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Buckminster Fuller The words "in" and "out" should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an object's relation to a gravitational center, the Earth. "I suggest to audiences that they say, 'I'm going "outstairs" and "instairs."' At first that sounds strange to them; They all laugh about it. But if they... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller " As well as contributing significantly to the development of tensegrity technology, Fuller invented the term "tensegrity", a portmanteau of "tensional integrity". "Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which structural shape is guaranteed by the finitely closed, comprehensively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller An allotrope of carbon, fullerene—and a particular molecule of that allotrope C (buckminsterfullerene or buckyball) has been named after him. The Buckminsterfullerene molecule, which consists of 60 carbon atoms, very closely resembles a spherical version of Fuller's geodesic dome. The 1996 Nobel priz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller It presented a combination of models, sketches, and other artifacts, representing six decades of the artist's integrated approach to housing, transportation, communication, and cartography. It also featured the extensive connections with Chicago from his years spent living, teaching, and working in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Buckminster Fuller In a different note, Fuller's quote "Those who play with the Devil's toys, will be brought by degree to wield his sword" was used and referenced as the first display seen in the strategy sci-fi video game "" developed by Firaxis Games. "The House of Tomorrow", is a 2017 American independent drama fil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4031 |
Software Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software , most personal computers, smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past. The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software Computer science is the theoretical study of computer and software (Turing's essay is an example of computer science), whereas software engineering is the application of engineering and development of software. However, prior to 1946, software was not yet the programs stored in the memory of stored-program dig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into: Programming tools are also software in the form of programs or applications that software developers (also known as "programmers, coders, hackers" or "software engineers") use to create, debug, maintain (i.e. improve or fix), or otherwise support softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as the hard drive or memory). Once the software has loaded, the computer is able to "execute" the software. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately rece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software However, software testing rarely—if ever—eliminates every bug; some programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug" (Lubarsky's Law). In the waterfall method of software development, separate testing teams are typically employed, but in newer approaches, collectively termed agile software develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software patents, like other types of patents, are theoretically supposed to give an inventor an exclusive, time-limited license for a "detailed idea (e.g. an algorithm) on how to implement" a piece of software, or a component of a piece of software. Ideas for useful things that software could "do", and user "requireme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software Another source of controversy is the effect on innovation, with many distinguished experts and companies arguing that software is such a fast-moving field that software patents merely create vast additional litigation costs and risks, and actually retard innovation. In the case of debates about software patent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software For instance, the Spring Framework is used for implementing enterprise applications, the Windows Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI) applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication Foundation is used for designing web services. When a program is designed, it relies up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Software can be quite a profitable industry: Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft was the richest person in the world in 2009, largely due to his ownership of a significant number of shares in Microsoft, the company responsible for Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office software products - both market leaders in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5309 |
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets. In a capitalist market economy, decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Market economies have existed under many forms of government and in many different times, places and cultures. Modern capitalist societies—marked by a universalization of money-based social relations, a consistently large and system-wide class of workers who must work for wages, and a capitalist class which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism "Capitalism" is derived from "capital", which evolved from "capitale", a late Latin word based on "caput", meaning "head"—which is also the origin of "chattel" and "cattle" in the sense of movable property (only much later to refer only to livestock). "Capitale" emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries to refer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The initial use of the term "capitalism" in its modern sense is attributed to Louis Blanc in 1850 ("What I call 'capitalism' that is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others") and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1861 ("Economic and social regime in which capital, the source of income,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Capital has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labour. Simple commodity exchange and consequently simple commodity production, which is the initial basis for the growth of capital f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England as the manorial system had broken down and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a serf-based system of labor, workers were i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism This period, the Age of Discovery, was associated with the geographic exploration of the foreign lands by merchant traders, especially from England and the Low Countries. Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods. Most scholars c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In the words of Francis Bacon, the purpose of mercantilism was "the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulation of prices...". After the period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Industrial capitalism marked the development of the factory system of manufacturing, characterized by a complex division of labor between and within work process and the routine of work tasks; and eventually established the domination of the capitalist mode of production. Industrial Britain eventually abando... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism After the First and Second Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India, vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. Also in this period, areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were colonized. The conquest of new parts of the globe, notably sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In the period following the global depression of the 1930s, the state played an increasingly prominent role in the capitalistic system throughout much of the world. The postwar boom ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the situation was worsened by the rise of stagflation. Monetarism, a modification o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The extension of adult male suffrage in 19th-century Britain occurred along with the development of industrial capitalism and democracy became widespread at the same time as capitalism, leading capitalists to posit a causal or mutual relationship between them. However, according to some authors in the 20th-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism This has led people to question the idea that competitive capitalism promotes political freedom. The ruling on Citizens United allows corporations to spend undisclosed and unregulated amounts of money on political campaigns, shifting outcomes to the interests and undermining true democracy. As explained in R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Singapore has a successful open market economy as a result of its competitive, business-friendly climate and robust rule of law. Nonetheless, it often comes under fire for its brand of government which though democratic and consistently one of the least corrupt it also operates largely under a one-party rule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In mixed economies, which are almost universal today, markets continue to play a dominant role, but they are regulated to some extent by the state in order to correct market failures, promote social welfare, conserve natural resources, fund defense and public safety or other rationale. In state capitalist sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act became the first legislation passed by the United States Congress to limit monopolies. The profit motive, in the theory in capitalism, is the desire to earn income in the form of profit. Stated differently, the reason for a business's existence is to turn a profit. The prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Hernando de Soto is a contemporary Peruvian economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded. According to de Soto, this is the process by which phys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Smith and other classical economists before Antoine Augustine Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium. Competition is widespread throughout t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Between 1000 and 1820, the world economy grew sixfold, a faster rate than the population growth, so individuals enjoyed, on average, a 50% increase in income. Between 1820 and 1998, world economy grew 50-fold, a much faster rate than the population growth, so individuals enjoyed on average a 9-fold increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism in the form of money-making activity has existed in the shape of merchants and money-lenders who acted as intermediaries between consumers and producers engaging in simple commodity production (hence the reference to "merchant capitalism") since the beginnings of civilisation. What is specific about the "cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism A society, region or nation is capitalist if the predominant source of incomes and products being distributed is capitalist activity, but even so this does not yet mean necessarily that the capitalist mode of production is dominant in that society. In capitalist economic structures, supply and demand is an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism By contrast, responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along unchanged supply and demand curves. A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Under the assumption of perfect competition, supply is determined b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The market supply curve is obtained by summing the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price, thus in the graph of the supply curve individual firms' supply curves are added horizontally to obtain the market supply curve. Economists also distinguish the short-run market supply curve from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Just like the supply curves reflect marginal cost curves, demand curves are determined by marginal utility curves. Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the opportunity cost determined by the price—that is, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The market demand curve is obtained by summing the quantities demanded by all consumers at each potential price, thus in the graph of the demand curve individuals' demand curves are added horizontally to obtain the market demand curve. The determinants of demand are: In the context of supply and demand, econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The supply and demand model is a partial equilibrium model of economic equilibrium, where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities in other markets. In other words, the prices of all substitutes and complements as well as income levels of consume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Demand and supply relations in a market can be statistically estimated from price, quantity and other data with sufficient information in the model. This can be done with simultaneous-equation methods of estimation in econometrics. Such methods allow solving for the model-relevant "structural coefficients", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Hosseini, the "power of supply and demand" was discussed to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote: "If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation", Ricardo more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand. Antoine Augustin Cournot first developed a mathematical model of supply and demand in his 1838 "Researches into the Mathematical Principles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Under some versions of capitalism, the government carries out a number of economic functions, such as issuing money, supervising public utilities, and enforcing private contracts. Many countries have competition laws that prohibit monopolies and cartels. Despite anti-monopoly laws, large corporations can for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In his view, transactions in a market economy are voluntary and that the wide diversity that voluntary activity permits is a fundamental threat to repressive political leaders and greatly diminishes their power to coerce. Some of Friedman's views were shared by John Maynard Keynes, who believed that capitali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Advanced capitalism is the situation that pertains to a society in which the capitalist model has been integrated and developed deeply and extensively for a prolonged period. Various writers identify Antonio Gramsci as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism, even if he did not use the term hims... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Rudolf Hilferding is credited with first bringing the term finance capitalism into prominence through "Finance Capital", his 1910 study of the links between German trusts, banks and monopolies—a study subsumed by Vladimir Lenin into "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1917), his analysis of the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism "Laissez-faire" capitalism is a more extensive form of this free-market economy, but one in which the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights. In anarcho-capitalist theory, property rights are protected by private firms and market-generated law. According to anarcho-capitalists, this entai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism A social market economy is a free-market or mixed-market capitalist system, sometimes classified as a coordinated market economy, where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum, but the state provides significant services in the area of social security, unemployment benefits and recogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In his opinion, gone are the days when governments appointed bureaucrats to run companies: the world's largest state-owned enterprises are now traded on the public markets and kept in good health by large institutional investors. Contemporary state capitalism is associated with the East Asian model of capita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The economist Ludwig von Mises argued that the designation of state capitalism was simply a new label for the old labels of state socialism and planned economy and differed only in non-essentials from these earlier designations. The debate between proponents of private versus state capitalism is centered aro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The accumulation of capital is the process of "making money", or growing an initial sum of money through investment in production. is based on the accumulation of capital, whereby financial capital is invested in order to make a profit and then reinvested into further production in a continuous process of ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Accumulation can be measured as the monetary value of investments, the amount of income that is reinvested, or as the change in the value of assets owned (the increase in the value of the capital stock). Using company balance sheets, tax data and direct surveys as a basis, government statisticians estimate t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In Karl Marx' economic theory, capital accumulation refers to the operation whereby profits are reinvested increasing the total quantity of capital. Capital is viewed by Marx as expanding value, that is, in other terms, as a sum of capital, usually expressed in money, that is transformed through human labor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism According to Marx, capital has the tendency for concentration and centralization in the hands of the wealthy. Marx explains: "It is concentration of capitals already formed, destruction of their individual independence, expropriation of capitalist by capitalist, transformation of many small into few large ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism This rate can be expressed by means of various ratios between the original capital outlay, the realised turnover, surplus-value or profit and reinvestments (e.g. the writings of the economist Michał Kalecki). Other things being equal, the greater the amount of profit-income that is disbursed as personal earn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Ernest Mandel emphasised that the rhythm of capital accumulation and growth depended critically on (1) the division of a society's social product between "necessary product" and "surplus product"; and (2) the division of the surplus product between investment and consumption. In turn, this allocation pattern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In the second volume of "Das Kapital", Marx continues the story and shows that with the aid of bank credit capital in search of growth can more or less smoothly mutate from one form to another, alternately taking the form of money capital (liquid deposits, securities and so on), commodity capital (tradable p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism 1—producers of means of production—exactly equals that of the constant capital of Dept. 2, producers of articles of consumption (p. 524). Such equilibrium rests on various assumptions, such as a constant labor supply (no population growth). Accumulation does not imply a necessary change in total magnitude of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism This interpretation emphasises that capital ownership, predicated on command over labor, is a social relation: the growth of capital implies the growth of the working class (a "law of accumulation"). In the first volume of "Das Kapital", Marx had illustrated this idea with reference to Edward Gibbon Wakefiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Critics of the capitalist mode of production see wage labour as a major, if not defining, aspect of hierarchical industrial systems. Most opponents of the institution support worker self-management and economic democracy as alternatives to both wage labour and to capitalism. While most opponents of the wage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The differences show up in the form of: War typically causes the diversion, destruction and creation of capital assets as capital assets are both destroyed or consumed and diverted to types of production needed to fight the war. Many assets are wasted and in some few cases created specifically to fight a war... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism about 1/6. In the Berlin area alone, there were 8 million refugees lacking basic necessities. In 1945, less than 10% of the railways were still operating. 2,395 rail bridges were destroyed and a total of 7,500 bridges, 10,000 locomotives and more than 100,000 goods wagons were destroyed. Less than 40% of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The first big strike-wave in the Ruhr occurred in early 1947—it was about food rations and housing, but soon there were demands for nationalisation. However, the United States appointed military governor (Newman) stated at the time that he had the power to break strikes by withholding food rations. The clear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In Italy, the victorious Allies did three things in 1945: they imposed their absolute military authority; they quickly disarmed the Italian partisans from a very large stock of weapons; and they agreed to a state guarantee of wage payments as well as a veto on all sackings of workers from their jobs. Althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Many socialists consider capitalism to be irrational in that production and the direction of the economy are unplanned, creating many inconsistencies and internal contradictions. and individual property rights have been associated with the tragedy of the anticommons where owners are unable to agree. Marxian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Baptist and Sven Beckert, assert that slavery was an integral component in the violent development of American and global capitalism. The Slovenian continental philosopher Slavoj Žižek posits that the new era of global capitalism has ushered in new forms of contemporary slavery, including migrant workers dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Some scholars blame the financial crisis of 2007–2008 on the neoliberal capitalist model. Following the banking crisis of 2007, Alan Greenspan told the United States Congress on 23 October 2008 that "[t]his modern risk-management paradigm held sway for decades. The whole intellectual edifice, however, collap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism In his 84-page apostolic exhortation , Catholic Pope Francis described unfettered capitalism as "a new tyranny" and called on world leaders to fight rising poverty and inequality: Proponents of capitalism argue that it creates more prosperity than any other economic system and that its benefits are mainly to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The majority of criticisms against the profit motive centre on the idea that the profit motive encourages selfishness and greed, rather than serve the public good or necessarily creating an increase in net wealth. Critics of the profit motive contend that companies disregard morals or public safety in the pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Similarly, advocates of slavery looked upon the "comparative evils of Slave Society and of Free Society, of slavery to human Masters and slavery to Capital" and proceeded to argue that wage slavery was actually worse than chattel slavery. Slavery apologists like George Fitzhugh contended that workers only ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism According to Noam Chomsky, analysis of the psychological implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era. In his 1791 book "On the Limits of State Action", liberal thinker Wilhelm von Humboldt explained how "whatever does not spring from a man's free choice, or is only the result of instructi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Some anti-capitalist thinkers claim that the elite maintain wage slavery and a divided working class through their influence over the media and entertainment industry, educational institutions, unjust laws, nationalist and corporate propaganda, pressures and incentives to internalize values serviceable to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism To Marxist and anarchist thinkers like Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, wage slavery was a class condition in place due to the existence of private property and the state. This class situation rested primarily on: For Marxists, labor as commodity, which is how they regard wage labor, provides a fundament... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Marx knew that wage labour existed on a modest scale for centuries before capitalist industry. For Marx, the capitalist stage of development or "bourgeois society" represented the most advanced form of social organization to date, but he also thought that the working classes would come to power in a worldwid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism He argues that a core requirement of a capitalist society is that a large portion of the population must not possess sources of self-sustenance that would allow them to be independent and are instead forced to sell their labor for a wage. In conjunction with his criticism of capitalism was Marx's belief that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism However, other late Marxian thinkers argue that a social formation as a whole may be classed as capitalist if capitalism is the mode by which a surplus is extracted, even if this surplus is not produced by capitalist activity as when an absolute majority of the population is engaged in non-capitalist economi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism creates three ecological problems: growth, technology, and consumption. The growth problem results from the nature of capitalism, as it focuses around the accumulation of Capital. The innovation of new technologies has an impact on the environmental future as they serve as a capitalist tool in which environ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism The Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem shows that the standard model cannot be rigorously derived in general from general equilibrium theory. The model of prices being determined by supply and demand assumes perfect competition. However, "economists have no adequate model of how individuals and firms adjust ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Capitalism Friedrich Hayek considered the phenomenon of self-organisation as underpinning capitalism. Prices serve as a signal as to the urgent and unfilled wants of people and the opportunity to earn profits if successful, or absorb losses if resources are used poorly or left idle, gives entrepreneurs incentive to use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5416 |
Computer program A computer program is a collection of instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task. Most computer devices require programs to function properly. A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language. From the program in its human-readable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program In 1206, the Arab engineer Al-Jazari invented a programmable drum machine where musical mechanical automata could be made to play different rhythms and drum patterns. In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard devised a loom that would weave a pattern by following a series of perforated cards. Patterns could be wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the Universal Turing machine—a theoretical device that can model every computation that can be performed on a Turing complete computing machine. It is a finite-state machine that has an infinitely long read/write tape. The machine can move the tape back and forth, changi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Three function tables were on wheels and needed to be rolled to fixed function panels. Function tables were connected to function panels using heavy black cables. Each function table had 728 rotating knobs. Programming the ENIAC also involved setting some of the 3,000 switches. Debugging a program took... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Computer programs also were manually input via paper tape or punched cards. After the medium was loaded, the starting address was set via switches and the execute button pressed. In 1961, the Burroughs B5000 was built specifically to be programmed in the ALGOL 60 language. The hardware featured circuit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Two of the main paradigms are imperative and declarative. "Imperative programming languages" specify a sequential algorithm using declarations, expressions, and statements: One criticism of imperative languages is the side effect of an assignment statement on a class of variables called non-local varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Compilers are used to translate source code from a programming language into either object code or machine code. Object code needs further processing to become machine code, and machine code consists of the central processing unit's native instructions, ready for execution. Compiled computer programs a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program For example, the Java virtual machine Hotspot contains a Just In Time Compiler which selectively compiles Java bytecode into machine code – but only code which Hotspot predicts is likely to be used many times. Either compiled or interpreted programs might be executed in a batch process without human in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Many operating systems support multitasking which enables many computer programs to appear to run simultaneously on one computer. Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling – a software mechanism to switch the CPU among processes often so users can interact with each program... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Application software also includes utility programs. The distinction between system software and application software is under debate. There are many types of application software: Utility programs are application programs designed to aid system administrators and computer programmers. An operating sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Computer program Following the initialization process, this initial computer program loads the operating system and sets the program counter to begin normal operations. Independent of the host computer, a hardware device might have embedded firmware to control its operation. Firmware is used when the computer program i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783 |
Corporatocracy (, from corporate and ; short form corpocracy) is a recent term used to refer to an economic and political system controlled by corporations or corporate interests. It is a form of Plutocracy. The concept has been used in explanations of bank bailouts, excessive pay for CEOs as well as complaints such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy He suggested that it arose from four trends: weak national parties and strong political representation of individual districts, the large U.S. military establishment after World War II, large corporations using money to finance election campaigns, and globalization tilting the balance of power away from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy She also explained how both Wall Street bankers and members of the government that formerly had worked on Wall Street stopped bi-partisan legislation that would have broken up the largest banks. She repeated President Theodore Roosevelt's warnings regarding powerful corporate entities that threatened the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy Measured relative to GDP, total compensation and its component wages and salaries have been declining since 1970. This indicates a shift in income from labor (persons who derive income from hourly wages and salaries) to capital (persons who derive income via ownership of businesses, land and assets). Lar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy Writing in the "Harvard Business Review" in September 2014, William Lazonick blamed record corporate stock buybacks for reduced investment in the economy and a corresponding impact on prosperity and income inequality. Between 2003 and 2012, the 449 companies in the S&P 500 used 54% of their earnings ($2.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy Brid Brennan of the Transnational Institute explained how concentration of corporations increases their influence over government: "It’s not just their size, their enormous wealth and assets that make the TNCs [transnational corporations] dangerous to democracy. It’s also their concentration, their capac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Corporatocracy In America the compensation of workers in financial services was similar to average compensation until 1980. Now it is twice that average." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6997 |
Planned economy A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized or participatory forms of economic planning. The majority of coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7843 |
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