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Structural adjustment The IMF mainly lends to countries that have balance of payment problems (they can not pay their international debts), while the World bank offers loans to fund particular development projects. However, the World Bank also provides balance of payments support, usually through adjustment packages jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1374927 |
History of capitalist theory A theory of capitalism describes the essential features of capitalism and how it functions. The history of various such theories is the subject of this article. Conception of what constitutes capitalism has changed significantly over time, as well as being dependent on the political perspec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory For many (like Immanuel Wallerstein), capitalism hinges on the extension into a global dimension of an economic system in which goods and services are traded in markets and capital goods belong to non-state entities. For others (like Karl Marx), it is defined by the creation of a labor mark... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory His systematic treatment of how the exchange of goods, or a market, would create incentives to act in the general interest, became the basis of what was then called political economy and later economics. It was also the basis for a theory of law and government that gradually superseded the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory Marxcommodities in order to use them, while others bought them in order to sell them on at a profit. Much of the history of late capitalism involves what David Harvey called the "system of flexible accumulation" in which more and more things become commodities, the value of which is determi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory During the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a gradual movement in Europe and in the states that Europeans had founded, for the reduction of trade barriers, in particular restrictions on production and labor, the use of non-standard weights and measures, restricti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory Many, particularly the wealthy, came to view the state as a vehicle for improving business conditions, securing markets, and gaining access to scarce materials—even when such objectives could only be achieved through military force. In the 1920s this philosophy found its most publicly promi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory His analysis of capital flight and the rise of mammoth cartels later influenced Vladimir Lenin in his book "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism", which has become a basis for the neo-Marxist analysis of imperialism. Contemporary World-Systems theorist Immanuel Wallerstein perhaps a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory Hernando de Soto is a contemporary economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded. According to de Soto, this is the process by w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory Market failure occurs when an externality is present and a market either underproduces a product with a positive externality, or overproduces a product that generates a negative externality. Air pollution, for instance, is a negative externality that cannot be incorporated into markets as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
History of capitalist theory However critics of the democratic peace theory note that democratic capitalist states may fight infrequently or never with other democratic capitalist states because of political similarity or political stability rather than because they are democratic (or capitalist). Authoritarian regimes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375342 |
Captive supply is a term for that part of the supply that is not owned by a company but is used by the company to maximize its own profits often at the unknowing expense of those who actually own those supplies. This is usually a characteristic of a market that is dominated by one firm or a few firms and implicit collu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1375375 |
Sodanyaku Sodanyaku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1377088 |
Tiger economy A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was originally used for the Four Asian Tigers (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) as tigers are important in Asian symbolism, which also ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1377505 |
Tiger economy In Latin America, the fast-growing & emerging economies, oriented to free trade and free market development are called the Pacific Pumas of which consist of Mexico, Chile, Peru & Colombia. For emerging economies in Africa, the term "lion economy" is used as an analogy. Countries considered to be "lion eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1377505 |
National accounts or national account systems (NAS) are the implementation of complete and consistent accounting techniques for measuring the economic activity of a nation. These include detailed underlying measures that rely on double-entry accounting. By design, such accounting makes the totals on both sides of an ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
National accounts They present both flows (measured but it is over a period) and "stocks" (measured at the end of a period), ensuring that the flows are reconciled with the stocks. As to flows, the national income and product accounts (in U.S. terminology) provide estimates for the money value of income and output per ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
National accounts can be presented in nominal or real amounts, with real amounts adjusted to remove the effects of price changes over time. A corresponding price index can also be derived from national output. Rates of change of the price level and output may also be of interest. An inflation rate (growth rate of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
National accounts Generational accounting is a method for measuring redistribution of lifetime tax burdens across generations from social insurance, including social security and social health insurance. It has been proposed as a better guide to the sustainability of a fiscal policy than budget deficits, which reflect ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
National accounts The accounts may be measured as gross or net of consumption of fixed capital (a concept in national accounts similar to depreciation in business accounts). Notably absent from these components, however, is unpaid work, because its value is not included in any of the aforementioned categories of accoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
National accounts Many European countries followed shortly thereafter, and the United Nations published "A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables" in 1952. International standards for national accounting are defined by the United Nations System of National Accounts, with the most recent version released for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1378125 |
Reflation is the act of stimulating the economy by increasing the money supply or by reducing taxes, seeking to bring the economy (specifically price level) back "up" to the long-term trend, following a dip in the business cycle. It is the opposite of disinflation, which seeks to return the economy back "down" to the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1381812 |
Reflation This can possibly be achieved by methods that include reducing tax, changing the money supply, or even adjusting interest rates. Originally it was used to describe a recovery of price to a previous desirable level after a fall caused by a recession. Today it also (in addition to the above) describes the first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1381812 |
Long tail In statistics and business, a long tail of some distributions of numbers is the portion of the distribution having many occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with various probabilities, etc. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail The specific cutoff of what part of a distribution is "the" "long tail" is often arbitrary, but in some cases may be specified objectively; see segmentation of rank-size distributions. The long tail concept has found some ground for application, research, and experimentation. It is a term used in online busin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail The total sales of this large number of "non-hit items" is called "the long tail". Given enough choice, a large population of customers, and negligible stocking and distribution costs, the selection and buying pattern of the population results in the demand across products having a power law distribution or P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail What is unusual about a long-tailed distribution is that the most frequently occurring 20% of items represent less than 50% of occurrences; or in other words, the least frequently occurring 80% of items are more important as a proportion of the total population. Power law distributions or functions characteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail The shift has a crucial effect in probability and in the customer demographics of businesses like mass media and online sellers. However, the long tails characterizing distributions such as the Gutenberg–Richter law or the words-occurrence Zipf's law, and those highlighted by Anderson and Shirky are of very d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Anderson described the effects of the long tail on current and future business models beginning with a series of speeches in early 2004 and with the publication of a "Wired" magazine article in October 2004. Anderson later extended it into the book "The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail This created a niche market for those who enjoy books about mountain climbing even though it is not considered a popular genre supporting the long tail theory. An Amazon employee described the long tail as follows: "We sold more books today that didn't sell at all yesterday than we sold today of all the books... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail consumer surplus) from access to increased product variety in online book stores is ten times larger than their benefit from access to lower prices online. Thus, the primary value of the internet to consumers comes from releasing new sources of value by providing access to products in the long tail. A study b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail In a 2006 working paper titled "Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail", Erik Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, and Duncan Simester found that, by greatly lowering search costs, information technology in general and Internet markets in particular could substantially increase the collective share of hard-to-fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail For example, a traditional movie rental store has limited shelf space, which it pays for in the form of building overhead; to maximize its profits, it must stock only the most popular movies to ensure that no shelf space is wasted. Because online video rental provider (such as Amazon.com or Netflix) stocks mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Not all recommender systems are equal, however, when it comes to expanding the long tail. Some recommenders (i.e. certain collaborative filters) can exhibit a bias toward popular products, creating positive feedback, and actually reduce the long tail. A Wharton study details this phenomenon along with several... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail com which are more central and thus influenced more by their recommendation network have significantly more pronounced long-tail distributions. Their data across 200 subject areas shows that a doubling of this influence leads to a 50% increase in revenues from the least popular one-fifth of books. The long-ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail This model can provide further predictions into markets with long-tail distribution, such as the basis for a model for optimizing the number of each individual item ordered, given its current sales rank and the total number of different titles stocked. Before a long tail works, only the most popular products ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Examples include eBay (auctions), Yahoo! and Google (web search), Amazon (retail), and iTunes Store (music and podcasts), amongst the major companies, along with smaller Internet companies like Audible (audio books) and LoveFilm (video rental). These purely digital retailers also have almost no marginal cost,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail As opposed to e-tailers, micro-finance is a distinctly low technology business. Its aim is to offer very small credits to lower-middle to lower class and poor people, that would otherwise be ignored by the traditional banking business. The banks that have followed this strategy of selling services to the low-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Companies can make use of a series of tools, such as interactive and internet based technologies, to give their users a voice and to enable them to do innovation work that is useful to the company. Given the diminishing cost of communication and information sharing (by analogy to the low cost of storage and d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Among the most representative are: The long tail has possible implications for culture and politics. Where the opportunity cost of inventory storage and distribution is high, only the most popular products are sold. But where the long tail works, minority tastes become available and individuals are presented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Television is a good example of this: Chris Anderson defines long-tail TV in the context of "content that is not available through traditional distribution channels but could nevertheless find an audience." Thus, the advent of services such as television on demand, pay-per-view and even premium cable subscrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail The intersection of viral marketing, online communities and new technologies that operate within the long tail of consumers and business is described in the novel by William Gibson, "Pattern Recognition". In military thinking, John Robb applies the long tail to the developments in insurgency and terrorist mov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Long tail Anderson responded by stating that the study's findings are difficult to assess without access to its data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1385393 |
Moneo Moneo, sometimes branded as mon€o, is an electronic purse system available on French bank cards to allow small purchases to be made without cash and used from 1999 to 2015. The system is aimed at small retailers such as bakeries and cafés and intended for purchases of less than €30. The card is inserted into a ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1386285 |
The Idler (1993) The Idler is a bi-monthly magazine, devoted to its ethos of 'idling'. Founded in 1993 by Tom Hodgkinson and Gavin Pretor-Pinney, the publication's intention is to return dignity to the art of loafing, to make idling into something to aspire towards rather than reject. The magazine combines the aestheti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1391675 |
The Idler (1993) His second book "How to Be Free" takes an anarchic approach to the everyday barriers that come between us and our dreams. The third is an alternative parenting manual, "The Idle Parent", which argues that children should be left largely to their own devices. The fourth, "Brave Old World" considers the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1391675 |
Econometric model Econometric models are statistical models used in econometrics. An econometric model specifies the statistical relationship that is believed to hold between the various economic quantities pertaining to a particular economic phenomenon. An econometric model can be derived from a deterministic economic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1397536 |
Econometric model In the case in which the elements of this set can be indexed by a finite number of real-valued "parameters", the model is called a parametric model; otherwise it is a nonparametric or semiparametric model. A large part of econometrics is the study of methods for selecting models, estimating them, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1397536 |
Economic puzzle A puzzle in economics is a situation where the implication of theory is inconsistent with observed economic data. An example is the equity premium puzzle, which relates to the fact that over the last two hundred years, the risk premium of stocks over bonds has been around 5.5%, much larger than expected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1398966 |
Non-price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship" (McConnell-Brue, 2002, p. 43.7-43.8). The firm can also distinguish its product offering through quality of service, extensive dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1400789 |
Non-price competition is a key strategy in a growing number of marketplaces (oDesk, TaskRabbit, Fiverr, AirBnB, mechanical turk, etc) whose sellers offer their Service as a product, and where the price differences are virtually negligible when compared to other sellers of similar productized services on the same market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1400789 |
Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages The marginal revenue productivity theory of wages is a model of wage levels in which they set to match to the marginal revenue product of labor, MRP (the value of the marginal product of labor), which is the increment to revenues caused by the increment to output produced b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1402030 |
Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages The marginal revenue product of labour MRP is the increase in revenue per unit increase in the variable input = ∆TR/∆L Here TR is the Total Revenue (a money amount), MP is the marginal product (units created with the marginal labor time and effort), Q is the amount of goods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1402030 |
Marginal revenue productivity theory of wages Under such market conditions, marginal revenue product will not equal MPP×Price. This is because the firm is not able to sell output at a fixed price per unit. Thus the MRP curve of a firm in monopoly or in imperfect competition will slope downwards, when plotted against la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1402030 |
Speaking fee A speaking fee is a payment awarded to an individual for speaking at a public event. Motivational speakers, businesspersons, facilitators, and celebrities are able to garner significant earnings in speaking fees or honoraria. In 2013, $10,000 was considered a lower limit for speakers brokered by speakers b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1405984 |
Market populism Market populism, coined by Thomas Frank, is the concept that the free market is more democratic than any democracy. Frank himself does not believe this premise and sets forth arguments against it in his book "One Market Under God". The concept received major widespread prominence in the 1990s when it wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1406601 |
Informative advertising is advertising that is carried out in an informative manner. The idea is to give the ad the look of an official article to give it more credibility. Also, informative ads tend to help generate a good reputation. In some circumstances a business might be required to run informative advertising as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1407128 |
Information economics or the economics of information is a branch of microeconomic theory that studies how information and information systems affect an economy and economic decisions. Information has special characteristics: It is easy to create but hard to trust. It is easy to spread but hard to control. It influence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409855 |
Information economics The starting point for economic analysis is the observation that information has economic value because it allows individuals to make choices that yield higher expected payoffs or expected utility than they would obtain from choices made in the absence of information. Much of the literature in inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409855 |
Information economics He proposed that in a situation with information asymmetry, it is possible for people to signal their type, thus credibly transferring information to the other party and resolving the asymmetry. This idea was originally studied in the context of looking for a job. An employer is interested in hiri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409855 |
Information economics For example, an amusement park wants to sell more expensive tickets to customers who value their time more and money less than other customers. Asking customers their willingness to pay will not work - everyone will claim to have low willingness to pay. But the park can offer a menu of priority an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409855 |
Information economics Third is that the information market does not exhibit high degrees of transparency. That is, to evaluate the information, the information must be known, so you have to invest in learning it to evaluate it. To evaluate a bit of software you have to learn to use it; to evaluate a movie you have to w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1409855 |
Capital asset A capital asset is defined to include property of any kind held by an assessee, whether connected with their business or profession or not connected with their business or profession. It includes all kinds of property, movable or immovable, tangible or intangible, fixed or circulating. Thus, land and buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1414453 |
Capital asset "See Basel III for a summary of how such requirements are proposed to be calculated." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1414453 |
KOSTRA is an accounting system used by Norwegian municipalities when reporting to the central government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416574 |
Stylized fact In social sciences, especially economics, a stylized fact is a simplified presentation of an empirical finding. A stylized fact is often a broad generalization that summarizes data, which although essentially true may have inaccuracies in the detail. A prominent example of a stylized fact is: "Education s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416885 |
Stylized fact ” The term “stylised facts” was introduced by the economist Nicholas Kaldor in the context of a debate on economic growth theory in 1961, expanding on model assumptions made in a 1957 paper. Criticizing the neoclassical models of economic growth of his time, Kaldor argues that theory construction should b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416885 |
Stylized fact Econophysics/Statistical finance begins from stylized facts. Furthermore, the considerable potential of Stylized Facts for Information Systems research has been investigated and discussed in recent years. Already in an early response Solow pinpointed a possible problem of stylized facts, by stating that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1416885 |
Engineering Exports Promotion Council EEPC India is the premier trade and investment promotion organization . It is sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India and caters to the Indian engineering sector. As an advisory body it actively contributes to the policies of Government of India and ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1417832 |
Engineering Exports Promotion Council This is recognized as the only sourcing event in India – showcasing the latest technologies and a preferred meeting place for global buyers & sellers. This show is also important to encourage foreign investments in line with the newly initiated “Make in India” campaign, by Governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1417832 |
Output elasticity In economics, output elasticity is the percentage change of output (GDP or production of a single firm) divided by the percentage change of an input. It is sometimes called "partial output elasticity" to clarify that it refers to the change of only one input. As with every elasticity, this measure is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1418203 |
Computational economics is a research discipline at the interface of computer science, economics, and management science. This subject encompasses computational modeling of economic systems, whether agent-based, general-equilibrium, macroeconomic, or rational-expectations, computational econometrics and statistics, com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1420447 |
Computational economics Starting from initial conditions determined by the modeler, an ACE model develops forward through time driven solely by agent interactions. The scientific objective of the method is "to ... test theoretical findings against real-world data in ways that permit empirically supported theories to cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1420447 |
Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane, biogas or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1420831 |
Fuel gas Manufactured fuel gases include: In the 20th century, natural gas, composed primarily of methane, became the dominant source of fuel gas, as instead of having to be manufactured in various processes, it could be extracted from deposits in the earth. Natural gas may be combined with hydrogen to form a mixture k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1420831 |
Welfare capitalism is capitalism that includes social welfare policies. is also the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. in this second sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered on industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-20th century. Today, welfare capitalism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism One of the first attempts at offering philanthropic welfare to workers was made at the New Lanark mills in Scotland by the social reformer Robert Owen. He became manager and part owner of the mills in 1810, and encouraged by his success in the management of cotton mills in Manchester (see also Quarry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Owen's schemes involved considerable expense, which displeased his partners. Tired of the restrictions on his actions, Owen bought them out in 1813. New Lanark soon became celebrated throughout Europe, with many leading royals, statesmen and reformers visiting the mills. They were astonished to find ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism The first such villages were built in the late 18th century, and they proliferated in England in the early 19th century with the establishment of Trowse, Norfolk in 1805 and Blaise Hamlet, Bristol in 1811. In America, boarding houses were built for textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury pioneered pension schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service. By 1900, the estate included 313 'Arts and Crafts' cottages and houses; traditional in desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism The garden village had allotments and public buildings including the Lady Lever Art Gallery, a cottage hospital, schools, a concert hall, open air swimming pool, church, and a temperance hotel. Lever introduced welfare schemes, and provided for the education and entertainment of his workforce, encour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Turnover in manufacturing plants in the U.S. from 1910 to 1919 averaged 100%. Wage incentives and internal promotion opportunities were intended to encourage good attendance and loyalty. This would reduce turnover and improve productivity. The combination of high pay, high efficiency and cheap consum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Since this time, programs like on-site child care and substance abuse treatment have waxed and waned in use/popularity, but other welfare capitalism components remain. Indeed, in the U.S., the health care system is largely built around employer-sponsored plans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism In contrast to social welfare provisions found in other industrialized countries (especially countries with the Anglo-Saxon model of capitalism), European welfare states provide universal services that benefit all citizens (social democratic welfare state) as opposed to a minimalist model that only c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Promoted by business leaders during a period marked by widespread economic insecurity, social reform activism, and labor unrest, it was based on the idea that Americans should look not to the government or to labor unions but to the workplace benefits provided by private-sector employers for protecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Examples of companies that have practiced welfare capitalism include Kodak, Sears, and IBM, with the main elements of the employment system in these companies including permanent employment, internal labor markets, extensive security and fringe benefits, and sophisticated communications and employee ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
Welfare capitalism Steel Corporation from 1929 to 1931 were approximately $2,500,000; however, in 1929, $1,623,753 of that went to the president of the company. Real wages for unskilled and low-skilled workers grew little in the 1920s, while long hours in unsafe conditions continued to be the norm. Further, employment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1421315 |
International Sugar Organization The is an intergovernmental organization, based in London, which was established by the International Sugar Agreement of 1968, as the body responsible for administering the Agreement. Unlike its predecessors under pre-1968 versions of the International Sugar Agreement, it does not have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1424230 |
Late trading is trading that executes after the market closes, while charging the share price of when the market was stil open. This form of trading may be illegal, and is distinct from official after-hours trading. In the mutual fund context, "late trading" involves placing orders for mutual fund shares after the clos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1430624 |
Gross National Happiness (also known by the acronym: GNH) is a philosophy that guides the government of Bhutan. It includes an index which is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population. is instituted as the goal of the government of Bhutan in the Constitution of Bhutan, enacted on 18 July 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay proclaimed a preference for focus on more concrete goals instead of promoting GNH when he took office, but subsequently has protected the GNH of his country and promoted the concept internationally. Other Bhutanese officials also promote the spread of GNH... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness For instance, if there are two people, one whose life is consumed with working, leaving barely any time for friends and family, while the other, though not as good in working conditions, has still enough time to spend quality time with their friends and family: according to Carol Graham, the pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness The GNH Screening tools used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of GNH in Bhutan. In 2008, the first GNH survey was conducted. It was followed by a second one in 2010. The third nationwide survey was conducted in 2015. The GNH surve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness One distinguishing feature of Bhutan GNH Index from the other models is that the other models are designed for secular governments and do not include religious behavior measurement components. The data is used to compare the happiness between different groups of citizens, and changes over time.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness The former king of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, was a close friend of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and conceived the similar philosophy of Sufficiency Economy. In the Philippines, the concept of GNH has been lauded by various personalities, notably Philippine senator and UN Global Champion for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness Headquartered in Vermont, GNHUSA is a 501c(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization with a mission to increase personal happiness and the collective wellbeing by changing how the United States measure their progress and success. GNHUSA was founded after Linda Wheatley of Montpelier, Vermont, atten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness In 2017, GNHUSA initiated the process of establishing chapters in all 50 states to work with local governments and institutions on well-being initiatives, beginning with Wisconsin and North Carolina. The organization also promotes the U.N.-designated International Happiness Day (March 20) as an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness Before then, the government practiced massive ethnic cleansing of non-Buddhist population of ethnic Nepalese of Hindu faith in the name of GNH cultural preservation. The NGO Human Rights Watch documented the events. According to Human Rights Watch, "Over 100,000 or 1/6 of the population of Bhut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Gross National Happiness In an article written in 2004 in the "Economist" magazine, "The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is not in fact an idyll in a fairy tale. It is home to perhaps 900,000 people most of whom live in grinding poverty." Other criticism of GNH cites "increasing levels of political corruption, the rapid sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1433722 |
Noise trader A noise trader also known informally as idiot trader is described in the literature of financial research as a stock trader whose decisions to buy, sell, or hold are irrational and erratic. The presence of noise traders in financial markets can then cause prices and risk levels to diverge from expected lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1434630 |
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