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William Baumol The "Baumol Research Centre for Entrepreneurship Studies" at Zhejiang Gongshang University is named after William Baumol. In 2003, Baumol received the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research "[f]or his persistent effort to give the entrepreneur a key role in mainstream economic theory, for his theoret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253178 |
William Baumol His economics textbook on operations research was internationally well-received: In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly every economics department offered a course in operations research methods in economics, and the usual textbook used was "Economic Theory and Operations Analysis" by W. J. Baumol. An entire gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253178 |
Third Position The is a set of alternative political ideologies that developed in Western Europe following the Second World War. Developed in the context of the Cold War, it developed its name through the claim that it represented a third position between the capitalism of the Western Bloc and the communism of the East... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253235 |
Third Position Neo-fascist, Neo-Nazi author Francis Parker Yockey had proposed an alliance between communists and fascists called "Red-Brown Alliance" (Red being the color of communism and Brown being the color of Nazism) which would have been anti-Semitic, anti-American, and anti-Zionist in nature. Yockey lent support... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253235 |
Third Position Jacques Doriot's French Popular Party (from the French Communist Party) and Marcel Déat's National Popular Rally (from the French Section of the Workers' International). ideology gained some support in France, where in 1985 Jean-Gilles Malliarakis set up a "Third Way" political party, Troisième Voie (TV)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253235 |
Third Position He adopted some of the positions of the contemporary far-right, notably the ethnopluralism of Alain de Benoist and the Europe-wide appeal associated with such views as the Europe a Nation campaign of Oswald Mosley (amongst others). Fiore was one of the founders of the Terza Posizione movement in 1978. id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253235 |
Third Position This new rhetoric and ideology alienated much of the party's rank-and-file membership. It experienced internal problems, and in 1989 several of its senior members—Nick Griffin, Derek Holland, and Colin Todd—split from it to establish their International group. One of its leaders was Roberto Fiore, an ex-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1253235 |
Kelman's source characteristics identify three characteristics of successful marketing communications sources: An attractive source is one that the receiver can identify with, or aspire to. The message from such as source is identified with by the receiver; e.g. "slice of life" advertising, for products such as washing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1256888 |
State observer In control theory, a state observer is a system that provides an estimate of the internal state of a given real system, from measurements of the input and output of the real system. It is typically computer-implemented, and provides the basis of many practical applications. Knowing the system state is ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer If this system is observable then the output of the plant, formula_6, can be used to steer the state of the state observer. The observer model of the physical system is then typically derived from the above equations. Additional terms may be included in order to ensure that, on receiving successive measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer The observer equations then become: or, more simply, Due to the separation principle we know that we can choose formula_17 and formula_8 independently without harm to the overall stability of the systems. As a rule of thumb, the poles of the observer formula_25 are usually chosen to converge 10 times fas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer For example, sliding mode control can be used to design an observer that brings one estimated state's error to zero in finite time even in the presence of measurement error; the other states have error that behaves similarly to the error in a Luenberger observer after peaking has subsided. Sliding mode o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer Also assume that there is a measurable output formula_50 given by There are several non-approximate approaches for designing an observer. The two observers given below also apply to the case when the system has an input. That is, One suggestion by Krener and Isidori and Krener and Respondek can be applie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer The non-linear gain used in the observer is typically implemented with a scaled switching function, like the signum (i.e., sgn) of the estimated – measured output error. Hence, due to this high-gain feedback, the vector field of the observer has a crease in it so that observer trajectories "slide along" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer Applying appropriate lowpass filter to get rid of the high frequency component on can obtain the value of the equivalent control, which contains more information about the state of the estimated system. The observer described above uses this method several times to obtain the state of the nonlinear syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer The algorithm is simple to implement and does not contain any risky operations like differentiation. The idea of multiple models was previously applied to obtain information in adaptive control Assume that the number of High Gain Observers equals n+1 formula_118 formula_119 where formula_120 is the obser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
State observer Calculate formula_139 times derivative on formula_140 to find mapping m lead to formula_141 defined as <math> \xi_k (t) = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ CL & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ CAL & CL & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ CA^{2}L & CAL & CL & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots \\ CA^{n-2}L & C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1261170 |
Cash account In business practice, cash account refers to a business-to-business or business-to-consumer account which is conducted on an immediate payment basis i.e. no credit is offered. In accounting practice, "cash account" or "cash book" refers to a daybook (Main entry book) used to record all transactions related... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1262019 |
British Household Panel Survey The (BHPS), carried out at the Institute for Social and Economic Research of the University of Essex, is a survey for social and economic research. A sample of British households was drawn and first interviewed in 1991. The members of these original households have since been followed and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1266525 |
Innovation and Its Discontents Innovation and Its Discontents: How Our Broken Patent System Is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What To Do About It is a book () by Adam B. Jaffe and Josh Lerner. Princeton University Press published the book in 2004. The authors of the book outline changes made to the patent sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1269882 |
Treynor ratio The Treynor reward to volatility model (sometimes called the reward-to-volatility ratio or Treynor measure), named after Jack L. Treynor, is a measurement of the returns earned in excess of that which could have been earned on an investment that has no diversifiable risk (e.g., Treasury bills or a complet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1273101 |
Treynor ratio An alternative method of ranking portfolio management is Jensen's alpha, which quantifies the added return as the excess return above the security market line in the capital asset pricing model. As these two methods both determine rankings based on systematic risk alone, they will rank portfolios identica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1273101 |
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (19 April 1817) is a book by David Ricardo on economics. The book concludes that land rent grows as population increases. It also presents the theory of comparative advantage, the theory that free trade between two or more countries can be mutually beneficial, even wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1275984 |
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation This allow countries with an absolute advantage in multiple goods, or with no absolute advantage at all, to still benefit from international trade. Ricardo claims in the preface that Turgot, Stuart, Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, Sismondi, and others had not written e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1275984 |
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Whereas the landowning class and capitalists benefit from the lower prices, workers in contrast do not reap such benefit from the lower prices if capitalists reduce the wage fund in order to finance the expensive machinery, causing technological unemployment among wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1275984 |
Harmonized System The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, also known as the (HS) of tariff nomenclature is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. It came into effect in 1988 and has since been developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization (W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System For example, within Section X ("Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard; Paper and paperboard and articles thereof"), Chapter 47 provides for "pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic materials", whereas Chapter 49 covers "printed books,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System Parties often set their customs duties at the 8-digit "tariff code" level. Statistical suffixes are often added to the 8-digit tariff code for a total of 10 digits. HS Chapter 77 is reserved for common use by the parties internationally. Chapters 98 and 99 are reserved for national use. Chapter 98 com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System 10 under the Header "Vegetables (uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water), frozen", Subheader "Potatoes". An example of a product classified according its material composition is a picture frame. Picture frames made of wood are classified under subheading 4414.00, which provides for "Wooden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System An example of a product classified according to its function is a carbon monoxide (CO) detector. If the CO detector captures and displays gas measurements, then it is properly classified under subheading 9027.10, which provides for "Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System 06, which provides for "Other live animals" because dogs are not covered by headings 01.01 through 01.05, which explicitly provide for "live equine", "live bovine", "live swine", "live sheep and goats", and "live poultry", respectively. As of 2015, there were 180 countries or territories applying the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Harmonized System Depending on the severity of the infraction, incorrect classification can result in the imposition of non-compliance penalties, border delays or seizures, or denial of import privileges. There are several resources available to traders to assist in properly classifying their goods including: Traders m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276234 |
Open compensation plan An open compensation plan (or system or policy) is one with a defined pay scale and no rules about keeping employee pay confidential. Open compensation plans are noted for reducing employee turnover. One example of an organization with an open compensation system is the U.S. military. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1278572 |
FIGS is an acronym for French, Italian, German, Spanish. These are usually the first four languages chosen to localize products developed in English into when expanding to the European market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1279709 |
Marginal revenue In microeconomics, marginal revenue (MR) is the additional revenue that will be generated by increasing product sales by one unit. In a perfectly competitive market, the additional revenue generated by selling an additional unit of a good is equal to the price the firm is able to charge the buyer of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280458 |
Marginal revenue is equal to the ratio of the change in revenue for some change in quantity sold to that change in quantity sold. This can also be represented as a derivative when the change in quantity sold becomes arbitrarily small. Define the revenue function to be where "Q" is output and "P"("Q") is the inverse dem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280458 |
Marginal revenue If demand is elastic ("e" < –1) MR will be positive, because the additional unit would not drive down the price by so much. If the firm is a perfect competitor, so that it is so small in the market that its quantity produced and sold has no effect on the price, then the price elasticity of demand is ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280458 |
Marginal revenue Example If a company can sell 10 units at $20 each or 11 units at $19 each, then the marginal revenue from the eleventh unit is (11 × 19) - (10 × 20) = $9. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1280458 |
Induced innovation is a microeconomic hypothesis first proposed in 1932 by John Hicks in his work "The Theory of Wages". He proposed that "a change in the relative prices of the factors of production is itself a spur to invention, and to invention of a particular kind—directed to economizing the use of a factor which h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1282466 |
Induced innovation The decrease of "T" would indicate a gain in efficiency however “I” could still be growing or remaining stable if the improved technology is not sufficient to compensate the effect of an increase in "P" and "A". Therefore, a reduction in “I” would always mean that pressure on resources has lightened ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1282466 |
Induced innovation Being able to meet the demand of an exponentially growing population can be a challenging task, especially if we consider that one of the most important factors, land, remains fairly fixed. According to the World Bank data, less than 38% of the global surface area can be deemed usable for cultivation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1282466 |
Induced innovation Therefore, technical innovations that replace such inputs would guarantee less costs and hence more profits. In other words, when demand for their products increases, farmers are lured by changes in relative prices to seek for technological alternatives that substitute the increasingly scarce factors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1282466 |
Municipalization is the transfer of corporations or other assets to municipal ownership. The transfer may be from private ownership (usually by purchase) or from other levels of government. It is the opposite of privatization and is different from nationalization. The term municipalization largely refers to the transfe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization Efforts to municipalize often also begin with the sentiment that the IOU is not managed well and the notion that by undertaking municipalization of electricity services, a city government can better capture profits and exercise greater control over electricity generation and distribution (also often ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization The first took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when municipalities in many developed countries acquired local private providers of a range of public services. The driving reason in most cases was the failure of private providers to sufficiently expand service provision outside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization As with utilities, the county's assets usually end up being distributed among the cities, though this is less likely if the process is gradual rather than all at once. One example of municipalization is the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District, or SMUD, of Sacramento, California. In another, larger ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization LIPA was charged with taking over the Shoreham plant and its debts, as well as controlling electricity costs. 1998: Governor George Pataki led the effort to take over LILCO's entire system due to customers still facing high utility prices. The takeover was financed through public bond offerings and ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization Timeline of Significant Events: 2002: The Boulder City Council passed Resolution 906, committing the community to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to the target established by the Kyoto Protocol 2005: In response to having difficulty meeting the goals of Resolution 906 and wanting more energy deci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization As of 2/26/18 Boulder has "two agreements done" — the interim cost agreement and the easement agreement — and are "working on a final agreement on costs" in the process of the city's negotiations with Xcel Energy. Key Motivating Factors: The California energy crisis spiked public support for publicly o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization Still it is much more cost effective to purchase existing infrastructure in fact all processes of municipalization since the 1980s have purchased the incumbent utility assets. And the cost to the acquisitions has not been cheap, "most public power takeovers are in the vicinity of 140% of book value." O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization Municipal bonds "typically have lower interest rates than investor‐owned utility bonds, resulting in lower costs." Municipal utilities also do not pay dividends to investors which can help reduce costs. Additionally, "municipal utilities are exempt from federal taxes." There is also potential for Econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization " According to a report on municipalization prepared for the District of Columbia:On the other hand, municipal utilities face challenges that can result in higher costs. The acquisition cost for the municipalized infrastructure was in some cases significantly higher than what was being recovered by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Municipalization Privatization: Privatization an alternative to municipalization which essentially moves ownership and operational control in the opposite direct shifting away from public ownership to private organization. Nationalization: Nationalization is a similar process to municipalization but shifts ownership an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291798 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve System (also known as "the Fed") has faced various criticisms since it was authorized in 1913. Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman and his fellow monetarist Anna Schwartz criticized the Fed's response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 arguing that it greatly exac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve In "The Case Against the Fed", Murray Rothbard argued that, although a supposed core function of the Federal Reserve is to maintain a low level of inflation, its policies (like those of other central banks) have actually aggravated inflation. This occurs when the Fed creates too much fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve He said: The Federal Reserve Board was created to control, regulate and stabilize credit in the interest of all people. . . . The Federal Reserve Board is the most gigantic financial power in all the world. Instead of using this great power as the Federal Reserve Act intended that it sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve His son, Senator Rand Paul, has introduced similar legislation in subsequent sessions of Congress. Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz stated that the Fed pursued an erroneously restrictive monetary policy, exacerbating the Great Depression. After the stock market crash in 1929, the Fed c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve Friedman and Schwartz note that "[f]rom the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933, the stock of money fell by over a third." The result was what Friedman calls "The Great Contraction"—a period of falling income, prices, and employment caused by the choking effe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve Some economists, such as John B. Taylor, have asserted that the Fed was responsible, at least partially, for the United States housing bubble which occurred prior to the 2007 recession. They claim that the Fed kept interest rates too low following the 2001 recession. The housing bubble ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve They argue that its monetary policies cause booms and busts when the Fed creates too much or too little fiat money. Ron Paul's book "End the Fed" repeatedly points out that the Fed engages in money creation "out of thin air." Former House Rep. Ron Paul argued that interest rates should ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve " According to the Congressional Research Service: According to the web site for the Federal Reserve System, the individual Federal Reserve Banks "are the operating arms of the central banking system, and they combine both public and private elements in their makeup and organization." E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Criticism of the Federal Reserve A report by Bloomberg News asserts that the majority of Americans believes that the System should be held more accountable or that it should be abolished. Another critique is the contention that the public should have a right to know what goes on in the Federal Open Market Committee (FO... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1291858 |
Dalal Street (, ) in downtown Mumbai, India, is the address of the Bombay Stock Exchange (in the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers) and several related financial firms and institutions. When Bombay Stock Exchange was moved to this new location at the intersection of Bombay Samāchār Marg and Hammam Street, the street next to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1293322 |
Tombstone mentality In aviation air safety, a tombstone mentality informally is a pervasive attitude of ignoring design defects until people have died because of them. Strictly speaking, tombstone mentality decisions are examples where there is no incentive for an economic actor to be a 'first mover' and promote safety... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1297883 |
Indexation is a technique to adjust income payments by means of a price index, in order to maintain the purchasing power of the public after inflation, while deindexation is the unwinding of indexation. From a macroeconomics standpoint there are four main categories of indexation: The first three are indexed to inflati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298629 |
Indexation Some countries have cut back significantly in the use of indexation and cost-of-living escalation clauses, first by applying only partial protection for price increases and eventually eliminating such protection altogether when inflation is brought down to single digits. Protecting one of the parties from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298629 |
Indexation Some economists believe there are appropriate times for indexation (when inflation is really high) and times for deindexation (when inflation has moderated after indexation, but remains still too high vs the central bank’s inflation target). In recent years Brazil, Chile, Israel, and Mexico have implemented ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298629 |
Indexation The indexation of tax rate is to avoid an increase in effective and marginal tax rates due to inflation pushing taxpayers taxable income into higher tax brackets even though their pre tax purchasing power has not changed. Tax codes of various countries can be very complicated. As a result, certain types of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298629 |
Indexation If not for the mentioned pegging, the currencies of these countries would rise against the dollar as a result of the US chronic current account deficit with such countries. But, the Asian countries have a vested economic interest in keeping US demand for their exports high. That’s where the pegging of their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1298629 |
UNSPSC The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) is a taxonomy of products and services for use in eCommerce. It is a four-level hierarchy coded as an eight-digit number, with an optional fifth level adding two more digits. The latest release of the code set is 22.0601 () and contains 156,478 code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1300070 |
UNSPSC The four primary levels of the code are: Segment, Family, Class and Commodity. Each level is coded in two decimal digits, with '00' treated specially to give segments, families and classes their own eight-digit codes. Thus 'Cats' are coded as 10101501, 'Dogs' are coded as 10101502 and 'Cattle' as 10101516. The c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1300070 |
Specific risk In finance, a specific risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as "unsystematic risk". In a balanced portfolio of assets there'd be a spread between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio. Determination of the exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1300128 |
Convergence (economics) The idea of convergence in economics (also sometimes known as the catch-up effect) is the hypothesis that poorer economies' per capita incomes will tend to grow at faster rates than richer economies. As a result, all economies should eventually converge in terms of per capita income. Developing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) According to Jack Goldstone, "in the twentieth century, the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s, then, after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations, in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) The differences in productivity techniques is what separates the leading developed nations from the following developed nations, but by a margin narrow enough to give the following nations an opportunity to catch-up. This process of catch-up continues as long as the following nations have someth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) Based on case studies on Japan, Mexico and other countries, Nakaoka studied social capabilities for industrialization and clarified features of human and social attitudes in the catching-up process of Japan in the Meiji period (1868-1912). In the 1960s and 1970s the East Asian Tigers rapidly con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) Land that is suitable for sugar and coffee such as Cuba experienced economies of scale from the establishment of plantation that in turn created the small elite families with vested interest in guarded franchise. The exogenous suitability of land for wheat versus sugar determines the growth rate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) This difference in political power led to little spending on the establishment of institutions such as public schools and slowed down their progress. As a result, countries with relative equality and access to public education grew faster and were able to converge on countries with inequality an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Convergence (economics) In addition, unified growth theory suggests that observed convergence clubs may be only a transitory phenomenon, and ultimately as economies in the Malthusian regime will take-off, convergence across all economies will take place in long run. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1302484 |
Cirrus (interbank network) Cirrus (stylized as cirrus) is a worldwide ATM network. It is a subsidiary of Mastercard and based in Purchase, New York. Founded in 1982, it links Mastercard and Maestro credit, debit and prepaid cards and Cirrus ATM cards to a global network of millions of ATMs. Prior to its acquisition by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1303149 |
Field experiment Field experiments, like lab experiments, randomly assign subjects (or other sampling units) to either treatment or control groups in order to test claims of causal relationships. Random assignment helps establish the comparability of the treatment and control group, so that any differences between them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Field experiment authenticity of treatments, participants, contexts, and outcome measures) refer to the contextual similarities between the subjects in the experimental sample and the rest of the population. They are increasingly used in the social sciences to study the effects of policy-related interventions in domain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Field experiment Field experiments allow researchers to collect diverse amounts and types of data. For example, a researcher could design an experiment that uses pre- and post-trial information in an appropriate statistical inference method to see if an intervention has an effect on subject-level changes in outcomes. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Field experiment Another cutting-edge technique in field experiments is the use of the multi armed bandit design, including similar adaptive designs on experiments with variable outcomes and variable treatments over time. There are limitations of and arguments against using field experiments in place of other research ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Field experiment These problems can lead to imprecise data analysis; however, researchers who use field experiments can use statistical methods in calculating useful information even when these difficulties occur. Using field experiments can also lead to concerns over interference between subjects. When a treated subje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Field experiment However, others argue that, even though replicability is difficult, if the results of the experiment are important then there a larger chance that the experiment will get replicated. As well, field experiments can adopt a "stepped-wedge" design that will eventually give the entire sample access to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1305037 |
Odious debt In international law, odious debt, also known as illegitimate debt, is a legal theory that says that the national debt incurred by a despotic regime should not be enforceable. Such debts are, thus, considered by this doctrine to be personal debts of the regime that incurred them and not debts of the state. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1306607 |
Odious debt This debt does not bind the nation; it is a debt of the regime, a personal debt contracted by the ruler, and consequently it falls with the demise of the regime. The reason why these odious debts cannot attach to the territory of the state is that they do not fulfil one of the conditions determining the law... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1306607 |
Odious debt Patricia Adams, executive director of Probe International, a Canadian environmental and public policy advocacy organization and author of "Odious Debts: Loose Lending, Corruption, and the Third World's Environmental Legacy", stated: "by giving creditors an incentive to lend only for purposes that are transp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1306607 |
Odious debt In December 2008, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa attempted to default on Ecuador's national debt, calling it illegitimate odious debt, because it was contracted by corrupt and despotic prior regimes. He succeeded in reducing the price of the debt letters before continuing paying the debt. After the over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1306607 |
Impossible trinity The impossible trinity (also known as the trilemma) is a concept in international economics which states that it is impossible to have all three of the following at the same time: It is both a hypothesis based on the uncovered interest rate parity condition, and a finding from empirical studies where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
Impossible trinity Therefore, a central bank has three policy combination options. In terms of the diagram above (Oxelheim, 1990), the options are: Currently, Eurozone members have chosen the first option (a) while most other countries have opted for the second one (b). By contrast, Harvard economist Dani Rodrik advoca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
Impossible trinity An example of which was the consequential devaluation of the Peso, that was pegged to the US dollar at 0.08, eventually depreciating by 46%. This in turn implies that the pegging country has no ability to set its nominal interest rate independently, and hence no independent monetary policy. The only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
Impossible trinity Burda and Charles Wyplosz provide an illustration of what can happen if a nation tries to pursue all three goals at once. To start with they posit a nation with a fixed exchange rate at equilibrium with respect to capital flows as its monetary policy is aligned with the international market. However,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
Impossible trinity In the modern world, given the growth of trade in goods and services and the fast pace of financial innovation, it is possible that capital controls can often be evaded. In addition, capital controls introduce numerous distortions. Hence, there are few important countries with an effective system of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
Impossible trinity First, because of the "de facto" dollar peg, foreign investors could invest in Asian countries without the risk of exchange rate fluctuation. Second, the free flow of capital kept foreign investment uninhibited. Third, the short-term interest rates of Asian countries were higher than the short-term i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1307966 |
The Money Lenders is a 1981 book on finance by British journalist Anthony Sampson. It looks at the history of banking from the Renaissance to a meeting of the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. in 1980, with an emphasis on the interaction of finance with international diplomacy. The bank discusses the form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1316142 |
Emerging market An emerging market (or an emerging country) is a market that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not fully meet its standards. This includes markets that may become developed markets in the future or were in the past. The term "frontier market" is used for developing countries with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1321361 |
Emerging market Originally coined in 1981 by then World Bank economist Antoine Van Agtmael, the term is sometimes loosely used as a replacement for "emerging economies", but really signifies a business phenomenon that is not fully described or constrained by such; these countries are considered to be in a transitional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1321361 |
Emerging market Kvint published this definition: "country is a society transitioning from a dictatorship to a free-market-oriented-economy, with increasing economic freedom, gradual integration with the Global Marketplace and with other members of the GEM (Global Emerging Market), an expanding middle class, improving s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1321361 |
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