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Financial economics arbitrage-free, and, per the theorem, therefore in equilibrium) as opposed to individual preferences. Thus, continuing the example, in pricing a derivative instrument its forecasted cashflows in the up- and down-states, formula_9 and formula_10, are multiplied through by formula_6 and formula_7, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics This important result suggests that, under certain economic conditions, there must be a set of prices such that aggregate supplies will equal aggregate demands for every commodity in the economy. The analysis here is often undertaken assuming a "representative agent". The Arrow–Debreu model applies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics These concepts are extended to martingale pricing and the related risk-neutral measure. See also Stochastic discount factor. State prices find immediate application as a conceptual tool ("contingent claim analysis"); but can also be applied to valuation problems. Given the pricing mechanism describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics (This division sometimes denoted "deterministic" and "random", or "stochastic".) The starting point here is “Investment under certainty". The Fisher separation theorem, asserts that the objective of a corporation will be the maximization of its present value, regardless of the preferences of its sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics For other results, as well as specific models developed here, see the list of "Equity valuation" topics under . Bond valuation, in that cashflows (coupons and return of principal) are deterministic, may proceed in the same fashion. An immediate extension, Arbitrage-free bond pricing, discounts each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Briefly, and intuitively—and consistent with #Arbitrage-free pricing and equilibrium above—the relationship between rationality and efficiency is as follows. Given the ability to profit from private information, self-interested traders are motivated to acquire and act on their private information. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Under these conditions investors can then be assumed to act rationally: their investment decision must be calculated or a loss is sure to follow; correspondingly, where an arbitrage opportunity presents itself, then arbitrageurs will exploit it, reinforcing this equilibrium. Here, as under the certa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics each combination of assets offering the best possible expected level of return for its level of risk, see diagram—then mean-variance efficient portfolios can be formed simply as a combination of holdings of the risk-free asset and the "market portfolio" (the Mutual fund separation theorem), with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The key financial insight behind the model is that one can perfectly hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and consequently "eliminate risk", absenting the risk adjustment from the pricing (formula_24, the value, or price, of the option, grows at formula_1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics ) As mentioned, it can be shown that the two models are consistent; then, as is to be expected, "classical" financial economics is thus unified. Here, the Black Scholes equation can alternatively be derived from the CAPM, and the price obtained from the Black–Scholes model is thus consistent with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The majority of developments here relate to required return, i.e. pricing, extending the basic CAPM. Multi-factor models such as the Fama–French three-factor model and the Carhart four-factor model, propose factors other than market return as relevant in pricing. The intertemporal CAPM and consumpti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics As regards portfolio optimization, the Black–Litterman model departs from the original Markowitz model - i.e. of constructing portfolios via an efficient frontier. Black–Litterman instead starts with an equilibrium assumption, and is then modified to take into account the 'views' (i.e., the specific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics For path dependent derivatives, Monte Carlo methods for option pricing are employed; here the modelling is in continuous time, but similarly uses risk neutral expected value. Various other numeric techniques have also been developed. The theoretical framework too has been extended such that martinga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The valuation of the underlying bonds - additional to their derivatives - is relatedly extended, particularly for hybrid securities, where credit risk is combined with uncertainty re future rates; see and . (Oldrich Vasicek developed his pioneering short rate model in 1977. The HJM framework origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Addressing this, therefore, issues such as counterparty credit risk, funding costs and costs of capital are now additionally considered when pricing, and a Credit Valuation Adjustment, or CVA—and potentially other "valuation adjustments", collectively xVA—is generally added to the risk-neutral deriv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics managerial—actions that impact underlying value: by incorporating option pricing logic, these actions are then applied to a distribution of future outcomes, changing with time, which then determine the "project's" valuation today. More traditionally, decision trees—which are complementary—have been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Other developments here include agency theory, which analyses the difficulties in motivating corporate management (the "agent") to act in the best interests of shareholders (the "principal"), rather than in their own interests. Clean surplus accounting and the related residual income valuation provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Wide departures from these are commonly observed, and there are thus, respectively, two main sets of challenges. As discussed, the assumptions that market prices follow a random walk and / or that asset returns are normally distributed are fundamental. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics Closely related is the volatility smile, where, as above, implied volatility — the volatility corresponding to the BSM price — is observed to "differ" as a function of strike price (i.e. moneyness), true only if the price-change distribution is non-normal, unlike that assumed by BSM. The term struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The second approach assumes that the volatility of the underlying price is a stochastic process rather than a constant. Models here are first calibrated to observed prices, and are then applied to the valuation or hedging in question; the most common are Heston, SABR and CEV. This approach addresses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics This is valid as the surface is built on price data relating to fully collateralized positions, and there is therefore no "double counting" of credit risk (etc.) when appending xVA. (Were this not the case, then each counterparty would have its own surface...) As mentioned at top, mathematical finan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The "equity premium puzzle", as one example, arises in that the difference between the observed returns on stocks as compared to government bonds is consistently higher than the risk premium rational equity investors should demand, an "abnormal return". For further context see Random walk hypothesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics The latter is extended to agent-based computational economics, where price is treated as an emergent phenomenon, resulting from the interaction of the various market participants (agents). The noisy market hypothesis argues that prices can be influenced by speculators and momentum traders, as well a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Financial economics (See also John C. Bogle's "Common Sense on Mutual Funds"; but compare Warren Buffett's "The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville".) Institutionally inherent "limits to arbitrage"—as opposed to factors directly contradictory to the theory—are sometimes proposed as an explanation for these departur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63262 |
Reed's law is the assertion of David P. Reed that the utility of large networks, particularly social networks, can scale exponentially with the size of the network . The reason for this is that the number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2 − "N" − 1, where "N" is the number of participants. This grows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64333 |
Reed's law Other analysts of network value functions, including Andrew Odlyzko, have argued that both Reed's Law and Metcalfe's Law overstate network value because they fail to account for the restrictive impact of human cognitive limits on network formation. According to this argument, the research around Dunbar's num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64333 |
Omega ratio The is a risk-return performance measure of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. It was devised by Con Keating and William F. Shadwick in 2002 and is defined as the probability weighted ratio of gains versus losses for some threshold return target. The ratio is an alternative for the widely used Sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22291326 |
Omega ratio show that the of a portfolio is:formula_6If we are interested in maximizing the Omega ratio, then the relevant optimization problem to solve is:formula_7The objective function is still non-convex, so we have to make several more modifications. First, note that the discrete analogue of the objective function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22291326 |
Electricity Authority of Cambodia The (EAC), ")" is an autonomous government agency responsible for managing and administering the provision of electric power in Cambodia. In conjunction with the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy, which is responsible for creating and operating the electrical power infrastructure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22292764 |
Error correction model An error correction model (ECM) belongs to a category of multiple time series models most commonly used for data where the underlying variables have a long-run stochastic trend, also known as cointegration. ECMs are a theoretically-driven approach useful for estimating both short-term and long-te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22309853 |
Error correction model Technically speaking, Phillips (1986) proved that parameter estimates will not converge in probability, the intercept will diverge and the slope will have a non-degenerate distribution as the sample size increases. However, there might be a common stochastic trend to both series that a researcher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22309853 |
Error correction model Among these are the Engle and Granger 2-step approach, estimating their ECM in one step and the vector-based VECM using Johansen's method. The first step of this method is to pretest the individual time series one uses in order to confirm that they are non-stationary in the first place. This can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22309853 |
Error correction model Namely it is restricted to only a single equation with one variable designated as the dependent variable, explained by another variable that is assumed to be weakly exogeneous for the parameters of interest. It also relies on pretesting the time series to find out whether variables are I(0) or I(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22309853 |
Error correction model Our last assumption is that the gap between current and equilibrium consumption decreases each period by 20%. In this setting a change formula_20 in consumption level can be modelled as formula_21. The first term in the RHS describes short-run impact of change in formula_11 on formula_10, the sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22309853 |
Arnaldo Ramos Lauzerique is a Cuban independent economist. Ramos Lauzerique and Marta Beatriz Roque founded the Instituto de Economía. The group of economists has exposed how the communist government uses false statistics when reporting to the people and to international organizations. He was imprisoned during the Blac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22353566 |
Geothermal power in Denmark Denmark has two geothermal district heating plants, one in Thisted which started in 1988, and one in Copenhagen which started in 2005. They produce no electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22353740 |
Geothermal power in Russia Geothermal energy is the second most used form of renewable energy in Russia but represents less than 1% of the total energy production. The first geothermal power plant in Russia, which was the first Binary cycle power station in world, was built at Pauzhetka, Kamchatka, in 1966, with a capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22353817 |
Arrow diagramming method (ADM) is a network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows. ADM is also known as the activity-on-arrow (AOA) method. ADM is used for scheduling activities in a project plan. Precedence relationships between activities are represented by circles connected by one or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22393095 |
McCrone Agreement The ("A Teaching Profession for the 21st Century: Agreement reached following recommendations made in the McCrone Report") is an agreement about Scottish teachers' pay and conditions. The agreement, under the Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government in 2001, followed an independent committee of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22408251 |
Employees Retirement System of Texas (ERS) is an agency of the Texas state government. ERS was created in 1947. It oversees retirement benefits of state employees. It is headquartered at 200 E 18th Street in Austin. http://dfs-marketing.com http://myretirementsaving.com Retirement Plan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22416020 |
Zoltán Pogátsa (; born 1974) is a Hungarian political economist and lecturer at the University of West Hungary, focusing on the economics of European integration. He has published six books and numerous professional and media articles, and is a regular commentator in Hungarian and international media on issues related ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22419654 |
Willingness to accept In economics, willingness to accept (WTA) is the minimum amount of money that а person is willing to accept to abandon a good or to put up with something negative, such as pollution. It is equivalent to the minimum monetary amount required for sale of a good or acquisition of something undesirable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22435531 |
Willingness to accept Let "u"("w", "x") be an individual's utility function, where "w" is the person's wealth and "x" is a dummy variable that takes the value 1 in the presence of an undesired feature and takes the value 0 in the absence of that feature. The utility function is assumed to be increasing in wealth and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22435531 |
Willingness to accept This is to say, the allocation of property rights does not influence the way externalities are internalized by the market. However, many experiments, such as that by Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch and Richard Thaler showed that measures of WTA greatly exceed measures of WTP. Another well-known e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22435531 |
Willingness to accept When looking at a lake which is being polluted by a nearby factory, the WTA and WTP for treatment of an effluent treatment plant may have different consequences based upon how property rights are politically assigned. If lakeside residents have no property right to an effluent-free lake, then thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22435531 |
Journal of Medical Economics The is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers econometric assessments of novel therapeutic and medical device interventions. It is published by Routledge and was established in 1998. The editor-in-chief is K. Lee. The journal is abstracted and indexed in: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22439066 |
Value process management In business, value process management (VPM) is the management of processes that do with "value creation and dissemination" throughout the entire organization. This definition bears some commonality with other related terms as process management and business process management but it differentia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22441732 |
January barometer The is the hypothesis that stock market performance in January (particularly in the U.S.) predicts its performance for the rest of the year. So if the stock market rises in January, it is likely to continue to rise by the end of December. The was first mentioned by Yale Hirsch in 1972. Historically, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22442341 |
Financial compensation refers to the act of providing a person with money or other things of economic value in exchange for their goods, labor, or to provide for the costs of injuries that they have incurred. Kinds of financial compensation include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22443529 |
Strong reciprocity is an area of research in behavioral economics, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary anthropology on the predisposition to cooperate even when there is no apparent benefit in doing so. This topic is particularly interesting to those studying the evolution of cooperation, as these behaviors seem ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity 3%, with 36% of participants giving nothing, 17% choosing the equal split, and 5.44% give the recipient everything. The trust game, an extension of the dictator game, provides additional evidence for strong reciprocity. The trust game extends the dictator game by multiplying the amount given by the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity The second component of strong reciprocity is that people are willing to punish those who fail to cooperate, even when punishment is costly. There are two types of punishment: second party and third party punishment. In second party punishment, the person who was hurt by the other parties' failure to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity However, experimental results show that participants are willing to pay to punish those who deviate from the average level of contribution – so much so that it becomes disadvantageous to give a lower amount, which allows for sustained cooperation. Modifications of the dictator game and prisoner's dil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity A 2004 study demonstrates that a near majority of participants (46%) are willing to pay to punish if one participant defects. If both parties defect, 21% are still willing to punish. Other researchers have investigated to what extent these behavioral economic lab experiments on social preferences can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity In addition to experimental results, ethnography collected by anthropologists describes strong reciprocity observed in the field. Records of the Turkana, an acephalous African pastoral group, demonstrate strong reciprocity behavior. If someone acts cowardly in combat or commits some other free-riding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity In 2004, Samuel Bowles and Gintis presented a follow up model in which they incorporated cognitive, linguistic, and other capacities unique to humans in order to demonstrate how these might be harnessed to strengthen the power of social norms in large scale public goods games. In a 2001 model, Joe He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity Significant cross-cultural variation has been observed in strong reciprocity behavior. In 2001, dictator game experiments were run in a 15 small scale societies across the world. The results of the experiments showed dramatic variation, with some groups mean offer as little as 26% and some as great a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity Others have suggested that there is evidence of third party costly punishment in the field. Critics have responded to these claims by arguing that it is unfair for proponents to argue that both a demonstration of costly third party punishment as well as a lack of costly third party punishment are bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
Strong reciprocity Another application of strong reciprocity is in allocating property rights and ownership structure. Joint ownership of property can be very similar to the public goods game, where owners can independently contribute to the common pool, which then returns on the investment and is evenly distributed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22445549 |
European Council for Business Education The (ECBE) is a not-for-profit organisation headquartered in Belgium. It delivers unrecognised private accreditation to private and public business schools and universities. Membership fees are between 1600 to 2700 euros per year. The nature of the staff numbers and offices are u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22460781 |
Asset (economics) An asset in economic theory is a durable good which can only be partially consumed (like a portable music player) or input as a factor of production (like a cement mixer) which can only be partially used up in production. The necessary quality for an asset is that value remains after the period of ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22460873 |
Asset (economics) The subfield of asset pricing (or valuation) is the financial evaluation of the value of such assets; the primary method used by today's financial analysts is the discounted cash flow method. With this method, an asset's future cash flows are either assumed to be known with certainty (as in a treasury... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22460873 |
Present value interest factor In economics, Present value interest factor, also known by the acronym PVIF, is used in finance theory to refer to the output of a calculation, used to determine the monthly payment needed to repay a loan. The calculation has a number of variable factors, which include the quantity borrowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22465743 |
International Journal of Bank Marketing The is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of financial services marketing. It was established in 1983 by MCB University Press (now Emerald Group Publishing). The journal is ranked in the "D" category by the scientific journal ranking JOURQUAL (German Academic Associati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22469664 |
The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many is a short book compiling three revised interviews of the United States academic Noam Chomsky by David Barsamian, originally conducted on December 16, 1992, January 14 and 21 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22474423 |
Jacobs Ranch is a large open-pit coal mine located 15 miles southeast of Wright, Wyoming in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. In 2007, the mine produced 38.1 million short tons of coal, making it the fourth-largest coal mine by production in the United States. Until 2009 the mine was owned by Rio Tinto Energy America, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22513715 |
Belle Ayr Mine The Belle Ayr mine is a coal mine located 18 miles southeast of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin. The mine is an open pit, "truck and shovel", mine producing a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal from the Wyodak-Anderson seam that is used for domestic energy generati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22526716 |
Belle Ayr Mine Previous owners include AMAX, Cyprus AMAX, RAG, and Foundation Coal. In 2007, Belle Ayr was awarded a Director's Award from the Office of Surface Mining for its restoration work on Caballo Creek, which winds its way through the property. On July 1, 2019 CEO Jeffery Hoop announced that Blackjewel LLC, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22526716 |
Stub period In finance, in particular with reference to bonds and swaps, a stub period is a length of time over which interest accrues are not equal to the usual interval between bond coupon. These periods normally occur because the interval between coupons does not fit neatly into the period for which the bond was iss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22532375 |
Shareholder ownership value (SOV) is a financial theory that developed internationally after the subprime mortgage crisis. <br> It started at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania by the MBA student Paolo G. Alberoni and published in 1994. The SOV theory argues there is a validity limit of William F. Sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22532975 |
Shareholder ownership value The paper highlights how companies with assets in the long term can outperform and overcome economic and financial downturns, and are able to provide "real return" in excess of inflation with reduced volatility relative to asset free companies (who in a broad sense demand to shareholders to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22532975 |
Downhole heat exchanger A downhole heat exchanger, (DHE) also called a borehole heat exchanger, (BHE) is a heat exchanger installed inside a borehole. It is used to capture or dissipate heat to or from the ground. DHT's are used for geothermal heating, sometimes with the help of a geothermal heat pump. The heat exchang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22560835 |
Public–public partnership A public–public partnership (PuP) is a partnership between a government body or public authority and another such body or a non-profit organization to provide services and/or facilities, sometimes with the goal of transferring technical skills and expertise within international development pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22595845 |
Public–public partnership In the European Union public–public partnerships are used to coordinate national research policies to create a pan-European research system, also called the European Research Area. Public–public partnerships are also shortened as P2Ps (public to public partnerships) in this context. These P2Ps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22595845 |
William Sharpe Award The William F. Sharpe Award for Scholarship in Financial Research is an award given each year to the author of the research article published in the "Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis" (JFQA) which has made the most important contribution to financial economics. The award is dedicated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613112 |
East Asian model of capitalism The East Asian model (sometimes known as state-sponsored capitalism) is an economic system where the government invests in certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of new (or specific) industries in the private sector. It generally refers to the model of development... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22617153 |
East Asian model of capitalism Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand relied much more on FDI (Foreign direct investment) than Taiwan or Singapore) This economic system differs from a centrally planned economy, where the national government would mobilize its own resources to create the needed industries which would themselv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22617153 |
East Asian model of capitalism Another scale is a growth of real wages where between 1980 and 1992 in Asian newly industrialized country wages rose at a rate of 5 percent a year, whereas at the same employment in manufacturing increased by 6 per cent a year. In conclusion between growth period in the East Asian countri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22617153 |
East Asian model of capitalism Besides many secondary actors in bringing out a crisis (such as a property price bubble, macroeconomic mistakes or a fall in a rate of growth of experts) the core of the crisis was in The East Asian model itself. The over-investment, misallocation of foreign capital inflows (Big corporati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22617153 |
East Asian model of capitalism For instance, delaying the implementation of necessary policy measures due general election in November 1996. In this and other cases, special interest has often influence on the allocation of budgetary resources and other public policy actions. Overall in a number of countries, there wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22617153 |
National Hydrogen Association From 1989 to 2010, the (NHA) was a nonprofit organization focused on advancing the development of hydrogen technologies and their utilization in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications and promote the role of hydrogen in the energy field. The NHA was a member-based organization a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22646492 |
Cobra effect The cobra effect occurs when an attempted solution to a problem makes the problem worse, as a type of unintended consequence. The term is used to illustrate the causes of incorrect stimulation in economy and politics. The term "cobra effect" originated in an anecdote that describes an occurrence in the tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22651467 |
Cobra effect In 1958, Mao Zedong launched the Four Pests Campaign in China to remove mosquitoes, rodents, flies, and sparrows responsible for the transmission of disease. The policy wiped out sparrows but also became a contributor to the Great Chinese Famine; the absence of sparrows led to insect infestation and massiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22651467 |
Cobra effect In response to increasing negative impacts on flora, fauna, and military training activities and equipment, Fort Benning began offering a bounty on pigs in June 2007 to reduce the population and eventually eradicate wild pigs from the installation. However, the hog population grew, possibly because of food... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22651467 |
The Invisible Hook The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates is a non-fiction book by economist Peter Leeson that shows how the modern economic concept of mutual self-interest motivated pirates to form cooperative and democratic societies that preceded the origins of modern-day democracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22660612 |
Net income per employee Net Income per employee (NIPE) is a company's net income divided by the number of employees. This number shows the company how efficient it is with its employees. Theoretically, the higher the net income per employee the better. Aside from increasing the productivity of employees, this number co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22669529 |
Net income per employee There are no rules about what constitutes a good level of income per employee, or a bad level. The NIPE, in no way at all, shows how profitable or successful a company is. According to Lowell Bryan writing in the McKinsey Quarterly, "To boost the potential for wealth creation, strategically mind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22669529 |
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability The (OE) is a program office within the United States Department of Energy. The mission of OE is "to lead national efforts to modernize the electric grid; enhance security and reliability of the energy infrastructure; and facilitate recovery from disruptions to ener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22671489 |
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Each of the Deputy Assistant Secretaries oversee a different branch of the Office's work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22671489 |
Eat the Rich (book) Eat the Rich: A Treatise on Economics is a 1998 book by P. J. O'Rourke which explains economics in a humorous way. Its chapters include "Good Capitalism" (United States), "Bad Capitalism" (Albania), "Good socialism" (Sweden), "Bad socialism" (Cuba), and an intermission on "Economics 101", teaching f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22683496 |
Absence rate In economics, the absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total full-time wage and salary employment. In the United States, absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours per week worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for one of the following re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22695685 |
Alternative employment arrangements In economics, alternative employment arrangements are categorized in four types of alternative employment arrangements: independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary help agency workers, and workers provided by contract firms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22696309 |
Base period In economics, a base period or reference period is a point in time used as a reference point for comparison with other periods. It is generally used as a benchmark for measuring financial or economic data. Base periods typically provide a point of reference for economic studies, consumer demand, and unemplo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22696802 |
Benefit incidence In economics, benefit incidence refers to the availability of a benefit. In the United States, the benefit incidence is calculated by the National Compensation Survey (NCS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22697011 |
Business sector In business, the business sector or corporate sector - sometimes popularly called simply "business" - is "the part of the economy made up by companies". It is a subset of the domestic economy, excluding the economic activities of general government, of private households, and of non-profit organizations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22697384 |
400 kV Forth Crossing The 275 kV Forth Crossing has the tallest electricity towers (pylon )in Scotland. They stand next to the Clackmannanshire Bridge and the Kincardine Bridge, and cross the River Forth. The tower at the southern end is 153.9 metres (505 ft), that at the northern end 137.16 metres (450 ft) tall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22698582 |
Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845 The was an Act of Parliament that reformed the Poor Law system of Scotland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22703823 |
Calmfors–Driffill hypothesis The is a macroeconomic theory in labour economics that states that there is a direct relationship between the degree of collective bargaining in an economy and the level of unemployment. Specifically, it states that the relationship is roughly that of an 'inverted U': as trade union size in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22705087 |
Capital services In economics, capital services refer to a chain-type index of service flows derived from the stock of physical assets and software. These assets are coordination, equipment, software, structures, land, and inventories. are estimated as a capital-income weighted average of the growth rates of each asset... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22707395 |
Progressive theory of capital The progressive theory of capital is an economic theory posited by Léon Walras in 1874 in part 5 of his book "Elements of Pure Economics". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22707757 |
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