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Financial asset securitization investment trust A financial asset securitization investment trust (FASIT) was a type of special purpose entity used for securitization of any debt and issuance of asset-backed securities, defined under section 1621 of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, and repealed under sect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26701673 |
Guy Routh (1916–1993) was an economist whose academic career was spent largely at the University of Sussex, United Kingdom. He also had a spell at the ILO as a visiting associate at the IILS. He is most noted for his "The Origin of Economic Ideas" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26705853 |
Billing and settlement plan A billing and settlement plan (BSP) (also known as "Bank Settlement Plan") is an electronic billing system designed to facilitate the flow of data and funds between travel agencies and airlines. The advantage of such an intermediary organization is that instead of each travel agency having a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26705994 |
European paradox The is the perceived failure of European countries to translate scientific advances into marketable innovations. The term was coined in a European Commission Green Paper in 1995. Recently, several articles questioned both the theoretical interpretation upon which the paradox conjecture is based and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26708741 |
Widow's pension A widow's pension is a payment from the government of a country to a person whose spouse has died. Generally, such payments are made to a widow whose late spouse has satisfied the country's requirements, including contribution, cohabitation, and length of marriage. In the United States, the widow's pens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26712267 |
Nōgyōsha kobetsu shotoku hoshō seido The is an agrarian policy to support farmers in Japan. It was proposed and implemented by the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) which presented the bill to the Japanese Diet (parliament) in 2010, following its original inclusion in the DPJ's manifestos for both the 2007 Councillors an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26731463 |
Nōgyōsha kobetsu shotoku hoshō seido In the 2010 request for budget appropriations, a total of 800 million yen (US$561 billion) for paddy farming was allocated in the model countermeasure of the budget. The countermeasure consists of a "rice farm income indemnity model programme" and a . The former covers farmers who p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26731463 |
Benefitive treasury measure In economics, the benefitive treasury measure (BTM) is an economic indicator that attempts to correlate a relationship between immigration and government tax receipts/government spending; put more simply, it is cost-benefit analysis of immigration on a macroeconomic scale. Originally coined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26750192 |
Benefitive treasury measure 04%, perhaps as a result of social disorder, falling productivity or some other cause. These factors may be described as benefitive treasury indicators, the socio-economic factors used to predict and calculate the annual BTM. BTI ranges from additional key worker housing construction costs, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26750192 |
Benefitive treasury measure Benefitive treasury measure, to try to calm fears by correlating with growth patterns, was a response from the Liberal Democrats, the UK's primary integrationist party, who cooperated with EU researchers work on a preliminary assessment of the effect of the free movement of labour on each me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26750192 |
List of countries by economic freedom This article includes a partial list of countries by economic freedom that shows the top 50 highest ranking countries and regions from two reports on economic freedom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26760667 |
Roger Backhouse (economist) Roger Edward Backhouse, (born 19 January 1951) is a British economist, economic historian and academic. Since 1996, he has been Professor of the History and Philosophy of Economics at the University of Birmingham. Backhouse is an Associate Editor of the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26761475 |
Black hole bomb A black hole bomb is the name given to a physical effect utilizing how a bosonic field impinging on a rotating black hole can be amplified through superradiant scattering. If the amplified field is reflected back towards the black hole, the amplification can be repeated, leading to a run-away growth of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26779825 |
Foster and Catchings "Foster and Catchings" refers to two American economists of the 1920s, William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings, who worked extensively together and hence are often referred to as a pair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26783220 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission This report ("The Nader Report") is the result of a student task force exploration of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), completed over the course of a summer job led by Ralph Nader. The seven law student volunteers (dubbed "Nader's Raiders" by the Washington press corp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission "We were dealt with as members of the general public—not as litigants, businessmen, members of Congress, or representatives of the White House." The authors focus on what they believe to comprise the domain of interest for the FTC, namely the "unfair methods of competiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission Some examples are of aggressive marketing of credit lines or financing to poor families, pyramid schemes, fruitless "get rich quick" schemes that involve an expensive buy-in (such as buying chinchillas to breed, expecting to sell their fur at a great profit, only to have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission The authors explored how the FTC dealt with flammable fabrics. In one case, they found that 13 years has passed between the passing of the Flammable Fabrics Act and the first civil penalty action. In another case, the FTC blocked the further importation of a shipment of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission For example, not only is a business able to get away with violations until the first cease and desist, the business might be able to continue doing so beyond the first cease and desist. The authors assert that without harsh penalty for subsequent violations, or a strong ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission The report also discusses the FTC's need for increased resources, including the FTC's request for increased budget and more personnel, and suggesting additional enforcement powers, such as "the power to seek criminal penalties for certain violations and the power to seek... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission " Examples are given of public documents being made available in single copy, unannounced, for only 30 days, in one office; limited copies of transcripts of public hearings; text being only released in abridged form; and so on. In defending its secrecy, the FTC cited pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission " Lastly, the task force cites examples of businesses treating the FTC with outright disdain, such as taking advantage of the FTC's expected delays in processing or the Commission's more lax advisory opinions in order to evade more stringent policies elsewhere (such as w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission Following the ABA's report, Nixon revitalized the agency and sent it on a path of vigorous consumer protection and antitrust enforcement for the rest of the 1970s. The FTC's regulatory empowerment following the Nader and ABA reports posed drastic changes for U.S. busines... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839587 |
Black–Karasinski model In financial mathematics, the is a mathematical model of the term structure of interest rates; see short rate model. It is a one-factor model as it describes interest rate movements as driven by a single source of randomness. It belongs to the class of no-arbitrage models, i.e. it can fit today's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26866141 |
Black–Karasinski model It can also be used in modeling credit default risk, where the Black-Karasinski short rate expresses the (stochastic) intensity of default events driven by a Cox process; the guaranteed positive rates are an important feature of the model here. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26866141 |
Brander–Spencer model The is an economic model in international trade originally developed by James Brander and Barbara Spencer in the early 1980s. The model illustrates a situation where, under certain assumptions, a government can subsidize domestic firms to help them in their competition against foreign producers an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model A simplified version of the model was popularized by Paul Krugman in the 1990s in his book "Peddling Prosperity". In this set up there are two firms, one foreign and one domestic which are considering entering a new export market in a third country (or possibly the whole world). The demand in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model In such a situation if the foreign firm has a slight initial advantage over the domestic firm (perhaps because it began product development earlier) the domestic firm will stay out and the foreign firm will enter. The game changes however if the government credibly promises to subsidize the domest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model Letting x denote the output of the domestic firm and y denote the output of the foreign firm, the inverse demand function (price as a function of total quantity) is given by formula_1. Hence the profit function for the domestic firm is formula_2 where formula_3 is total revenue, formula_4 is total... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model In the new equilibrium domestic firm produces more and foreign firm produces less. In the model, domestic social welfare can be defined as the home firm's profit net of the subsidy (the model can be extended so that social welfare includes the firm's monopoly profit as well as the wages paid to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model This is because in this model the markets are not perfectly competitive and the revenue from the expanded quantity sold compensates the firm for the revenue lost from the lower export price. If the good produced by the firm is also consumed domestically however the result is a bit more complicated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model In this case, each government chooses the level of subsidy it will provide to its firm, taking the other government's action as given, and anticipating the reaction of the firms (in terms of quantity produced) to the subsidy. Brander and Spencer show that in the resulting Nash equilibrium the gove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model A general difficulty with the application of the model, like many game theoretic models, is that it does not easily lend itself to econometric testing and parameter estimation. As a result, the two avenues of empirical research that have been pursued in subsequent literature have been estimates of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model Thursby includes marketing boards, possibility of a monopsony, and a variety of government policies in the analysis. She finds that while there are significant economies of scale in the industry, the barriers to entry are not high and regardless of the extent of market power that US firms have in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model Importantly, unlike in the baseline Brander and Spencer model, Krugman and Baldwin find that the changes to consumer surplus resulting from the subsidy and entry, dominate the effect of changes in firm profits in social welfare calculations. Gernot Klepper, in an analysis similar to Krugman and Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Brander–Spencer model Further work on the model has shown that a slight difference in assumptions can produce completely different results. For example, Eaton and Grossmann showed that if the firms compete in prices rather in quantities (Bertrand competition rather than Cournot) then the optimal policy is an export tax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26899978 |
Peddling Prosperity Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations is a book by Nobel laureate and "New York Times" columnist Paul Krugman, first published in 1994 by W. W. Norton & Company. Shortly after its publication, "Newsweek" called it "the best primer around on recent U.S.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26913109 |
Peddling Prosperity The success of these so-called "policy entrepreneurs", according to Krugman's is at least partly due to the unwillingness and inability of competing economists to effectively communicate their opposing ideas in a rationally received manner; a shortcoming which Krugman's book is meant to address. A p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26913109 |
Journal of International Development The is the official peer-reviewed academic journal of the Development Studies Association. It publishes research on international development issues with its main focus on the social sciences (economics, politics, international relations, sociology, and anthropology) as well as deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26920908 |
Emphasis of matter is a type of paragraph in an auditors' report on financial statements. Such a paragraph is added to indicate a matter which is disclosed appropriately in the notes forming part of the financial statements that the auditor considers is fundamental to the users' understanding of the financial statement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26928753 |
Mayfield's paradox Mayfield's Paradox states that to keep everyone out of an information system requires an infinite amount of money, and to get everyone onto an information system also requires infinite money, while costs between these extremes are relatively low. The paradox is depicted as a U-curve, where the cost o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26941829 |
Living in Your Car is a Canadian television comedy-drama series that debuted on May 7, 2010 on HBO Canada. The series stars John Ralston as Steve Unger, a former high-flying corporate executive struggling to rebuild his life after being indicted on fraud, obstruction and racketeering charges. Legally forbidden to hold ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26949618 |
Direct debit dividend contributions Direct Debit Dividend Contributions also known as 3DC are payments made towards shareholders for shares which have been issued on credit. Issuing stock on credit is considered appropriate when a Stakeholder (such as company's founder or other key person) wishes to retain involvement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26962599 |
WCO-EAC TFP (World Customs Organization, East African Community Trade Facilitation Program) is a trade facilitation program to provide a uniform trade region in the East African Community member states. The program is an Authorized Economic Operator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26976694 |
Robert W. Clower Robert Wayne Clower (February 13, 1926 – May 2, 2011) was an American economist. He is credited with having largely created the field of stock-flow analysis in economics and with seminal works on the microfoundations of monetary theory and macroeconomics. Clower is credited with having largely created ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26979580 |
Robert W. Clower Subsequent positions as a professor of economics or administrator included: Other responsibilities included: Clower was a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He died in 2011 at Columbia, South Carolina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26979580 |
Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurship The Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity, also known as the Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurship, is a leading indicator of new business creation in the United States, which has been cited in academic journals such as "Small Business Economics". The index uses monthly data from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26982628 |
Journal of International Economics The is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of economics. The journal publishes articles on both theoretical and empirical aspects of international economics. Various topics covered include trade patterns, commercial policy, international institutions, exchange rates, open ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26986638 |
Passive investor A passive investor is one who does not participate in the day-to-day decisions of running a company. In partnerships, such investors may be deemed limited partners rather than general partners. According to Steve Penman, "The passive investor assumes the market is efficient and that stocks are correctl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26991490 |
Oil boom An oil boom is a period of large inflow of income as a result of high global oil prices or large oil production in an economy. Generally, this short period initially brings economic benefits, in terms of increased GDP growth, but might later lead to a resource curse. According to the Dutch disease theory, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26992783 |
Kinetic exchange models of markets Kinetic exchange models are multi-agent dynamic models inspired by the statistical physics of energy distribution, which try to explain the robust and universal features of income/wealth distributions. Understanding the distributions of income and wealth in an economy has been a class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27008781 |
Kinetic exchange models of markets In 1986, an elementary version of the stochastic exchange model was first proposed by J. Angle. In the context of kinetic theory of gases, such an exchange model was first investigated by A. Dragulescu and V. Yakovenko. The main modelling effort has been put to introduce the concepts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27008781 |
Kinetic exchange models of markets This class of models has attracted criticisms from many dimensions. It has been debated for long whether the distributions derived from these models are representing the income distributions or wealth distributions. The "law of conservation" for income/wealth has also been a subject o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27008781 |
Larization is de-dollarization for Georgian currency – Lari. The term may have two meanings: Under the condition of increased larization, since 2016 Georgia has seen an increase in inflation, due to having an unnatural amount of money supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27009877 |
King Street Capital Management is a global investment management company founded in 1995 by Brian J. Higgins and Francis Biondi Jr. managed approximately $17.9 billion of assets as of June 2019. Investments include public equity and fixed income markets globally with a focus in distressed companies, equity, bonds, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27026234 |
MITR ATM Sharing Network MITR is a multilateral interbank network sharing arrangement of 6 member Banks in India for automated teller machine (ATM)s. It came into existence on 8 October 2003 with 5 member Banks. The MITR network has six member Banks: PNB acts as Settlement Bank for MITR Network. State of art ATM transa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27033985 |
Elluminate Live Elluminate Live! was a web conferencing program developed by Elluminate Inc. Elluminate "rented out" virtual rooms or vSpaces where virtual schools and businesses can hold classes and meetings. Elluminate was acquired by Blackboard Inc. and renamed to Blackboard Collaborate. Blackboard subsequently depr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27035690 |
World Development (journal) World Development is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering development studies. The journal was established in 1973 and is published by Elsevier. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.848. It was ranked 32/347 in economics and 5/55... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27045784 |
Government revenue is the money received by a government from taxes and non-tax sources to enable it to undertake government expenditures. as well as government spending are components of the government budget and important tools of the government's fiscal policy. Seignorage is one of the ways a government can increase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27046810 |
John von Neumann Award The John von Neumann Award, named after John von Neumann is given annually by the Rajk László College for Advanced Studies (Budapest, Hungary), to an outstanding scholar in the exact social sciences, whose works have had substantial influence over a long period of time on the studies and intellec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27049800 |
Zemědělská ekonomika () is a peer-reviewed academic journal published monthly by the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It has been published since 1954, using the current title since 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27056107 |
Agricultural Economics (journal) Agricultural Economics () is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the International Association of Agricultural Economists, published 8 times per a year by Wiley-Blackwell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27056338 |
Abandonment cost Abandonment costs or Abandonment expenditure (ABEX) are costs associated with the abandonment of a business venture. Abandonment costs traditionally applied to the process of abandoning an under-producing or non-producing oil or gas well. In that context, it means the removal of equipment, plugging of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27069590 |
Abandonment cost For example, General Motors had some abandonment costs from shutting down the Pontiac and Saturn brands. The existence of abandonment costs in an industry implies that there is no free exit from that industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27069590 |
Precious metals streaming is a term for when a company makes an agreement with a mining company to purchase all or part of their precious metals production at a predetermined price to which both parties agree. This material is usually a by-product of what the mining company's business is based on, typically base metals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27081669 |
Organizational field is defined as "sets of organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life; key suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and other organizations that produce similar services or products". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27087553 |
Sexual division of labour The sexual division of labour (SDL) is the delegation of different tasks between males and females. Among human foragers, males and females target different types of foods and share them with each other for a mutual or familial benefit. In some species, males and females eat slightly different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour Though not every hunter-gatherer population pinpoints females to gathering and males to hunting (most notably the Aeta and Ju'/hoansi), the norm of most current populations divide the roles of labor in this manner. Natural selection is more likely to favor male reproductive strategies that str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour The sexual division of labor may have arisen to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently. The traditional explanation of the sexual division of labour finds that males and females cooperate within pair bonds by targeting different foods so that everyone in the househol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour The Victorian era has been closely examined by Sally Shuttleworth and company. Women played dual roles and were expected to deliver with conviction in the aspects in which they were required to perform duties in and outside of the household. She states, "Two traditional tropes are here combine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour If a hunter-gatherer man does not rely on resources from others and passes up a food item with caloric value, it can be assumed that he is foraging at an optimal level. But, if he passes up the opportunity because it is a food that women routinely gather, then as long as men and women share th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour Many studies investigating the spatial abilities of men and women have found no significant differences, though metastudies show a male advantage in mental rotation and assessing horizontality and verticality, and a female advantage in spatial memory. The sexual division of labor has been prop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour However, recent research suggests that the sexual division of labor developed relatively recently and that gender roles were not always the same in early-human cultures, contradicting the theory that each sex is naturally predisposed to different types of work. The discussion of the division o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Sexual division of labour "Socrates proposes the same education for boys and girls, freeing guardian women from housework and child-care. But this female equality of opportunity will serve a larger purpose: the destruction of the family. Plato's aim is to abolish private property, the private family, and with it self-i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107962 |
Ruth Cohen (economist) Ruth Louisa Cohen (10 November 1906 – 27 July 1991) was a British Cambridge economist, who served as Principal to Newnham College, Cambridge from 1954–1972. She studied at Newnham College as an undergraduate in the 1920s. In 1930 she received a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship to go to the US. She sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27141191 |
Global Governance Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations is an academic quarterly journal. It was published by Lynne Rienner Publishers in the past, and is now published by Brill Publishers. It is published in association with the Academic Council of the United Nations System (AC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27192366 |
Portland Farmers Market (Maine) The Portland Farmers Market is a farmers market in Portland, Maine, U.S., which has been in continuous operation since 1768. The market takes place year-round. It takes place Wednesdays in Monument Square, Saturdays in Deering Oaks Park (from early May to the end of November), and Saturd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27193002 |
Savings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey The (), a.k.a. TMSF in abbreviated form, is the governing body concerned with matters of fund management and insurance in the Turkish banking system. The body was founded in 1933 with the name Deposit Protection Act (). In 1960, the name was changed to Bankalar Tasfiye Fonu (). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27194591 |
Robustness (economics) In economics, robustness is the ability of a financial trading system to remain effective under different markets and different market conditions, or the ability of an economic model to remain valid under different assumptions, parameters and initial conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27206556 |
Credit Derivatives Product Company A Credit Derivatives Product Company, or CDPC, is a business focused on trading in credit default swaps contracts. CDPC typically sells insurance against someone failing to pay back a loan ('defaulting'). A CDPC is usually highly leveraged, meaning that if even a portion of its held c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27215366 |
Jim Crow economy The term applies to a specific set of economic conditions during the period when the Jim Crow laws were in effect; however, it should also be taken as an attempt to disentangle the economic ramifications from the politico-legal ramifications of "separate but equal" "de jure" segregation, to consider ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, not only was African American progress halted, it was regressing. Leading up to and following World War I, the agrarian economy of the South was in dire straits, beginning a slow shift to urbanization and limited industrialization; this period also sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy In the period when agriculture had formed the basis of the economy, land and labor were intimately tied together in the ownership of farmland; in the shift to urban industrialization, neither land tenure, nor labor opportunities were necessarily improved for African Americans. Thus, to understand the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy Clearly, it is a topic that covers a great deal of breadth; but, in dealing with only particular topics, there is always the risk of losing sight of the issue as a whole. Moreover, there is the risk of applying it to any economic topic in the Jim Crow era, making the phrase meaningless. In the decades ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy The results were less purchasers than had been hoped for, largely because the recently freed slaves did not have the material means to settle unimproved property, and only 4,000 of the 11, 633 total claims were registered by freedmen (Pope 1970:205). Within the South, the Southern Homestead Act was see... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy In the year following the end of the Civil War, black property owners accumulated approximately of land, with a value of about $22,500; however, on average, African Americans in Georgia held a total wealth of less than $1 per person (Higgs 1982:728). Between 1880-1910, Georgia's African Americans incre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy From the antebellum period up to the mid-1880s, all land owners were highly dependent on credit from merchant transporters of cotton; however, as the transportation infrastructure improved the white land owners were able to use their greater land holdings to attract credit directly from Northern financ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy Moreover, there were fewer opportunities to acquire land, as white owners refused to sell land to black purchasers regardless of the price being offered, and there was little legal recourse when property was lost due to extra-legal practices (Higgs 1973:165). In any case, the availability of funds was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy The South was much slower to industrialize; and, where predominantly white land owners retained large tracts of farmland, and where the population of black laborers remained high, agriculture continued as the economic base (Roscigno & Tomaskovic-Devey 1996:576). African American movement into urban cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy In fact, the National Association of Realtors could take disciplinary action against a realtor for selling property to a person of a different race than those who presently lived in a particular neighborhood (Herrington et al.:163-164). The impact was greatest on those who migrated to cities early on; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy This practice was not restricted to the South; for example, in 1940s Detroit, a . high concrete wall was erected to divide the Eight Mile-Wyoming area from neighboring white developments (Hayden 2003:111-112). These policies did not just impact the poor and undereducated; for example, around 1950, a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy 5% of blacks were in urban areas, a slight change in the pace of urbanization that only occurred in the South (Roback 1984:1190). For the United States, as a whole, the African American population went from 79% rural in 1910, to 85% urban in 1980 (Aiken 1985:383). From 1870-1880, the relative rates of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy 6 years, up to 1960; whereas, by that same time, slightly more than a third of the white males in the South, with more than 5 years of college, had been born outside that region (Wright 1987:173). Thus, another factor that is masked by the raw numbers is that the areas African Americans were moving int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy Thus, the dominant pattern was to contract labor for an entire season which, when combined with the lack of liquid capital, favored the development of sharecroppers who received a share of the profits from the sale of the crops at the end of the season, or share-renters who paid a share of their crops ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy It was in this social climate that the Jim Crow laws began to appear, amidst the Populist challenges of the tenant farmers of both races; thus, the laws may be seen as a tactic to drive a wedge between the members of the lowest social class, by using obvious physical traits to define the opposing sides... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy Vagrancy laws functioned to keep workers from exiting the labor force entirely, and were often used to forcibly ensure that every able body was engaged in some form of work; in some cases, African Americans were made into misdemeanants, through vagrancy laws, just on the basis of traveling outside the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy 5% in 1930 to 21.3% in 1960, but the increase was largest for non-durable goods (Nicholls 1964:26-27). For black males, in the South, agricultural employment dropped from 43.6% in 1940, to 4.9% in 1980; in that same time period, manufacturing employment rose from 14.2%, to 26.9% (Heckman & Payner 1989:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy In the most extreme analysis, the level of urban residential segregation, along the unidirectional economic dependency of African American communities, presents the possibility that they may be treated as a "national collectivity of internal colonies" (Bailey 1973:61). From this perspective, small blac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy When customers that had existing policies tried to purchase additional coverage from their local agent, at times when the company had stopped soliciting policies in that area, they were told they could travel to a regional office to make their purchase (Heen 2009:390-391). From 1896, scientific racism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
Jim Crow economy Most state statutes suggest that partition in kind be preferred over partition sale, except where properties cannot be divided equitably for the parties involved; however, many courts opt to require properties be put up for partition sale because the monetary value of the land is higher as a single par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 |
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