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Authoritarian capitalism They describe a lack of freedom of speech, capital punishment, detention without trial and sexual freedom as causing the country to run contrary to international human rights. Moreover, the country under the rule of Lee Kuan Yew has been described as embracing the core aspects of capitalism, with the Fraser Institute ranking it second for economic freedom in 2016, creating a state of authoritarian capitalism. However, there is contention around the continued viability of Singapore's economics success which has increased its GDP per capita from US$427.88 in 1960 to US$57,714.3 in 2017. Some economists argue that Singapore has severely restricted its ability to obtain future growth through the repression of individual freedom of expression and thought. Regardless of this, Singapore is considered as an exception in regards to its stability, with Daniel W. Drezner stating that "with the exception of Singapore, this model has never worked over the long run". is a political economic model which has faced a variety of criticisms to various facets of its nature, both around the ability of capitalism to coexist effectively with authoritarian; and more general criticisms towards authoritarian modes of government. As such, most experts seem to have agreed that the authoritarian capitalist model is unstable and will eventually transition into that of liberal capitalism, with Daniel W. Drezner stating: "The conventional wisdom in comparative politics is that as societies get richer [.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58301943 | 489,235 |
Bernard-Hoover Boathouse The is a historic building located in James Madison Park, Madison, Wisconsin. The boat house is oldest standing boathouse on Lake Mendota. It is currently owned by the City of Madison. Since 1975, the Hoover Boathouse been home to Mendota Rowing Club. The boathouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30296247 | 352,219 |
Fluidics Bowles and Ray Warren, constructed a family of working vortex amplifiers out of soap, linoleum, and wood. Their published result caught the attention of several major industries and created a surge of interest in applying fluidics (then called fluid amplification) to sophisticated control systems, which lasted throughout the 1960s. Horton is credited for developing the first fluid amplifier control device and launching the field of fluidics. In 1961, Horton, Warren, and Bowles were among the 27 recipients to receive the first Army Research and Development Achievement Award for developing the fluid amplifier control device. Logic gates can be built that use water instead of electricity to power the gating function. These are reliant on being positioned in one orientation to perform correctly. An OR gate is simply two pipes being merged, and a NOT gate (inverter) consists of "A" deflecting a supply stream to produce Ā. The AND and XOR gates are sketched in the diagram. An inverter could also be implemented with the XOR gate, as A XOR 1 = Ā. Another kind of fluidic logic is "bubble logic". Bubble logic gates conserve the number of bits entering and exiting the device, because bubbles are neither produced nor destroyed in the logic operation, analogous to billiard-ball computer gates. In a fluidic amplifier, a fluid supply, which may be air, water, or hydraulic fluid, enters at the bottom. Pressure applied to the control ports C or C deflects the stream, so that it exits via either port O or O | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=966106 | 319,756 |
RAF raid on La Caine (1944) At RAF Dunsfold, 139 Wing, comprising 98 Squadron, 180 Squadron and 320 (Netherlands) Squadron plus 226 Squadron of 137 Wing at RAF Hartford Bridge flying B-25 Mitchell medium bombers were alerted. A maximum effort consisted of ten Typhoons per squadron and eighteen Mitchells from each of the medium bomber squadrons. The Typhoons were loaded with eight 60-pound RP-3 rockets each and the Mitchells, which were to carry their maximum bomb loads of eight bombs and to be escorted by four squadrons of Spitfires. The plan was to attack with the rocket-firing Typhoons at low altitude, combined with bombing by the Mitchells from medium altitude. The morning of 10 June was overcast and cloudy and the briefing was postponed until the cloud cover diminished (times given are British Double Summer Time (1941–1945) two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time). Wing Commander Lynn the Wing Commander (Flying) was to lead the Mitchells with 180 Squadron flying at the head of the formation. With the weather still not ideal, the first Mitchell of each bomber squadron was to be led by an aircraft carrying G-H navigation equipment as a precaution against cloud over the target. While waiting on the weather, the Typhoons of 124 Wing flew two raids on gun emplacements near Caen. Eighteen Mitchells took off in three flights of six at followed by seventeen Mitchells of 320 (Netherlands) Squadron (Commander Burgerhout) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10837164 | 253,236 |
Developmentalism aid programme, and created norms and statistics for international donors. The implementation of developmentalist ideologies has been critiqued in multiple lights, both by the right and by the left. is often accused by the left (though not only by the left) of having an ideology of neocolonialism at its root. Developmentalist strategies use a Eurocentric viewpoint of development, a viewpoint that often goes hand in hand with the implication that non-European societies are underdeveloped. As such, it gives way for the perpetuation of Western dominance over such underdeveloped nations, in a neocolonialist fashion. Developed nations such as the United States have been accused of seizing opportunities of disaster for their own benefit in what is known as "disaster capitalism.” Disaster capitalism, a term used by Naomi Klein, describes the process in which situations of financial crisis are used in order to force an emergency opening of the free market in order to regain economic stability. This happened in the examples of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and post-Katrina New Orleans, among others. Developmentalist ideas also portray the Western ideal of development and democracy as an evolutionary course of history. In Eric Wolf’s book, Europe and the People without History, Wolf shows, through a long history of examples, that the Western world is only one of many visions of the world, and to view it as the pinnacle of a linear world evolutionary chain would be inaccurate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15333261 | 512,146 |
Quenching (fluorescence) Dye aggregation is often due to hydrophobic effects—the dye molecules stack together to minimize contact with water. Planar aromatic dyes that are matched for association through hydrophobic forces can enhance static quenching. High temperatures and addition of surfactants tend to disrupt ground state complex formation. An important quenching process in atmospheric physics can be seen in the altitudinal variation of auroral emissions. At high altitudes (above ~200 km), the red 630.0 nm emission of atomic oxygen dominates, whereas at altitudes in the E-layer the green 557.7 nm emission is more intense. Both practically disappear at altitudes below 100 km. This variation occurs due to the unusually long lifetimes of the excited states of atomic oxygen, with 0.7 seconds for the 557.7 nm and almost two minutes for the 630.0 nm emission (both forbidden transitions). The mean collision-free paths decrease at lower altitudes due to increasing particle densities, which results in the de-excitation of the oxygen atoms due to the higher probability of collisions, preventing the emission of the red and green oxygen lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2957962 | 66,122 |
Material passport By acknowledging that it exists, in a given form in a specific building, it ensures that material receives and keeps a value, e.g. through a possible re-use after the deconstruction of for example a building. Like a personal passport, the material passport allows the material to ‘travel’, or identifies the most useful future destination after it has served in a building. This could be in another building or in another product altogether. By recognizing the individual materials in buildings, new ownership structures could be facilitated, that would enable more functions to be offered as a service. As we now can have lighting as a service, we could have other functions, such as "shelter from elements" as a service, instead of owning a roof. In general, material passports create incentives for suppliers to produce and developers / managers / renovators to choose healthy, sustainable and circular materials/building products. They fit into a broader and growing movement that aims at developing circular building business models. The material passport can be applied to every product or construction. There are different levels in which a product/construct can be discomposed: For a building, a material passport could be a complete description of all products (staircase, window, furnace, ...), components (iron beam, glass panel, ...), and raw materials (wood, steel, ...),that are present in the building. Ideally, this database is created during construction and subsequently continuously kept up to date | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50702025 | 214,604 |
Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation This partial expectation is computed by the cumulative distribution function (CDF) given the probability distribution will be found at a value greater than or equal to "X": The DM Range Option value, or project investment, is: The values of the triangular distribution can be estimated to those of the logarithmic distribution by using a range within formula_48 standard deviations of its mean (≈95% confidence) as follows: Use of a DM Range Option facilitates the application of real option valuation to future project investments. The DM Range Option provides an estimate of valuation that differs marginally with that of the DM Option algebraic lognormal distribution form. However, the projected future value outcome, "S", of a project is rarely based on a lognormal distribution derived from historical asset returns, as is a financial option. Rather, the future value outcome, "S", (as well as the strike price, "X", and the standard deviation, "SD"), is more than likely a three-point estimation based on engineering and marketing parameters. Therefore, the ease of application of the DM Range Option is often justified by its expediency and is sufficient to estimate the conditional value of a future project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32321546 | 502,985 |
El Peral funicular The () is located between two urban centers of Valparaíso, Chile, Plaza de la Justicia (Justice Square), a quiet place in Valparaiso’s downtown and Paseo Yugoslavo (Yugoslav Walk) that offers a sightseeing balcony with a vista of the bay and mountains. Access turnstiles are in an alley inside a building, Augusto Geiger’s work. The upper station reaches Paseo Yugoslavo. Here is a view of the city and the Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Valparaíso (Fine Arts Museum). The top station allows visitors to see the propulsion machinery. This funicular was the first that used steam traction equipment, and its chimney became the main feature. When first opened, El Peral was the most advanced funicular due to its structural aspect and for the surrounding complementary buildings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54320744 | 342,228 |
Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda The () is the only surviving ancient pagoda in Hong Kong. It is part of the Ping Shan Heritage Trail and a declared monument. According to Tang Clan legend, Tsui Sing Lau was originally located at the mouth of Deep Bay. It was built at least 600 years ago, by the seventh-generation ancestor, Tang Yin-tung, to avoid evil spirits from the north, prevent floods and help the Tangs win a title in the imperial examination. Numerous Tangs have been granted titles. It was declared a monument on 14December 2001. A further Tang legend relates how in 1382, Tang Yin-tung dreamed that a group of stars all gathered together and dropped onto the place where the pagoda now stands. Tang was reminded of the words of a "fung shui" master who had complimented the good "fung shui" of Ping Shan, but who also gave two comments on its geographical weaknesses. The Tangs had not fully comprehended the second comment, so Tang Yin-tung immediately consulted a Fung Shui master. The master advised him to build a Buddhist pagoda on that spot in order to gather the 'scholarship' for the clan, hence the name. After the building of the pagoda, the Tang clan produced numerous scholars and officials in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Built on a low foundation, the hexagonal pagoda is believed to have had an initial total of seven floors, but this was reduced to three due to erosion. It is made of mud bricks and granite. Fui Shing is worshipped on the top floor, where the words Over the Milky Way was inscribed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26015134 | 337,426 |
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Principles that have been developed for the classification of mixtures, drawing on existing systems such as the European Union (EU) system for classification of preparations laid down in Directive 1999/45/EC. The process for the classification of mixtures is based on the following steps: The GHS document does not include testing requirements for substances or mixtures. In fact, one of the main goals of the GHS is to reduce the need for animal testing. The GHS criteria for determining health and environmental hazards are test method neutral, allowing different approaches as long as they are scientifically sound and validated according to international procedures and criteria already referred to in existing systems. Test data already generated for the classification of chemicals under existing systems should be accepted when classifying these chemicals under the GHS, thereby avoiding duplicative testing and the unnecessary use of test animals. The GHS physical hazard criteria are linked to specific UN test methods. It is assumed that mixtures will be tested for physical hazards. Per GHS, hazards need to be communicated: Comprehensibility is challenging for a single culture and language, so global harmonization is complex. The GHS Purple Book includes a comprehensibility-testing instrument in Annex 6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4322402 | 57,217 |
Lahore University of Management Sciences The Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law (SAHSOL) spreads over an area of 78,000 square feet and comprises auditoriums, discussion rooms, faculty offices, meeting rooms, a Centre for International Legal Studies and a state of the art moot court which is a replica of the courtroom of the Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court. More than half of the student body at LUMS lives on campus each year which includes seven male and five female hostels. The Syed Maratab Ali Sports Complex includes a school gym and sports facilities for basketball, tennis, cricket and squash. The Pepsi Dining Centre (PDC) covers an area of 14,000 sq ft. and was funded by PepsiCo. The Coca-Cola Aquatic Centre includes an Olympic-size swimming pool and is funded by a Rs. 22 million grant from the Coca-Cola Company. The LUMS library provides services that include loans, online information searching, reference services, inter-library loan, document delivery, photocopying, viewing of audiovisual and microfilm materials, access to virtual collections and digital resources, CD-ROM and online searching. It has a collection of 350,000 volumes, 128,000 e-books and 35,000 e-Journals. The library has a multidisciplinary wing (the Khalid Ishaq Wing) dedicated to jurist and scholar Khalid M. Ishaq, who donated 92,957 books from his collection to the library. The university consists of four schools which are divided into departments. The Suleman Dawood School of Business was the first school established at LUMS in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=872306 | 453,602 |
Logo (programming language) Logo was created in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), a Cambridge, Massachusetts research firm, by Wally Feurzeig, Cynthia Solomon, and Seymour Papert. Its intellectual roots are in artificial intelligence, mathematical logic and developmental psychology. The first four years of Logo research, development and teaching work was done at BBN. The first implementation of Logo, called Ghost, was written in LISP on a PDP-1. The goal was to create a mathematical land where children could play with words and sentences. Modeled on LISP, the design goals of Logo included accessible power and informative error messages. The use of virtual Turtles allowed for immediate visual feedback and debugging of graphic programming. The first working Logo turtle robot was created in 1969. A display turtle preceded the physical floor turtle. Modern Logo has not changed too much from the basic concepts before the first turtle. The first turtle was a tethered floor roamer, not radio-controlled or wireless. At BBN Paul Wexelblat developed a turtle named Irving that had touch sensors and could move forwards, backwards, rotate, and ding its bell. The earliest year-long school users of Logo were in 1968–69 at Muzzey Jr High, Lexington MA. The virtual and physical turtles were first used by fifth-graders at the Bridge School in Lexington, MA in 1970–71 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18334 | 116,429 |
Railgun Increased muzzle velocities with better aerodynamically streamlined projectiles can convey the benefits of increased firing ranges while, in terms of target effects, increased terminal velocities can allow the use of kinetic energy rounds incorporating hit-to-kill guidance, as replacements for explosive shells. Therefore, typical military railgun designs aim for muzzle velocities in the range of with muzzle energies of 5–50 megajoules (MJ). For comparison, 50MJ is equivalent to the kinetic energy of a school bus weighing 5 metric tons, travelling at . For single loop railguns, these mission requirements require launch currents of a few million amperes, so a typical railgun power supply might be designed to deliver a launch current of 5 MA for a few milliseconds. As the magnetic field strengths required for such launches will typically be approximately 10 tesla (100 kilogauss), most contemporary railgun designs are effectively air-cored, i.e., they do not use ferromagnetic materials such as iron to enhance the magnetic flux. However, if the barrel is made of a magnetically permeable material, the magnetic field strength increases due to the increase in permeability ("μ" = "μ"*"μ", where "μ" is the effective permeability, "μ" is the permeability constant and "μ" is the relative permeability of the barrel). This automatically increases the force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=218930 | 246,730 |
Developmental bias For example, a phenotype such as the classical figure of a dragon (i.e. a giant reptile-like creature with two pairs of limbs and an anterior pair of wings) may be "impossible" because in vertebrates the fore-limbs and the anterior pair of wings are homologous characters (e.g. birds and bats), and, thus, are mutually exclusive. On the other hand, if two phenotypes are possible (and equally fit), but one form of reprogramming requires only one mutation while the other requires two or more, the former will be more likely to occur (assuming that genetic mutations occur randomly). An important distinction between structuralism and functionalism regards primarily with the interpretation of the causes of the empty regions in the morphospace (that is, the inexistent phenotypes): Under the functionalist view, empty spaces correspond to phenotypes that are both ontogenetically possible and equally probable but are eliminated by natural selection due to their low fitness. In contrast, under the structuralist view, empty spaces correspond to ontogenetically impossible or improbable phenotypes, thus, implying a bias in the types of phenotypes that can be produced assuming equal amounts of variation (genetic mutations) in both models. In a classical natural example of bias it was shown that only a small proportion of all possible snail shell shapes was realized in nature and actual species were confined to discrete regions of the shell-morphospace rather than being continuously distributed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59168504 | 158,169 |
List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics For each of these three palette options, a low or high intensity palette can be chosen with bit 4 of the aforementioned Color-Select Register: a value of 0 means low intensity and 1 means high intensity. (No BIOS call exists to switch between the two intensity modes.) The selected intensity setting simply controls the "I" output signal to the RGBI monitor for all colors in the palette. As a result, the green-red-brown palette appears as bright-green/bright-red/yellow when high intensity is selected. The combination of color-burst enable/disable selection, palette selection, and intensity selection yields a total of 6 different possible palettes for CGA 320×200 graphics. The IBM PCjr features a "CGA Plus" video subsystem, consisting mainly of a 6845 CRTC and an LSI video chip known as the "Video Gate Array", that can show all 16 CGA colors simultaneously on screen in the extended low-res graphic modes. The near-compatible Tandy 1000 series features almost 100% PCjr-compatible video hardware implemented in a Tandy proprietary chip. This graphics adapter is better known by the name Tandy Graphics Adapter, because the PCjr was short-lived but the Tandy 1000 line was quite popular for many years. The video mode capabilities of early-model Tandy 1000 computers are exactly the same as the PCjr's. (Later Tandy 1000 models featured "Tandy Video II" hardware which added a 640x200 16-color mode but surrendered PCjr hardware register-compatibility for CGA register-compatibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15544989 | 132,521 |
Data cleansing or data cleaning is the process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database and refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate or irrelevant parts of the data and then replacing, modifying, or deleting the dirty or coarse data. may be performed interactively with data wrangling tools, or as batch processing through scripting. After cleansing, a data set should be consistent with other similar data sets in the system. The inconsistencies detected or removed may have been originally caused by user entry errors, by corruption in transmission or storage, or by different data dictionary definitions of similar entities in different stores. Data cleaning differs from data validation in that validation almost invariably means data is rejected from the system at entry and is performed at the time of entry, rather than on batches of data. The actual process of data cleansing may involve removing typographical errors or validating and correcting values against a known list of entities. The validation may be strict (such as rejecting any address that does not have a valid postal code) or fuzzy (such as correcting records that partially match existing, known records). Some data cleansing solutions will clean data by cross-checking with a validated data set. A common data cleansing practice is data enhancement, where data is made more complete by adding related information | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3575651 | 459,332 |
Logistics merchandise being transported, can be moved through a variety of transportation means and is organized in different shipment categories. Unit loads are usually assembled into higher standardized units such as: ISO containers, swap bodies or semi-trailers. Especially for very long distances, product transportation will likely benefit from using different transportation means: multimodal transport, intermodal transport (no handling) and combined transport (minimal road transport). When moving cargo, typical constraints are maximum weight and volume. Operators involved in transportation include: all train, road vehicles, boats, airplanes companies, couriers, freight forwarders and multi-modal transport operators. Merchandise being transported internationally is usually subject to the Incoterms standards issued by the International Chamber of Commerce. Similarly to production systems, logistic systems need to be properly configured and managed. Actually a number of methodologies have been directly borrowed from operations management such as using Economic Order Quantity models for managing inventory in the nodes of the network. Distribution resource planning (DRP) is similar to MRP, except that it doesn't concern activities inside the nodes of the network but planning distribution when moving goods through the links of the network. Traditionally in logistics configuration may be at the level of the warehouse (node) or at level of the distribution system (network) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77547 | 208,387 |
Navini Networks By using a technique called spot beaming, normally used in satellite communications, it was possible to use radio-signals on frequencies that would normally require an unobstructed path between the transmitter and receiver or high-power transmitters. A Navini system consists of one management-system, one or more base-systems and the user-modems or "customer premises equipment" At the heart of a Navini-based internet access system is the EMS or Element Management System. The EMS ia a Network management system and can manage one or more base-systems. The EMS is a server application to manage the base-systems and end-user equipment. The Navibi EMS is a Java based IP-network management system and could run on a Windows or SUN server platform using SNMP. The base system is the head-end equipment to which users within the reach connect to. A base-system can be compared to a base system or GSM-mast in a cellular telephone network. The central system consisted of an indoor unit and an outdoor eight element antenna system. A single BTS could allow up to 1000 end users connected to it. An end-user could connect to different base-systems, depending on which station gave the best connection at that time, but it wasn't possible to 'hop' from one BTS to another without losing the connection: the system wasn't designed for mobile communication. The Ripwave system is based on the TD-SCDMA technology and one of the founders of the company, Dr. Xu, wrote the initial drafts for this standard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16957984 | 401,988 |
John H. Lienhard V He has spent his entire professional career at MIT. Lienhard's initial research at MIT focused on cooling by liquid jet impingement. This work included fundamental convection problems, droplet splattering, free-surface turbulence interactions, and pattern-formation in the hydraulic jump. The thin boundary layer at a jet's stagnation point also provided an attractive avenue to high heat flux engineering. In 1993, Lienhard's group reported the highest steady state fluxes to that date removed from a macroscopic area, achieved using a high speed water jet (≈40 kW/cm). They later extended this approach to arrays of jets, allowing larger areas to be cooled at high flux. In 1998, they used a water jet array at 46 m/s to remove 1.7 kW/cm by convection alone over areas of several cm. In the 2000s, Lienhard refocused his research on the problem of clean water supply and scarcity, particularly around desalination technologies. He approached this area through his background in thermal engineering and transport phenomena, making energy efficiency a central aim. His group's desalination research has spanned a broad range of topics including humidification-dehumidification, forward and reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, produced water, electrodialysis, nanofiltration, solar desalination, and thermophysical properties. The seawater thermophysical property database developed by his group has been widely used by other researchers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62847528 | 445,830 |
Otto Hahn Prize The is awarded biennially jointly by the Society of German Chemists (), the German Physical Society () and the city of Frankfurt am Main for outstanding achievement in the field of chemistry, physics or applied engineering science. It was established in 2005 by the merger of the previous for Chemistry and Physics and the of the City of Frankfurt am Main. The award named after the German nuclear scientist and Nobel laureate Otto Hahn and consists of a gold medal and a prize of 50,000 euros. It is awarded alternatively for Chemistry and Physics. Source: Society of German Chemists This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article on German Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45136962 | 80,013 |
Aphelion (software) In agriculture and botany, the Aphelion Software Product helps to study macroscopic scale properties of leaves. The algorithm includes a segmentation of leaves versus the background, and then compute a set of measurements and perform a statistical analysis and then classification. The ultimate goal of the application was to find a correlation between physiology parameters of fruit trees, and visual observation on leaves. In the food industry, Aphelion can be used to measure the average grain size, or to compute the surface ratio of pulps in tomatoes. In the field of geology, scientists based their research work on Aphelion to perform a statistical analysis to determine the relationship between the size and shape of rock debris present in moraines, and the value of the maximal slope that will not cause rockfalls. Morphological parameters computed by Aphelion are easier to compute and less expensive to generate than the usual ones. Images, coming from macro photographies of metamorphic rocks helped to study the distribution of garnet crystals in the Alps. In geothermal engineering, Aphelion was used in project for the Soultz-sous-Forêts site in Alsace, France. It was used to study the distribution of quartz grains in a drill (granulometry). Crack networks have also been studies using thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical techniques. Image Processing and Analysis is a scientific discipline as well as statistics, and set theory are | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49542443 | 52,250 |
Progeroid syndromes Other signs include change in voice, making it weak, hoarse, or high-pitched; atrophy of gonads, leading to reduced fertility; bilateral cataracts (clouding of lens); premature arteriosclerosis (thickening and loss of elasticity of arteries); calcinosis (calcium deposits in blood vessels); atherosclerosis (blockage of blood vessels); type 2 diabetes; loss of bone mass; telangiectasia; and malignancies. In fact, the prevalence of rare cancers, such as meningiomas, are increased in individuals with Werner syndrome. Approximately 90% of individuals with Werner Syndrome have any of a range of mutations in the eponymous gene, WRN, the only gene currently connected to Werner syndrome. WRN encodes the WRNp protein, a 1432 amino acid protein with a central domain resembling members of the RecQ helicases. WRNp is active in unwinding DNA, a step necessary in DNA repair and DNA replication. Since WRNp's function depends on DNA, it is only functional when localized to the nucleus. Mutations that cause Werner syndrome only occur at the regions of the gene that encode for protein and not at non-coding regions. These mutations can have a range of effects. They may decrease the stability of the transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA), which increases the rate at which they are degraded. With fewer mRNA, fewer are available to be translated into the WRNp protein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38057969 | 189,272 |
Spontaneous generation , wet and dry, hot and cold) generated and shaped the many and varied things in the world. According to Hippolytus of Rome in the third century CE, Anaximander claimed that fish or fish-like creatures were first formed in the "wet" when acted on by the heat of the sun and that these aquatic creatures gave rise to human beings. Censorinus, writing in the 3rd century, reports: Anaximenes, a pupil of Anaximander, thought that air was the element that imparted life and endowed creatures with motion and thought. He proposed that plants and animals, including human beings, arose from a primordial terrestrial slime, a mixture of earth and water, combined with the sun's heat. Anaxagoras, too, believed that life emerged from a terrestrial slime. However, he held that the seeds of plants existed in the air from the beginning, and those of animals in the aether. Xenophanes traced the origin of man back to the transitional period between the fluid stage of the earth and the formation of land, under the influence of the sun. In what has occasionally been seen as a prefiguration of a concept of natural selection, Empedocles accepted the spontaneous generation of life but held that different forms, made up of differing combinations of parts, spontaneously arose as though by trial and error: successful combinations formed the species we now see, whereas unsuccessful forms failed to reproduce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=150135 | 193,180 |
Transcriptional regulation High occupancy sites are usually conserved and static while intra-TADs sites are dynamic according to the state of the cell therefore TADs themselves are compartmentalized in subdomains that can be called subTADs from few kb up to a TAD long (19). When architectural binding sites are at less than 100 kb from each other, Mediator proteins are the architectural proteins cooperate with cohesin. For subTADs larger than 100 kb and TAD boundaries, CTCF is the typical insulator found to interact with cohesion. In eukaryotes, ribosomal rRNA and the tRNAs involved in translation are controlled by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) . RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) is responsible for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) within the cell. Particularly for Pol II, much of the regulatory checkpoints in the transcription process occur in the assembly and escape of the pre-initiation complex. A gene-specific combination of transcription factors will recruit TFIID and/or TFIIA to the core promoter, followed by the association of TFIIB, creating a stable complex onto which the rest of the General Transcription Factors (GTFs) can assemble. This complex is relatively stable, and can undergo multiple rounds of transcription initiation. After the binding of TFIIB and TFIID, Pol II the rest of the GTFs can assemble. This assembly is marked by the post-translational modification (typically phosphorylation) of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II through a number of kinases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=398124 | 59,449 |
Infrared and thermal testing is one of many nondestructive testing techniques designated by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). Infrared thermography is the science of measuring and mapping surface temperatures. "Infrared thermography, a nondestructive, remote sensing technique, has proved to be an effective, convenient, and economical method of testing concrete. It can detect internal voids, delaminations, and cracks in concrete structures such as bridge decks, highway pavements, garage floors, parking lot pavements, and building walls. As a testing technique, some of its most important qualities are that (1) it is accurate; (2) it is repeatable; (3) it need not inconvenience the public; and (4) it is economical." All objects emit electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength dependent on the object's temperature. The frequency of the radiation is inversely proportional to the temperature. In infrared thermography, the radiation is detected and measured with infrared imagers (radiometers). The imagers contain an infrared detector that converts the emitting radiation into electrical signals that are displayed on a color or black and white computer display monitor. A typical application for regularly available IR Thermographic equipment is looking for "hot spots" in electrical equipment, which illustrates high resistance areas in electrical circuits. These “hot spots” are usually measured in the range of 40 °C to 150 °C (70 to 270 °F) above ambient temperatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18463064 | 424,546 |
Endosulfan The researchers compared the villagers to a control group of boys from a demographically similar village that lacked a history of endosulfan pollution. Relative to the control group, the exposed boys had high levels of endosulfan in their bodies, lower levels of testosterone, and delays in reaching sexual maturity. Birth defects of the male reproductive system, including cryptorchidism, were also more prevalent in the study group. The researchers concluded, "our study results suggest that endosulfan exposure in male children may delay sexual maturity and interfere with sex hormone synthesis." Increased incidences of cryptorchidism have been observed in other studies of endosulfan exposed populations. A 2007 study by the California Department of Public Health found that women who lived near farm fields sprayed with endosulfan and the related organochloride pesticide dicofol during the first eight weeks of pregnancy are several times more likely to give birth to children with autism. However a 2009 assessment concluded that epidemiology and rodent studies that suggest male reproductive and autism effects are open to other interpretations, and that developmental or reproductive toxicity in rats occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity. is not listed as known, probable, or possible carcinogen by the EPA, IARC, or other agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2987957 | 66,199 |
Parsing Human sentences are not easily parsed by programs, as there is substantial ambiguity in the structure of human language, whose usage is to convey meaning (or semantics) amongst a potentially unlimited range of possibilities but only some of which are germane to the particular case. So an utterance "Man bites dog" versus "Dog bites man" is definite on one detail but in another language might appear as "Man dog bites" with a reliance on the larger context to distinguish between those two possibilities, if indeed that difference was of concern. It is difficult to prepare formal rules to describe informal behaviour even though it is clear that some rules are being followed. In order to parse natural language data, researchers must first agree on the grammar to be used. The choice of syntax is affected by both linguistic and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use lexical functional grammar, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is known to be NP-complete. Head-driven phrase structure grammar is another linguistic formalism which has been popular in the parsing community, but other research efforts have focused on less complex formalisms such as the one used in the Penn Treebank. Shallow parsing aims to find only the boundaries of major constituents such as noun phrases. Another popular strategy for avoiding linguistic controversy is dependency grammar parsing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=310015 | 110,976 |
Head fake A head fake is a type of feint in which someone moves the head to fake an intended change in direction and thereby deceive opponents. The term originated in sports, but it has become applied more broadly. In financial markets, a head fake refers to a time when the market appears to be moving in one direction, but ends up moving in the opposite direction. For example, the price of a stock may appear to move up, and all indications prior to that are that it will move up, but shortly afterward, it reverses direction and starts moving down. In his "Last Lecture" entitled "Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams" (at Carnegie Mellon on September 18, 2007), Randy Pausch refers extensively to "head fakes." He describes as a "head fake," for example, the phenomenon of parents encouraging their children to play football. Parents tell their children to play sports not because they really want them to become football stars, he says, but to help them develop collaboration and socializing skills. His concluding remarks during the last three or four minutes, present the final head fake of the lecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22176178 | 513,469 |
Comptometer The comptometer was the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator, patented in the United States by Dorr E. Felt in 1887. A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers as required, making them sometimes faster to use than electronic calculators. Consequently, in specialized applications, comptometers remained in use in limited numbers into the early 1990s, but with the exception of museum pieces, they have all now been superseded by electronic calculators and computers. Manufactured without interruption from 1887 to the mid-1970s, it was constantly improved. The mechanical versions were made faster and more reliable, then a line of electro-mechanical models was added in the 1930s. It was the first mechanical calculator to receive an all-electronic calculator engine in 1961, with the ANITA Mark VII model released by Sumlock Comptometer. This created the link between the mechanical calculator industries and the electronic. Although the comptometer was primarily an adding machine, it could also do subtractions, multiplication and division. Its keyboard consisted of eight or more columns of nine keys each. Special comptometers with varying key arrays were produced for a variety of special purposes, including calculating currency exchanges, times and Imperial weights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=408007 | 246,602 |
Self-destruct mechanisms are sometimes employed to prevent an apparatus or information from being used by unauthorized persons in the event of loss or capture. For example, they may be found in high-security data storage devices (e.g. IronKey), where it is important for the data to be destroyed to prevent compromise. Some artworks may have mechanisms in them to destruct themselves in front of many eyes watching. An example is the painting Love is in the Bin by Banksy, which shredded itself right after a £1 million auction at Sotheby's London on 5 October 2018. mechanisms are frequent plot devices in science fiction stories, such as those in the "" fictional universe, or the "Alien" universe. They are applied to military installations and starships which would be too valuable to allow an enemy to capture. An artificial intelligence may invoke self-destruct due to cognitive dissonance. In many such stories, such a mechanism causes massive destruction in a large area, obliterating the object protected by the device. Often the characters have a limited amount of time to escape the destruction or to disable the mechanism, creating story tension. In the television series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." and "", sensitive intelligence or equipment is shown to self-destruct in order to prevent it from falling into enemy hands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=524461 | 269,544 |
Dichotomic search In computer science, a dichotomic search is a search algorithm that operates by selecting between two distinct alternatives (dichotomies) at each step. It is a specific type of divide and conquer algorithm. A well-known example is binary search. Abstractly, a dichotomic search can be viewed as following edges of an implicit binary tree structure until it reaches a leaf (a goal or final state). This creates a theoretical tradeoff between the number of possible states and the running time: given "k" comparisons, the algorithm can only reach O(2) possible states and/or possible goals. Some dichotomic searches only have results at the leaves of the tree, such as the Huffman tree used in Huffman coding, or the implicit classification tree used in Twenty Questions. Other dichotomic searches also have results in at least some internal nodes of the tree, such as a dichotomic search table for Morse code. There is thus some looseness in the definition. Though there may indeed be only two paths from any node, there are thus "three" possibilities at each step: choose one onwards path or the other, "or' stop at this node. Dichotomic searches are often used in repair manuals, sometimes graphically illustrated with a flowchart similar to a fault tree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3021223 | 108,719 |
Farscape is an Australian-American science fiction television series, produced originally for the Nine Network. It premiered in the US on Sci-Fi Channel's SciFi Friday, March 19, 1999 at 8:00pm EST as their anchor series. The series was conceived by Rockne S. O'Bannon and produced by The Jim Henson Company and Hallmark Entertainment. The Jim Henson Company was responsible for the various alien make-up and prosthetics, and two regular characters (the animatronic puppets Rygel and Pilot) are entirely Creature Shop creations. Although the series was planned for five seasons, it was abruptly cancelled after production had ended on its fourth season, ending the series on a cliffhanger. Co-producer Brian Henson later secured the rights to "Farscape", paving the way for a three-hour miniseries to wrap up the cliffhanger, titled "", which Henson directed. In 2007, it was announced that the creator was returning for a web-series but production has been repeatedly delayed. A comic book miniseries was released in December 2008 that was in continuity with both the series and the hoped-for webisodes. In February 2014, it was reported that a screenplay for a new "Farscape" movie was in development. On the date of the show's twentieth anniversary – 19 March 2019 – all four seasons of as well as "" were made available on Amazon Prime Video in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Nordic countries, and several other countries around the world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66070 | 234,203 |
Current clamp In electrical and electronic engineering, a current clamp or current probe is an electrical device with jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor. This allows measurement of the current in a conductor without the need to make physical contact with it, or to disconnect it for insertion through the probe. Current clamps are typically used to read the magnitude of alternating current (AC) and, with additional instrumentation, the phase and waveform can also be measured. Some clamp meters can measure currents of 1000 A and more. Hall effect and vane type clamps can also measure direct current (DC). A common form of current clamp comprises a split ring made of ferrite or soft iron. A wire coil is wound round one or both halves, forming one winding of a current transformer. The conductor it is clamped around forms the other winding. Like any transformer this type works only with AC or pulse waveforms, with some examples extending into the megahertz range. When measuring current, the subject conductor forms the primary winding and the coil forms the secondary. This type may also be used in reverse, to inject current into the conductor, for example in electromagnetic compatibility susceptibility testing to induce an interference current. Usually, the injection probe is specifically designed for this purpose. In this mode, the coil forms the primary and the test conductor the secondary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4468348 | 375,122 |
V-by-One HS , the most updated version is “Standard Version 1.52.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36205257 | 98,408 |
Parkinson's disease Advocacy organizations include the National Parkinson Foundation, which has provided more than $180 million in care, research and support services since 1982, Parkinson's Disease Foundation, which has distributed more than $115 million for research and nearly $50 million for education and advocacy programs since its founding in 1957 by William Black; the American Parkinson Disease Association, founded in 1961; and the European Parkinson's Disease Association, founded in 1992. Actor Michael J. Fox has PD and has greatly increased the public awareness of the disease. After diagnosis, Fox embraced his Parkinson's in television roles, sometimes acting without medication, in order to further illustrate the effects of the condition. He has written two autobiographies in which his fight against the disease plays a major role, and appeared before the United States Congress without medication to illustrate the effects of the disease. The Michael J. Fox Foundation aims to develop a cure for Parkinson's disease. Fox received an honorary doctorate in medicine from Karolinska Institutet for his contributions to research in Parkinson's disease. Professional cyclist and Olympic medalist Davis Phinney, who was diagnosed with young onset Parkinson's at age 40, started the Davis Phinney Foundation in 2004 to support Parkinson's research, focusing on quality of life for people with the disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22228064 | 141,363 |
First pass yield (FPY), also known as throughput yield (TPY), is defined as the number of units coming out of a process divided by the number of units going into that process over a specified period of time. Only good units with no rework or scrap are counted as coming out of an individual process. Also related, "first time yield" (FTY) is simply the number of good units produced divided by the number of total units going into the process. First time yield considers only what went into a process step and what went out, while FPY adds the consideration of rework. Consider the following: You have a process that is divided into four sub-processes: A, B, C and D. Assume that you have 100 units entering process A. To calculate first time yield (FTY) you would: For Example: (# units leaving the process as good parts) / (# units put into the process) = FTY The total first time yield is equal to FTYofA * FTYofB * FTYofC * FTYofD or 0.9000 * 0.8889 * 0.9375 * 0.9333 = 0.7000. You can also get the total process yield for the entire process by simply dividing the number of good units produced by the number going into the start of the process. In this case, 70/100 = 0.70 or 70% yield. The same example using first pass yield (FPY) would take into account rework: is only used for an individual sub-process. Multiplying the set of processes would give you Rolling throughput yield (RTY). RTY is equal to FPYofA * FPYofB * FPYofC * FPYofD = 0.8500 * 0.8889 * 0.8125 * 0.8267 = 0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28094935 | 480,937 |
Open-channel flow Open-channel flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: the free surface. has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not. can be classified and described in various ways based on the change in flow depth with respect to time and space. The fundamental types of flow dealt with in open-channel hydraulics are: The behavior of open-channel flow is governed by the effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow. Surface tension has a minor contribution, but does not play a significant enough role in most circumstances to be a governing factor. Due to the presence of a free surface, gravity is generally the most significant driver of open-channel flow; therefore, the ratio of inertial to gravity forces is the most important dimensionless parameter. The parameter is known as the Froude number, and is defined as:formula_1where formula_2 is the mean velocity, formula_3 is the characteristic length scale for a channel's depth, and formula_4 is the gravitational acceleration. Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number, the flow can be either laminar, turbulent, or transitional. However, it is generally acceptable to assume that the Reynolds number is sufficiently large so that viscous forces may be neglected | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 | 203,393 |
Mercury-arc valve Single-phase mercury-arc rectifiers were rarely used because the current dropped and the arc could be extinguished when the AC voltage changed polarity. The direct current produced by a single-phase rectifier thus contained a varying component (ripple) at twice the power supply frequency, which was undesirable in many applications for DC. The solution was to use two-, three-, or even six-phase AC power supplies so that the rectified current would maintain a more constant voltage level. Polyphase rectifiers also balanced the load on the supply system, which is desirable for reasons of system performance and economy. Most applications of mercury-arc valves for rectifiers used "full-wave" rectification with separate pairs of anodes for each phase. In full-wave rectification both halves of the AC waveform are utilised. The cathode is connected to the + side of the DC load, the other side being connected to the center tap of the transformer secondary winding, which always remains at zero potential with respect to ground or earth. For each AC phase, a wire from each end of that phase winding is connected to a separate anode "arm" on the mercury-arc rectifier. When the voltage at each anode becomes positive, it will begin to conduct through the mercury vapor from the cathode | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1618669 | 369,667 |
Harlech Castle The castle was the last mainland royal fortress to surrender in the war, and the date marked the end of the first phase of the war. The castle was no longer required for the security of North Wales and, to prevent any further use by the Royalists, Parliament ordered its slighting, or destruction. The orders were only partially carried out, however, and the gatehouse staircases were destroyed and the castle rendered generally unusable, but it was not totally demolished. Stone from the castle was reused to build houses in the local town. In the late-18th and 19th centuries, the picturesque ruins of Harlech began to attract visits from prominent artists, including John Cotman, Henry Gastineau, Paul Sandby, J. M. W. Turner and John Varley. In 1914 it was transferred from the Merioneth Crown Estate to the control of the Office of Works, who commenced a major restoration project after the end of World War I. In 1969 the castle was transferred to the Welsh Office and then to Cadw, who manage the property in the 21st century as a tourist attraction. Harlech was declared part of the "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd" World Heritage site in 1986, UNESCO considering Harlech one of "the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe". rests upon part of the Harlech Dome, a spur of rock almost high; the land falls away sharply on the north and west, and a ditch cut into the rock protects the remaining approaches to the castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=194161 | 366,775 |
Impression Prods., Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc. There is no counterpart to that provision in the Patent Act, under which a foreign sale is properly treated as neither conclusively nor even presumptively exhausting the U.S. patentee’s rights in the United States. In this part of its opinion, the Federal Circuit reaffirmed its "Mallincrodt" decision and rejected contentions that "Quanta" had silently overruled it. The court began by distinguishing the Patent Act's and Copyright Act's respective approaches to infringement. in 17 U.S.C. § 109(a) the Copyright Act says, "Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(3)," defining infringement by selling, a purchaser "is entitled, without the authority of the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession" of a purchased copy of a work. In contrast, the Patent Act contains no exhaustion provision. Therefore, the Patent Act requires a "conferral of 'authority' by the patentee . . . in order for the actions listed in § 271(a) not to constitute infringement." This means there must be "permission from the patentee" to avoid infringement. The court does not accept exhaustion as a form of "constructive" permission. Hence, if the patentee places explicit limits or conditions on its permission, they qualify the scope of the permission. This has the effect of limiting the common law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49477975 | 473,759 |
Bashar Masri (// February 4, 1961) is a Palestinian entrepreneur and successful businessman, he is the founder and Chairman of the Board of Massar International, since its establishment in 1994. He is the founder and visionary behind the high-tech "Rawabi City", Palestine's first planned city, he is also the founder and currently the managing director of Bayti Real Estate Investment Company that built the city. He founded and manages the first Palestinian equity fund, a 90 million investment initiative known as "Siraj Fund". He's on the list of the "Top Ten Richest People of Palestine in 2016" with net worth estimated at 1.5 Billion Dollars. Masri serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Palestine Development and Investment Company (PADICO). Like Massar, PADICO’s mission is to contribute significantly to the strengthening and expansion of the Palestinian national economy. Since its founding in 1993, PADICO has made large-scale investments in vital industrial sectors including real estate, telecommunications, tourism, industry, agriculture, environment, energy and financial services, employing thousands of Palestinians. Masri was born and raised in Nablus, Palestine. After leaving Nablus, Masri continued his education in Egypt, before moving to the United States, where he graduated from Virginia Tech with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering in 1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25374660 | 76,032 |
Criticism of Facebook Naomi Lachance stated in a web blog for NPR, "All Tech Considered", that Facebook's facial recognition is right 98% of the time compared to the FBI's 85% out of 50 people. It's also noted, however, that the accuracies of Facebook searches are due to its larger, more diverse photo selection compared to the FBI's closed database. Mark Zuckerberg showed no worries when speaking about Facebook's AIs, saying, "Unsupervised learning is a long-term focus of our AI research team at Facebook, and it remains an important challenge for the whole AI research community" and "It will save lives by diagnosing diseases and driving us around more safely. It will enable breakthroughs by helping us find new planets and understand Earth's climate. It will help in areas we haven't even thought of today". In August 2011, the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (DPC) started an investigation after receiving 22 complaints by europe-v-facebook.org, which was founded by a group of Austrian students. The DPC stated in first reactions that the Irish DPC is legally responsible for privacy on Facebook for all users within the European Union and that he will "investigate the complaints using his full legal powers if necessary". The complaints were filed in Ireland because all users who are not residents of the United States or Canada have a contract with "Facebook Ireland Ltd", located in Dublin, Ireland. Under European law Facebook Ireland is the "data controller" for facebook.com, and therefore, facebook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12878216 | 490,996 |
Grab (tool) A grab is a mechanical device with two or more jaws (sometime clamshell-shaped), used to pick things up or to capture things. Some types include: There are different ways of open/close the grabs: Grabs can be used for: The mechanical grab, specifically the clamshell grab, was invented by the Persian Banu Musa brothers and described in their "Book of Ingenious Devices" in the 9th century. It was an original innovation by the Banu Musa that does not appear in any earlier Greek works. The grab described by the Banu Musa was used to extract objects from underwater, and recover objects from the beds of streams. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12056391 | 257,660 |
Malnutrition This can result regardless of route of feeding and can present itself a couple of days after eating with heart failure, dysrhythmias and confusion that can result in death. Manufacturers are trying to fortify everyday foods with micronutrients that can be sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam and the iodization of salt. For example, flour has been fortified with iron, zinc, folic acid and other B vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B12. Treating malnutrition, mostly through fortifying foods with micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), improves lives at a lower cost and shorter time than other forms of aid, according to the World Bank. The Copenhagen Consensus, which look at a variety of development proposals, ranked micronutrient supplements as number one. In those with diarrhea, once an initial four-hour rehydration period is completed, zinc supplementation is recommended. Daily zinc increases the chances of reducing the severity and duration of the diarrhea, and continuing with daily zinc for ten to fourteen days makes diarrhea less likely recur in the next two to three months. In addition, malnourished children need both potassium and magnesium. This can be obtained by following the above recommendations for the dehydrated child to continue eating within two to three hours of starting rehydration, and including foods rich in potassium as above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=258979 | 141,870 |
Friction loss Also note that the given "f" in this table is actually a quantity adopted by the NFPA and the industry, known as C, which has the imperial units "psi/(100 gpm""ft)" and can be calculated using the following relation: where formula_8 is the pressure in psi, formula_9 is the flow in "100gpm" and formula_10 is the length of the pipe in "100ft" takes place as a gas, say air, flows through duct work. The difference in the character of the flow from the case of water in a pipe stems from the differing Reynolds number Re and the roughness of the duct. The friction loss is customarily given as pressure loss for a given duct length, Δ"p" / "L", in units of (US) inches of water for 100 feet or (SI) kg / m / s. For specific choices of duct material, and assuming air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), standard charts can be used to calculate the expected friction loss. The chart exhibited in this section can be used to graphically determine the required diameter of duct to be installed in an application where the volume of flow is determined and where the goal is to keep the pressure loss per unit length of duct "S" below some target value in all portions of the system under study. First, select the desired pressure loss Δ"p" / "L", say 1 kg / m / s (0.12 in HO per 100 ft) on the vertical axis (ordinate). Next scan horizontally to the needed flow volume "Q", say 1 m / s (2000 cfm): the choice of duct with diameter "D" = 0.5 m (20 in.) will result in a pressure loss rate Δ"p" / "L" less than the target value | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7127168 | 440,619 |
Bill Curtis Curtis initiated the project to create the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) in 1991 after he had been selected to succeed Watts Humphrey as the Director of the Software Engineering Institute's Software Process Program. The CMM integrated the software development best practices the SEI had been collecting into Humphrey's Process Maturity Framework. The CMM for Software Version 1.0 was released in August, 1991 and Version 1.1 in January, 1993, and the CMM was published as a book in 1995. Throughout the 1990s he promoted the CMM to companies and government agencies in the U.S, E.U., and Asia, contributing to its global adoption as a method for guiding process improvement and for evaluating the capability of software organizations. Dr. Curtis recognized that Humphrey's Process Maturity Framework was a unique model of organizational development that challenged conventional wisdom on how to conduct organizational improvement programs and could be applied to organizational processes far beyond software development. With his background in organizational psychology, he proposed applying Humphrey's framework to human capital management practices. Working with Bill Hefley and Sally Miller, he created the People CMM, validating the broad applicability of the Process Maturity Framework to many different organizational processes. The People CMM stages the implementation of increasingly sophisticated human capital management practices across the five levels of organizational maturity proposed by Humphrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39305141 | 272,058 |
Chinese Laundry (San Diego) The Chinese Laundry building (also called Hop Lee Chong Laundry) is a historic structure located at 527 4th Avenue in the Gaslamp Quarter, San Diego, in the U.S. state of California. It was built in 1923. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51960285 | 326,933 |
Lamfalussy process The is an approach to the development of financial service industry regulations used by the European Union. Originally developed in March 2001, the process is named after the chair of the EU advisory committee that created it, Alexandre Lamfalussy. It is composed of four "levels," each focusing on a specific stage of the implementation of legislation. At the first level, the European Parliament and Council of the European Union adopt a piece of legislation, establishing the core values of a law and building guidelines on its implementation. The law then progresses to the second level, where sector-specific committees and regulators advise on technical details, then bring it to a vote in front of member-state representatives. At the third level, national regulators work on coordinating new regulations with other nations. The fourth level involves compliance and enforcement of the new rules and laws. The has provided a significant impetus in delivering successful agreements on four key measures of the Financial Services Action Plan: the Market Abuse Directive, adopted on 3 December 2002; the Prospectus Directive, adopted on 15 July 2003; the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), adopted on 27 April 2004 and the Transparency Directive, adopted in 2004. The Lamfalussy Process is intended to provide several benefits over traditional lawmaking, including more-consistent interpretation, convergence in national supervisory practices, and a general boost in the quality of legislation on financial services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5545114 | 454,886 |
Flow control (data) The sender can send and the receiver can accept "n" frames without having to wait for an acknowledgement. A sequence number is assigned to frames in order to help keep track of those frames which did receive an acknowledgement. The receiver acknowledges a frame by sending an acknowledgement that includes the sequence number of the next frame expected. This acknowledgement announces that the receiver is ready to receive n frames, beginning with the number specified. Both the sender and receiver maintain what is called a window. The size of the window is less than or equal to the buffer size. Sliding window flow control has a far better performance than stop-and-wait flow control. For example, in a wireless environment if data rates are low and noise level is very high, waiting for an acknowledgement for every packet that is transferred is not very feasible. Therefore, transferring data as a bulk would yield a better performance in terms of higher throughput. Sliding window flow control is a point to point protocol assuming that no other entity tries to communicate until the current data transfer is complete. The window maintained by the sender indicates which frames he can send. The sender sends all the frames in the window and waits for an acknowledgement (as opposed to acknowledging after every frame). The sender then shifts the window to the corresponding sequence number, thus indicating that frames within the window starting from the current sequence number can be sent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1619428 | 109,842 |
Stokesian dynamics Note that the subscripts on the matrices indicate the coupling between kinematic (formula_6) and dynamic (formula_18) quantities. One of the key features of is its handing of the hydrodynamic interactions, which is fairly accurate without being computationally inhibitive (like boundary integral methods) for a large number of particles. Classical requires formula_19 operations where "N" is the number of particles in the system (usually a periodic box). Recent advances have reduced the computational cost to about formula_20 The stochastic or Brownian force formula_8 arises from the thermal fluctuations in the fluid and is characterized by: The angle brackets denote an ensemble average, formula_24 is the Boltzmann constant, formula_25 is the absolute temperature and formula_26 is the delta function. The amplitude of the correlation between the Brownian forces at time formula_27 and at time formula_28 results from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the N-body system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8723207 | 367,572 |
Gust Goettl was an inventor, entrepreneur, businessman. Many times he did not invent a product, but he did used existing designs to influence future designs. For example, “he did not invent the evaporative cooler, he kept improving it”. One of his changes to this particular invention resulted in the "Combination Refrigeration and Evaporative Cooling Air Conditioner,” designed to improve cooling within arid climates. Born December 3, 1910, in Austria-Hungary, He moved to Mansfield, Ohio in 1913 with his family and was later inspired by the weather there to seek a job in the heating and cooling industry. From a young age, he was an inventor. Goettl worked throughout his life in the HVAC community. With his brother, Adam, they founded Phoenix-based Goettl Air Conditioning on February 14, 1939. In 1939, Gust also helped his brothers Adam and William Goettl to form IMPCO (International Metal Products Co.), which became a market leader by the 1940s in the evaporative cooler industry. Gust and Adam, as sole stockholders, sold the company in the 1960s to International Metal and sold the building they worked in to McGraw-Edison. An employee of McGraw-Edison fell through the roof shortly after and accused the Goettl brothers of negligence. Gust was involved in community work. He enjoyed the outdoors through traveling, fishing, hunting, camping and golfing. He was the 54th person in the state of Arizona to earn the Arizona Wildlife Sportsmen Big 10 award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52996783 | 444,671 |
History of speciation From the 1980s, new research tools increased the robustness of research, assisted by new methods, theoretical frameworks, models, and approaches. Coyne and Orr discuss the modern, post-1980s developments centered around five major themes: Ecologists became aware that the ecological factors behind speciation were under-represented. This saw the growth in research concerning ecology's role in facilitating speciation — rightly designated ecological speciation. This focus on ecology generated a host of new terms relating to the barriers to reproduction ("e.g." allochronic speciation, in which gene flow is reduced or removed by timing of breeding periods; or habitat isolation, in which species occupy different habitats within the same area). Sympatric speciation, regarded by Mayr as unlikely, has become widely accepted. Research on the influence of natural selection on speciation, including the process of reinforcement, has grown. Researchers have long debated the roles of sexual selection, natural selection, and genetic drift in speciation. Darwin extensively discussed sexual selection, with his work greatly expanded on by Ronald Fisher; however, it was not until 1983 that the biologist Mary Jane West-Eberhard recognized the importance of sexual selection in speciation. Natural selection plays a role in that any selection towards reproductive isolation can result in speciation — whether indirectly or directly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56398219 | 179,972 |
Red Heart was a joint venture between the Seven Network and Granada PLC between c. 1999 and 2001. It brought together all of its Australian parents' TV production resources, except those used for Seven's news and soaps. One theory states that Granada was looking to buy Seven's core, through it eventually owning 100% of Red Heart. may have also eventually controlled Seven's news and soaps. This was a time when "content is king" was a popular idea. Australia's Broadcasting Services Act 1992 disallows foreign entities owning more than 15% of any TV station licence holder, but owning a company that provides a station with 100% of its content for 99% of its income is fine. (CanWest found another way around the law to own a majority stake of Network Ten). However, Granada decided to pull out of when it realised it could make more money selling Australian programs to other Australian broadcasters than it would just supplying Seven. It has been rare to see Australian-made Granada programs on the screen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=553302 | 484,203 |
Machinima, Inc. According to Paul Marino, executive director of the Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences, filmmakers who had been using prior versions of the "Quake" series to record animated videos, then called ""Quake" movies", were initially excited, but the enthusiasm dampened when id announced that, in an attempt to curtail cheating in multiplayer video games, it would take legal action against anyone who released details of "Quake III"s networking code, which was included in the game's game demo file format. This precluded the use of custom demo-editing tools that had facilitated the creation of videos that used the older "Quake" and "Quake II" demo file formats, slowing the release of new "Quake" movies. Another contributing factor to this decline was that the self-referential nature of the gameplay-related situations and commentary of "Quake" movies was losing novelty. Marino explained bluntly that "the joke was getting old". Therefore, the "Quake" movie community needed to reinvent itself. In January 2000, Hugh Hancock started Machinima.com, a resource for video makers who used computer and video games as a medium. The site's name was foreign to the "Quake" movie community. The term "machinima" was originally "machinema", from the words "machine" and "cinema". However, Hancock had misspelled the term in a previous email, and the new name stuck because he and Anthony Bailey, who had worked on "Quake done Quick", liked the now-embedded reference to anime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7187928 | 299,561 |
Thermodynamic equilibrium If the thermodynamic equilibrium lies in an external force field, it is only the temperature that can in general be expected to be spatially uniform. Intensive variables other than temperature will in general be non-uniform if the external force field is non-zero. In such a case, in general, additional variables are needed to describe the spatial non-uniformity. As noted above, J.R. Partington points out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is stable against small transient perturbations. Without this condition, in general, experiments intended to study systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are in severe difficulties. When a body of material starts from a non-equilibrium state of inhomogeneity or chemical non-equilibrium, and is then isolated, it spontaneously evolves towards its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is not necessary that all aspects of internal thermodynamic equilibrium be reached simultaneously; some can be established before others. For example, in many cases of such evolution, internal mechanical equilibrium is established much more rapidly than the other aspects of the eventual thermodynamic equilibrium. Another example is that, in many cases of such evolution, thermal equilibrium is reached much more rapidly than chemical equilibrium. In an isolated system, thermodynamic equilibrium by definition persists over an indefinitely long time. In classical physics it is often convenient to ignore the effects of measurement and this is assumed in the present account | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=265823 | 35,656 |
History of phycology Linnaeus's "sexual system" (Linnaeus, 1754) in which he grouped plants according to the number of stamens and carpels in their flowers, although wholly artificial was advantageous in that a newly discovered plant could be fitted in amongst those already known. He divided the plant kingdom into 25 classes, one of which was the Cryptogamia — plants with "concealed reproductive organs" (see above) (Smith, 1955). Linnaeus accepted 14 genera of algae of which only four, Conferva, "Ulva," "Fucus" and "Chara," contained organisms now regarded as algae (Dixon, 1973 p. 231). As a consequence of the great increase in the number of species the artificiality of the Linnaean system was appreciated so that during the 18th Century and early 19th Century considerable numbers of new genera were described. J.V.F.Lamouroux in 1813 was the first to separate the groups on the basis of colour, however this was not taken up by other botanists and it was Harvey who, in 1836, divided the algae into four major divisions solely on the basis of their pigmentation: Rhodospermae (red algae), Melanospermae (brown algae), Chlorospermae (green algae) and Diatomaceae (Dixon,1973 p. 232). In 1883 and 1897 Schmitz separated the Rhodophyceae into two main groups. The first contained the Bangiales and the second the Nemoniales, Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales and Rhodymeniales (Newton, 1931) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7587938 | 162,191 |
Sling Media Inc. is a technology company that develops placeshifting and Smart TV solutions for consumers, multiple-system operators and set top box manufacturers. The company is based in Foster City, California, and was a subsidiary of EchoStar Corporation (acquired in the fall of 2007). Their initial product, the Slingbox, debuted on the US market on July 1, 2005. The EchoStar business unit was part of a corporate assets exchange with Dish Network at the beginning of 2017 and now operates as Dish Technologies Corporation under Dish Network. The company was founded in 2004 by brothers Blake and Jason Krikorian from San Francisco, along with Bhupen Shah, who had the relationships to help establish Sling's presence in Bangalore. The idea for Sling originated during the 2002 Major League Baseball season, when the Krikorian brothers, who are dedicated San Francisco Giants fans, often traveled far from home, and faced missing the best games of the season. On September 24, 2007, EchoStar announced an agreement to acquire for approximately $380 million USD. Blake and Jason left the company in January 2009. On August 3, 2016, Blake Krikorian died of a heart attack at age 48. The original Slingbox, now referred to as the Slingbox Classic, was released July 1, 2005. It was designed by Yves Béhar, and had the appearance of a "foil-wrapped chocolate bar." Improvement came with the introduction of the second-generation line of products: the Slingbox AV, the Slingbox Tuner, and the Slingbox Pro | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9898816 | 110,450 |
International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations Assemblies have been held in New York, Paris, Munich, Copenhagen, London, Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, Stockholm, Tokyo, Toronto, Buenos Aires, Lucerne, New Delhi, Berlin, Washington, D.C., Seville, Sydney, Kuala Lumpur, Bern, London, Cancun and Seoul. An Important step for the IFABC was the formation of the Global Web Standards Group in 1997, making the IFABC an early pioneer of looking at developing digital standards across boundaries. They are four types of members. Only full members have full voting rights and use of the IFABC logo and slogan. The International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Certification (IFABC) is a voluntary cooperative federation of industry-sponsored organizations established in nations throughout the world to verify and report facts about the circulations of publications and related data. According to the IFABC web page, their objectives are: A print circulation audit system is a combination of rules, regulations, and protocols - backed by a team of people, operations and infrastructure, and independent verification. It aim is to be capable of delivering to the marketplace a true picture of the circulation performance of the audited publications. Only publishers possess the real and full picture of their title's circulation performance. By creating an ABC and its audit system, the advertising industry creates a mirror that most accurately reflects this performance. The picture must be clear, credible, understandable and unbiased | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2848514 | 478,369 |
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan Currently, up to of sewage can be stored and held in the tunnels themselves while awaiting processing at sewage treatment plants, which release treated water into the Calumet and Des Plaines rivers. Additional sewage is stored at the Thornton Composite Reservoir, and the Gloria Alitto Majewski Reservoir near O'Hare International Airport. The McCook Reservoir was completed in 2017 and will be expanded to by 2029. Because the reservoirs are decommissioned quarries, construction has been delayed by decreased demand for the quarried gravel. Upon completion, the TARP system will have a storage capacity of . Severe weather events have forced water management agencies to pump excess wastewater into the lake and river in order to prevent flooding. These incidents have decreased in frequency as more of the Deep Tunnel system has become operational. Long considered an open sewer, the Chicago River now hosts more than 50 species of fish and increased wildlife along its shores. Substantial development is occurring along many portions of the riverfront. Canoeing is once again allowed on the waterway, but swimming is still prohibited due to high pollution levels. On October 3, 1986, a heavy thunderstorm drenched the southern portion of the Deep Tunnel area with several inches of rain in a short period of time. While the Deep Tunnel system performed satisfactorily by absorbing excess water, water within the system itself rushed past the north side of Chicago and near the Bahá'í Temple in Wilmette | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3509794 | 238,741 |
The Monkey Suit When Ned and his sons go into the museum's Hall of Man, one of the exhibits they see in support of evolution is a collection of dinosaur bones with the title 'Indisputable Fossil Records.' The cartoon's inclusion of the sign can be interpreted as mocking the pretension that science knows all and may not be questioned." Sanders cited another scene as an example of this; at the trial, Drummond asks Professor Frink if "this theory of evolution necessarily mean that there is no God?", to which he replies, "No, of course not. It just says that God is an impotent nothing from nowhere with less power than the undersecretary of Agriculture." Sanders wrote that "His arrogance is clear, and equally clear is the show's satirical presentation of science's hubris." Ted Gournelos analyzed "The Monkey Suit" in his 2009 book "Popular Culture and the Future of Politics: Cultural Studies and the Tao of South Park", writing: "More than anything, the episode is used to critique the demonization of evolutionary theory by religious propaganda, by an instructional video used in the school (that shows a drunken Charles Darwin passionately kissing Satan) as well as by the prosecuting attorney. This allows for a somewhat leftist discussion of the issue, but ultimately is unable to address the rise of Christian fundamentalism in the United States [...]" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4195776 | 151,470 |
J. B. Gunn Ian Gunn's motorcycle racing career spanned 50 years, from 1950 to 2000, in the UK and US, during which time he raced with such greats as Geoff Duke, Phil Read, Mike Hailwood, Eddie Lawson, Colin Edwards, and Scott Russell. His career included two Grand Prix, but mostly he raced in the "club races". He started riding motorcycles at Cambridge in 1945, and started racing in 1950. He married Freda Pilcher (1924–1975) on the Saturday of August Bank holiday, raced his International Norton at Blandford, Dorset, on the Sunday, before continuing on to their honeymoon. By 1951 it had evolved to a Manx/Inter hybrid, which he raced at one of the few motorcycle races at Goodwood, and then in the 1951 Isle of Man Senior TT, finishing 37th out of 80 starters. He put motorcycle racing aside while at RRE, but continued to ride on the street. Before leaving for Canada in 1956 he sold all his motorcycles, including a 1928 CS1 Norton, named "Father William" after Lewis Carroll's You Are Old, Father William for its reliability in spite of its age. He had no bikes while at UBC, but bought a Ducati 200 shortly after moving to IBM, and started racing with Association of American Motorcycle Road Racers (AAMRR). Initially his race transport was a VW Beetle with the passenger and rear seats removed. In 1964 it was replaced by a VW bus, and the 200 was replaced by a Ducati Mach 1S 250. On that bike he won his first race, at one of the few motorcycle races at Watkins Glen. He also raced it in the FIM 1965 US Grand Prix at Daytona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8751808 | 406,672 |
Nipple clamp A tweezer clamp consists of two short lengths of metal, no more than 5–10 cm (2–4 in) in length. The two lengths are fixed together at one end and open at the other end (just like regular tweezers). The open ends are curved slightly to improve their ability to grip the nipple. Typically, it has small 1 cm rubber sheaths over this end to protect the nipple from damage and to reduce slippage. A small ring wraps around the two pieces of metal and is used to adjust the tension. The user places the two sides of the metal head either side of the nipple, then by sliding the ring along the clamp shaft towards the nipple, causes the two halves to close tighter together. Tension can thus be adjusted depending on the location of the ring — the closer the ring is along the shaft toward the nipple, the tighter the clamp. The clover clamp, also referred to as a "butterfly clamp", is of Japanese design and provides increasing tension if pulled. The clamp itself is flat, about 5 cm by 10 cm (2 by 4 in) in size. The clamp is applied to the nipple and the spring tension holds the clamp in place. The clamp usually provides a very high pain level, and is usually only used by more experienced users. To increase tension on the nipples, small weights such as fishing sinkers can be attached to the ends of the clamp. As increased pulling tension is applied to the clamp, it will cause the jaws of the clamp to close tighter, depending on the amount of pull pressure. Another method is to use the clamps to keep a person in one place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2252455 | 428,746 |
Dashboard (business) Even when there is a strategic link, on a dashboard, it may not be noticed as such since objectives are not normally present on dashboards. However, dashboards can be customized to link their graphs and charts to strategic objectives. Digital dashboard technology is available "out-of-the-box" from many software providers. Some companies however continue to do in-house development and maintenance of dashboard applications. For example, GE Aviation has developed a proprietary software/portal called "Digital Cockpit" to monitor the trends in aircraft spare parts business. Good dashboard design practices take into account and address the following: A good information design will clearly communicate key information to users and makes supporting information easily accessible. There are a few key elements to a good dashboard:. The idea of digital dashboards followed the study of decision support systems in the 1970s. Early predecessors of the modern business dashboard were first developed in the 1980s in the form of Executive Information Systems (EISs). Due to problems primarily with data refreshing and handling, it was soon realized that the approach wasn’t practical as information was often incomplete, unreliable, and spread across too many disparate sources. Thus, EISs hibernated until the 1990s when the information age quickened pace and data warehousing, and online analytical processing (OLAP) allowed dashboards to function adequately | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4166591 | 456,377 |
Mains electricity by country Not all plugs are included in the letter system; for example, there is no designation for the plugs defined by the Thai National Standard "TIS 116-2549", though some web sites refer to the three-pin plug described in that standard as "Type O". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=864168 | 310,318 |
Max Weber Weber ended his research of society and religion in India by bringing in insights from his previous work on China to discuss similarities of the Asian belief systems. He notes that the beliefs saw the meaning of life as otherworldly mystical experience. The social world is fundamentally divided between the educated elite, following the guidance of a prophet or wise man and the uneducated masses whose beliefs are centered on magic. In Asia, there was no Messianic prophecy to give "plan and meaning to the everyday life of educated and uneducated alike". Weber juxtaposed such Messianic prophecies (aka ethical prophecies), notably from the Near East region to the exemplary prophecies found on the Asiatic mainland, focused more on reaching to the educated elites and enlightening them on the proper ways to live one's life, usually with little emphasis on hard work and the material world. It was those differences that prevented the countries of the Occident from following the paths of the earlier Chinese and Indian civilisations. His next work, Ancient Judaism was an attempt to prove this theory. In "Ancient Judaism", his fourth major work on the sociology of religion, Weber attempted to explain the factors that resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity. He contrasted the innerworldly asceticism developed by Western Christianity with mystical contemplation of the kind developed in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455 | 516,257 |
Sol–gel process In materials science, the sol–gel process is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules. The method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides, especially the oxides of silicon (Si) and titanium (Ti). The process involves conversion of monomers into a colloidal solution ("sol") that acts as the precursor for an integrated network (or "gel") of either discrete particles or network polymers. Typical precursors are metal alkoxides. In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume fraction of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in any number of ways. The simplest method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid. Centrifugation can also be used to accelerate the process of phase separation. Removal of the remaining liquid (solvent) phase requires a drying process, which is typically accompanied by a significant amount of shrinkage and densification. The rate at which the solvent can be removed is ultimately determined by the distribution of porosity in the gel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1701055 | 196,178 |
Automation The rise of industrial automation is directly tied to the “Fourth Industrial Revolution”, which is better known now as Industry 4.0. Originating from Germany, Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous devices, concepts, and machines. It, along with the advancement of the Industrial Internet of Things (formally known as the IoT or IIoT) which is "Internet of Things is a seamless integration of diverse physical objects in the Internet through a virtual representation". These new revolutionary advancements have drawn attention to the world of automation in an entirely new light and shown ways for it to grow to increase productivity and efficiency in machinery and manufacturing facilities. Industry 4.0 works with the IIoT and software/hardware to connect in a way that (through communication technologies) add enhancements and improve manufacturing processes. Being able to create smarter, safer, and more advanced manufacturing is now possible with these new technologies. It opens up a manufacturing platform that is more reliable, consistent, and efficient than before. Implementation of systems such as SCADA is an example of software that takes place in Industrial today. SCADA is a supervisory data collection software, just one of the many used in Industrial Automation. Industry 4.0 vastly covers many areas in manufacturing and will continue to do so as time goes on. Industrial robotics is a sub-branch in the industrial automation that aids in various manufacturing processes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=173354 | 397,989 |
Thin-shell structure Thin-shell structures (also called plate and shell structures) are lightweight constructions using shell elements. These elements, typically curved, are assembled to make large structures. Typical applications include aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and the roofs of large buildings. A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness. A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to the plates structure which is flat. Membrane action in a shell is primarily caused by in-plane forces (plane stress), but there may be secondary forces resulting from flexural deformations. Where a flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and shear stresses, shells are analogous to a cable which resists loads through tensile stresses. The ideal thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and compression. The most popular types of thin-shell structures are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6257181 | 252,537 |
Emily Arnesen (14 June 1867 – 13 August 1928) was a Norwegian zoologist. She was the second Norwegian woman to receive a doctoral degree and is most known for her studies on sponges. Arnesen began attending the Royal Frederick University of her hometown Kristiania in 1891. She studied science, but was only able to stay for a year, until 1892, before leaving for Stockholm, where she became a governess for a minister's family. Arnesen would periodically return to being a governess for different families throughout the course of her studies in order to make an income. During her time in Stockholm, Arnesen began taking classes which sparked her interest in both zoology and botany. Upon returning to the university of Kristiania, Arnesen began teaches classes and private pupils, but spent her free time studying zoology under Johan Hjort. This continued for three years until she left the university and began working in laboratories. Arnesen first attempted to study zoology in a lab in Berlin in 1894, but was rejected. After this, she would teach in Kristiania schools as well as work in the zoological laboratory in town during the school year and studied coastal fauna at the Norwegian coastal biological stations in the summer. In 1901 Arnesen received a scholarship that allowed her to travel to Zurich in Switzerland. This is where Arnesen completed her doctoral studies on the blood vessel system structure in leeches under the supervision of anatomist Arnold Lang. She received her doctorate in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41751720 | 163,788 |
6 bore Despite this, cartridge rifles and cartridges could still be purchased. The was only made obsolete by the introduction of Nitro Express cartridges in 1898. Sir Samuel Baker had a made as his first specialist elephant rifle. The percussion rifle, made by made by George Gibbs of Bristol in 1840, weighed and had a barrel with rifling of 2 very deep grooves. This rifle fired a belted spherical bullet or a conical bullet with a charge of 16 drams (28.35 g) of black powder. Baker later wrote of this rifle: Cigar, the 19th century hottentot elephant hunter who introduced Frederick Selous to elephant hunting, hunted with an old heavy muzzleloader. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19186693 | 424,747 |
Cooperative binding Ligand binding to one subunit would induce an immediate conformational change of that subunit from the inactive to the active conformation, a mechanism described as "induced fit". Cooperativity, according to the KNF model, would arise from interactions between the subunits, the strength of which varies depending on the relative conformations of the subunits involved. For a tetrahedric structure (they also considered linear and square structures), they proposed the following formula: Where formula_40 is the constant of association for X, formula_41 is the ratio of B and A states in the absence of ligand ("transition"), formula_42 and formula_43 are the relative stabilities of pairs of neighbouring subunits relative to a pair where both subunits are in the A state (Note that the KNF paper actually presents formula_44, the number of occupied sites, which is here 4 times formula_1). The Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model for concerted allosteric transitions went a step further by exploring cooperativity based on thermodynamics and three-dimensional conformations. It was originally formulated for oligomeric proteins with symmetrically arranged, identical subunits, each of which has one ligand binding site. According to this framework, two (or more) interconvertible conformational states of an allosteric protein coexist in a thermal equilibrium. The states - often termed tense (T) and relaxed (R) - differ in affinity for the ligand molecule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106218 | 58,188 |
Chilled beam However, studies of the energy cost-savings of active versus passive chilled beam systems remained inconclusive as of 2007, and appear to be highly dependent on the specific building. The active chilled beam system employs fins to help heat and cool. Active chilled beam systems are effective to the point where outdoor air can be mixed with the indoor air without any traditional air conditioning (such as heating, cooling, humidifying, or dehumidifying), thus enabling a building to meet its "minimum outdoor air" air quality requirement. The primary advantage of the chilled beam system is its lower operating cost. For example, because the temperature of cooled water is higher than the temperature of cooled air, but it delivers the same cooling ability, the costs of the cooled water system are lower. Because cooling and heating of air are no longer linked to the delivery of air, buildings also save money by being able to run fewer air circulation fans and at lower speeds. One estimate places the amount of air handled at 25 to 50 percent less using chilled beam systems. By being able to target the delivery of clean outdoor air where it is needed (rather than injecting it into the entire system and heating or cooling it), there is a reduced need to treat large amounts of outdoor air (also saving money). In one case, the Genomic Science Building at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill lowered its HVAC costs by 20 percent with an active chilled beam system. This is a typical energy cost savings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10581795 | 364,297 |
Fuzzy logic It has also been used in recognition of hand-written symbols in Sony pocket computers, flight aid for helicopters, controlling of subway systems in order to improve driving comfort, precision of halting, and power economy, improved fuel consumption for automobiles, single-button control for washing machines, automatic motor control for vacuum cleaners with recognition of surface condition and degree of soiling, and prediction systems for early recognition of earthquakes through the Institute of Seismology Bureau of Meteorology, Japan. is an important concept when it comes to medical decision making. Since medical and healthcare data can be subjective or fuzzy, applications in this domain have a great potential to benefit a lot by using fuzzy logic based approaches. One of the common application areas that use fuzzy logic is computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) in medicine. CAD is a computerized set of inter-related tools which can be used to aid physicians in their diagnostic decision-making. For example, when a physician finds a lesion which is abnormal but still at a very early stage of development he/she may use a CAD approach to characterize the lesion and diagnose its nature. can be highly appropriate to describe key characteristics of this lesion. can be used in many different aspects within the CAD framework. Such aspects include in medical image analysis, biomedical signal analysis, segmentation of images or signals, and feature extraction / selection of images or signals as described, for instance, in and | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49180 | 115,733 |
Smartglasses A group of students at The Ohio State University College of Medicine also observed the operation on their laptop computers. Following the procedure, Kaeding stated, "To be honest, once we got into the surgery, I often forgot the device was there. It just seemed very intuitive and fit seamlessly." November 16, 2013, in Santiago de Chile, the maxillofacial team led by Dr.gn Antonio Marino conducted the first orthognathic surgery assisted with Google Glass in Latin America, interacting with them and working with simultaneous three-dimensional navigation. The surgical team was interviewed by the ADN radio and the LUN newspaper. In January 2014, Indian Orthopedic Surgeon Selene G. Parekh conducted the foot and ankle surgery using Google Glass in Jaipur, which was broadcast live on Google website via the internet. The surgery was held during a three-day annual Indo-US conference attended by a team of experts from the US and co-organized by Ashish Sharma. Sharma said Google Glass allows looking at an X-Ray or MRI without taking the eye off of the patient and allows a doctor to communicate with a patient's family or friends during a procedure. In Australia, during January 2014, Melbourne tech startup Small World Social collaborated with the Australian Breastfeeding Association to create the first hands-free breastfeeding Google Glass application for new mothers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42032995 | 105,416 |
The Fate of the Earth is a 1982 book by Jonathan Schell. This "seminal" description of the consequences of nuclear war "forces even the most reluctant person to confront the unthinkable: the destruction of humanity and possibly most life on Earth". The book is regarded as a key document in the nuclear disarmament movement. The book is composed of three essays. The third and final, “The Choice,” is an argument that the source of the nuclear threat is the nation-state system, and that the choice is between survival and national sovereignty. In his review of "The Fate of the Earth", Brian Martin demonstrated that the argument that “most people” would die in the nuclear war is highly exaggerated, especially for the Global South. He explains the discrepancy: It is possible, on the other hand, to set against this claim some lines from the book:"To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a misrepresentation—just as it would be a misrepresentation to say that extinction can be ruled out. To begin with, we know that a holocaust may not occur at all. If one does occur, the adversaries may not use all their weapons. If they do use all their weapons, the global effects, in the ozone and elsewhere, may be moderate. And if the effects are not moderate but extreme, the ecosphere may prove resilient enough to withstand them without breaking down catastrophically." (pp. 93-94 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23380471 | 10,671 |
Registered jack This pinout is for multi-line telephone use only; RJ61 is unsuitable for use with high-speed data, because the pins for pairs 3 and 4 are too widely spaced for high signaling frequencies. T1 lines use another wiring for the same connector, designated RJ48. Ethernet over twisted pair (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T) also use a different wiring for the same connector, either T568A or T568B. RJ48, T568A, and T568B are all designed to keep pins close together for pairs 3 and 4. The flat eight-conductor silver-satin cable traditionally used with four-line analog telephones and RJ61 jacks is also unsuitable for use with high-speed data. Twisted pair cabling is required for data applications. Twisted-pair data patch cable used with the three data standards is not a direct replacement for RJ61 cable, because RJ61 pairs 3 and 4 would be split among different patch cable twisted pairs, causing cross-talk between voice lines 3 and 4 that might be noticeable for long patch cables. With the advent of structured wiring systems and TIA/EIA-568-B conventions, the RJ61 pinout is falling into disuse. The T568A and T568B standards are used in place of RJ61 so that a single wiring standard in a facility can be used for both voice and data. The following "RJ"-style names do not refer to official ACTA types. The labels "RJ9", "RJ10", "RJ22" are variously used for 4P4C and 4P2C modular connectors, most typically installed on telephone handsets and their cordage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=324132 | 111,160 |
Isidor Isaac Rabi After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell. For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese. He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers. He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper. In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics. In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College. In order to be near her when she returned home, Rabi continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills. In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York. Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor. The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor. Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=196999 | 235,058 |
American wire gauge 005 inches in diameter, and No. 0000 is 0.46 inches in diameter. The ratio of these diameters is 1:92, and there are 40 gauge sizes from No. 36 to No. 0000, or 39 steps. Because each successive gauge number increases cross sectional area by a constant multiple, diameters vary geometrically. Any two successive gauges (e.g., A & B ) have diameters in the ratio (dia. B ÷ dia. A) of formula_1 (approximately 1.12293), while for gauges two steps apart (e.g., A, B, & C), the ratio of the C to A is about 1.12293 = 1.26098. The diameter of a No. "n" AWG wire is determined, for gauges smaller than 00 (36 to 0), according to the following formula: or equivalently: The gauge can be calculated from the diameter using and the cross-section area is The standard ASTM B258 - 02(2008) "Standard Specification for Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used as Electrical Conductors" defines the ratio between successive sizes to be the 39th root of 92, or approximately 1.1229322. ASTM B 258-02 also dictates that wire diameters should be tabulated with no more than 4 significant figures, with a resolution of no more than 0.0001 inches (0.1 mils) for wires larger than No. 44 AWG, and 0.00001 inches (0.01 mils) for wires No. 45 AWG and smaller. Sizes with multiple zeros are successively larger than No. 0 and can be denoted using ""number of zeros"/0", for example 4/0 for 0000. For an "m"/0 AWG wire, use in the above formulas. For instance, for No. 0000 or 4/0, use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=311366 | 449,805 |
1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione is a chemical described as a cyclic lactone or lactide, which is formed as an impurity in the manufacture of polymer resins and biodegradable polyesters. It is the cyclic dimer of GHB. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63247646 | 16,539 |
Ionel Haiduc (born 9 May 1937 in Cluj) is a Romanian chemist who was elected to the Romanian Academy and Academy of Sciences of Moldova. He was the President of the Romanian Academy between 2006 and 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43336224 | 6,744 |
Immunomagnetic separation In metastasis research this separation technique may become necessary to separate when given a cell population and wanting to isolate tumors cells in tumors, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. Antibodies coating paramagnetic beads will bind to antigens present on the surface of cells thus "capturing" the cells and facilitate the concentration of these bead-attached cells. The concentration process is created by a magnet placed on the side of the test tube bringing the beads to it. MACS systems (Magnetic Cell Separation system) : Through the usage of smaller super paramagnetic beads (<100nm), which requires a stronger magnetic field to separate cells. Cells are labeled with primary antibodies and then MACS beads are coated with specific- specific antibodies. These labeled cell suspension is then put into a separation column in a strong magnetic field. The labeled cells are contained, magnetized, while in the magnetic field and the unlabeled cells are suspended, un-magnetized, to be collected. Once removed from magnetic field positive cells are eluted. These MACS beads are then incorporated by the cells allowing them to remain in the column because they do not intrude with the cell attachment to the culture surface to cell-cell interactions. A bead removal reagent is then applied to have an enzymatically release of the MACS beads allowing those cells to become relabeled with some other marker, which then is sorted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206793 | 168,501 |
Three prime untranslated region Poly(A) binding protein (PABP) binds to this tail, contributing to regulation of mRNA translation, stability, and export. For example, poly (A) tail bound PABP interacts with proteins associated with the 5' end of the transcript, causing a circularization of the mRNA that promotes translation. The 3'-UTR can also contain sequences that attract proteins to associate the mRNA with the cytoskeleton, transport it to or from the cell nucleus, or perform other types of localization. In addition to sequences within the 3'-UTR, the physical characteristics of the region, including its length and secondary structure, contribute to translation regulation. These diverse mechanisms of gene regulation ensure that the correct genes are expressed in the correct cells at the appropriate times. The 3'-UTR of mRNA has a great variety of regulatory functions that are controlled by the physical characteristics of the region. One such characteristic is the length of the 3'-UTR, which in the mammalian genome has considerable variation. This region of the mRNA transcript can range from 60 nucleotides to about 4000. On average the length for the 3'-UTR in humans is approximately 800 nucleotides, while the average length of 5'-UTRs is only about 200 nucleotides. The length of the 3'-UTR is significant since longer 3'-UTRs are associated with lower levels of gene expression | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=345919 | 60,078 |
L pad An is a network composed of two impedances that typically resemble the letter capital "L" when drawn on a schematic. It is commonly used for attenuation and for impedance matching. A speaker is a special configuration of rheostats used to control volume while maintaining a constant load impedance on the output of the audio amplifier. It consists of a parallel and a series rheostat connected in an "L" configuration. As one increases in resistance, the other decreases, thus maintaining a constant impedance, at least in one direction. To maintain constant impedance in both directions, a "T" pad must be used. In loudspeaker systems having a crossover network, it is necessary to maintain impedance to the crossover; this avoids shifting the crossover point. A constant-impedance load is important in the case of vacuum tube power amplifiers, because such amplifiers do not work as efficiently when terminated into an impedance greatly different than their specified output impedance. Maintaining constant impedance is less important In the case solid state electronics. In high frequency horns, the L Pad is seen by the crossover, not the amp. L pads may not necessarily use continuously variable rheostats, but instead a multi-position rotating selector switch wired to resistors on the back. Tapped transformers are not L pads; they are autoformers. L pads can also be used at line level, mostly in pro applications. The attenuates the signal by having two separate rheostats connected in an "L" configuration (hence the name) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5378527 | 401,291 |
Biopharmaceutical A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biologics can be composed of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursors or components) are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial. Terminology surrounding biopharmaceuticals varies between groups and entities, with different terms referring to different subsets of therapeutics within the general biopharmaceutical category. Some regulatory agencies use the terms "biological medicinal products" or "therapeutic biological product" to refer specifically to engineered macromolecular products like protein- and nucleic acid-based drugs, distinguishing them from products like blood, blood components, or vaccines, which are usually extracted directly from a biological source. Specialty drugs, a recent classification of pharmaceuticals, are high-cost drugs that are often biologics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2654847 | 3,672 |
Borg The origin of the is never made clear, though they are portrayed as having existed for hundreds of thousands of years (as attested by Guinan and the Queen). In "Star Trek: First Contact", the Queen merely states that the were once much like humanity, "flawed and weak", but gradually developed into a partially synthetic species in an ongoing attempt to evolve and perfect themselves. In "TNG"s "Q Who?", Guinan mentions that the are "made up of organic and artificial life [...] which has been developing for [...] thousands of centuries." In the later episode of "Star Trek: Voyager", "", Gedrin, of the race the Vaadwaur, says that before he and his people were put into suspended animation 892 years earlier (1482 A.D.), the had assimilated only a few colonies in the Delta Quadrant and were considered essentially a minor nuisance. Now awake in the 24th century, he is amazed to see that the control a vast area of the Delta Quadrant. Seven of Nine comments that the Borg's collective memories of that time period are fragmentary, though it is never established why that is. "The Star Trek Encyclopedia" speculates that a connection could exist between the and "V'ger", the vessel encountered in "". This idea of a connection is advanced in William Shatner's novel "The Return". The connection was also suggested in a letter included in "Starlog" no. 160 (November 1990) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20736775 | 261,952 |
Western Fruit Express (WFE) was a railroad refrigerator car leasing company formed by the Fruit Growers Express and the Great Northern Railway on July 18, 1923 in order to compete with the Pacific Fruit Express and Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch in the Western United States. The arrangement added 3,000 cars to the FGE's existing equipment pool. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation (BNSF), the Great Northern's successor until 2005, when it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Pacific Belt System, after BNSF's share was bought out. The success of the WFE led to the creation of the Burlington Refrigerator Express (BREX) in May 1926. Roster, 1930–1970: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3114411 | 483,002 |
Raymond Reiter (; June 12, 1939 – September 16, 2002) was a Canadian computer scientist and logician. He was one of the founders of the field of non-monotonic reasoning with his work on default logic, model-based diagnosis, closed world reasoning, and truth maintenance systems. He also contributed to the situation calculus. He was a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), an AAAI Fellow, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He won the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence in 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2341984 | 108,254 |
Bloch wave – MoM method The wave numbers α, β and γ satisfy the relations: formula_12 and outside of these ranges, the bands are periodic. The Bloch waves are periodic functions of space, with periods "l", "l", "l" and the bands are periodic functions of wavenumber, with periods: formula_13, formula_14 and formula_15 Substituting equations (2.1) into (1.1) and (1.2) yields the spectral domain Greens function relating the radiated electric field to its source currents: where, is the tensor Green's function in the spectral domain. Note that the spatial domain convolution has been transformed into a simple multiplication in the spectral domain, consistent with the convolution theorem for Fourier transforms. With this equation for the electric field, the electric field boundary condition (requiring that the total tangential electric field be zero on the surface of PEC scatterer) becomes: Since we are seeking characteristic modes (eigenmodes) of the structure, there is no impressed E-field on the RHS of this electric field integral equation (EFIE). Equation (3.3) is not strictly correct however, since it is only the tangential components of electric field that are actually zero on the surface of the PEC scatterer. This inexactness will be resolved presently, when we test this equation with the electric current basis functions - defined as residing on the surface of the scatterer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30975689 | 19,223 |
Dale R. Corson Corson also served on NACA"s "Special Committee on Space Technology" also called the "Stever Committee," named after its chairman. It was a special steering committee that was formed with the mandate to coordinate various branches of the Federal government, private companies as well as universities within the United States with NACA's objectives and also harness their expertise in order to develop a space program. Dr. Corson therefore played a pivotal role in the process of establishing the nascent United States space program. He was the author of a very important textbook on electromagnetism with the following two editions: The latter incorporated some of the ideas of relativistic electromagnetism. As part of his Ph.D. work in UC Berkeley, Corson was a co-discoverer of the element astatine. In 1987 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1739973 | 250,376 |
Heptachlor 3 · 10atm-m/mol and the vapor pressure is 3 · 10mmHg at 20 °C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2145881 | 67,272 |
Combi aircraft Air Marshall Islands is still currently in existence flying regional turboprops but no longer operates combi jet aircraft. Alaska Airlines was a long time combi operator flying various Boeing jet models in combi configuration (see below). There were several other combi aircraft operators as well in Alaska in the past including MarkAir with Boeing 737-200s and de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7s, Reeve Aleutian Airways with Boeing 727-100 jets and Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops, Western Airlines with Lockheed L-188 Electras and Wien Air Alaska with Boeing 737-200s and Fairchild F-27B turboprops. Wien was the launch customer for the combi version of the B737-200 while Wien predecessor Northern Consolidated Airlines was the first operator of the Fairchild F-27B which was combi version of the Fairchild Hiller FH-227. A number of airlines in Canada also flew combi aircraft besides Air Canada and its Douglas DC-8 and Boeing 747 combi services including First Air with Boeing 727-100 and 727-200 jetliners in addition to Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops. First Air continues to operate combi aircraft at the present time including Boeing 737-200 and 737-400 jetliners as well as the ATR 42 turboprop. Two other current combi operators in Canada are Air North operating the Boeing 737-200 jet and Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprop, and Canadian North flying Boeing 737-200 jets and de Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 Dash 8 turboprop aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1846790 | 293,162 |
Rosgen Stream Classification The longitudinal and plan-form measurements consist of slope, stream bed features, sinuosity, and meander width ratio. Level II is a quantitative morphological assessment of the stream reach which provides greater detail from data collected in the field for the implementation into land management decisions. Level III describes the existing condition of a stream as it relates to its stability, response potential, and function. This level includes additional measurements such as, sediment supply, channel stability, and flow regime which further describe the condition or “state” of the stream. Level IV verifies the process relationships inferred from the previous three levels of classification. The objective of this level is to determine empirical relationships for use in prediction (e.g. to develop Manning’s n values from measured velocity) The is probably best applied as a communication tool to describe channel form. Other uses for the include fish habitat indices, surveys of riparian communities, stream restoration and mitigation, engineering, evaluating livestock grazing related to stream type, and the utilization of sediment and hydraulic data by stream type. Problems with the use of the are encountered with identifying bankfull dimensions, particularly in incising channels and with the mixing of bed and bank sediment into a single population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57352318 | 350,293 |
ANTIC One method of using the enhanced GTIA color modes without the large memory requirements of mode F is to direct to repeat each line of data one or more times by using Mode line instructions with the LMS modifier to redisplay the same screen data on multiple scan lines. This produces a lower vertical resolution where each pixel is 2 or more scan lines tall, but has higher DMA overhead due to needing to re-read the same bytes from screen memory. Rather than using repeated LMS modifiers, a quirk of vertical scrolling can be exploited to create a four scan-line mode that displays pixels using the hi-res or GTIA color interpretation modes. Vertical Scrolling would ordinarily not be considered useful for Mode F which is one scan line tall. However, if Vertical Scrolling is enabled for the Mode F Display List instruction, and the VSCROL register is set to 13, then ANTIC's line counter will count from 13 to 0 (four scan lines—13, 14, 15, 0). In doing so outputs the same line of graphics for each scan line from its internal buffer without re-reading the same screen memory again. The end of the vertical scrolling region needs to have VSCROL reset to 3 allowing to count from 0 to 3 (four scan lines). The end result is a Mode F display where the lines are four scan lines tall rather than one, but with the DMA overhead of only one screen memory data read occurring on the first scan line | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=870044 | 389,347 |
Least distance of distinct vision In optometry, the least distance of distinct vision (LDDV) or the reference seeing distance (RSD) is the closest someone with "normal" vision (20/20 vision) can comfortably look at something. In other words, LDDV is the minimum comfortable distance between the naked human eye and a visible object. magnifying power ("M") of a lens with focal length ("f" in millimeters) when viewed by the naked human eye: The power of a lens or curved mirror in Dioptres is calculated by the relationship D=1/F, where D is the power in Dioptres and F is the focal length of the device in metres. A convex lens and a concave mirror have positive focal lengths, and hence their strength in Dioptres is also positive. If the lens is concave or the mirror is convex, the focal length, and hence the power in Dioptres, is negative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8743318 | 287,824 |
Generalised beam theory In structural engineering and mechanical engineering, generalised beam theory (GBT) is a one-dimensional theory used to mathematically model how beams bend and twist under various loads. It is a generalization of classical Euler–Bernoulli beam theory that approximates a beam as an assembly of thin-walled plates that are constrained to deform as a linear combination of specified deformation modes. Its origin is due to Richard Schardt (1966). Since then many other authors have extended the initial (first-order elastic) GBT formulations developed by Schardt and his co-workers. Many extensions and applications of GBT have been developed by Camotim (Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal) and collaborators, since the beginning of the 21st century. The theory can be applied without restrictions to any prismatic thin-walled structural member exhibiting straight or curved axial axis (any loading, any cross-section geometry, any boundary conditions). GBT is in some ways analogous to the finite strip method and can be a more computationally efficient method than modeling a beam with a full 2D or 3D finite element method to predict the member structural behavior. GBT has been widely recognized as an efficient approach to analyzing thin-walled members and structural systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49341684 | 444,162 |
Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology The is the flagship peer-reviewed scientific journal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It has been published since 1904. Its former name was Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Its section D (Radio Science, 1964-1965; Radio Propagation, 1959-1963) was continued as the "Radio Science" journal. The current editor-in-chief is Ron B. Goldfarb. The impact factor is 1.34 in 2016/2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11079653 | 198,136 |
Sewage treatment During periods of high flow deposited grit is resuspended and the quantity of grit reaching the treatment plant increases substantially. It is, therefore important that the grit removal system not only operate efficiently during normal flow conditions but also under sustained peak flows when the greatest volume of grit reaches the plant. Clarifiers and mechanized secondary treatment are more efficient under uniform flow conditions. Equalization basins may be used for temporary storage of diurnal or wet-weather flow peaks. Basins provide a place to temporarily hold incoming sewage during plant maintenance and a means of diluting and distributing batch discharges of toxic or high-strength waste which might otherwise inhibit biological secondary treatment (including portable toilet waste, vehicle holding tanks, and septic tank pumpers). Flow equalization basins require variable discharge control, typically include provisions for bypass and cleaning, and may also include aerators. Cleaning may be easier if the basin is downstream of screening and grit removal. In some larger plants, fat and grease are removed by passing the sewage through a small tank where skimmers collect the fat floating on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the tank may also be used to help recover the fat as a froth. Many plants, however, use primary clarifiers with mechanical surface skimmers for fat and grease removal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16079692 | 51,401 |
RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), also known as Ebola Zaire vaccine live and sold under the brand name Ervebo, is a vaccine for adults that prevents Ebola caused by the Zaire ebolavirus. When used in ring vaccination, rVSV-EBOV has shown a high level of protection. Around half the people given the vaccine have mild to moderate adverse effects that include headache, fatigue, and muscle pain. rVSV-ZEBOV is a recombinant, replication-competent vaccine. It consists of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which has been genetically engineered to express a glycoprotein from the Zaire ebolavirus so as to provoke a neutralizing immune response to the Ebola virus. The vaccine was approved for medical use in the European Union and United States in 2019. It was created by scientists at the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, which is part of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). PHAC licensed it to a small company, NewLink Genetics, which started developing the vaccine; NewLink in turn licensed it to Merck in 2014. It was used in the DR Congo in a 2018 outbreak in Équateur province, and has since been used extensively in the 2018–20 Kivu Ebola outbreak, with over 90,000 people vaccinated. Nearly 800 people were ring vaccinated on an emergency basis with VSV-EBOV when another Ebola outbreak occurred in Guinea in March 2016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43779954 | 159,278 |
Stethoscope An electronic stethoscope (or stethophone) overcomes the low sound levels by electronically amplifying body sounds. However, amplification of stethoscope contact artifacts, and component cutoffs (frequency response thresholds of electronic stethoscope microphones, pre-amps, amps, and speakers) limit electronically amplified stethoscopes' overall utility by amplifying mid-range sounds, while simultaneously attenuating high- and low- frequency range sounds. Currently, a number of companies offer electronic stethoscopes. Electronic stethoscopes require conversion of acoustic sound waves to electrical signals which can then be amplified and processed for optimal listening. Unlike acoustic stethoscopes, which are all based on the same physics, transducers in electronic stethoscopes vary widely. The simplest and least effective method of sound detection is achieved by placing a microphone in the chestpiece. This method suffers from ambient noise interference and has fallen out of favor. Another method, used in Welch-Allyn's Meditron stethoscope, comprises placement of a piezoelectric crystal at the head of a metal shaft, the bottom of the shaft making contact with a diaphragm. 3M also uses a piezo-electric crystal placed within foam behind a thick rubber-like diaphragm. The Thinklabs' Rhythm 32 uses an electromagnetic diaphragm with a conductive inner surface to form a capacitive sensor. This diaphragm responds to sound waves, with changes in an electric field replacing changes in air pressure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28714 | 259,048 |
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