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Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on an insulating bonded paper board which was originated and developed in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision Engineering Ltd (VPE). It was introduced as a general-purpose material for use in constructing electronic circuits - differing from purpose-designed printed circuit boards (PCBs) in that a variety of electronics circuits may be constructed using a standard wiring board. The first single-size product was the forerunner of the numerous types of prototype wiring board which, with worldwide use over five decades, have become known as stripboard. The generic terms 'veroboard' and 'stripboard' are now taken to be synonymous. By the mid-1950s, the printed circuit board (PCB) had become commonplace in electronics production. In early 1959, the VPE Electronics Department was formed when managing director Geoffrey Verdon-Roe hired two former Saunders-Roe Ltd employees, Peter H Winter (aircraft design department) and Terry Fitzpatrick (electronics division). After the failure of a project to develop machine tool control equipment, the department remained operative as a result of success with the invention and development of the new electronics material - Veroboard. New equipment using PCBs was displayed at the 1959 Radio and Electronics Components Manufacturers Federation (RECMF) Exhibition held in The Dorchester Hotel, Park Lane, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41871737 | 400,273 |
Lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic acid is made by alkaline hydrolysis of lysergamides like ergotamine, a substance usually derived from the ergot fungus on agar plate; or, theoretically possible, but impractical and uncommon, from ergine (lysergic acid amide, LSA) extracted from morning glory seeds. Lysergic acid can also be produced synthetically, eliminating the need for ergotamines. A single dose of LSD may be between 40 and 500 micrograms—an amount roughly equal to one-tenth the mass of a grain of sand. Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 25 micrograms of LSD. Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms (µg), or millionths of a gram. By comparison, dosages of most drugs, both recreational and medicinal, are measured in milligrams (mg), or thousandths of a gram. For example, an active dose of mescaline, roughly , has effects comparable to 100 µg or less of LSD. In the mid-1960s, the most important black market LSD manufacturer (Owsley Stanley) distributed acid at a standard concentration of 270 µg, while street samples of the 1970s contained 30 to 300 µg. By the 1980s, the amount had reduced to between 100 and 125 µg, dropping more in the 1990s to the 20–80 µg range, and even more in the 2000s (decade). "LSD," writes the chemist Alexander Shulgin, "is an unusually fragile molecule ... As a salt, in water, cold, and free from air and light exposure, it is stable indefinitely." LSD has two labile protons at the tertiary stereogenic C5 and C8 positions, rendering these centres prone to epimerisation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17537 | 250,910 |
Statue of Georg Zoëga The is a statue of the Danish archeologist Georg Zoëga located in the garden of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, facing Tietgensgade, in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was created by Ludvig Brandstrup and unveiled in 1911. The monument consists of a bronze sculpture standing on a granite plinth and measures . Zoëga is depicted sitting on a chair and studying a diminutive version of a Greek statue of a woman which he holds in his left hand. He wear a cape, which, much like a Roman toga, is swept around his raised arm. The oval granite plinth is decorated with bronze festoons. A model of the statue was commissioned by Carl Jacobsen in 1908 to mark the one hundred year's anniversary of Zoëga's death the following year. He confirmed the commission in a letter dated 25 October 1908. The mentioned "Carstens statue" is Theoblad Stein's statue of Asmus Jacob Carstens A figurine in burnt clay from 1909 is owned by the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Inv.no. 1735). Another 32,-cm high figurine in unburnt clay is owned by the Hirschsprung Collection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62412145 | 351,705 |
Film noir While the contemporary term neo-noir functions to bring the noir into the contemporary landscape, it has been often criticized for its dilution of the noir genre, Arnett commenting on its ‘amorphous’ reach: ‘any film featuring a detective or crime qualifies’, and Cawelti recognizing its ‘generic exhaustion’. The neon-noir, more specifically, seeks to revive the noir sensibilities in a more targeted manner of reference, focalizing especially its socio-cultural commentary and hyper-stylized aesthetic. The Coen brothers make reference to the noir tradition again with "The Man Who Wasn't There" (2001); a black-and-white crime melodrama set in 1949, it features a scene apparently staged to mirror one from "Out of the Past". Lynch's "Mulholland Drive" (2001) continued in his characteristic vein, making the classic noir setting of Los Angeles the venue for a noir-inflected psychological jigsaw puzzle. British-born director Christopher Nolan's black-and-white debut, "Following" (1998), was an overt homage to classic noir. During the new century's first decade, he was one of the leading Hollywood directors of neo-noir with the acclaimed "Memento" (2000) and the remake of "Insomnia" (2002). Director Sean Penn's "The Pledge" (2001), though adapted from a very self-reflexive novel by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, plays noir comparatively straight, to devastating effect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10802 | 259,185 |
E-meter 5 V, and the electric current through the subject's body is less than a half a milliampere. In the Scientology E-meter, the large control, known as the "tone arm", adjusts the meter bias, while a smaller one controls the gain. The operator manipulates the tone arm to keep the needle near the center of the dial so its motion is easily observed. A simple powered by direct current, such as that used by the Scientologists and the like, displays several kinds of electrodermal activity (EDA) on the one dial without distinction, including changes in conductance, resistance, and bioelectric potential. Researchers in psychophysiology are also exploring admittance and impedance aspects of EDA that can be observed only with alternating current. The E-Meter, measuring variations in electrodermal activity (which can be highly responsive to emotion), functions on the same physiological data sources as one of the parts of the polygraph, or “lie detector”. According to Scientology doctrine, the resistance corresponds to the "mental mass and energy" of the subject's mind, which are claimed to change when the subject thinks of particular mental images (engrams). One account tells about L. Ron Hubbard using the to determine whether or not fruits can experience pain, as in his 1968 assertion that tomatoes "scream when sliced". The traditional theory of EDA holds that skin resistance varies with the state of sweat glands in the skin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=899924 | 217,065 |
Interstitial cystitis International recognition of interstitial cystitis has grown and international urology conferences to address the heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria have recently been held. IC/PBS is now recognized with an official disability code in the United States of America. IC/BPS affects men and women of all cultures, socioeconomic backgrounds, and ages. Although the disease was previously believed to be a condition of menopausal women, growing numbers of men and women are being diagnosed in their twenties and younger. IC/BPS is not a rare condition. Early research suggested that the number of IC/BPS cases ranged from 1 in 100,000 to 5.1 in 1,000 of the general population. In recent years, the scientific community has achieved a much deeper understanding of the epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. Recent studies have revealed that between 2.7 and 6.53 million women in the USA have symptoms of IC and up to 12% of women may have early symptoms of IC/BPS. Further study has estimated that the condition is far more prevalent in men than previously thought ranging from 1.8 to 4.2 million men having symptoms of interstitial cystitis. The condition is officially recognized as a disability in the United States. Philadelphia surgeon Joseph Parrish published the earliest record of interstitial cystitis in 1836 describing three cases of severe lower urinary tract symptoms without the presence of a bladder stone. The term "interstitial cystitis" was coined by Dr. Alexander Skene in 1887 to describe the disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15354 | 160,838 |
Rifle Bridge The Rifle Bridge, over the Colorado River in Rifle, Colorado, was built in 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is a two-span steel through truss bridge, with one 12-panel Pennsylvania truss span and one 10-panel Parker truss span. It was assessed to be "situated poorly on a tight bend in the river and has required periodical maintenance to keep it in place. Despite construction of a concrete jetty in 1922 to divert the main channel, the Colorado continues to work against the pier and north abutment." In a 1983 survey of Colorado's historic bridges, it was assessed thatThe is historically significant as a regionally important crossing of the Colorado River - the most expensive contracted for [or] by Garfield County. Its Pennsylvania through span is the longest among the pinned trusses left in the state and is one of only two of its type in the survey; the Parker through is one of only two and is the longest of its type, and the two combined to form one bridge is unique. Erected by important Colorado bridge contractor C.G. Sheely, the is a visually striking long-span truss - one of Colorado's most significant vehicular bridges. By then it was no longer in use for vehicular transportation. It is located between what is now U.S. Highway 6 on the north side of the river, and Interstate 70 on the south. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60482342 | 307,132 |
Synthetic membrane The membrane structure of a dense membrane can be in a rubbery or a glassy state at a given temperature depending on its glass transition temperature . Porous membranes are intended on separation of larger molecules such as solid colloidal particles, large biomolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA) and cells from the filtering media. Porous membranes find use in the microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and dialysis applications. There is some controversy in defining a “membrane pore”. The most commonly used theory assumes a cylindrical pore for simplicity. This model assumes that pores have the shape of parallel, nonintersecting cylindrical capillaries. But in reality a typical pore is a random network of the unevenly shaped structures of different sizes. The formation of a pore can be induced by the dissolution of a "better" solvent into a "poorer" solvent in a polymer solution. Other types of pore structure can be produced by stretching of crystalline structure polymers. The structure of porous membrane is related to the characteristics of the interacting polymer and solvent, components concentration, molecular weight, temperature, and storing time in solution. The thicker porous membranes sometimes provide support for the thin dense membrane layers, forming the asymmetric membrane structures. The latter are usually produced by a lamination of dense and porous membranes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1561268 | 97,748 |
The Matrix Computer programmer Thomas Anderson, known in the hacking scene by his alias "Neo", feels something is wrong with the world and is puzzled by repeated online encounters with the phrase "the Matrix." Trinity contacts him and tells him a man named Morpheus has the answers he seeks. A team of Agents and police, led by Agent Smith, arrives at Neo's workplace in search of him. Despite Morpheus's attempt to guide Neo to safety via telephone, Neo is captured and coerced into helping the Agents locate Morpheus, whom they regard as a "known terrorist." Undeterred, Neo later meets Morpheus, who offers him a choice between two pills; red to show him the truth about the Matrix, and blue to return him to his former life. After Neo swallows the red pill, his reality starts falling apart, and soon he awakens in a liquid-filled pod among countless others attached to an elaborate electrical system. He is retrieved and brought aboard Morpheus's hovercraft, the "Nebuchadnezzar". As Neo recuperates from a lifetime of physical inactivity in the pod, Morpheus explains the truth. In the early 21st century, there was a war between humans and intelligent machines. When humans blocked the machines' access to solar energy, the machines responded by harvesting the humans' bioelectric power, keeping them pacified in the Matrix, a shared simulated reality modeled after the world as it was at the end of the 20th century. While the machines have taken over the world, the city of Zion still remains as the last refuge of free humans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30007 | 302,473 |
Gasoline Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling). Production of gasoline consumes 0.63 gallons of water per mile driven. The safety data sheet for a 2003 Texan unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene (up to 5% by volume), toluene (up to 35% by volume), naphthalene (up to 1% by volume), trimethylbenzene (up to 7% by volume), methyl "tert"-butyl ether (MTBE) (up to 18% by volume, in some states) and about ten others. Hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with LD50 of 700–2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds. Benzene and many antiknocking additives are carcinogenic. People can be exposed to gasoline in the workplace by swallowing it, breathing in vapors, skin contact, and eye contact. is toxic. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has also designated gasoline as a carcinogen. Physical contact, ingestion or inhalation can cause health problems. Since ingesting large amounts of gasoline can cause permanent damage to major organs, a call to a local poison control center or emergency room visit is indicated. Contrary to common misconception, swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, and inducing vomiting does not help, and can make it worse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23639 | 86,583 |
Agricultural biotechnology Bt corn and cotton are now commonplace, and cowpeas, sunflower, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, walnut, sugar cane, and rice are all being studied in relation to Bt. Weeds have proven to be an issue for farmers for thousands of years; they compete for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight and prove deadly to crops. Biotechnology has offered a solution in the form of herbicide tolerance. Chemical herbicides are sprayed directly on plants in order to kill weeds and therefore competition, and herbicide resistant crops have to the opportunity to flourish. Often, crops are afflicted by disease spread through insects (like aphids). Spreading disease among crop plants is incredibly difficult to control and was previously only managed by completely removing the affected crop. The field of agricultural biotechnology offers a solution through genetically engineering virus resistance. Developing GE disease-resistant crops now include cassava, maize, and sweet potato. can also provide a solution for plants in extreme temperature conditions. In order to maximize yield and prevent crop death, genes can be engineered that help to regulate cold and heat tolerance. For example, papaya trees have been genetically modified in order to be more tolerant of hot and cold conditions. Other traits include water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and salt tolerance. Quality traits include increased nutritional or dietary value, improved food processing and storage, or the elimination of toxins and allergens in crop plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=93829 | 269,152 |
Green economy The green economy is defined as economy that aims at making issues of reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive." A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value ("see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and Bank of Natural Capital") and a full cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset. Green Sticker and ecolabel practices have emerged as consumer facing measurements of friendliness to the environment and sustainable development. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a viable way to promote their greening practices in a globalizing economy. "Green economics" is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699 | 319,946 |
First Transcontinental Railroad Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names. This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock. The initial construction of Union Pacific grade traversed land owned by Durant. Durant's railroad was paid by the mile, and to further inflate its profits, the Union Pacific built oxbows of unneeded track, and by July 4, 1865, it had only reached from Omaha after 2½ years of construction. Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific. First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works, while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad. Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific, at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices. It's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts. Collis Huntington, a Sacramento hardware merchant, heard Judah's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860. He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail. Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others: Mark Hopkins, his business partner; James Bailey, a jeweler; Leland Stanford, a grocer; and Charles Crocker, a dry-goods merchant. They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36541 | 206,630 |
History of mechanical engineering Because of the increased complexity of engineering projects, many disciplines of engineer collaborate and specialize in sub fields. One of these collaborations is the field of robotics, in which electrical engineers, computer engineers, and mechanical engineers can specialize in and work together. Mechanical Engineering is the most popular of all the engineering fields for college majors in the 21st century. The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers. In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the United States to offer an mechanical engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science. In the 20th century, many governments began regulating both the title of engineer and the practice of engineering, requiring a degree from an accredited university and to past a qualifying test. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52562176 | 214,957 |
Karl Marx "German Ideology" is written in a humorously satirical form, but even this satirical form did not save the work from censorship. Like so many other early writings of his, "German Ideology" would not be published in Marx's lifetime and would be published only in 1932. After completing "German Ideology", Marx turned to a work that was intended to clarify his own position regarding "the theory and tactics" of a truly "revolutionary proletarian movement" operating from the standpoint of a truly "scientific materialist" philosophy. This work was intended to draw a distinction between the utopian socialists and Marx's own scientific socialist philosophy. Whereas the utopians believed that people must be persuaded one person at a time to join the socialist movement, the way a person must be persuaded to adopt any different belief, Marx knew that people would tend on most occasions to act in accordance with their own economic interests, thus appealing to an entire class (the working class in this case) with a broad appeal to the class's best material interest would be the best way to mobilise the broad mass of that class to make a revolution and change society. This was the intent of the new book that Marx was planning, but to get the manuscript past the government censors he called the book "The Poverty of Philosophy" (1847) and offered it as a response to the "petty bourgeois philosophy" of the French anarchist socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as expressed in his book "The Philosophy of Poverty" (1840) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16743 | 250,820 |
Indiana University Health Arnett Hospital is a leading, full-service, private, nonprofit hospital, located in Lafayette, Indiana, part of the Indiana University Health system. The hospital is an ACS verified Level III Trauma Center, and was Indiana's first level three trauma center. IU Health Arnett Hospital is a Level III intensive care NICU with 12 beds staffed by four neonatologists with 24 hour coverage by Neonatal Nurse Practitioners. The 350,000-sq ft acute care hospital officially broke ground in 2006. In October 2008 Clarian Arnett Hospital officially opened for business. Clarian Arnett Hospital formed from a joint venture between Clarian Health Partners and Arnett HealthSystem. In January 2011 Clarian Arnett Hospital changed its name to to reflect their affiliation with the IU school of medicine. In February 2015 IU Health Arnett Hospital started an $18 million expansion to add 100 patient exam rooms, three stories, and 75,000-sq ft to the facility. This new facility will include physicians' clinic offices, including OBGYN, orthopedics, and surgeons. The project was completed in 2016. Daniel Neufelder became president of IU Health West Central Region in May, 2018 succeeding Donald Clayton M.D. IU Health Arnett is rated high performing in adult colon cancer surgery and in adult heart failure. In June 2019 the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) announced that IU Health Arnett has been awarded NCQA Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCHM) recognition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58895557 | 306,149 |
Motor controller Since eutectic alloy elements are not adjustable, they are resistant to casual tampering but require changing the heater coil element to match the motor rated current. Electronic digital overload relays containing a microprocessor may also be used, especially for high-value motors. These devices model the heating of the motor windings by monitoring the motor current. They can also include metering and communication functions. Starters using magnetic contactors usually derive the power supply for the contactor coil from the same source as the motor supply. An auxiliary contact from the contactor is used to maintain the contactor coil energized after the start command for the motor has been released. If a momentary loss of supply voltage occurs, the contactor will open and not close again until a new start command is given. this prevents restarting of the motor after a power failure. This connection also provides a small degree of protection against low power supply voltage and loss of a phase. However, since contactor coils will hold the circuit closed with as little as 80% of normal voltage applied to the coil, this is not a primary means of protecting motors from low voltage operation. Servo controllers are a wide category of motor control. Common features are: Servo controllers use position feedback to close the control loop. This is commonly implemented with position encoders, resolvers, and Hall effect sensors to directly measure the rotor's position | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638104 | 384,687 |
Self-reconfiguring modular robot Anybody who is interested in objectives and progress of Modular Robotics can join this Google group and learn about the new developments in this field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7649384 | 288,008 |
Australian contribution to UNTAG Horner wrote that the government had been following the course of negotiations, "but in view of the history of false alarms they were not inclined to react until Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed the protocol in Geneva" in August 1988. Two weeks later the UN wrote, asking Australia to reconfirm its previous commitment; within a month, Cabinet reaffirmed the commitment of a decade earlier. Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) General Peter Gration then placed the unit on 28 days' notice to move. After the notice was reactivated, detailed planning recommenced (essentially from scratch). Changes made to the organisation of the force approved ten years earlier were only minor. After many years of notice, there was still skepticism that the deployment would ever occur. The government and army were cautious about the timing of the commitment of funds; significant funding was only released in late 1988, a few months before deployment. The squadron's equipment deficiencies were valued at $16 million, and there was a need to buy $700,000 of equipment immediately. The UN initially estimated the cost of the entire operation at $US1 billion, equivalent to its own budget. The reluctance to commit funds ultimately reduced training of the deployed forces; Senator Jo Vallentine said in Parliament that the Namibia operation nearly fell apart due to a lack of advance funding, and Senator Jocelyn Newman called it disgraceful | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36605624 | 227,918 |
Gaumont State Cinema is a Grade II* listed Art Deco theatre located in Kilburn, a district in northwest London. Designed by George Coles and commissioned and built by Phillip and Sid Hyams, the cinema opened in 1937. The "Gaumont State" was one of the biggest auditoria in Europe, with seating for 4,004 people. The name "State" is said to come from the huge tower, inspired by the Empire State Building in New York City. The exterior of the cinema is designed in an Art Deco Italian Renaissance style, covered in cream ceramic tiles. The tower, designed in the style of a 1930s New York skyscraper, can be seen for miles around, and bears the name "STATE" in large red neon letters. The interior was designed in the opulent style of cinemas of the day, and includes a Wurlitzer organ which is today one of the largest fully functioning Wurlitzer organs in Britain. It is also one of the few cinema organs remaining in their original locations. Entertainers such as Gracie Fields, Larry Adler and George Formby performed at the official opening broadcast live on BBC Radio on 20 December 1937. Since then, the Gaumont State has been one of the most popular music venues in London and hosted a number of historic performances. From the late 1980s until 2007 the building was run as a bingo hall by Mecca Bingo. In 2007 the bingo was closed, and the building and surrounding site were put up for sale | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14383095 | 307,254 |
Television Digital signals may include high-definition television (HDTV). Some transmissions and channels are free-to-air or free-to-view, while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription. In 1945, British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the "Wireless World" magazine and won him the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963. The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 July 1962. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962, the "Relay 1" satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan. The first geosynchronous communication satellite, Syncom 2, was launched on 26 July 1963. The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965. The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita, was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground downlink stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29831 | 381,587 |
Mechanical biological treatment It typically involves factory style conveyors, industrial magnets, eddy current separators, trommels, shredders, and other tailor made systems, or the sorting is done manually at hand picking stations. The mechanical element has a number of similarities to a materials recovery facility (MRF). Some systems integrate a wet MRF to separate by density and flotation and to recover and wash the recyclable elements of the waste in a form that can be sent for recycling. MBT can alternatively process the waste to produce a high calorific fuel termed refuse derived fuel (RDF). RDF can be used in cement kilns or thermal combustion power plants and is generally made up from plastics and biodegradable organic waste. Systems which are configured to produce RDF include the Herhof and Ecodeco processes. It is a common misconception that all MBT processes produce RDF; this is not the case, and depends strictly on system configuration and suitable local markets for MBT outputs. The "biological" element refers to either: Anaerobic digestion harnesses anaerobic microorganisms to break down the biodegradable component of the waste to produce biogas and soil improver. The biogas can be used to generate electricity and heat. Biological can also refer to a composting stage. Here the organic component is broken down by naturally occurring aerobic microorganisms. They breakdown the waste into carbon dioxide and compost. There is no green energy produced by systems employing only composting treatment for the biodegradable waste | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4916038 | 215,506 |
Criticism of Rede Globo Brazil's economic crisis with the return of hyperinflation, the confiscation of Brazilians' bank savings, and the intense investigative journalism of the press precipitated the grass-roots social protests that culminated with president Collor's impeachment. In March 1994, Rede Globo aired on the TV news program "Jornal Nacional" the right of reply obtained by the then governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro, after a two-year legal battle. Governor Brizola had gone to court against Globo Organizations in 1992, after it was revealed that "O Globo" newspaper (part of Globo Organizations) intended to publish the next day, February 6 of that year, an editorial article titled "Understanding Brizola's Rage". Rede Globo, who wanted to block Governor Brizola from broadcasting Rio's carnival parade by Manchete TV Network for that year, using the newspaper's editorial board to accuse Brizola himself to suffer from "declining mental health" and of "management ineptitude". In the written response, approved by Judge of Law of the 18th Criminal Court of Rio de Janeiro City read on-air by news anchor Cid Moreira, governor Brizola stated he did not recognize Globo Organizations as an "authority in matters of freedom of the press" and that the media empire had a "long and friendly relationship with the authoritarian regime and with the 20-year dictatorship that had ruled our country". Governor Brizola stated that he was "made out to be some senile person" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44702852 | 475,281 |
Squegging The high-frequency oscillations cause heavy currents in the output stages and, with poor power supply decoupling, these upset the input stage biasing and disrupt the high frequency oscillations. then arises. in audio amplifiers is commonly called motorboating because it sounds in the loudspeaker like an outboard boat motor at low speed. A series resistor or a ferrite bead close to the gate or base connector of the active element reduces high frequency oscillations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41016738 | 224,470 |
Vortex generator A vortex generator (VG) is an aerodynamic device, consisting of a small vane usually attached to a lifting surface (or airfoil, such as an aircraft wing) or a rotor blade of a wind turbine. VGs may also be attached to some part of an aerodynamic vehicle such as an aircraft fuselage or a car. When the airfoil or the body is in motion relative to the air, the VG creates a vortex, which, by removing some part of the slow-moving boundary layer in contact with the airfoil surface, delays local flow separation and aerodynamic stalling, thereby improving the effectiveness of wings and control surfaces, such as flaps, elevators, ailerons, and rudders. Vortex generators are most often used to delay flow separation. To accomplish this they are often placed on the external surfaces of vehicles and wind turbine blades. On both aircraft and wind turbine blades they are usually installed quite close to the leading edge of the aerofoil in order to maintain steady airflow over the control surfaces at the trailing edge. VGs are typically rectangular or triangular, about as tall as the local boundary layer, and run in spanwise lines usually near the thickest part of the wing. They can be seen on the wings and vertical tails of many airliners. Vortex generators are positioned obliquely so that they have an angle of attack with respect to the local airflow in order to create a tip vortex which draws energetic, rapidly moving outside air into the slow-moving boundary layer in contact with the surface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=237744 | 226,850 |
Oncotherm medical devices are used for cancer treatments. The company's methodology is based on the view of its founder that the heat-dose sensitive characterization of tissue is at the core of the oncothermia treatment. The tumor tissue has lower impedance than the surrounding tissues, so most of the energy is transmitted and absorbed by the cancerous lesion. This selection of the tumor tissues (self-focusing) renders external focusing unnecessary. The Ltd. was founded in 1988 by Prof. Dr. András Szász in Hungary. In 2002 it received investment from a German company and was reorganized as a German-Hungarian company consisting of Hungary Ltd, and GmbH. Their main products are the EHY-2000 and the EHY-2030, a hyperthermia device where thermo-electric effects of electrical fields are used. More than 450 devices have been placed into operation, mostly in Germany and S. Korea, and performed over 400,000 treatments. The device is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21466092 | 140,822 |
Ethics of technology The first traces of TE can be seen in Dewey and Peirce's pragmatism. With the advent of the industrial revolution, it was easy to see that technological advances were going to influence human activity. This is why they put emphasis on the responsible use of technology. The term "technoethics" was coined in 1977 by the philosopher Mario Bunge to describe the responsibilities of technologists and scientists to develop ethics as a branch of technology. Bunge argued that the current state of technological progress was guided by ungrounded practices based on limited empirical evidence and trial-and-error learning. He recognized that "the technologist must be held not only technically but also morally responsible for whatever he designs or executes: not only should his artifacts be optimally efficient but, far from being harmful, they should be beneficial, and not only in the short run but also in the long term." He recognized a pressing need in society to create a new field called 'Technoethics' to discover rationally grounded rules for guiding science and technological progress. With the spurt in technological advances came technological inquiry. Societal views of technology were changing; people were becoming more critical of the developments that were occurring and scholars were emphasizing the need to understand and to take a deeper look and study the innovations. Associations were uniting scholars from different disciplines to study the various aspects of technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699052 | 244,572 |
Structure relocation A structure relocation is the process of moving a structure from one location to another. There are two main ways for a structure to be moved: disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination, or transporting it whole. For the latter, the building is first raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short. Otherwise, wheels, such as flatbed trucks, are used. These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building, such as the chimney, as well as obstacles along the journey, such as overhead cables and trees. Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building. Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner, or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands. Elevating a whole structure is typically done by attaching a temporary steel framework under the structure to support the structure. A network of hydraulic jacks is placed under the framework and controlled by a unified jacking system, elevates the structure off the foundation. An older, low-technology method is to use building jacks called screw jacks or jackscrews which are manually turned. With both types of jacking systems described here wood beams called cribs, cribbing or box cribs are stacked into piles to support both the structure and the jacks as the structure is lifted in increments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6717333 | 331,637 |
Geography In cultural geography there is a tradition of employing qualitative research techniques, also used in anthropology and sociology. Participant observation and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data. The oldest known world maps date back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map, however, is the "Imago Mundi" of 600 BC. The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived. In contrast to the "Imago Mundi", an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent. The ideas of Anaximander (c. 610–545 BC): considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the gnomon, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of latitude. Thales is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. The foundations of geography can be traced to the ancient cultures, such as the ancient, medieval, and early modern Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 | 15,741 |
Ordnance Corps (United States Army) The Ordnance Center and School trained personnel in ammunition handling, maintenance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal and was under the direction of Continental Army Command (CONARC). The Ordnance Corps was reestablished on 28 October 1985. In 2008, the Ordnance Corps consolidated the Ordnance Mechanical Maintenance School from Aberdeen Proving Ground and the United States Army Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School from Redstone Arsenal into a single training facility based at Fort Lee, Virginia as a part of the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC) decision. With an entirely new campus dedicated to the training of all ranks of Ordnance soldiers and civilians, the Ordnance Corps maintains its commitment to the life-cycle sustainment of the Army's materiel from cradle to grave, providing ammunition, and protecting the Army's forces through EOD operations. The Ordnance Corps branch insignia is represented by the "Shell and Flame". It is considered to be the oldest branch insignia in the U.S. Army. This symbol has been used since the 17th Century by various armies of Western Europe, including British and French forces, and was considered a common symbol used by the military. Ordnance Officers began wearing the symbol in 1832 and have been wearing it ever since. There have been a multiplicity of designs throughout the years, but the current design was adopted in 1936. The plaque design has the branch insignia, letters, and rim in gold. The background is crimson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3589086 | 239,071 |
Bony–Brezis theorem In mathematics, the Bony–Brezis theorem, due to the French mathematicians Jean-Michel Bony and Haïm Brezis, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a closed subset of a manifold to be invariant under the flow defined by a vector field, namely at each point of the closed set the vector field must have non-positive inner product with any exterior normal vector to the set. A vector is an "exterior normal" at a point of the closed set if there is a real-valued continuously differentiable function maximized locally at the point with that vector as its derivative at the point. If the closed subset is a smooth submanifold with boundary, the condition states that the vector field should not point outside the subset at boundary points. The generalization to non-smooth subsets is important in the theory of partial differential equations. The theorem had in fact been previously discovered by Mitio Nagumo in 1942 and is also known as the Nagumo theorem. Let "F" be closed subset of a C manifold "M" and let "X" be a vector field on "M" which is Lipschitz continuous. The following conditions are equivalent: Following , to prove that the first condition implies the second, let "c"("t") be an integral curve with "c"(0) = "x" in "F" and "dc/dt"= "X"("c"). Let "g" have a local maximum on "F" at "x". Then "g"("c"("t")) ≤ "g" ("c"(0)) for "t" small and positive. Differentiating, this implies that "g" '("x")⋅"X"("x") ≤ 0. To prove the reverse implication, since the result is local, it enough to check it in R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39082282 | 436,889 |
Independence of irrelevant alternatives IIA is a property assumed by the multinomial logit and the conditional logit models in econometrics. If these models are used in situations which in fact violate independence (such as multicandidate elections in which preferences exhibit cycling or situations mimicking the Red Bus/Blue Bus example given above) then these estimators become invalid. Many modeling advances have been motivated by a desire to alleviate the concerns raised by IIA. Generalized extreme value, multinomial probit (also called conditional probit) and mixed logit are models for nominal outcomes that relax IIA, but they often have assumptions of their own that may be difficult to meet or are computationally infeasible. The multinomial probit model has as a disadvantage that it makes calculation of maximum likelihood infeasible for more than five options as it involves multiple integrals. IIA can be relaxed by specifying a hierarchical model, ranking the choice alternatives. The most popular of these is the nested logit model. Generalized extreme value and multinomial probit models possess another property, the Invariant Proportion of Substitution, which suggests similarly counterintuitive individual choice behavior. In the expected utility theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern, four axioms together imply that individuals act in situations of risk as if they maximize the expected value of a utility function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=259105 | 508,341 |
Paraquat A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's. Paraquat-induced toxicity in rats has also been linked to Parkinson's-like neurological degenerative mechanisms. A study by the Buck Institute for Research on Aging showed a connection between exposure to paraquat and iron in infancy and mid-life Parkinson's in laboratory mice. A 2013 meta-analysis published in "Neurology" found that 'exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk' of Parkinson's disease. is structurally similar to MPP+, a known fast-acting inducer of Parkinson's disease in primate brains. The chloride of MPP+ was sold under the trade name Cyperquat. also induces oxidative stress in invertebrates such as "Drosophila melanogaster". Paraquat-fed flies suffer early-onset mortality and significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1065741 | 146,018 |
Global Expansion Summit is a business conference on corporate global expansion and foreign direct investment for business and government leaders. Focusing on organisations undergoing digital transformation, it is designed to help corporate decision makers find the best markets and business partners to facilitate successful business growth and efficiencies as they expand into new international markets. The fifth edition of the took place on 18–20 June 2017, at the Intercontinental O2 in Royal Greenwich, London. The was founded by Fernando Faria, a London Tech advocate. Faria was behind the innovaBRICS event, which discussed investment, innovation and business expansion in the BRICS countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49447752 | 473,752 |
Oscillator start-up timer An oscillator start-up timer (OST) is a module used by some microcontrollers to keep the device reset until the crystal oscillator is stable. When a crystal oscillator starts up, its frequency is not constant, which causes the clock frequency to be non-constant. This would cause timing errors, leading to many problems. An oscillator start-up timer ensures that the device only operates when the oscillator generates a stable clock frequency. The PIC microcontroller's oscillator start-up timer holds the device's reset for a 1024-oscillator-cycle delay to allow the oscillator to stabilize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33552217 | 378,614 |
Kalman's conjecture is true for "n" ≤ 3 and for "n" > 3 there are effective methods for construction of counterexamples: the nonlinearity derivative belongs to the sector of linear stability, and a unique stable equilibrium coexists with a stable periodic solution (hidden oscillation). In discrete-time, the Kalman conjecture is only true for n=1, counterexamples for "n" ≥ 2 can be constructed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35474299 | 124,356 |
Yield strength anomaly In materials science, the yield strength anomaly refers to unusual materials wherein the yield strength (i.e., the stress necessary to initiate plastic yielding) increases with temperature. For the vast majority of materials the yield strength decreases with increasing temperature. Precipitation hardening superalloys exhibit yield strength anomaly over a considerable temperature range. For these materials, the yield strength shows little variation between room temperature and several hundred degrees Celsius. Eventually, a maximum yield strength is reached. For ordered intermetallics, this is usually the case at roughly 50% of the absolute melting temperature. For even higher temperatures, the yield strength decreases and, eventually, drops to zero when reaching the melting temperature, where the solid material transforms into a liquid. The yield strength anomaly is exploited in the design of gas turbines and jet engines that operate at high temperatures, where the materials used are selected based on their paramount yield and creep resistance. Superalloys can withstand high temperature loads far beyond the capabilities of steels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25021082 | 75,769 |
Nazi Germany It was dependent on the regular army for heavy weaponry and equipment, and most units were under tactical control of the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW). By the end of 1942, the stringent selection and racial requirements that had initially been in place were no longer followed. With recruitment and conscription based only on expansion, by 1943 the Waffen-SS could not longer claim to be an elite fighting force. SS formations committed many war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen. From 1935 onward, the SS spearheaded the persecution of Jews, who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps. With the outbreak of World War II, the SS "Einsatzgruppen" units followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. A third of the "Einsatzgruppen" members were recruited from Waffen-SS personnel. The "SS-Totenkopfverbände" (death's head units) ran the concentration camps and extermination camps, where millions more were killed. Up to 60,000 Waffen-SS men served in the camps. In 1931, Himmler organised an SS intelligence service which became known as the "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD; Security Service) under his deputy, Heydrich. This organisation was tasked with locating and arresting communists and other political opponents. Himmler established the beginnings of a parallel economy under the auspices of the SS Economy and Administration Head Office | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21212 | 154,098 |
Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations The first chapter opens with a very brief overview of the history of metamaterials. Afterwards, a history treatment is interspersed throughout the book, which frames the discussion of the related section or chapter. The organizational structure of the book begins with dividing the subject, electromagnetic metamaterials, into two major classes of metamaterials. The first major class is the SNG and DNG metamaterials, and the second major class is EBG structured metamaterials. The organizational format relates the SNG and DNG metamaterials into one class. This class is described by its common structure which is the subwavelength size of the inclusions, and the periodicity of the structure. The inclusions, or cells, are artificially arrayed into an ordered, repeating pattern, of equal dimensions and equidistant spacing. Such structures are then conceptually described as being homogenous and as effective media. EBG metamaterials, on the other hand, can be described by other periodic media concepts. These classes are sub-divided further into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of the aforementioned types of metamaterials are provided and their known and anticipated properties are described. In all, there are 14 chapters, along with a preface by the authors. The book presents broad coverage of electromagnetic metamaterials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27170659 | 71,315 |
Index arbitrage Other types of index arbitrage include basis trading, the arbitrage between a current index value (synthetically replicated) and that of its future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5576186 | 506,863 |
Adam Smith Extended markets and increased production lead to the continuous reorganisation of production and the invention of new ways of producing, which in turn lead to further increased production, lower prices, and improved standards of living. Smith's central message is, therefore, that under dynamic competition, a growth machine secures "The Wealth of Nations". Smith's argument predicted Britain's evolution as the workshop of the world, underselling and outproducing all its competitors. The opening sentences of the "Wealth of Nations" summarise this policy: The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes ... . [T]his produce ... bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it ... .[B]ut this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; However, Smith added that the "abundance or scantiness of this supply too seems to depend more upon the former of those two circumstances than upon the latter." Shortly before his death, Smith had nearly all his manuscripts destroyed. In his last years, he seemed to have been planning two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published "Essays on Philosophical Subjects", a history of astronomy down to Smith's own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics, probably contain parts of what would have been the latter treatise | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1814 | 515,264 |
Dugway Proving Ground All of the exposed sheep that survived the initial exposure were eventually euthanized by the ranchers, since even the potential for exposure had rendered the sheep permanently unsalable for either meat or wool. The incident, coinciding with the birth of the environmental movement and anti-Vietnam War protests, created an uproar in Utah and the international community. The incident also starkly underscored the inherent unpredictability of air-dispersal of chemical warfare agents, as well as the extreme lethality of next-generation persistent nerve agents at even extremely low concentrations. The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies performed "hundreds, perhaps thousands" of weapons tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. The quote from the study: More specifically, there are reports that certain nerve agents such as tetrodotoxin and datura stramonium have been tested at this military base. The complete nerve agent was code-named "VX"—one of a series of "V" nerve agents tested at the base. In May 2015 it was revealed that Dugway lab had inadvertently shipped live anthrax bacillus to locations around the country. Shipped samples, it was said, were supposed to be inert. Labs receiving the live samples were in Texas, Maryland, Wisconsin, Delaware, New Jersey, Tennessee, New York, California and Virginia, the Associated Press reported | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1309076 | 39,486 |
Torre del Agua The () is a tower built at the Expo 2008 site in Zaragoza, Spain. It was designed by and constructed of concrete, steel and glass. Seen from above, the structure has a droplet-of-water shape. It consists of a transparent glass design and includes a big three-storey basement. It provides 10,400 accessible square metres, in the basement's floor and the remainder divided between the ramps and flat lands inside the glass tower. There is a panoramic bar in the uppermost floor with views over the exposition site and the city. During Expo 2008, the building hosted the "Water for Life" exposition. After the Expo, it was acquired by Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada (CAI). On 3 August 2013, it was reopened to the public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14001038 | 344,439 |
One-to-one computing Which explains the success "This became Google’s education marketing playbook: Woo school officials with easy-to-use, money-saving services. Then enlist schools to market to other schools, holding up early adopters as forward thinkers among their peers." In June 2017 CMS-district was reported to be on a 150.000 Chromebooks 1:1 program. It looks like 1:1 Chromebook programs have come become very popular on the basis of adoption and evangelizing by enthusiastic users in schools. The suburbs of Chicago are most often mentioned as influencers. Leyden in District 212 has on its main page Dr. Nick Polyak saying "Over 2,000 educators from across the country have visited Leyden to learn about teaching and learning in the digital age." which clearly refers to its 1:1 program. The history of Leyden's 1:1 program is clearly told in the 2014 article "How many administrators does it take to get a district to go one to one". So there is evidence that successful schools indeed show others the way. The original legitimization for 1:1 education may have been derived from research by the Red group (mainly financed by Intel) whose findings describe the potential of transforming education "Our findings demonstrate that schools employing a 1:1 student-computer ratio and key implementation factors outperform other schools, and reveal significant opportunities for improving education return on investment (ROI) by transforming teaching and learning." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6357454 | 267,207 |
Gliotoxin Individuals taking immunosuppressive medications or with previous or current exposure to chemotherapy radiation are at higher risk for the development of these tumors. is toxic if swallowed or inhaled, and can cause skin and eye irritation if exposure occurs to these areas. The oral of gliotoxin is 67 mg/kg. Acute symptoms of gliotoxin start rapidly after ingestion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8016328 | 162,512 |
Final Fantasy VII Remake " He summarizes that it "tells a smaller, more personal Final Fantasy 7 tale and marries it with a smart mashup of action and RPG gameplay to deliver a must-play experience." Tom Marks of "IGN" calls the game a "complete reinvention", praising the combat system, its "story fleshed out with real emotional arcs" and its nostalgic feel, but criticized the game for having filler and sometimes convoluted new plot points and side missions. He stated that ""Final Fantasy VII Remake"'s dull filler and convoluted additions can cause it to stumble, but it still breathes exciting new life into a classic while standing as a great RPG all its own." Despite noting his antisocial attitudes in the remake, "IGN" and "GameSpot" commented that Cloud is the character who has the most notable arc in "Remake", with Cody Christian's performance helping to improve his appeal. Nahila Bonfiglio of "The Daily Dot" states that the "game’s neo-noir, "Blade Runner"-esque setting perfectly marries with its gritty but heartfelt tone." She adds that it is matched by "the exquisite level design with seamless mechanics, addicting gameplay and rousing battles, and you have a recipe for perhaps one of the best games of the year." In Japan, it was the best-selling retail game during its first week of release, selling 702,853 physical copies in its first weekend, with the game sold out in many stores. Including digital copies, "Final Fantasy VII Remake" exceeded 1million sales in Japan within three days of release | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46994455 | 165,173 |
Embodied cognitive science They argued that humans use metaphors whenever possible to better explain their external world. Humans also have a basic stock of concepts in which other concepts can be derived from. These basic concepts include spatial orientations such as up, down, front, and back. Humans can understand what these concepts mean because they can directly experience them from their own bodies. For example, because human movement revolves around standing erect and moving the body in an up-down motion, humans innately have these concepts of up and down. Lakoff and Johnson contend this is similar with other spatial orientations such as front and back too. As mentioned earlier, these basic stocks of spatial concepts are the basis in which other concepts are constructed. Happy and sad for instance are seen now as being up or down respectively. When someone says they are feeling down, what they are really saying is that they feel sad for example. Thus the point here is that true understanding of these concepts is contingent on whether one can have an understanding of the human body. So the argument goes that if one lacked a human body, they could not possibly know what up or down could mean, or how it could relate to emotional states. While this does not mean that such beings would be incapable of expressing emotions in other words, it does mean that they would express emotions differently from humans. Human concepts of happiness and sadness would be different because human would have different bodies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6338699 | 267,149 |
Renaissance technology was the set of European artifacts and inventions which spread through the Renaissance period, roughly the 14th century through the 16th century. The era is marked by profound technical advancements such as the printing press, linear perspective in drawing, patent law, double shell domes and bastion fortresses. Sketchbooks from artisans of the period (Taccola and Leonardo da Vinci, for example) give a deep insight into the mechanical technology then known and applied. Renaissance science spawned the Scientific Revolution; science and technology began a cycle of mutual advancement. Some important Renaissance technologies, including both innovations and improvements on existing techniques: Some of the technologies were the arquebus and the musket. The technologies that developed in Europe during the second half of the 15th century were commonly associated by authorities of the time with a key theme in Renaissance thought: the rivalry of the Moderns and the Ancients. Three inventions in particular — the printing press, firearms, and the nautical compass — were indeed seen as evidence that the Moderns could not only compete with the Ancients, but had surpassed them, for these three inventions allowed modern people to communicate, exercise power, and finally travel at distances unimaginable in earlier times | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9240851 | 300,586 |
Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture The FRU data is used by the Shelf Manager to determine if there is enough power available for a board or FRU and if the Fabric ports that interconnect boards are compatible. The FRU data can also reveal the manufacturer, manufacturing date, model number, serial number, and asset tag. Each blade, intelligent FRU, and Shelf Manager contains an Intelligent Platform Management Controller (IPMC). The Shelf Manager communicates with the boards and intelligent FRUs with IPMI protocols running on redundant I²C buses. IPMI protocols include packet checksums to ensure that data transmission is reliable. It is also possible to have non-intelligent FRUs managed by an intelligent FRUs. These are called Managed FRUs and have the same capabilities as an intelligent FRU. The interconnection between the Shelf Manager and the boards is a redundant pair of Intelligent Platform Management Buses (IPMBs). The IPMB architecture can be a pair of buses (Bused IPMB) or a pair of radial connections (Radial IPMB). Radial IPMB implementations usually include the capability to isolate individual IPMB connections to improve reliability in the event of an IPMC failure. The Shelf Manager communicates with outside entities with RMCP (IPMI over TCP/IP), HTTP, SNMP over an Ethernet network. Some Shelf Managers support the Hardware Platform Interface, a technical specification defined by the Service Availability Forum. Two new working groups have been started to adapt ATCA to the specific requirements of physics research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2282947 | 108,151 |
Technoself studies Research on virtual life and digital identities is concerned not only with how individuals relate to their own mediated identities, but also with how they relate to those of others. With the current popularity of social networking service sites, it is no surprise that TSS scholars have also begun studying the effects that such constant and mediated social connections have on identity. Topics that fall under this category have included intellectual disability, gender identity, and mass media in sport. Critical areas of research include: how individuals treat the identity of others in an online space; how people use media to develop and project their identity; and how digital representation can alter life meaning and identity (Luppicini, 2013). Such research examines the advantages and disadvantages of online life and digital identity construction. Areas of digital identity and virtual life have become quite popular, e.g. online avatars. Scholars are now focused on the role avatars play in identity exploration, priming behaviours, and self-presentation. Other research looks at the use of communication technologies by immigrant individuals as part of a digital diaspora. These scholars examine a trend in which diasporic immigrants who feel disconnected from their cultural identities have turned to digital technologies as a way to reconnect. The term "technoself" is often used interchangeably with "virtual self". In this case, technoself is used to refer to a virtual manifestation of one's self | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38798417 | 271,757 |
Macy conferences When Erving Goffman made a guest appearance at the Third conference, he explicitly prefaced his comments by saying that his ideas were partly speculative, and Frank Fremont-Smith responded by stating that their goal was to discuss ideas that had not been crystallized. Participants: (as members or guests) in at least one of the Group Processes conferences: Grace Baker, Donald H. Barron, Gregory Bateson, Alex Bavelas, Frank A. Beach, Leo Berman, Ray L. Birdwhistell, Robert L. Blake, Helen Blauvelt, Jerome S. Bruner, George W. Boguslavsky, Charlotte Bühler, Eliot D. Chapple, Stanley Cobb, Nicholas E. Collias, Jocelyn Crane, Erik H. Erikson, L. Thomas Evans, Jerome Frank, Frank S. Freeman, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Erving Goffman, Arthur D. Hasler, Eckhard H. Hess, Sol Kramer, Daniel S. Lehrman, Seymour Levy, Howard Liddell, Robert Jay Lifton, Margarethe Lorenz, Konrad Z. Lorenz, William D. Lotspeich, Ernst Mayr, Margaret Mead, Joost A. M. Meerloo, I. Arthur Mirsky, Horst Mittelstaedt, A. Ulric Moore, R. C. Murphy, Harris B. Peck, Karl H. Pribram, Fritz Redl, Julius B. Richmond, Bertram Schaffner, T. C. Schneirla, Theodore Schwartz, William J. L. Sladen, Robert J. Smith, John P. Spiegel, H. Burr Steinbach, Niko Tinbergen, Mottram P. Torre, William Grey Walter, E. P. Wheeler, II. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5676904 | 285,224 |
Mitsubishi Super Shift transmission The Super Shift transmission, also marketed as Twin-Stick, was a manual transaxle transmission developed by Mitsubishi Motors in the late 1970s and used in a limited number of the company's road cars, most of which were manufactured in the 1980s. It was unusual in that it had 8 forward speeds in a 4x2 arrangement. It essentially installed a "married" overdrive unit to its manual transmission, something rare in a production vehicle of this type. The Super Shift gearbox was developed from a standard four-speed manual transmission for use in the first generation Mitsubishi Mirage, the company's first front wheel drive model. Because the transmission was mounted beneath the engine, the gearbox needed to take power down from the clutch. It was not possible to do this directly because this would have meant that the gearbox rotated in the opposite direction to that required, and therefore the use of an extra 'idle' shaft was required. It was subsequently realised that this shaft could be modified as a separate 2-speed gearbox, which would be controlled by a secondary shift lever mounted alongside the main gear shift lever inside the cabin. This resulted in a transmission with a typical 4 speed 'H' pattern shift mechanism, plus an additional 2 speed 'high-low' selector which effectively split each of the 4 speed gears in two. This meant 8 forward gears in total. It was also possible to use the 2 speed selector in reverse, meaning that two reverse gears also existed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31728073 | 272,966 |
AC adapter Other replacement power supplies have arrangements for changing the power connector, with four to nine different alternatives available when purchased in a set. RadioShack sells universal AC adapters of various capacities, branded as "Enercell Adaptaplug", and fitted with two-pin female sockets compatible with their Adaptaplug connector lineup. This allows many different configurations of AC adapters to be put together, without requiring soldering. Philmore and other competing brands offer similar AC adapters with interchangeable connectors. The label on a power supply may not be a reliable guide to the actual voltage it supplies under varying conditions. Many low-cost power supplies are "unregulated", in that their voltage can change considerably with load. If they are lightly loaded, they may put out much more than the nominal "name plate" voltage, which could damage the load. If they are heavily loaded, the output voltage may droop appreciably, in some cases well below the nominal label voltage even within the nominal rated current, causing the equipment being supplied to malfunction or be damaged. Supplies with linear (as against switched) regulators are heavy, bulky, and expensive. Modern switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) are smaller, lighter, and more efficient. They put out a much more constant voltage than unregulated supplies as the input voltage and the load current vary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1169469 | 383,813 |
Stereology In addition to using geometrical facts, stereology applies statistical principles to extrapolate three-dimensional shapes from plane section(s) of a material. The statistical principles are the same as those of survey sampling (used to draw inferences about a human population from an opinion poll, etc.). Statisticians regard stereology as a form of sampling theory for spatial populations. To extrapolate from a few plane sections to the three-dimensional material, essentially the sections must be 'typical' or 'representative' of the entire material. There are basically two ways to ensure this: or The first approach is the one that was used in classical stereology. Extrapolation from the sample to the 3-D material depends on the assumption that the material is homogeneous. This effectively postulates a statistical model of the material. This method of sampling is referred to as "model-based" sampling inference. The second approach is the one typically used in modern stereology. Instead of relying on model assumptions about the three-dimensional material, we take our sample of plane sections by following a randomized sampling design, for example, choosing a random position at which to start cutting the material. Extrapolation from the sample to the 3-D material is valid because of the randomness of the sampling design, so this is called "design-based" sampling inference. Design-based stereological methods can be applied to materials which are inhomogeneous or cannot be assumed to be homogeneous | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17213949 | 43,307 |
Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron The combination milbemycin oxime/lufenuron (trade names Sentinel Flavor Tabs, by Novartis Animal Health, and Program plus) is a parasite control drug in which the active ingredient, milbemycin oxime, eliminates worms, while a second active ingredient, lufenuron, arrests the development of eggs and larvae, preventing them from maturing and continuing the infestation of an animal. This combination is registered for animal use only. To achieve efficacy, the treatment is administered once monthly, together with food, in a dosage suitable for the weight of the affected animal. The usual ratio is 500 μg milbemycin oxime and 10 mg lufenuron/kg body weight. Novartis indicates the proper dosage by color-coding the packages. Several 2002 studies by Novartis demonstrate that milbemycin oxime/lufenuron compares favorably to some other treatments, such as the moxidectin injection. The combination is considered effective in the elimination of fleas, and the prevention of infection from hookworm ("Ancylostoma caninum"), heartworm ("Dirofilaria immitis"), roundworms, whipworms ("Trichuris vulpis"), and ascarids ("Toxocara canis" and "Toxascaris leonina"). The USA FDA approval for Sentinel says "Concurrent use of insecticides may be necessary". It is the concurrent use of Sentinel and nitenpyram (Capstar) that has an FDA-approved indication "to kill adult fleas". can lead to a negative physical response in some animals, most dangerously those that test positively for heartworm disease before receiving the treatment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248420 | 139,941 |
Anti-capitalism " Recognising its need for state protection, Stirner argued that "[i]t need not make any difference to the 'good citizens' who protects them and their principles, whether an absolute King or a constitutional one, a republic, if only they are protected. And what is their principle, whose protector they always 'love'? Not that of labour", rather it is "interest-bearing possession ... labouring capital, therefore ... labour certainly, yet little or none at all of one's own, but labour of capital and of the—subject labourers"." French anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon opposed government privilege that protects capitalist, banking and land interests, and the accumulation or acquisition of property (and any form of coercion that led to it) which he believed hampers competition and keeps wealth in the hands of the few. The Spanish individualist anarchist Miguel Gimenez Igualada saw "capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 | 509,591 |
Scorpionism Some of the more severe side effects include respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, cardiac dysfunction, impaired hemostasis, pancreatitis, and multiple organ failure. Additionally, treatment of the sting depends on the severity of the incident ranking from mild, moderate, or severe. This treatment is composed of 3 different aspects of the sting: symptomatic measures, vital functions support, and injection antivenom. It is important to note that not all envenomation resulting systemic complications; only a small proportion stings have this effect on the victim. The composition of scorpion venom consists of different compounds of varying concentrations. The compounds consist of neurotoxins, cardiotoxin, nephrotoxin, hemolytic toxic, phosphodiesterases, phospholipase, histamine, serotonin, etc. Of these different toxins, the most important and most potent one is the neurotoxin concentration. This compound has neuromuscular and neuroautonomic effects, as well as damages the surrounding local tissue. Neurotoxins work to change voltage- dependent sodium channels, resulting in prolonged neuronal and neuromuscular activity. This prolonged activity of sodium channels results in an erection. There may be nerve damage due to the stabilization of voltage-dependent sodium channels in the open conformation. This position leads to the prolonged and continuous firing of neurons in the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63820914 | 157,089 |
Humidity The most humid cities on earth are generally located closer to the equator, near coastal regions. Cities in South and Southeast Asia are among the most humid. Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Jakarta, and Singapore have very high humidity all year round because of their proximity to water bodies and the equator and often overcast weather. Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as Kolkata, Chennai and Cochin in India, and Lahore in Pakistan. Sukkur city located on the Indus River in Pakistan has some of the highest and most uncomfortable dew points in the country, frequently exceeding in the Monsoon season. High temperatures combine with the high dew point to create heat index in excess of . Darwin, Australia experiences an extremely humid wet season from December to April. Shanghai and Hong Kong also have an extreme humid period in their summer months. During the South-west and North-east Monsoon seasons (respectively, late May to September and November to March), expect heavy rains and a relatively high humidity post-rainfall. Outside the monsoon seasons, humidity is high (in comparison to countries further from the Equator), but completely sunny days abound. In cooler places such as Northern Tasmania, Australia, high humidity is experienced all year due to the ocean between mainland Australia and Tasmania. In the summer the hot dry air is absorbed by this ocean and the temperature rarely climbs above | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52812 | 432,771 |
DECtape uses a significantly different mark track format to provide for the possibility of read and write operations in either direction, although not all controllers support reverse read. DEC applied for a patent on the enhanced features incorporated into in late 1964. It is notable that the inventor listed on this patent, Thomas Stockebrand, is also an author of the paper on the TX-2 tape system from which the LINC tape was derived. Eventually, the TC12-F tape controller on the PDP-12 supported both LINCtape and on the same transport. As with the earlier LINC-8, the PDP-12 is a PDP-8 augmented with hardware support for the LINC instruction set and associated laboratory peripherals. was designed to be reliable and durable enough to be used as the main storage medium for a computer's operating system (OS). It is possible, although slow, to use a drive to run a small OS such as OS/8 or OS/12. The system would be configured to put temporary swap files on a second drive, so as to not slow down access to the main drive holding the system programs. Upon its introduction, was considered a major improvement over hand-loaded paper tapes, which could not be used to support swap files essential for practical timesharing. Early hard disk and drum drives were very expensive, limited in capacity, and notoriously unreliable, so the was a breakthrough in supporting the first timesharing systems on DEC computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=893415 | 127,354 |
C14H19NO4 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 120.15 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61166674 | 92,478 |
Stored-program computer A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronic memory. This contrasts with machines where the program instructions are stored on plugboards or similar mechanisms. Often the definition is extended with the requirement that the treatment of programs and data in memory be interchangeable or uniform. A computer with a von Neumann architecture stores program data and instruction data in the same memory; a computer with a Harvard architecture has separate memories for storing program and data. Both are stored-program designs. "Stored-program computer" is sometimes used as a synonym for von Neumann architecture, however Professor Jack Copeland considers that it is "historically inappropriate, to refer to electronic stored-program digital computers as 'von Neumann machines'". Hennessy and Patterson write that the early Harvard machines were regarded as "reactionary by the advocates of stored-program computers". The stored-program computer idea can be traced back to the 1936 theoretical concept of a universal Turing machine. Von Neumann was aware of this paper, and he impressed it on his collaborators as well. Many early computers, such as the Atanasoff–Berry computer, were not reprogrammable. They executed a single hardwired program. As there were no program instructions, no program storage was necessary. Other computers, though programmable, stored their programs on punched tape, which was physically fed into the machine as needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=148417 | 133,749 |
Big Five (banks) bank stock prices were commonly cited as obstacles to purchasing assets south of the border. However the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis reversed this trend. In the aftermath of the crisis, the Canadian dollar steadily climbed against the U.S. dollar, achieving parity in early 2008 and trading as high as 30 cents above the USD in late 2008. The strength of the Canadian dollar and the relative weakness of U.S. bank prices have led commentators to suggest that the big five banks could consider an expansion into the United States. Because of the recent recession, Royal Bank of Canada has now eclipsed Morgan Stanley in terms of market valuation. According to figures compiled by a recent Bloomberg report, investors today are willing to pay about $2.60 for every dollar of book value at a Canadian bank, compared with $1.70 in the United States. That ratio is about the reverse of where it stood in late 1999. The last time the U.S. financial markets were weak, many Canadian bank CEOs were criticized for not making a more concerted buying effort. Some believed that these CEOs preferred to wait for Ottawa to allow domestic mergers before expanding into the US. The federal government ended up refusing to allow the mergers and is unlikely to do so now. Analysts also pointed out that Canadian banks have much stronger balance sheets today than they did 10 or 15 years ago, putting them in an even better position to be aggressive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=825745 | 477,005 |
Interference theory RI is a classic paradigm that was first officially termed by Muller. These memory research pioneers demonstrated that filling the retention interval (defined as the amount of time that occurs between the initial learning stage and the memory recall stage) with tasks and material caused significant interference effects with the primary learned items. As compared to proactive interference, retroactive interference may have larger effects because of the fact that there is not only competition involved, but also unlearning. Briggs (1954) study modeled McGeoch’s work on interference by setting the stage for a classic design of retroactive interference. In his study participants were asked to learn 12 paired associates to a criterion of 100%. To ensure parsimony, these pairs can be labeled as A-B-, A-B-…A-B (also called AB/AC paradigm). Briggs used a "modified free recall" technique by asking participants to recall an item when cued with B. Over multiple anticipation trials, participants learned B items through the prompt of B items. After perfecting A- B learning, participants were given a new list of paired associates to learn; however B items were replaced with C items (now given a list of A-C-, A-C-…A-C). As the learning of A-C pairs increased, the learning of A-B pairs decreased. Eventually recalling the C items exceeded the recall of the B items, representing the phenomenon of retroactive interference | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=533281 | 167,198 |
Robert S. Barton From 1968 to 1973 he taught as a professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Utah with David C. Evans, Ivan Sutherland, and Thomas Stockham. His Ph.D. students at the University of Utah were Duane Call, co-founder of Computer System Architects; Alan Ashton, co-founder of WordPerfect; and Al Davis, University of Utah professor of computer science. Other Utah students that he influenced included: Alan Kay, James H. Clark co-founder of Silicon Graphics, John Warnock, co-founder of Adobe Systems, Ed Catmull of Pixar, Henri Gouraud (Gouraud shading) and Bui Tuong Phong (Phong shading). After 1973, he devoted his full-time to Burroughs Systems Research in La Jolla, San Diego, California, working on new computer architectures and systems programming. "Systems programmers are the high priests of a low cult." (1967) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1448006 | 400,679 |
Translational regulation IF2 ensures that tRNA remains in the correct position while IF3 proofreads initiation codon base-pairing to prevent non-canonical initiation at codons such as AUU and AUC. Generally, these initiation factors are expressed in equal proportion to ribosomes, however experiments using cold-shock conditions have shown to create stoichiometric imbalances between these translational machinery. In this case, two to three fold changes in expression of initiation factors coincide with increased favorability towards translation of specific cold-shock mRNAs. Due to the fact that translation elongation is an irreversible process, there are few known mechanisms of its regulation. However, it has been shown that translational efficiency is reduced via diminished tRNA pools, which are required for the elongation of polypeptides. In fact, the richness of these tRNA pools are susceptible to change through cellular oxygen supply. The termination of translation requires coordination between release factor proteins, the mRNA sequence, and ribosomes. Once a termination codon is read, release factors RF-1, RF-2, and RF-3 contribute to the hydrolysis of the growing polypeptide, which terminates the chain. Interestingly, bases downstream the stop codon affect the activity of these release factors. In fact, some bases proximal to the stop codon suppress the efficiency of translation termination by reducing the enzymatic activity of the release factors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24467949 | 10,896 |
Organizing vision The organising vision (OV) is a term developed by E. Burton Swanson and Neil Ramiller that defines how a vision is formed, a vision of how to organize structures and processes in regards to an information systems innovation. Images and ideas about an innovation from a wider community are brought together. The vision can often be characterised by buzzwords. While these are often seen as hype, they can be useful in giving a title to an organizing vision. The vision serves three key functions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1811158 | 292,992 |
Genetically modified food Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration. In the early 1990s, recombinant chymosin was approved for use in several countries. Cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex rennet that had been extracted from cows' stomach lining. Scientists modified bacteria to produce chymosin, which was also able to clot milk, resulting in cheese curds. The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. Developed by Calgene, it was engineered to have a longer shelf life by inserting an antisense gene that delayed ripening. China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crop in 1993 with the introduction of virus-resistant tobacco. In 1995, "Bacillus thuringiensis" (Bt) Potato was approved for cultivation, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US. Other genetically modified crops receiving marketing approval in 1995 were: canola with modified oil composition, Bt maize, cotton resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, Bt cotton, glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, virus-resistant squash, and another delayed ripening tomato. With the creation of golden rice in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=216102 | 222,758 |
Marshall McLuhan In a letter to Walter Ong dated May 31, 1953, McLuhan reported that he had received a two-year grant of $43,000 from the Ford Foundation to carry out a communication project at the University of Toronto involving faculty from different disciplines, which led to the creation of the journal. At a Fordham lecture in 1999, Tom Wolfe suggested that a major under-acknowledged influence on McLuhan's work is the Jesuit philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin whose ideas anticipated those of McLuhan, especially the evolution of the human mind into the "noosphere". In fact, McLuhan warns against outright dismissing or whole-heartedly accepting de Chardin's observations early on in his second published book "The Gutenberg Galaxy": In his private life, McLuhan wrote to friends saying: "I am not a fan of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. The idea that anything is better because it comes later is surely borrowed from pre-electronic technologies." Further, McLuhan noted to a Catholic collaborator: "The idea of a Cosmic thrust in one direction ... is surely one of the lamest semantic fallacies ever bred by the word 'evolution' ... That development should have any direction at all is inconceivable except to the highly literate community." McLuhan's first book, "" (1951), is a pioneering study in the field now known as popular culture. His interest in the critical study of popular culture was influenced by the 1933 book "Culture and Environment" by F. R | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19548 | 251,104 |
KARMA attack In information security, "KARMA" is an attack that exploits a behaviour of some Wi-Fi devices, combined with the lack of access point authentication in numerous WiFi protocols. It is a variant of the evil twin attack. Details of the attack were first published in 2004 by Dino dai Zovi and Shaun Macaulay. Vulnerable client devices broadcast a "preferred network list" (PNL), which contains the SSIDs of access points to which they have previously connected and are willing to automatically reconnect without user intervention. These broadcasts are not encrypted and hence may be received by any WiFi access point in range. The consists in an access point receiving this list and then giving itself an SSID from the PNL, thus becoming an evil twin of an access point already trusted by the client. Once that has been done, if the client receives the malicious access point's signal more strongly than that of the genuine access point (for example, if the genuine access point is nowhere nearby), and if the client does not attempt to authenticate the access point, then the attack should succeed. If the attack succeeds, then the malicious access point becomes a man in the middle (MITM), which positions it to deploy other attacks against the victim device. What distinguishes KARMA from a plain evil twin attack is the use of the PNL, which allows the attacker to know, rather than simply to guess, which SSIDs (if any) the client will automatically attempt to connect to. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60119534 | 291,279 |
Fiber to the premises by country Maxis Communications offers speed of 10, 20 and 30 Mbit/s under the "Maxis Home Broadband" brand, while Packet One Networks offers speeds identical to that of UniFi, but with a WiMAX USB modem and mobile bundled under the "Fiber by P1" brand. The network also carries two IPTV providers, HyppTV and Astro IPTV. The former is only available bundled with UniFi while the latter is only available bundled with Maxis Broadband. TIME Fibre Broadband which is Officially launched on 2 February 2010 is a true fibre optic connectivity to home with speeds of 100Mbit/s, 300Mbit/s, 500Mbit/s. Time offer the FTTx services to the apartment Condominium residential only. FTTH services entered Pakistan in July 2002 by NayaTel. Currently, FTTH services by Nayatel covers most parts of the twin cities Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Nayatel launched its operations in Faisalabad in November 2016. The FTTH plans by Nayatel range from 3 Mbit/s to 10 Mbit/s. Nayatel also provides PSTN and IPTV. PTCL started offering FTTH services in Karachi and have expanded to Lahore and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The FTTH plans range from 8 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. In 2015, FiberLink started offering its GPON services to the public. It is currently only available in Karachi and Lahore. Its plans range from 10 Mbit/s, up to 200 Mbit/s. StormFiber, a subsidiary of CyberNet, also offers FTTH services to customers in Karachi and Lahore. StormFiber provides TriplePlay Services which include high speed Fiber Broadband, IPTV and PSTN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15305915 | 404,944 |
Procedural memory While improvements in procedural memory were evident when participants were administered traces of psychostimulants, many researchers have found that procedural memory is hampered when psychostimulants are abused. This introduces the idea that for optimal procedural learning, dopamine levels must be balanced. Practice is clearly an important process for learning and perfecting a new skill. With over 40 years of research, it is well established in both humans and animals that the formation of all forms of memory are greatly enhanced during the brain-state of sleep. Furthermore, with humans, sleep has been consistently shown to aid in the development of procedural knowledge by the ongoing process of memory consolidation, especially when sleep soon follows the initial phase of memory acquisition. Memory consolidation is a process that transforms novel memories from a relatively fragile state to a more robust and stable condition. For a long time it was believed that the consolidation of procedural memories took place solely as a function of time, but more recent studies suggest, that for certain forms of learning, the consolidation process is exclusively enhanced during periods of sleep. However, it is important to note that not just any type of sleep is sufficient to improve procedural memory and performance on subsequent procedural tasks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21312313 | 253,753 |
Donald B. Gillies In the Nash Seminar, Gillies (who was at Princeton at the same time, and was friends with Nash) was mentioned as a pioneer in the field of game theory. Nash proved the existence of stable solutions for non-zero-sum games; Gillies and Shapley extended this work by characterizing the core which is the set of stable solutions that cannot be improved by a coalition. In 2006 the Chair Professorship was established in the department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois. A generous donation from Lawrence (Larry) White, a former student, established this chair. The first professor to hold this chair is Lui Sha, a well-known authority on real-time and embedded systems. In 2011, the UIUC Department of Computer Science awarded a Memorial Achievement Award to Gillies, and family members accepted the award on his behalf at the Urbana-Champaign campus. In 2018, the Chair Professorship endowment had grown so large that Vikram Adve was invested as the second chair professor at UIUC under this designation. Adve led the project that developed the LLVM compiler suite which has been adopted industrywide (by Apple and Google among others) and is replacing the GNU suite of compilers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1689979 | 411,436 |
Simatic For example, a binary input going from a thermometer on a machine to a device might have the following meanings: Based on this input, and other factors, the program on the device might send a binary output signal to the same machine with the following meanings: More complex inputs, outputs, and calculations were also supported as the line developed. For example, the 505 could handle floating point quantities and trigonometric functions. Siemens has developed four product lines to date: The S5 line was sold in 90U, 95U, 101U, 100U, 105, 110, 115,115U, 135U, and 155U chassis styles. The higher the number (except for the 101U), the more sophisticated and more expensive the system was. Within each chassis style, several CPUs were available, with varying speed, memory, and capabilities. Some systems provided redundant CPU operation for ultra-high-reliability control, as used in pharmaceutical manufacturing, for example. Each chassis consisted of a power supply, and a backplane with slots for the addition of various option boards. Available options included serial and Ethernet communications, digital input and output cards, analog signal processing boards, counter cards, and other specialized interface and function modules. The first entries in the S7 line were the S7-200, S7-300 and S7-400 series. These models were later succeeded by the S7-1200 and S7-1500 series. Programs running on devices run in software environments created by Siemens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61750341 | 387,091 |
Community informatics Social informatics research diverges from earlier, deterministic (both social and technological) models for measuring the social impacts of technology. Such technological deterministic models characterized information technologies as tools to be installed and used with a pre-determined set of impacts on society dictated by the technology's stated capabilities. Similarly, the socially deterministic theory represented by some proponents of the social construction of technology (SCOT) or social shaping of technology theory see technology as the product of human social forces. There is a tension between the practice and research ends of the field. To some extent this reflects the gap, familiar from other disciplines such as community development, community organizing and community based research. In addition, the difficulty that Information Systems has in recognising the qualitative dimension of technology research means that the kind of approach taken by supporters of community informatics is difficult to justify to a positive field oriented towards solutions of technical, rather than social problems. This is a difficulty also seen in the relationship between strict technology research and management research. Problems in conceptualising and evaluating complex social interventions relying on a technical base are familiar from community health and community education | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=816023 | 237,463 |
Corcoran Hall is an academic building on the campus of George Washington University in Washington, D.C. It was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1987 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. was the first building built on the University's Foggy Bottom campus. The building was designed by architects Albert L. Harris & Arthur B. Heaton in the Colonial Revival style. It was dedicated on October 28, 1924 and named after William Wilson Corcoran, who was President of the Trustees and benefactor of the University. Nuclear physicist George Gamow both taught and did research in the building from 1934 to 1956. The bazooka was developed in the basement during World War II. The physics department is now housed in the building. The Colonial Revival building is a four-story structure with a concrete and steel frame. The exterior is covered in red brick laid in Flemish bond and trimmed in limestone. The rectangular structure is wide and deep. The main entrance to the building is in the center of the main facade and is flanked by four segmental arched windows on each side. The upper stories are similarly symmetrical with rectangular windows. A simple cornice frames the top of the building. A cupola tops the structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35176170 | 325,801 |
Millipede memory However, since the "cells" in a hard drive are much smaller, the storage density for hard drives is much higher than DRAM. Millipede storage attempts to combine features of both. Like a hard drive, millipede both stores data in a medium and accesses the data by moving the medium under the head. Also similar to hard drives, millipede's physical medium stores a bit in a small area, leading to high storage densities. However, millipede uses many nanoscopic heads that can read and write in parallel, thereby increasing the amount of data read at a given time. Mechanically, millipede uses numerous "atomic force probes", each of which is responsible for reading and writing a large number of bits associated with it. These bits are stored as a pit, or the absence of one, in the surface of a thermo-active polymer, which is deposited as a thin film on a carrier known as the "sled." Any one probe can only read or write a fairly small area of the sled available to it, known as a "storage field". Normally the sled is moved so that the selected bits are positioned under the probe using electromechanical actuators. These actuators are similar to those that position the read/write head in a typical hard drive, however, the actual distance moved is tiny in comparison. The sled is moved in a scanning pattern to bring the requested bits under the probe, a process known as "x/y scan." The amount of memory serviced by any one field/probe pair is fairly small, but so is its physical size | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1592956 | 97,997 |
Limiting similarity This model describes two or more populations with logistic dynamics, adding in an additional term to account for their biological interactions. Thus for two populations, "x" and "x": where MacArthur and Levins examine this system applied to three populations, also visualized as resource utilization curves, depicted below. In this model, at some upper limit of competition "α", between two species "x" and "x", the survival of a third species "x" between the other two is not possible. This phenomenon is termed limiting similarity. Evolutionary, if two species are more similar than some limit "L", a third species will converge towards the nearer of the two competitors. If the two species are less similar than some limit "L", a third species will evolve an intermediate phenotype. [embedded graph: U v R. x1, x2, x3 curves.] For each resource R, U represents the probability of utilization per unit time by an individual. At some level of overlap between species "x" and "x", the survival of a third species "x" is no longer possible. May extended this theory when considering species with different carrying capacities, concluding that coexistence was unlikely if the distance between the modes of competing resource utilization curves "d" was less than the standard deviation of the curves "w". It is of note that the theory of limiting similarity does not easily generate falsifiable predictions about natural phenomenon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22589893 | 170,911 |
Wireless Infrastructure Association Specifically, section 6409(a) of the law orders states and local governments to approve requests made by companies to collocate , remove or replace transmission equipment on existing wireless towers or base stations. The law included an exception: if the action substantially changes the physical dimensions of the tower or base station, then the law's protection doesn't apply. The provision and the authority it prescribed is described by the wireless industry as "collocation-by-right". In 2013, WIA submitted comments to the FCC that expressed support in speeding up broadband deployment. WIA helped Congress write legislation that funded broadband deployment. WIA had asked Congress to include infrastructure providers in the list of eligible recipients of federal broadband funding. WIA influenced members of the congressional committees that funded the $4.7 billion Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP) to make eligible wireless carriers, backhaul providers, and tower companies for funds. In 2013, Cisco, American Tower, Dynis, and WIA created a program called Warriors 4 Wireless. The organization helps military veterans train and apply for jobs at wireless companies. The program's stated goal is to place 5,000 veterans in jobs by 2015. WIA has pledged money to the program. One of the main issues facing the wireless infrastructure industry is related to federal vs. local oversight of wireless infrastructure activity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42900251 | 242,920 |
Ultrapure water Another type of contamination in UPW is dissolved inorganic material, primarily silica. Silica is one of the most abundant mineral on the planet and is found in all water supplies. Any dissolved inorganic material has the potential to remain on the wafer as the UPW dries. Once again this can lead to a significant loss in yield. To detect trace amounts of dissolved inorganic material a measurement of non-volatile residue is commonly used. This technique involves using a nebulizer to create droplets of UPW suspended in a stream of air. These droplets are dried at a high temperature to produce an aerosol of non-volatile residue particles. A measurement device called a condensation particle counter then counts the residue particles to give a reading in parts per trillion (ppt) by weight. Total organic carbon is most commonly measured by oxidizing the organics in the water to CO, measuring the increase in the CO concentration after the oxidation or delta CO, and converting the measured delta CO amount into "mass of carbon" per volume concentration units. The initial CO in the water sample is defined as Inorganic Carbon or IC. The CO produced from the oxidized organics and any initial CO (IC) both together are defined as Total Carbon or TC. The TOC value is then equal to the difference between TC and IC. Oxidation of organics to CO is most commonly achieved in liquid solutions by the creation of the highly oxidizing chemical species, the hydroxyl radical (OH•) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31050418 | 413,146 |
STS-41-C Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=406842 | 443,451 |
Cyborg anthropology Researchers like Kathleen Richardson have conducted ethnographic research on the humans who build and interact with artificial intelligence. Recently, Stuart Geiger, a PhD student at University of California, Berkeley suggested that robots may be capable of creating a culture of their own, which researchers could study with ethnographic methods. Anthropologists react to Geiger with skepticism because, according to Geiger, they believe that culture is specific to living creatures and ethnography limited to human subjects. The most basic definition of anthropology is the study of humans. However, cyborgs, by definition, describe something that is not entirely an organic human. Moreover, limiting a discipline to the study of humans may be difficult the more that technology allows humans to transcend the normal conditions of organic life. The prospect of a posthuman condition calls into question the nature and necessity of a field focused on studying humans. Sociologist of technology Zeynep Tufekci argues that any symbolic expression of ourselves, even the most ancient cave painting, can be considered "posthuman" because it exists outside of our physical bodies. To her, this means that the human and the "posthuman" have always existed alongside one another, and anthropology has always concerned itself with the posthuman as well as the human. Neil L | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33264144 | 281,995 |
Extended Display Identification Data This means that many graphics cards cannot express the native resolutions of the most common wide screen flat panel displays and liquid crystal display televisions. The number of vertical pixels is calculated from the horizontal resolution and the selected aspect ratio. To be fully expressible, the size of wide screen display must thus be a multiple of 16×9 pixels. For 1366×768 pixel Wide XGA panels the nearest resolution expressible in the EDID standard timing descriptor syntax is 1360×765 pixels, typically leading to 3 pixel thin black bars. Specifying 1368 pixels as the screen width would yield an unnatural screen height of 769.5 pixels. Many Wide XGA panels do not advertise their native resolution in the standard timing descriptors, instead offering only a resolution of 1280×768. Some panels advertise a resolution only slightly smaller than the native, such as 1360×765. For these panels to be able to show a pixel perfect image, the EDID data must be ignored by the display driver or the driver must correctly interpret the DTD and be able to resolve resolutions whose size is not divisible by 8. Special programs are available to override the standard timing descriptors from EDID data. Even this is not always possible, as some vendors' graphics drivers (notably those of Intel) require specific registry hacks to implement custom resolutions, which can make it very difficult to use the screen's native resolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=239454 | 409,797 |
Amplifier In idealized form they are represented by each of the four types of dependent source used in linear analysis, as shown in the figure, namely: Each type of amplifier in its ideal form has an ideal input and output resistance that is the same as that of the corresponding dependent source: In real amplifiers the ideal impedances are not possible to achieve, but these ideal elements can be used to construct equivalent circuits of real amplifiers by adding impedances (resistance, capacitance and inductance) to the input and output. For any particular circuit, a small-signal analysis is often used to find the actual impedance. A small-signal AC test current "I" is applied to the input or output node, all external sources are set to AC zero, and the corresponding alternating voltage "V" across the test current source determines the impedance seen at that node as "R = V / I". Amplifiers designed to attach to a transmission line at input and output, especially RF amplifiers, do not fit into this classification approach. Rather than dealing with voltage or current individually, they ideally couple with an input or output impedance matched to the transmission line impedance, that is, match "ratios" of voltage to current. Many real RF amplifiers come close to this ideal. Although, for a given appropriate source and load impedance, RF amplifiers can be characterized as amplifying voltage or current, they fundamentally are amplifying power | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9931 | 395,619 |
Rheology (; from Greek , 'flow' and , , 'study of') is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a liquid state, but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. is the science, a branch of physics, that deals with the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids. The term "rheology" was coined by Eugene C. Bingham, a professor at Lafayette College, in 1920, from a suggestion by a colleague, Markus Reiner. The term was inspired by the aphorism of Simplicius (often attributed to Heraclitus), (, 'everything flows', and was first used to describe the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids. It applies to substances that have a complex microstructure, such as muds, sludges, suspensions, polymers and other glass formers (e.g., silicates), as well as many foods and additives, bodily fluids (e.g., blood) and other biological materials, and other materials that belong to the class of soft matter such as food. Newtonian fluids can be characterized by a single coefficient of viscosity for a specific temperature. Although this viscosity will change with temperature, it does not change with the strain rate. Only a small group of fluids exhibit such constant viscosity. The large class of fluids whose viscosity changes with the strain rate (the relative flow velocity) are called non-Newtonian fluids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25453 | 96,853 |
Hartree–Fock method The Hartree–Fock method, despite its physically more accurate picture, was little used until the advent of electronic computers in the 1950s due to the much greater computational demands over the early Hartree method and empirical models. Initially, both the Hartree method and the were applied exclusively to atoms, where the spherical symmetry of the system allowed one to greatly simplify the problem. These approximate methods were (and are) often used together with the central field approximation, to impose the condition that electrons in the same shell have the same radial part, and to restrict the variational solution to be a spin eigenfunction. Even so, calculating a solution by hand using the Hartree–Fock equations for a medium-sized atom was laborious; small molecules required computational resources far beyond what was available before 1950. The is typically used to solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation for a multi-electron atom or molecule as described in the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Since there are no known analytic solutions for many-electron systems (there "are" solutions for one-electron systems such as hydrogenic atoms and the diatomic hydrogen cation), the problem is solved numerically. Due to the nonlinearities introduced by the Hartree–Fock approximation, the equations are solved using a nonlinear method such as iteration, which gives rise to the name "self-consistent field method" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=475393 | 68,852 |
Fundraising Many non-profit organizations solicit funds for a financial endowment, which is a sum of money that is invested to generate an annual return. Although endowments may be created when a sizable gift is received from an individual or family, often as directed in a will upon the death of a family member, they more typically are the result of many gifts over time from a variety of sources. A fundraising event (also called a fundraiser) is an event or campaign whose primary purpose is to raise money for a cause, charity or non-profit organization. Fundraisers often benefit charitable, non-profit, religious, or non-governmental organizations, though there are also fundraisers that benefit for-profit companies and individuals. Special events are another method of raising funds. These range from formal dinners to benefit concerts to walkathons. Events are used to increase visibility and support for an organization as well as raising funds. Events can feature activities for the group such as speakers, a dance, an outing or entertainment, to encourage group participation and giving. Events can also include fundraising methods such as a raffle or charity auction. Events often feature notable sponsors or honoree. Events often feature a charity "ad book" as a program guide for the event, but more importantly, as another fundraiser providing members, supporters and vendors to show their support of and to the group at the event by way of placing an ad-like page, 1/2 page, 1/4 page, stating or showing support | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=917917 | 517,100 |
Streaming data In the past, when media was sold, the seller/provider only had information about the transaction itself. With data streaming it has become possible to actually track the behaviour of the users because it occurs in real time, directly from the distributor/providers. Morris and Powers describe this as opening the 'black box' of consumption. Providers of streaming services, for example, are now able to track detailed consuming behavior of the user, which in turn, they use to influence the user's decision-making process by creating algorithms to further develop a service. This kind of streaming has changed the way people consume media, which in time offered new possibilities for new ideas. These are also referred to as wakes of innovation and occur in places one would not initially expect. For instance, data streaming has enabled the development of sensors, for example that are used in a lot of sectors for different purposes. In the manufacturing sector data streaming is used for real-time analysis to improve operations. In healthcare sector sensors are being used for connected medical devices to create hubs of patients and healthcare providers, that can trigger alerts when a patient has a medical emergency. Finally, programmability, a characteristic that describes that an innovative digital technology can be reprogrammed, improved and/or updated. Consequences of programmability are emerging functionalities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11507946 | 263,488 |
Gardasil As of 2018, studies have proven that cervical cancer rates have dropped significantly since the introduction of Gardasil. Before was introduced in 2006, 270,000 women died of cervical cancer worldwide in 2002. As of 2014, the mortality rate from cervical cancer has dropped 50% from 1975 which is due to the vaccination along with increased focus on cervical screening. Acting FDA administrator Andrew von Eschenbach said the vaccine will have "a dramatic effect" on the health of women around the world. is an important tool in reducing cervical cancer rates even in countries where screening programs are routine. The National Cancer Institute estimated that 9,700 women would develop cervical cancer in 2006, and 3,700 would die. Merck and CSL Limited are expected to market as a cancer vaccine, rather than an STD vaccine. In the early years of Gardasil's introduction it was unclear how widespread the use of the three-shot series would be, in part because of its $525 list price ($175 each for three shots). But as of 2013, vaccine coverage has been rising. In 2013, about 55% of girls ages 13–17 years had at least one dose of the vaccination covered, up from 29% in 2007. Coverage for women ages 18–34 also has increased significantly since 2007. Studies using different pharmacoeconomic models predict that vaccinating young women with in combination with screening programs may be more cost effective than screening alone. These results have been important in decisions by many countries to start vaccination programs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5482977 | 454,822 |
Precarious work is a term that critics use to describe non-standard or temporary employment that may be poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and unable to support a household. From this perspective, globalization, the shift from the manufacturing sector to the service sector, and the spread of information technology have created a new economy which demands flexibility in the workplace, resulting in the decline of the standard employment relationship, particularly for women. The characterization of temporary work as "precarious" is disputed by some scholars and entrepreneurs who see these changes as positive for individual workers. The term "precarious work" is frequently associated with the following types of employment: "part-time employment, self-employment, fixed-term work, temporary work, on-call work, home-based workers, and telecommuting." Scholars and critics who use the term "precarious work" contrast it with the "standard employment relationship", which is the term they use to describe full-time, continuous employment where the employee works on their employer’s premises or under the employer's supervision, under an employment contract of indefinite duration, with standardized working hours/weeks and social benefits such as pensions, unemployment benefits, and medical coverage. This "standard employment relationship" emerged after World War II, as men who completed their education would go on to work full-time for one employer their entire lives until their retirement at the age of 65 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10387939 | 511,254 |
Hub dynamo The D7 series is available for both rim and disc brakes while the D3 series features several of rim brake varieties. In a 2006 review by the German Stiftung Warentest, the efficiency at 15 km/h of a D1 series i-Light hub dynamo was 66%, 10% better than a SON-28. SR Suntour offer the DH-CT-630 hub dynamo series with integrated overvoltage protection. SP Dynamo Systems offers about 10 different models of hub dynamos. Quick release hubs for disc brakes and rim brakes. Also a 15mm thru-axle for mountain bikes with disc brakes. They claim a very high efficiency and light weight compared to other hub dynamos currently on the market. Improvements in design and materials have led to improvements in efficiency. Early designs had multiple copper windings and heavier magnets. Modern designs utilize stronger neodymium magnets, a single copper coil winding, and claw poles. "Bicycle Quarterly" reviewed seven different hub dynamos in 2005. The SON28 was found to be the most efficient, although its cost was significantly higher than models from Shimano. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2915706 | 425,697 |
Tissue nanotransfection This technique builds on the high-throughput nanoelectroporation methods developed for cell reprogramming applications by Dr. Lee and Dr. Gallego-Perez of Ohio State’s Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering department.. Development was a joint effort between OSU’s College of Engineering and College of Medicine led by Dr. Gallego-Perez (Ph.D), Dr. Lee (Ph.D), and Dr. Sen (Ph.D) This technology was fabricated using cleanroom techniques and photolithography and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon wafers to create nanochannels with backside etching of a reservoir for loading desired factors as described in Gallego-Perez et al 2017. This chip is then connected to an electrical source capable of delivering an electrical field to drive the factors from the reservoir into the nanochannels, and onto the contacted tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55008417 | 262,517 |
Biofeedback (b) The studies have been conducted with a population treated for a specific problem, for whom inclusion criteria are delineated in a reliable, operationally defined manner. (c) The study used valid and clearly specified outcome measures related to the problem being treated. (d) The data are subjected to appropriate data analysis. (e) The diagnostic and treatment variables and procedures are clearly defined in a manner that permits replication of the study by independent researchers. (f) The superiority or equivalence of the investigational treatment has been shown in at least two independent research settings. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) assigned attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, chronic pain, epilepsy, constipation (adult), headache (adult), hypertension, motion sickness, Raynaud's disease, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction to this category. Level 5: Efficacious and specific. The investigational treatment must be shown to be statistically superior to credible sham therapy, pill, or alternative bona fide treatment in at least two independent research settings. Yucha and Montgomery (2008) assigned urinary incontinence (females) to this category. In a healthcare environment that emphasizes cost containment and evidence-based practice, biofeedback and neurofeedback professionals continue to address skepticism in the medical community about the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of their treatments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=292906 | 130,954 |
Arc de Triomf The () or Arco de Triunfo in Spanish, is a triumphal arch in the city of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It was built by architect Josep Vilaseca i Casanovas as the main access gate for the 1888 Barcelona World Fair. The arch crosses over the wide central promenade of the Passeig de Lluís Companys, leading to the Ciutadella Park that now occupies the site of the world fair. It is located at the northern end of the promenade, facing the Passeig de Sant Joan. The arch is built in reddish brickwork in the Neo-Mudéjar style. The front frieze contains the stone sculpture "Barcelona rep les nacions" (Catalan for "Barcelona welcomes the nations") by Josep Reynés. The opposite frieze contains a stone carving entitled "Recompensa" ("Recompense"), a work from Josep Llimona's earliest period, representing the granting of awards to the participants in the World Exposition. The friezes along the sides of the arch include allegories of agriculture and industry by Antoni Vilanova and of trade and art by Torquat Tassó. The two pillars of the arch feature bats carved in stone, which were the emblem of King Jaume I, who ruled over a period of prosperity in Barcelona. Similar structures can be found in many other cities, most notably including the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the Wellington Arch in London, the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in New York City, and the Arcul de Triumf in Bucharest, however this arch is non-military | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4115942 | 366,227 |
Lise Meitner Meitner studied physics and went on to become the second woman to obtain a doctoral degree in physics at the University of Vienna in 1905 (her dissertation was on "heat conduction in an inhomogeneous body"). While at the University, she took her studies very seriously. Because she was unsure if she wanted to study mathematics or physics, she attended multiple lectures in both areas of study, "taking more notes than the registered students". While studying a beam of alpha particles, she found that scattering increased with the atomic mass of the metal atoms, in her experiments with collimators and metal foil, which led Ernest Rutherford later on to the nuclear atom, and which had been her forte, submitting her report of same to the Physikalische Zeitschrift on 29 June 1907. After she received her doctorate, Meitner rejected an offer to work in a gas lamp factory. Encouraged by her father and backed by his financial support, she went to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin where famous physicist Max Planck allowed her to attend his lectures, an unusual gesture by Planck, who until then had rejected any woman wanting to attend his lectures. After one year of attending Planck's lectures, Meitner became Planck's assistant. During the first years she worked together with chemist Otto Hahn and together with him discovered several new isotopes. In 1909 she presented two papers on beta radiation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18070 | 48,508 |
ANTIC The full color expression of these GTIA modes can also be engaged in Antic text modes 2 and 3, though these will also require a custom character set to achieve practical use of the colors. See GTIA for more information. Before video displays became a common part of the user interface many computers used a teletype—a printer usually with continuously-fed paper. User input and the computer generated output were printed on the paper fed through the printer. This widely understood interface for user input and computer output continued with the introduction of video displays as computers presented a metaphor of the screen as a view port over an imagined, infinite roll of paper. Information is displayed on screen beginning at the top until it reaches the bottom of the screen and when the computer needs to introduce new information it shifts all the screen information up providing an empty space at the bottom for the new information and consequently erasing the topmost information. This kind of scrolling is called, "coarse scrolling". It is achieved by moving bytes of memory through a designated screen display area. Moving a kilobyte (or more) of memory is CPU intensive and slower computers may not be able to accomplish anything else while updating screen data. As a means of animating a display the results can be jerky when the CPU cannot update the screen memory faster than the display hardware reads the memory to generate the video output | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=870044 | 389,331 |
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a pressure welding process that operates below the melting point of the workpieces. It is a variant of friction stir welding. In friction stir spot welding, individual spot welds are created by pressing a rotating tool with high force onto the top surface of two sheets that overlap each other in the lap joint. The frictional heat and the high pressure plastify the workpiece material, so that the tip of the pin plunges into the joint area between the two sheets and stirs-up the oxides. The pin of the tool is plunged into the sheets until the shoulder is in contact with the surface of the top sheet. The shoulder applies a high forging pressure, which bonds the components metallurgically without melting. After a short dwell time, the tool is pulled out of the workpieces again so that a spot weld can be made about every 5 seconds. The tool consists of a rotating pin and a shoulder. The pin is the part of the tool that penetrates into the materials. Both the pin and the shoulder may be profiled to push the plasticized material in a particular direction and to efficiently break-up and disperse the oxide skins on the adjacent surfaces. After retracting the tool, a hole remains, when using one-piece tools, which have already proven themselves as very realiable in the automotive and the rail vehicle industry. Often the rotating tool is surrounded by a non-rotating clamping ring with which the workpieces are pressed firmly against each other before and during welding by applying a clamping force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56722248 | 450,640 |
NEMA connector ) that run on 120 V, this means that the neutral wire indirectly used for grounding would also carry current, even under non-fault conditions. Although this is contrary to modern grounding practice, such "grandfathered" installations remain common in older homes in the United States. NEMA 11 series devices are three-wire, three-pole, non-grounding devices for 3 phase 250 volt equipment and designs for 20 amp (11-20), 30 amp (11-30), and 50 amp (11-50) parts are specified by NEMA. NEMA 12 series devices are three-wire, three-pole, non-grounding devices for 3 phase, 480 volt equipment. According to NEMA, this is "reserved for future configurations," so no designs for this series exist and no devices have been manufactured. NEMA 13 series devices are three-wire, three-pole, non-grounding devices for 3 phase, 600 volt equipment. According to NEMA, this is "reserved for future configurations," so no designs for this series exist and no devices have been manufactured. The NEMA 14 devices are four-wire grounding devices (hot-hot-neutral-ground) available in ratings from 15 to 60 A. The voltage rating is 250 V. Of the straight-blade NEMA 14 devices, only the 14-30 and 14-50 are in common use. The 14-30 is used for electric clothes dryers, the 14-50 is used for electric cooking ranges, and either may also be used for home charging of electric vehicles. The NEMA 14 connectors are essentially the replacements for the older NEMA 10 connectors described above, but with the addition of a dedicated grounding connection | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5551009 | 428,028 |
Programmable logic controller In the example, the physical state of the float switch contacts must be considered when choosing "normally open" or "normally closed" symbols in the ladder diagram. The PLC has two discrete inputs from float switches (Low Level and High Level). Both float switches (normally closed) open their contacts when the water level in the tank is above the physical location of the switch. When the water level is below both switches, the float switch physical contacts are both closed, and a true (logic 1) value is passed to the Fill Valve output. Water begins to fill the tank. The internal "Fill Valve" contact latches the circuit so that even when the "Low Level" contact opens (as the water passes the lower switch), the fill valve remains on. Since the High Level is also normally closed, water continues to flow as the water level remains between the two switch levels. Once the water level rises enough so that the "High Level" switch is off (opened), the PLC will shut the inlet to stop the water from overflowing; this is an example of seal-in (latching) logic. The output is sealed in until a high level condition breaks the circuit. After that the fill valve remains off until the level drops so low that the Low Level switch is activated, and the process repeats again. A complete program may contain thousands of rungs, evaluated in sequence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24992 | 396,349 |
G. W. Scott Blair George William Scott Blair (1902–1987) was British chemist noted for his contributions to rheology. In fact he has been called "the first rheologist" Scott Blair was born 23 July 1902, in Weybridge and went to Winchester College. He studied chemistry at Trinity College, Oxford receiving a BA in 1923. He began work as a colloid chemist, studying flour suspensions which led to a series of papers on baker's dough. In 1926 he joined the Rothamsted Experimental Station, where the focus was on soil science. In 1928 he married Rita, a child psychologist, who survived him. In December 1929 Scott Blair attended (and chaired) the founding meeting of the Society of Rheology in Washington, D.C.. Chemist Eugene C. Bingham led the new society concerned with the problems of flow. Scott Blair held a Rockefeller Fellowship at the time. In 1931 Markus Reiner visited Scott Blair in England beginning a long friendship. In 1936 he submitted his PhD thesis to the University of London. In 1940, along with Vernon Harrison, he founded the British Rheologists' Club, later to become the British Society of Rheology. In 1937 he became Head of the Chemistry Department (and later headed the Physics Department as well) at the National Institute for Research in Dairying, at Shinfield near Reading until his retirement in 1967. He died in 1987, at Iffley, Oxfordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18842644 | 56,520 |
Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine α-Fluoromethylhistidine (α-FMH) is an irreversible histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. It has potent sleep-inducing effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56990973 | 180,208 |
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