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Statistics Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with data type in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the Boolean data type, polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned integers in the integral data type, and continuous variables with the real ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics A statistic is a random variable that is a function of the random sample, but "not a function of unknown parameters". The probability distribution of the statistic, though, may have unknown parameters. Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an estimator is a statistic used to estimate such functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the method of moments, the maximum likelihood method, the least squares method and the more recent method of estimating equations. Interpretation of statistical infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: Standard deviation refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while Standard error refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics Both linear regression and non-linear regression are addressed in polynomial least squares, which also describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable (y axis) as a function of the independent variable (x axis) and the deviations (errors, noise, disturbances) from the estimated (fitted) curv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics From the frequentist perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a random variable. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics The standard approach is to test a null hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis. A critical region is the set of values of the estimator that leads to refuting the null hypothesis. The probability of type I error is therefore the probability that the estimator belongs to the critical region given that n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics Some problems are usually associated with this framework (See criticism of hypothesis testing): Some well-known statistical tests and procedures are: Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach to analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A statistical model c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book "How to Lie with Statistics" outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics Statistical analysis of a data set often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including natural and social sciences, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in econometrics, auditing and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research. In the field of biological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on resampling, such as permutation tests and the bootstrap, while techniques such as Gibbs sampling have made use of Bayesian models more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the futu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Statistics These disciplines include: In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology: form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685 |
Syndicalism is a radical current in the labor movement that was most active in the early 20th century. Its main idea is the establishment of local worker-based organizations and the advancement of the demands and rights of workers through strikes. According to the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was predominant in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism The concept "syndicalisme révolutionnaire" or "revolutionary syndicalism" emerged in French socialist journals in 1903 and the French General Confederation of Labor ("Confédération générale du travail", CGT) came to use the term to describe its brand of unionism. "Revolutionary syndicalism", or more commonl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Others, like Larry Peterson and Erik Olssen, disagree with this broad definition. According to Olssen, this understanding has a "tendency to blur the distinctions between industrial unionism, syndicalism, and revolutionary socialism". Peterson gives a more restrictive definition of "syndicalism" based on fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Syndicalists saw themselves as the heirs of the First International, the international socialist organization formed in 1864, particularly its anti-authoritarian wing led by Mikhail Bakunin. Bakunin and his followers advocated the general strike, rejected electoral politics, and anticipated workers' organiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism In the 1890s, French anarchists, conceding that individual action such as assassinations had failed, turned their focus to the labor movement. They were able to gain influence, particularly in the "bourses du travail", which served as labor exchanges, meeting places for unions, and trades councils and organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Nevertheless, the IWW also had a presence in Canada and Mexico nearly from its inception, as the US economy and labor force was intertwined with those countries. French syndicalism and American industrial unionism influenced the rise of syndicalism elsewhere. Syndicalist movements and organizations in a num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Many IWW leaders were European immigrants, including Edmondo Rossoni who moved between the United States and Italy and was active in both the IWW and USI. International work processes also contributed to the diffusion of syndicalism. For example, sailors helped establish IWW presences in port cities around ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism In Britain, there was a similar conflict between ISEL and the local IWW organization. By 1914, there were syndicalist national labor confederations in Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and France, while Belgian syndicalists were in the process of forming one. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Strikes increased in frequency, numbers of workers involved, and duration. According to van der Linden and Thorpe, syndicalism was only one way this radicalization expressed itself. In the United Kingdom, for example, the period from 1910 to 1914 became known as the Great Labour Unrest. Many historians see ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism " A feeling that ideological disputes were draining workers' power led Dutch, French, and American syndicalist organizations to declare themselves independent of any political groups. In countries like Italy, Spain, and Ireland, which was still under British rule, parliamentary politics were not seen as a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Newer studies have questioned this account. According to van der Linden and Thorpe, changes in labor processes contributed to the radicalization of workers and thereby to the rise of syndicalism. This rise took place during the Second Industrial Revolution. Two groups of workers were most attracted to syndi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism They did not entirely result from the introduction of new technology, but were also caused by changes in management methods. This included increased supervision of workers, piecework, internal promotions, all designed make workers docile and loyal and to transfer knowledge and control over the process of pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Several general or political strikes then took place before World War: in 1893 and in 1902 in Belgium, in 1902 and in 1909 in Sweden, in 1903 in the Netherlands, in 1904 in Italy in addition to significant work stoppages during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Darlington cites the significance of the conscio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Émile Pouget, a CGT leader, maintained that: "What sets syndicalism apart from the various schools of socialism and makes it superior is its doctrinal sobriety. Inside the unions, there is little philosophising. They do better than that: they act!" Similarly, Andreu Nin of the Spanish CNT proclaimed in 1919... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism The historian Peter Stearns, commenting on French syndicalism, concludes that most workers did not identify with syndicalism's long-range goals and that syndicalist hegemony accounts for the relatively slow growth of the French labor movement as a whole. Workers who joined the syndicalist movement, he claim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism has traditionally been seen as a current within anarchism, but in some countries it was dominated by Marxists rather than anarchists. This was the case in Italy and much of the Anglophone world, including Ireland where anarchists had no significant influence on syndicalism. The extent to which syndicalist d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Bill Haywood, a leading figure in the IWW, defined the union's purpose at its founding congress as "the emancipation of the working class from the slave bondage of capitalism". Syndicalists held that society was divided into two great classes, the working class and the bourgeoisie. Their interests being irr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism According to Father Thomas Hagerty, a Catholic priest and IWW leader, "dropping pieces of paper into a hole in a box never did achieve emancipation for the working class, and to my thinking it will never achieve it". Syndicalist trade unions declared their political neutrality and autonomy from political pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Victor Griffuelhes expressed this at the CGT's 1906 congress in the following manner: "In its day-to-day demands, syndicalism seeks the co-ordination of workers' efforts, the increase of workers' well-being by the achievement of immediate improvements, such as the reduction of working hours, the increase of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Similarly, syndicalist unions did not work to build large strike funds, for fear that they would create bureaucracy separate from the rank-and-file and instill in workers the expectation that the union rather than they would wage the class struggle. Syndicalists advocated direct action, including working to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Syndicalists generally agreed that in a free society production would be managed by workers. The state apparatus would be replaced by the rule of workers' organizations. In such a society individuals would be liberated, both in the economic sphere but also in their private and social lives. Syndicalist poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism " For example, while defending a black fellow worker against a racist insult, an IWW organizer in Louisiana insisted that "he is a man, a union man, an IWW—a MAN! ... and he has proven it by his action". During WWI, one of the IWW's anti-war slogans was "Don’t Be a Soldier! Be a Man!" In some case syndicali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism They arranged for workers' children to be sent to live with sympathetic families outside of Lawrence for the duration of the strike so their parents could focus on the struggle. Unlike most IWW-led strikes, the struggle was successful. In Mexico, syndicalism first emerged in 1906 during a violent miners' st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism During the strike, Lisbon was controlled by workers and there were armed uprisings in several other cities. In 1912, the strike wave ebbed off. Italian syndicalists successfully organized agricultural workers in the Po Valley by uniting different parts of agricultural working class. They were most successfu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism After the ITGWU attempted to unionize Dublin's trams and tram workers went on strike, the city's employers threatened to fire any workers who did not sign a pledge to not support the ITGWU, thereby turning the dispute into a city-wide conflict in late September. Workers' resistance crumbled in January 1914.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism It was attended by 38 delegates from 65 organizations in Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Discussions were contentious and did not lead to the founding of a syndicalist international. Delegates did agree on a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism When World War I broke out in July 1914, socialist parties and trade unions both in neutral and belligerent countries supported their respective nations' war efforts or national defense, despite previous pledges to do the opposite. Socialists agreed to put aside class conflict and vote for war credits. Germ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism It followed the French president's call for national unity by agreeing to a no-strike pledge and to resolve labor disputes through arbitration and by actively participating in the French war effort. Most of its members of military age were conscripted without resistance and its ranks shrank from 350,000 in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism USI's pro-war wing had the support of less than a third of the organization's members and it was forced out in September 1914. Its anarchist wing, led by Armando Borghi, was firmly opposed to the war, deeming it incompatible with workers' internationalism and predicting that it would only serve elites and g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism After Jim Larkin left Ireland in 1914, James Connolly took over leadership of the union. Because of the organization's weakness, Connolly allied it along with its paramilitary force, the Irish Citizen Army, with the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Together, they instigated the Easter Rising, seeking to weaken... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Syndicalists in the Netherlands and Sweden, both neutral countries, criticized the truce socialists entered with their governments in order to shore up national defense. The Dutch NAS disowned Cornelissen, one of its founders, for his support for the war. Syndicalists from Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism German and Spanish syndicalists went further still by putting into question the concept of nationhood itself and dismissing it as a mere social construct. The Germans pointed out that most inhabitants of the German Empire identified not as Germans, but in regional terms as Prussians or Bavarians and the lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism As the war progressed, disaffection with worsening living conditions at home and a growing numbers of casualties at the front eroded the enthusiasm and patriotism the outbreak of war had aroused. Prices were on the rise, food was scarce, and it became increasingly clear that the war would not be short. In G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Lenin abandoned the idea that capitalism is a necessary stage on Russia's path to communism; dismissed the establishment of a parliament, favoring that power be taken by soviets; and called for the abolition of the police, the army, the bureaucracy, and finally the state all sentiments syndicalists shared. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Anarchists were jubilant at the toppling of the provisional government. They were concerned about the proclamation of a new government, fearing a dictatorship of the proletariat, even more so after the Bolsheviks created the central Soviet of People's Commissars composed only of members of their party. They... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism They denounced state control over the factories and agitated for decentralization of power in politics and the economy and "syndicalization" of industry. The Civil War against the White Army split anarchists. The syndicalists were criticized harshly, because most supported the Bolshevik regime in the war ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Though they were still coming to grips with the evolving Bolshevik ideology and despite traditional anarchist suspicions of Marxism, they saw in Russia a revolution that had taken place against parliamentary politics and under the influence of workers' councils. They also, at this point, had only limited kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism It was active in the revolutionary events of the following years, particularly in the Ruhr area. It supported spontaneous strikes and championed direct action and sabotage. The FVdG started to be held in high regard for its radicalism by workers, particularly miners, who appreciated the syndicalists' abilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Throughout this wave of labor radicalism, syndicalists, along with anarchists, formed the most consistently revolutionary faction on the left as socialists sought to rein in workers and prevent unrest. The Italian syndicalist movement had split during the war, as the syndicalist supporters of Italian interv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism In 1917, radicals began to dominate the labor movement as a result of the war, the dictatorship established that year, and the influence of the Russian Revolution. In November 1918, a general strike was called but failed and in 1919 the syndicalist General Confederation of Labour ("Confederação Geral do Tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism In all, between 100 and 700 people died in what became known as the Tragic Week. Nevertheless, strikes continued to increase and both FORA V and IX grew. The United States underwent an increase in labor militancy during the post-war period. 1919 saw a general strike in Seattle, large miners' strikes, a poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism After long discussions, the CNT opted to join the Comintern, though it classified its adherence as provisional as a concession to detractors of Bolshevism. USI also decided to join, though some like Borghi had reservations about the course of events in Russia. In France, the CGT's radical minority that had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism They thought of the soviets as organs of workers' control over production and the Bolsheviks depicted them as such. Syndicalists were not aware of the extent to which they were in reality subordinated to the communist party. The congress, however, revealed the irreconcilable differences between the syndical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism From the early 1920s, syndicalist movements in most countries began to wane. State repression played a significant role, but movements that were not suppressed also declined. Faced with this decline, syndicalist organizations had three choices: They could stay true to their revolutionary principles and be m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism This would be the true revolution that would mold the forms of the Italy of tomorrow". This movement has been often called Fascist syndicalism. Syndicalists were involved in the resistance against fascism in several countries. In Germany, the FAUD had already been reduced to a small organization, with a mem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Although the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 briefly revitalized syndicalist activity, the syndicalist network was ultimately crushed by the Gestapo by 1937 or 1938. Most syndicalists who had not been arrested gave up at this point. Several dozen German syndicalists went into exile and some ended up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Syndicalists also formed the "Freedom" Syndicalist Organisation (SOW), which comprised several hundred activists and also had combatant units. The ZSP and the SOW were involved in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. They formed a company consisting of several hundred soldiers who wore red and black bands and hung ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Syndicalism's decline was the result of a number of factors. In Russia, Italy, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands, syndicalist movements were suppressed by authoritarian governments. The IWW in the United States and the Mexican House of the World Worker were weakened considerably by state repress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism According to authors like Stearns, Edward Shorter, Charles Tilly, and Bob Holton, who deem syndicalism a transitional form of workers' resistance between older craft-based and modern factory-based industry, syndicalism's decline was a product of that transition having been completed and workers being assimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism According Eric Hobsbawm, the biggest reason for syndicalism's decline, however, was the rise of communism. Several communist parties drew their cadres from the syndicalists' ranks. To radical workers, the programmatic distinctions between syndicalism and communism were not all that relevant. The key is that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism The protest movements of the late 1960s saw renewed interest in syndicalism by activists in Germany, the US, and Britain. During its Hot Autumn of 1969, Italy experienced labor actions reminiscent of syndicalism, but syndicalists did not actually exert any influence, according to Carl Levy. In the 1980s, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism However, it was soon weakened, first by accusations of having been involved in the bombing of a nightclub, then by a schism. Members who favored participation in state-sponsored union elections left and formed an organization they would eventually name the General Confederation of Labor ("Confederación Gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Syndicalism Therefore, syndicalism was not able to seriously challenge prevailing conditions or even scare politicians and employers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26775 |
Okun's law In economics, (named after Arthur Melvin Okun, who proposed the relationship in 1962) is an empirically observed relationship between unemployment and losses in a country's production. The "gap version" states that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate, a country's GDP will be roughly an additional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=627957 |
Okun's law However, he argued that the majority of this change in output is actually due to changes in factors other than unemployment, such as capacity utilization and hours worked. Holding these other factors constant reduces the association between unemployment and GDP to around 0.7% for every 1% change in the unemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=627957 |
Okun's law A more commonly used form of Okun's law, known as the difference or growth rate form of Okun's law, relates changes in output to changes in unemployment: At the present time in the United States, k is about 3% and c is about 2, so the equation may be written The graph at the top of this article illustrates t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=627957 |
Okun's law Forecasters have concluded this to be true due to unforeseen market conditions that may affect Okun's coefficient. As such, is generally acceptable by forecasters as a tool for short-run trend analysis between unemployment and real GDP, rather than being used for long run analysis as well as accurate numeric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=627957 |
Europe, the Middle East and Africa EMEA is a shorthand designation meaning Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The acronym is used by institutions and governments, as well as in marketing and business when referring to this region: it is a shorthand way of referencing the two continents (Africa & Europe) and the Middle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=628999 |
International political economy (IPE), also known as global political economy (GPE), refers to either economics or an interdisciplinary academic discipline that analyzes economics, politics and international relations. When it is used to refer to the latter, it usually focuses on political economy and economics, althou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630327 |
International political economy Early political economists included John Maynard Keynes, Karl Marx, and Roger Moore. According to International Relations scholar Chris Brown, Susan Strange was "almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy". International Trade and Finance is a major t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630327 |
International political economy Topics such as the International Monetary Fund, Financial Crises (see Financial crisis of 2007–2008 and 1997 Asian financial crisis), exchange rates, Foreign Direct Investment, Multinational Corporations receive much attention in IPE. IPE studies International trade theory such as the He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630327 |
International political economy Benjamin Cohen provides a detailed intellectual history of IPE identifying American and British camps. The Americans are positivist and attempt to develop intermediate level theories that are supported by some form of quantitative evidence. British IPE is more "interpretivist" and looks ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=630327 |
Private product remaining Private Product Remaining or PPR is a means of national income accounting similar to the more commonly encountered GNP. Since government is financed through taxation and any resulting output is not (usually) sold on the market, what value is ascribed to it is disputed (see calculation problem)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=632085 |
Putting-out system The Putting-Out System is a means of subcontracting work. Historically, it was also known as the workshop system and the domestic system. In putting-out, work is contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who complete the work in off-site facilities, either in their own homes or in workshops wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=633717 |
Putting-out system Contemporary examples can be found in China, India, and South America, and are not limited to the textiles industry. Historian David A. Hounshell writes: All of the processes were carried out under different cottage roofs. It was replaced by inside contracting and the factory system. The "domestic sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=633717 |
Putting-out system The advantages of this system were that workers involved could work at their own speed while at home, and children working in the system were better treated than they would have been in the factory system, although the homes might be polluted by the toxins from the raw materials. As the woman of a fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=633717 |
Putting-out system Biddell, whose first name has not been recorded, was sent to a workhouse, and her ultimate fate is unknown; however, her story became a catalyst for those who actively opposed the wretched conditions of England’s working poor, who often spent seven days a week labouring under inhuman conditions, bare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=633717 |
Putting-out system One of the factors which allowed the Industrial Revolution to take place in Western Europe was the presence of these business people who had the ability to expand the scale of their operations. Cottage industries were very common in the time when a large proportion of the population was engaged in ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=633717 |
Voluntary childlessness Voluntary childlessness, also described by some as being childfree, is the voluntary choice to not have children. In most societies and for most of human history, choosing not to have children was both difficult and undesirable. The availability of reliable contraception along with support provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness Corinne Maier, French author of "No Kids: 40 Reasons For Not Having Children") cite various reasons for their view: According to economist David Foot of the University of Toronto, the level of a woman's education is the most important factor in determining whether she will reproduce: the higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness history and that childfreeness rose across all racial and ethnic groups to about 1 in 5 versus 1 in 10 in the 1970s. The CDC released statistics in the first quarter of 2016 confirming that the U.S. fertility rate had fallen to its lowest point since record keeping started in 1909: 59.8 births p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness Childless women in the developed world often express the view that women ultimately have to make a choice between motherhood and having a career. The 2004 Census Bureau data showed nearly half of women with annual incomes over $100,000 are childless. Among women aged 35–44, the chance of being c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness There are also considerations relating to personal philosophy and social roles. Feminist author Daphne DeMarneffe links larger feminist issues to both the devaluation of motherhood in contemporary society, as well as the delegitimization of "maternal desire" and pleasure in motherhood. In third-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness Others, however, do not believe overpopulation to be a problem in itself; regarding such problems as overcrowding, global warming, and straining food supplies to be problems of public policy and/or technology. Some have argued that this sort of conscientiousness is self-eliminating (assuming it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness Many early books were grounded in feminist theory and largely sought to dispel the idea that womanhood and motherhood were necessarily the same thing, arguing, for example, that childfree people face not only social discrimination but political discrimination as well. Abrahamic religions such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness Also, they will have more time to focus on themselves, which will allow for greater creativity and the exploration of personal ambitions. In this way, they may benefit themselves and society more than if they had a child. Some opponents of the childfree choice consider such a choice to be selfis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness At the very least, Benatar believes this illustrates why a childfree person may be just as altruistic as any parent. There is also the question as to whether having children really is such a positive contribution to the world in an age when there are many concerns about overpopulation, pollution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness was formed to advance the notion that men and women could choose not to have children—to be childfree. Changing its name to the National Alliance for Optional Parenthood, it continued into the early 1980s both as a support group for those making the decision to be childfree and an advocacy group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Voluntary childlessness There are suggestions of an emergence of political cohesion, for example an Australian Childfree Party (ACFP) proposed in Australia as a childfree political party, promoting the childfree lifestyle as opposed to the family lifestyle. Increasing politicization and media interest has led to the em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=634139 |
Economic model In economics, a model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model For example, inflation is a general economic concept, but to measure inflation requires a model of behavior, so that an economist can differentiate between changes in relative prices and changes in price that are to be attributed to inflation. In addition to their professional academic interest, uses of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model The diagnostic step is important because a model is only useful to the extent that it accurately mirrors the relationships that it purports to describe. Creating and diagnosing a model is frequently an iterative process in which the model is modified (and hopefully improved) with each iteration of diagno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model For example, agents are often assumed to have perfect information, and markets are often assumed to clear without friction. Or, the model may omit issues that are important to the question being considered, such as externalities. Any analysis of the results of an economic model must therefore consider th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model Around 1730, De Moivre addressed some of these problems in the 3rd edition of "The Doctrine of Chances". Even earlier (1709), Nicolas Bernoulli studies problems related to savings and interest in the Ars Conjectandi. In 1730, Daniel Bernoulli studied "moral probability" in his book Mensura Sortis, where ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model Partly as a result of such experiments, modern central bankers no longer have as much confidence that it is possible to 'fine-tune' the economy as they had in the 1960s and early 1970s. Modern policy makers tend to use a less activist approach, explicitly because they lack confidence that their models wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
Economic model Thus, predictions of things like economic recessions are still highly inaccurate, despite the use of enormous models running on fast computers. See Unreasonable ineffectiveness of mathematics #Economics and finance. Economic and meteorological simulations may share a fundamental limit to their predictive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638834 |
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