirement of Sir Malcolm Grant as provost of the College in 2013, however, the body was present at Grant's final council meeting. As of 2013, this was the only time that the body of Bentham has been taken to a UCL council meeting. (There is a persistent myth that the body of Bentham is present ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Jeremy Bentham Bentham's name was adopted by the Australian litigation funder IMF Limited to become Bentham IMF Limited on 28 November 2013, in recognition of Bentham being "among the first to support the utility of litigation funding". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46038 |
Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth. As a discipline, political economy originated in moral philosophy, in the 18th century, to explore the administration of states' wealth, with "political" s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Political economy Today, the term "economics" usually refers to the narrow study of the economy absent other political and social considerations while the term "political economy" represents a distinct and competing approach. Political economy, where it is not used as a synonym for economics, may refer to very differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Political economy was thus meant to express the laws of production of wealth at the state level, just as economics was the ordering of the home. The phrase "économie politique" (translated in English as "political economy") first appeared in France in 1615 with the well-known book by Antoine de Montchrétien, "Traité de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Political economy In 1763, Joseph von Sonnenfels was appointed a Political Economy chair at the University of Vienna, Austria. Thomas Malthus, in 1805, became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. In its contemporary meaning, political economy refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Political economy Both approaches model voters, politicians and bureaucrats as behaving in mainly self-interested ways, in contrast to a view, ascribed to earlier mainstream economists, of government officials trying to maximize individual utilities from some kind of social welfare function. As such, economists and pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Political economy Topics have included the breakup of nations, the origins and rate of change of political institutions in relation to economic growth, development, financial markets and regulation, the importance of institutions, backwardness, reform and transition economies, the role of culture, ethnicity and gender ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46044 |
Friedrich Engels ( ; ; sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, historian, communist, social scientist, sociologist, journalist and businessman. His father was an owner of large textile factories in Salford, England and in Barmen, Prussia (what is now in Wuppert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels The wealthy Engels family owned large cotton-textile mills in Barmen and Salford, both expanding industrial metropoles. Friedrich's parents were devout Pietist Protestants and they raised their children accordingly. At the age of 13, Engels attended grammar school ("Gymnasium") in the adjacent city of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels He anonymously published articles in the "Rheinische Zeitung," exposing the poor employment- and living-conditions endured by factory workers. The editor of the "Rheinische Zeitung" was Karl Marx, but Engels would not meet Marx until late November 1842. Engels acknowledged the influence of German philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels The two never married, as both were against the institution of marriage. While Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, he considered the current state and church-regulated marriage as a form of class oppression. Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Archival resources contemporary to Engels's stay in Manchester shed light on some of the conditions he describes, including a manuscript (MMM/10/1) held by special collections at the University of Manchester. This recounts cases seen in the Manchester Royal Infirmary, where industrial accidents dominat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Marx had read and was impressed by Engels's articles on "The Condition of the Working Class in England" in which he had written "A class which bears all the disadvantages of the social order without enjoying its advantages … Who can demand that such a class respect this social order?" Marx adopted Enge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels However, as Ruge remained a Young Hegelian in his belief, Marx and Ruge soon split and Ruge left the "Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher" Nonetheless, following the split, Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on 15 January 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Shortly after their arrival, they contacted and joined the underground German Communist League. The Communist League was the successor organisation to the old League of the Just which had been founded in 1837, but had recently disbanded. Influenced by Wilhelm Weitling, the Communist League was an inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels While most of the associates of Marx and Engels were German immigrants living in Brussels, some of their new associates were Belgians. Phillipe Gigot, a Belgian philosopher and Victor Tedesco, a lawyer from Liège, both joined the Communist League. Joachim Lelewel a prominent Polish historian and partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels While living in Cologne, they created and served as editors for a new daily newspaper called the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Besides Marx and Engels, other frequent contributors to the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung" included Karl Schapper, Wilhelm Wolff, Ernst Dronke, Peter Nothjung, Heinrich Bürgers, Ferdin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels During the visit his father arranged for Friedrich to meet Peter Ermen of the office of "Ermen & Engels", to move to Liverpool, and to take over sole management of the office in Manchester. In 1849 Engels travelled to the Kingdom of Bavaria for the Baden and Palatinate revolutionary uprising, an even m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Marx and others became concerned for Engels's life until they finally heard from him. Engels travelled through Switzerland as a refugee and eventually made it to safety in England. On 6 June 1849 Prussian authorities issued an arrest warrant for Engels which contained a physical description as "height:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels The voyage across the western Mediterranean, around the Iberian Peninsula by sailing schooner took about five weeks. Finally, on 10 November 1849 the "Cornish Diamond" sailed up the River Thames to London with Engels on board. Upon his return to Britain, Engels re-entered the Manchester company in whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Marx and Engels denounced Louis Bonaparte when, on 2 December 1851, he carried out a coup against the French government and made himself president for life. In condemning this action, Engels wrote to Marx on 3 December 1851, characterising the coup as "comical" and referred to it as occurring on "the 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels As early as April 1853, Engels and Marx anticipated an "aristocratic-bourgeois revolution in Russia which would begin in "St. Petersburg with a resulting civil war in the interior." The model for this type of aristocratic-bourgeois revolution in Russia against the autocratic czarist government in favou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels In 1870, Engels moved to London where he and Marx lived until Marx's death in 1883. Engel's London home from 1870–1894 was at 122 Regent's Park Road. In October 1894 he moved to 41 Regent's Park Road, Primrose Hill, NW1, where he died the following year. Marx's first London residence was a cramped apar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Fredrich Engels died of throat cancer in London on 5 August 1895, at the age of 74. Following cremation at Woking Crematorium, his ashes were scattered off Beachy Head, near Eastbourne as he had requested. Engels's interests included poetry, fox hunting, and hosting regular Sunday parties for London's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Former Labour MP Tristram Hunt, author of "The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels", sums up the disconnect between Engels's personality, and the Soviet Union which later utilised his works, stating: As to the religious persuasion attributable to Engels, Hunt writes: Enge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels " Hunt largely exonerates Engels stating that "in no intelligible sense can Engels or Marx bear culpability for the crimes of historical actors carried out generations later, even if the policies were offered up in their honor." Other writers, while admitting the distance between Marx and Engels and St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels And while in his extensive correspondence with German socialists Engels modestly presented his own secondary place in the couple's intellectual relationship and always emphasised Marx's outstanding role, Russian communists like Lenin raised Engels up with Marx and conflated their thoughts as if they we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels The title was suggested by the publisher and is meant as a sarcastic reference to the Bauer Brothers and their supporters. The book created a controversy with much of the press and caused Bruno Bauer to attempt to refute the book in an article published in "Vierteljahrsschrift" in 1845. Bauer claimed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels Many of these ideas were later developed in the unfinished work, "Dialectics of Nature". Three chapters of "Anti-Dühring" were later edited and published under the separate title, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". One of the best selling socialist books of the era, Engels critiques the utopian socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Friedrich Engels If talents permitted it, one could be a baker for a year and an engineer the next. The second point builds upon the first: with the ability of workers to cycle through different jobs of their choosing, the fundamental basis of the social division of labour is destroyed, and the social division of labou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47096 |
Means of production In economics and sociology, the means of production (also called capital goods) are physical and non-financial inputs used in the production of economic value. These include raw materials, facilities, machinery and tools used in the production of goods and services. In the terminology of classical e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47155 |
Means of production The analysis of the technological sophistication of the means of production and how they are owned is a central component in the Marxist theoretical framework of historical materialism and in Marxian economics. In Marx's work and subsequent developments in Marxist theory, the process of socioeconomi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47155 |
Means of production By contrast, socialism is defined as social ownership of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to society at large. Marx's theory of class defines classes in their relation to their ownership and control of the means of production. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47155 |
Means of production The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production"; in "Kapital", he uses "factors of production", in his famous Preface to the "Cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47155 |
Environmental finance is the use of various financial instruments (usually land trusts and emissions trading) to protect the environment. The field is part of both environmental economics and the conservation movement. The field of Environmental Finance was first defined by Richard L. Sandor, American economist and ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47786 |
Market economy A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy Price formation relies on the interaction of supply and demand to reach or approximate an equilibrium where unit price for a particular good or service is at a point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. Governments can intervene by establishing price ceilings or price floors in speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy In addition, there are many variations of market socialism where the majority of capital assets are socially owned with markets allocating resources between socially owned firms. These models range from systems based on employee-owned enterprises based on self-management to a combination of public owners... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel that the term mixed economies more precisely describes most contemporary economies due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to the form of capitalism predominant in Anglophone countries and typified by the economy of the United States. It is contrasted with European models of capitalism such as the continental social market model and the Nordic model. Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to a macroecono... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy The social market economic model (sometimes called Rhine capitalism) is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free-market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system. Market socialism traces its roots to classical economics ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy Some anarchists and libertarian socialists promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed cooperatively by their workforce so that the profits directly remunerate the employee-owners. These cooperative enterprises would compete with each other in the same way private compan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy This system is frequently characterized as state capitalism instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government and because many function as "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy However, the Pope was highly active in his criticism of liberation theology. He was particularly concerned about the increased fusion between Christianity and Marxism. He closed Catholic institutions that taught liberation theology and dismissed some of its activists from the church. The Buddhist approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but instead states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies. A fair market economy is in fact a martingale or a B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Market economy In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the former greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more. The effect i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48852 |
Anarcho-syndicalism is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. Syndicalists consider their economic theories a strategy fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Hubert Lagardelle wrote that Pierre-Joseph Proudhon laid out fundamental ideas of anarcho-syndicalism and repudiated both capitalism and the state in the process since he viewed free economic groups and struggle, not pacifism, as dominant in humans. In September 1903 and March 1904, Sam Mainwaring p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism From 1918 on, the CNT grew stronger and had an outstanding role in the events of the "La Canadiense" general strike, which paralyzed 70% of industry in Catalonia in 1919, the year the CNT reached a membership of 700,000. Around that time, panic spread among employers, giving rise to the practice of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism The final formation of this new international, then known as the International Workingmen's Association, took place at an illegal conference in Berlin in December 1922, marking an irrevocable break between the international syndicalist movement and the Bolsheviks. The IWA included the Italian Syndic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism The biggest syndicalist union in the United States was the IWW and considered joining, but eventually ruled out affiliation in 1936, citing the IWA's policies on religious and political affiliation. Although not anarcho-syndicalist, the IWW were informed by developments in the broader revolutionary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations. In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Its last national congress in Erfurt in March 1932 saw the union attempt to form an underground bureau to combat Adolf Hitler's fascists, a measure that was never put into practice as mass arrests decimated the conspirators' ranks. The editor of the FAUD organ "Der Syndikalist", Gerhard Wartenberg, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Massive government repression repeated such defeats around the world as anarcho-syndicalist unions were destroyed in Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Cuba, Bulgaria, Paraguay and Bolivia. By the end of the 1930s, legal anarcho-syndicalist trade unions existed only in Chile, Bolivia, Sweden and Uruguay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism The FAI would play an important role during the following years through the so-called "trabazón" (connection) with the CNT; that is, the presence of FAI elements in the CNT, encouraging the labor union not to move away from its anarchist principles, an influence that continues today. On 1 June 1936,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism The Committee held an extraordinary regional plenary session to protect the new rural organization, gathering all the union representatives from the supporting villages and backed by Buenaventura Durruti. Against the will of the mainly Catalan CNT National Committee, the Regional Defence Council of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism On 23 December 1936, after receiving in Madrid a retinue formed by Joaquín Ascaso, Miguel Chueca and three republican and independent leaders, the government of Largo Caballero, which by then had four anarchists as ministers (García Oliver, Juan López, Federica Montseny and Joan Peiró), approved the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Soon after, on this pretext Largo Caballero dissolved the Communist-controlled Junta de Defensa. Cazorla reacted by closing the offices of "Solidaridad Obrera". The next day, CNT's regional committee declared a general strike. The CNT controlled the majority of the city, including the heavy artiller... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism These events, the fall of Largo Caballero's government and the new prime ministership of Juan Negrín soon led to the collapse of much that the CNT had achieved immediately following the rising the previous July. At the beginning of July, the Aragonese organizations of the Popular Front publicly decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism At this point, many in the CNT leadership were critical of participation in the government, seeing it as dominated by the Communists. Prominent CNT leaders went so far as to refer to Blanco as "sop of the libertarian movement" and "just one more Negrínist". On the other side, Blanco was responsible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Rocker thought young Germans were all either totally cynical or inclined to fascism and awaited a new generation to grow up before anarchism could bloom once again in the country. Nevertheless, the Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS) was founded in 1947 by former FAUD members. Rocker wrote fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Delegates attended, though mostly representing very small groups, from Cuba, Argentina, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Britain, Bulgaria and Portugal. A message of support was received from Uruguay, but the situation remained difficult for the Inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism The DAM was highly involved in the Miners' Strike as well as a series of industrial disputes later in the 1980s, including the Ardbride dispute in Ardrossan, Scotland, involving a supplier to Laura Ashley, for which the DAM received international support. From 1988 in Scotland, then England and Wale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism Views put forward in this congress would set the pattern for the CNT's line of action for the following decades: no participation in union elections, no acceptance of state subsidies, no acknowledgment of works councils and support of union sections. In this first congress, held in Madrid, a minorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism This body is in charge of the repatriation of the accumulated union wealth. In 2004, an agreement was reached between the CNT and the District Attorney's Office, through which all charges were dropped against the hundred prosecuted for this occupation. On 3 September 2009, six members of the Serbian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism As part of the anti-austerity movement in Europe, various IWA sections have been highly active in the 2008–2012 period, with the CNT taking a leading role in agitating for the general strikes that have occurred in Spain, the USI in Milan taking on anti-austerity campaigns in the health service and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism It largely draws inspiration from the green bans in Australia, the efforts of workers at Lucas Aerospace to convert their factories away from armaments production and Judi Bari's efforts in the IWW to organise timber workers and environmentalists in Northern California. Green Syndicalism has been ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism In 1992, Murray Bookchin spoke against its reliance on an outdated view of work: Bookchin has said that it prioritizes the interests of the working class, instead of communal freedom for society as a whole; and that this view ultimately prevents a true revolution. He argues that in instances like th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Anarcho-syndicalism While collectivist and communist anarchists criticise syndicalism as having the potential to exclude the voices of citizens and consumers outside of the union, anarcho-syndicalists argue that labour councils will work outside of the workplace and within the community to encourage community and consu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49938 |
Economic surplus In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus This reflects the fact that producers would have been willing to supply the first unit at a price lower than the equilibrium price, the second unit at a price above that but still below the equilibrium price, etc., yet they in fact receive the equilibrium price for all the units they sell. Consumer sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus Typically these prices are decreasing; they are given by the individual demand curve, which must be generated by a rational consumer who maximizes utility subject to a budget constraint. Because the demand curve is downward sloping, there is diminishing marginal utility. Diminishing marginal utility me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus This can be represented graphically as shown in the above graph of the market demand and supply curves. It can also be said to be the maxim of satisfaction a consumer derives from particular goods and services. As a rule-of-thumb, consumer surplus is typically around 100% at Economist Brad DeLong estim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus the price-intercept of the demand function): where formula_3 This shows that if we see a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in the equilibrium quantity, then consumer surplus falls. The change in consumer surplus is used to measure the changes in prices and income. The demand function used to rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus Consider an example of linear supply and demand curves. For an initial supply curve S, consumer surplus is the triangle above the line formed by price P to the demand line (bounded on the left by the price axis and on the top by the demand line). If supply expands from S to S, the consumers' surplus ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Economic surplus Note that in the special case where the consumer demand curve is linear, consumer surplus is the area of the triangle bounded by the vertical line Q=0, the horizontal line formula_4 and the linear demand curve. Hence, the change in consumer surplus is the area of the trapezoid with i) height equal to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50145 |
Regional science is a field of the social sciences concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are specifically urban, rural, or regional. Topics in regional science include, but are not limited to location theory or spatial economics, location modeling, transportation, migration analysis, land use and urban ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science A reason for meeting independently undoubtedly was the group's desire to extend the new science beyond the rather restrictive world of economists and have natural scientists, psychologists, anthropologists, lawyers, sociologists, political scientists, planners, and geographers join the club. Now called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science Winston's (1956) "Studies in the Economics of Transportation"; Melvin L. Greenhut's (1956) "Plant Location in Theory and Practice"; Gunnar Myrdal's (1957) "Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions"; Albert O. Hirschman's (1958) "The Strategy of Economic Development"; and Claude Ponsard's (1958) "Hist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science The RSAI website displays most of them. Most recently the journal "Spatial Economic Analysis" has been published by the RSAI British and Irish Section with the "Regional Studies Association". The latter is a separate and growing organisation involving economists, planners, geographers, political scient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science With a few exceptions, such as Cornell University, which awards graduate degrees in Regional Science, most practitioners hold positions in departments such as economics, geography, civil engineering, agricultural economics, rural sociology, urban planning, public policy, or demography. The diversity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science Thus, there has been much political impetus to the growth of the discipline. has enjoyed mixed fortunes since the 1980s. While it has gained a larger following among economists and public policy practitioners, the discipline has fallen out of favor among more radical and post-modernist geographers. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Regional science The new economic geography appears to have garnered more interest in Europe than in America where amenities, notably climate, have been found to better predict human location and re-location patterns, as emphasized in recent work by Mark Partridge. In 2008 Krugman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50712 |
Public choice Public choice, or public choice theory, is "the use of economic tools to deal with traditional problems of political science". Its content includes the study of political behavior. In political science, it is the subset of positive political theory that studies self-interested agents (voters, politicians,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51256 |
Public choice An early precursor of modern public choice theory was the work of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (1896), which treated government as political exchange, a "quid pro quo", in formulating a benefit principle linking taxes and expenditures. Some subsequent economic analysis has been described as treating go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51256 |
Public choice Buchanan and Gordon Tullock coauthored "" (1962), considered one of the landmarks in public choice. In particular, the preface describes the book as "about the "political organization"" of a free society. But its methodology, conceptual apparatus, and analytics "are derived, essentially, from the discipli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51256 |
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