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Anarcho-capitalism By accepting an axiomatic definition of private property and property rights, anarcho-capitalists deny the legitimacy of a state on principle: Although anarcho-capitalists assert a right to private property, some anarcho-capitalists also point out that common, i.e. community, property can exist by ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-capitalists tend to concur with free-market environmentalists regarding the "environmentally destructive tendencies of the state and other communal arrangements". Air, water and land pollution, for example, are seen as the result of collectivization of ownership. They believe that central gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism He believed that the Cold Warriors were more indebted in theory to the left and imperialist progressives, especially with respect to Trotskyist theory. Rothbard opposed the founding of the Libertarian Party, but joined in 1973 and became one of its leading activists. The society envisioned by anarcho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism On the purely free market, such men would simply announce to their creditors that their liability is limited to the capital specifically invested in the corporation". However, corporations created in this way would not be able to replicate the limit on liabilities arising non-contractually, such as l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Friedman has expressed preference for a society where "almost everyone is self-employed" and "instead of corporations there are large groups of entrepreneurs related by trade, not authority. Each sells not his time, but what his time produces". Others, such as Rothbard, do not express a preference ei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism He says it is a possibility that very unlibertarian laws may result, such as laws against drugs, but he thinks this would be rare. He reasons that "if the value of a law to its supporters is less than its cost to its victims, that law [...] will not survive in an anarcho-capitalist society". Anarcho-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Proponents point out that private systems of justice and defense already exist, naturally forming where the market is allowed to compensate for the failure of the state: private arbitration, security guards, neighborhood watch groups and so on. These private courts and police are sometimes referred t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Edward Stringham argues that private adjudication of disputes could enable the market to internalize externalities and provide services that customers desire. Like classical liberalism and unlike anarcho-pacifism, anarcho-capitalism permits the use of force as long as it is in the defense of persons ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism The Tannehills raise a similar example, noting that a bank robber who had an attack of conscience and returned the money would still owe reparations for endangering the employees' and customers' lives and safety, in addition to the costs of the defense agency answering the teller's call for help. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Natural-law anarcho-capitalism (as advocated by Rothbard) holds that a universal system of rights can be derived from natural law. Some other anarcho-capitalists do not rely upon the idea of natural rights, but instead present economic justifications for a free-market capitalist society. Such a latte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism In both its social and individualist forms, anarchism is usually considered a radical left-wing and anti-capitalist ideology that promotes socialist economic theories such as collectivism, communism, syndicalism and mutualism. Anarchists believe capitalism is incompatible with social and economic equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism The term state capitalism was first used by Marxist politician Wilhelm Liebknecht in 1896 and Friedrich Engels, who developed Marxist theory, talked about capitalism with state ownership as a different form of capitalism. Rothbard maintains that anarcho-capitalism is the only true form of anarchism—t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism The difference between such an arrangement and an anarcho-capitalist system is what anarcho-capitalists see as the voluntary nature of organization within anarcho-capitalism contrasted with a centralized ideology and a paired enforcement mechanism which they believe would be necessary under a "coerci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Classical liberals have had two main themes since John Locke first expounded the philosophy: the liberty of man and limitations of state power. The liberty of man was expressed in terms of natural rights while limiting the state was based (for Locke) on a consent theory. In the 19th century, classica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism So they advocated what may be seen as classical liberalism taken to the extreme by only supporting voluntarily funded defense by competing private providers. One of the first liberals to discuss the possibility of privatizing protection of individual liberty and property was France's Jakob Mauvillon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of Herbert Spencer as well as in thinkers such as Paul Émile de Puydt and Auberon Herbert. In the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the Old Right. These w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism He thought they had a faulty understanding of economics as the 19th century individualists had a labor theory of value as influenced by the classical economists and Rothbard was a student of Austrian economics which does not agree with the labor theory of value. He sought to meld 19th-century America... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Secondly, he says that Tucker is wrong to think that interest would disappear regardless because people in general do not wish to lend their money to others without compensation so there is no reason why this would change just because banking was unregulated. Tucker held a labor theory of value and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism A defining point upon which they agree is that defense of liberty and property should be provided in the free market rather than by the state. Tucker said: "[D]efense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the legal system of the Icelandic Commonwealth comes close to being a real-world anarcho-capitalist legal system because while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so it pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Although the Commonwealth was politically stable for over three centuries, longer than any democracy has lasted, its eventual downfall was brought about according to Long "not through having too much privatization, but through having too little". He notes: According to the research of Terry L. Anders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Civil disputes were settled by private arbiters called "brehons" and the compensation to be paid to the wronged party was insured through voluntary surety relationships. Commenting on the "kings" of tuaths, Rothbard states: Some libertarian historians have cited law merchant, admiralty law and early ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Holcombe argues that defense agencies could form cartels and oppress people without fear of competition. Philosopher Albert Meltzer argued that since anarcho-capitalism promotes the idea of private armies, it actually supports a "limited State". He contends that it "is only possible to conceive of An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Robert Ellickson states that anarcho-capitalists "by imagining a stable system of competing private associations, ignore both the inevitability of territorial monopolists in governance, and the importance of institutions to constrain those monopolists' abuses". Anarcho-capitalists counter that this a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Some critics reject the distinction between positive and negative rights. Peter Marshall also states that the anarcho-capitalist definition of freedom is entirely negative and that it cannot guarantee the positive freedom of individual autonomy and independence. About anarcho-capitalism, Noam Chomsky... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Some libertarian critics of anarcho-capitalism who support the full privatization of capital, such as geolibertarians, argue that land and the raw materials of nature remain a distinct factor of production and cannot be justly converted to private property because they are not products of human labor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism Cyberpunk and postcyberpunk authors have been particularly fascinated by the idea of the breakdown of the nation-state. Several stories of Vernor Vinge, including "Marooned in Realtime" and "Conquest by Default", feature anarcho-capitalist societies, sometimes portrayed in a favorable light and somet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Anarcho-capitalism They behave as a combination of insurance/underwriting and para-military police forces. Anarcho-capitalist themes abound, including an exploration of not honoring sovereign immunity, privately owned road systems, a "laissez-faire" market and competing currencies. Sandy Sandfort's, Scott Bieser's and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 |
Austrian School The is a heterodox school of economic thought that is based on methodological individualism—the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. The originated in late-19th and early-20th century Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School The owes its name to members of the German historical school of economics, who argued against the Austrians during the late-19th century "Methodenstreit" ("methodology struggle"), in which the Austrians defended the role of theory in economics as distinct from the study or compilation of historical circ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School These three economists became what is known as the "first wave" of the Austrian School. Böhm-Bawerk wrote extensive critiques of Karl Marx in the 1880s and 1890s as was part of the Austrians' participation in the late 19th-century "Methodenstreit", during which they attacked the Hegelian doctrines of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Mises' student Israel Kirzner recalled that in 1954, when Kirzner was pursuing his PhD, there was no separate as such. When Kirzner was deciding which graduate school to attend, Mises had advised him to accept an offer of admission at Johns Hopkins because it was a prestigious university and Fritz Machl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Economist Leland Yeager discussed the late 20th century rift and referred to a discussion written by Murray Rothbard, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Joseph Salerno and others in which they attack and disparage Hayek. Yeager stated: "To try to drive a wedge between Mises and Hayek on [the role of knowledge in econo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School However, both criticisms from Hoppe and Block to Hayek seem to also apply to the founder of the Carl Menger. Hoppe emphasizes that Hayek, which for him is from the English empirical tradition, is an opponent of the supposed rationalist tradition of the Austrian School, but Menger made strong critiques t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Many theories developed by "first wave" Austrian economists have long been absorbed into mainstream economics. These include Carl Menger's theories on marginal utility, Friedrich von Wieser's theories on opportunity cost and Eugen Böhm von Bawerk's theories on time preference, as well as Menger and Böhm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Austrians seek to understand the economy by examining the social ramifications of individual choice, an approach called methodological individualism. It differs from other schools of economic thought, which have focused on aggregate variables, equilibrium analysis and societal groups rather than individ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School In the 20th century, various Austrians incorporated models and mathematics into their analysis. Austrian economist Steven Horwitz argued in 2000 that Austrian methodology is consistent with macroeconomics and that Austrian macroeconomics can be expressed in terms of microeconomic foundations. Austrian e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School The Austrian theory of capital and interest was first developed by Eugen Böhm von Bawerk. He stated that interest rates and profits are determined by two factors, namely supply and demand in the market for final goods and time preference. Böhm-Bawerk's theory equates capital intensity with the degree of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Because socialist systems lack the individual incentives and price discovery processes by which individuals act on their personal information, Hayek argued that socialist economic planners lack all of the knowledge required to make optimal decisions. Those who agree with this criticism view it as a refu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Although later elaborated by Hayek and others, the theory was first set forth by Mises, who posited that fractional reserve banks extend credit at artificially low interest rates, causing businesses to invest in relatively roundabout production processes which leads to an artificial "boom". Mises stated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School However, the heart of Austrian macroeconomic theory states the government "fine tuning" through expansions and contractions in the money supply orchestrated by the government are actually the cause of business cycles because of the differing impact of the resulting interest rate changes on different sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Economist Paul Krugman has stated that they are unaware of holes in their own thinking because Austrians do not use "explicit models". Economist Benjamin Klein has criticized the economic methodological work of Austrian economist Israel M. Kirzner. While praising Kirzner for highlighting shortcomings in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Economist Bryan Caplan has noted that Mises has been criticized for overstating the strength of his case in describing socialism as "impossible" rather than as something that would need to establish non-market institutions to deal with the inefficiency. Critics generally argue that Austrian economics la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Samuelson wrote in 1964 that most economists believe that economic conclusions reached by pure logical deduction are limited and weak. According to Samuelson and Caplan, Mises' deductive methodology also embraced by Murray Rothbard and to a lesser extent by Mises' student Israel Kirzner was not sufficie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Austrian School Referring to Friedman's discussion of the business cycle, Austrian economist Roger Garrison argued that Friedman's empirical findings are "broadly consistent with both Monetarist and Austrian views" and goes on to argue that although Friedman's model "describes the economy's performance at the highest l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1030 |
Adam Smith ( 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, also known as <nowiki>"The Father of Economics"</nowiki> or <nowiki>"The Father of Capitalism"</nowiki>. Smith wrote two c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith In this and other works, he developed the concept of division of labour and expounded upon how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. Smith was controversial in his own day and his general approach and writing style were often satirised by writers such as Horace Walpole. Smit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith entered the University of Glasgow when he was 14 and studied moral philosophy under Francis Hutcheson. Here, Smith developed his passion for liberty, reason, and free speech. In 1740, Smith was the graduate scholar presented to undertake postgraduate studies at Balliol College, Oxford, under the Snell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith In Book V of "The Wealth of Nations", Smith comments on the low quality of instruction and the meager intellectual activity at English universities, when compared to their Scottish counterparts. He attributes this both to the rich endowments of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, which made the income of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith began delivering public lectures in 1748 at the University of Edinburgh, sponsored by the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh under the patronage of Lord Kames. His lecture topics included rhetoric and "belles-lettres", and later the subject of "the progress of opulence". On this latter topic, he first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith defined "mutual sympathy" as the basis of moral sentiments. He based his explanation, not on a special "moral sense" as the Third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on mutual sympathy, a term best captured in modern parlance by the 20th-century concept of empathy, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith's tutoring job entailed touring Europe with Scott, during which time he educated Scott on a variety of subjects, such as etiquette and manners. He was paid £300 per year (plus expenses) along with a £300 per year pension; roughly twice his former income as a teacher. Smith first travelled as a tutor to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Given that the English economy of the day yielded an income distribution that stood in contrast to that which existed in France, Smith concluded that "with all its imperfections, [the Physiocratic school] is perhaps the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of politi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith From 1787 to 1789, he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Smith died in the northern wing of Panmure House in Edinburgh on 17 July 1790 after a painful illness. His body was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his deathbed, Smith expressed disappointment that he had n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Bannerman in 1879, her portion of the library went intact to the New College (of the Free Church) in Edinburgh and the collection was transferred to the University of Edinburgh Main Library in 1972. Not much is known about Smith's personal views beyond what can be deduced from his published articles. His per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith James Boswell, who was a student of Smith's at Glasgow University, and later knew him at the Literary Club, says that Smith thought that speaking about his ideas in conversation might reduce the sale of his books, so his conversation was unimpressive. According to Boswell, he once told Sir Joshua Reynolds, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Anglo-American economist Ronald Coase has challenged the view that Smith was a deist, based on the fact that Smith's writings never explicitly invoke God as an explanation of the harmonies of the natural or the human worlds. According to Coase, though Smith does sometimes refer to the "Great Architect of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith The publication in 1777 of Smith's letter to William Strahan, in which he described Hume's courage in the face of death in spite of his irreligiosity, attracted considerable controversy. In 1759, Smith published his first work, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments," sold by co-publishers Andrew Millar of London a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Some scholars have perceived a conflict between "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "The Wealth of Nations"; the former emphasises sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the role of self-interest. In recent years, however, some scholars of Smith's work have argued that no contradiction exists. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Neoclassical economists emphasise Smith's invisible hand, a concept mentioned in the middle of his work – Book IV, Chapter II – and classical economists believe that Smith stated his programme for promoting the "wealth of nations" in the first sentences, which attributes the growth of wealth and prosperity t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Self-interested competition in the free market, he argued, would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Nevertheless, he was wary of businessmen and warned of their "conspiracy against the public or in some othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith " Thus Smith's chief worry seems to be when business is given special protections or privileges from government; by contrast, in the absence of such special political favours, he believed that business activities were generally beneficial to the whole society: It is the great multiplication of the production... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Samuelson concludes: "Smith was unable to prove the essence of his invisible-hand doctrine. Indeed, until the 1940s, no one knew how to prove, even to state properly, the kernel of truth in this proposition about perfectly competitive market." Very differently, classical economists see in Smith's first sente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Extended markets and increased production lead to the continuous reorganisation of production and the invention of new ways of producing, which in turn lead to further increased production, lower prices, and improved standards of living. Smith's central message is, therefore, that under dynamic competition, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith "Lectures on Jurisprudence" were notes taken from Smith's early lectures, plus an early draft of "The Wealth of Nations", published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Smith. Other works, including some published posthumously, include "Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith It is that, under competition, owners of resources (for example labour, land, and capital) will use them most profitably, resulting in an equal rate of return in equilibrium for all uses, adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training, trust, hardship, and unemployment. Paul Samuelso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Later Marxian economics descending from classical economics also use Smith's labour theories, in part. The first volume of Karl Marx's major work, "Das Kapital", was published in German in 1867. In it, Marx focused on the labour theory of value and what he considered to be the exploitation of labour by capit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith The bicentennial anniversary of the publication of "The Wealth of Nations" was celebrated in 1976, resulting in increased interest for "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and his other works throughout academia. After 1976, Smith was more likely to be represented as the author of both "The Wealth of Nations" an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith also explained the relationship between growth of private property and civil government: Men may live together in society with some tolerable degree of security, though there is no civil magistrate to protect them from the injustice of those passions. But avarice and ambition in the rich, in the poor t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Where there is no property, or at least none that exceeds the value of two or three days' labour, civil government is not so necessary. Civil government supposes a certain subordination. But as the necessity of civil government gradually grows up with the acquisition of valuable property, so the principal ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith (Source: "The Wealth of Nations", Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 2) Smith's chapter on colonies, in turn, would help shape British imperial debates from the mid-19th century onward. "The Wealth of Nations" would become an ambiguous text regarding the imperial question. In his chapter on colonies, Smith pondered how... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith As Marc-William Palen notes: "On the one hand, Adam Smith’s late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Cobdenite adherents used his theories to argue for gradual imperial devolution and empire ‘on the cheap’. On the other, various proponents of imperial federation throughout the British World sought to use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith At Central Connecticut State University is "Circulating Capital", a tall cylinder which features an extract from "The Wealth of Nations" on the lower half, and on the upper half, some of the same text, but represented in binary code. At the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, outside the Belk College ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Alan Greenspan argues that, while Smith did not coin the term "laissez-faire", "it was left to to identify the more-general set of principles that brought conceptual clarity to the seeming chaos of market transactions". Greenspan continues that "The Wealth of Nations" was "one of the great achievements in hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Similarly, Vivienne Brown stated in "The Economic Journal" that in the 20th-century United States, Reaganomics supporters, the "Wall Street Journal", and other similar sources have spread among the general public a partial and misleading vision of Smith, portraying him as an "extreme dogmatic defender of "la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Included in his requirements of a government is to enforce contracts and provide justice system, grant patents and copy rights, provide public goods such as infrastructure, provide national defence, and regulate banking. The role of the government was to provide goods "of such a nature that the profit could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith In addition, he allowed that in some specific circumstances, retaliatory tariffs may be beneficial: The recovery of a great foreign market will generally more than compensate the transitory inconvenience of paying dearer during a short time for some sorts of goods. However, he added that in general, a retali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith Smith believed that the government should subsidise newly formed industry, but he did fear that when the infant industry grew into adulthood, it would be unwilling to surrender the government help. Smith also supported tariffs on imported goods to counteract an internal tax on the same good. Smith also fell ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Adam Smith In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him, but the necessity is not so immediate. Alfred Marshall criticised Smith's definition of the economy on several points. He argued that man should be equally important as money, services are as important as goods, and that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 |
Buckminster Fuller Richard (; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist. Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", "Dymaxion" (house, car, map...), ephemeralization, synergetic, and "tensegrity"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller To him these were illogical, and led to his work on synergetics. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Navy in World War I, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor of a publication, and as commander of the crash rescue boat USS "Inca". After discharge, he worked again in the meat packing industry, acquiring management experience. In 1917, he married Anne Hewlett. During the early 1920s, he and his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident which would provide direction and purpose for his life. He felt as though he was suspended several feet above the ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke directly to Fuller, and declared: Fuller stated that this experience led ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Fuller accepted a job decorating the interior of the café in exchange for meals, giving informal lectures several times a week, and models of the Dymaxion house were exhibited at the café. Isamu Noguchi arrived during 1929—Constantin Brâncuși, an old friend of Marie's, had directed him there—and Nogu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at Bennington College in Vermont, where he lectured often. In 1949, he erected his first geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was in diameter and constructed of aluminium aircraft tubing and a vinyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Fuller financed some of his experiments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by funds invested by his collaborators, one example being the Dymaxion car project. International recognition began with the success of huge geodesic domes during the 1950s. Fuller lectured at North Carolina State Unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller In 1965, they inaugurated the World Design Science Decade (1965 to 1975) at the meeting of the International Union of Architects in Paris, which was, in Fuller's own words, devoted to "applying the principles of science to solving the problems of humanity". Later in his SIU tenure, Fuller was also a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller In 1970, he received the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects. In 1976, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He also received numerous other awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom presented to him on February 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Resources and waste from crude, inefficient products could be recycled into making more valuable products, thus increasing the efficiency of the entire process. Fuller also coined the word synergetics, a catch-all term used broadly for communicating experiences using geometric concepts, and more spec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Defining wealth in terms of knowledge, as the "technological ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all growth needs of life," his analysis of the condition of "Spaceship Earth" caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller I seem to be a verb, an evolutionary process—an integral function of the universe." Fuller wrote that the natural analytic geometry of the universe was based on arrays of tetrahedra. He developed this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres and the number of compressive or tensile members ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller The Fuller Dome is referenced in the Hugo Award-winning novel "Stand on Zanzibar" by John Brunner, in which a geodesic dome is said to cover the entire island of Manhattan, and it floats on air due to the hot-air balloon effect of the large air-mass under the dome (and perhaps its construction of lig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller The bodywork was aerodynamically designed for increased fuel efficiency and speed as well as light weight, and its platform featured a lightweight cromoly-steel hinged chassis, rear-mounted V8 engine, front-drive and three-wheels. The vehicle was steered via the third wheel at the rear, capable of 90... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Due to publicity, there were many orders during the early Post-War years, but the company that Fuller and others had formed to produce the houses failed due to management problems. In 1967, Fuller developed a concept for an offshore floating city named Triton City and published a report on the design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller It was replaced by an iron rebar set vertically in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded in place to create the dome's wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other shapes such as cones, pyra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Fuller's hearing was damaged during his Naval service in World War I and deteriorated during the 1960s. After experimenting with bullhorns as hearing aids during the mid-1960s, Fuller adopted electronic hearing aids from the 1970s onward. In public appearances, Fuller always wore dark-colored suits, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller Following his global prominence from the 1960s onward, Fuller became a frequent flier, often crossing time zones to lecture. In the 1960s and 1970s, he wore three watches simultaneously; one for the time zone of his office in Carbondale, one for the time zone of the location he would next visit, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller He was described as "tireless" by Barry Farrell in "Life" magazine, who noted that Fuller stayed up all night replying to mail during Farrell's 1970 trip to Bear Island. In his seventies, Fuller generally slept for 5–8 hours per night. Fuller documented his life copiously from 1915 to 1983, approxima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
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