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Associative economics But it is also an economic untruth, an impossibility which we allow to persist: "[People] actually speak as though a kind of sale and purchase took place between the wage-earner who sells his labour and the man who buys it from him. But this sale and purchase is fictitious. It does not in reality take place... [In reality] it is values which are exchanged. The worker produces something directly; he delivers a product, and it is this product which the enterpriser [Unternehmer] really buys from him. In actual fact, down to the last farthing, the enterpriser pays for the products which the workers deliver to him. It is time we began to see these things in their right light." Capital creates value by the application of intelligence to labor. It is the human spirit manifest in the economic process. An interesting analysis of this viewpoint is provided by Folkert Wilken in his book "The Liberation of Capital". Often taking the form of money, it further frees and empowers the entrepreneur to apply their intelligence. The artist Joseph Beuys famously expressed this as "Art=Capital" (Kunst=Kapital), or alternatively, for his art piece in the 'Luna Luna' art fair in 1987, "Money is not CAPITAL at all. CAPACITY is CAPITAL." Capital is therefore intimately linked to the individual, although it also owes much to our common heritage, especially the way we are educated. In an associative economy, therefore, land, labor, and capital are understood as rights phenomena | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30972042 | 502,756 |
Fault tolerance Later efforts showed that to be fully effective, the system had to be self-repairing and diagnosing – isolating a fault and then implementing a redundant backup while alerting a need for repair. This is known as N-model redundancy, where faults cause automatic fail-safes and a warning to the operator, and it is still the most common form of level one fault-tolerant design in use today. Voting was another initial method, as discussed above, with multiple redundant backups operating constantly and checking each other's results, with the outcome that if, for example, four components reported an answer of 5 and one component reported an answer of 6, the other four would "vote" that the fifth component was faulty and have it taken out of service. This is called M out of N majority voting. Historically, the motion has always been to move further from N-model and more to M out of N due to the fact that the complexity of systems and the difficulty of ensuring the transitive state from fault-negative to fault-positive did not disrupt operations. Tandem and Stratus were among the first companies specializing in the design of fault-tolerant computer systems for online transaction processing.. A highly fault-tolerant system might continue at the same level of performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power fails | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2091393 | 294,374 |
Acoustic theory In that case, the pressures and the flow velocity are assumed to be time harmonic functions of the form where formula_83 is the frequency. Substitution of these expressions into the governing equations in cylindrical coordinates gives us the fixed frequency form of the conservation of momentum and the fixed frequency form of the conservation of mass In the special case where the field quantities are independent of the z-coordinate we can eliminate formula_86 to get Assuming that the solution of this equation can be written as we can write the partial differential equation as The left hand side is not a function of formula_90 while the right hand side is not a function of formula_91. Hence, where formula_93 is a constant. Using the substitution we have The equation on the left is the Bessel equation, which has the general solution where formula_97 is the cylindrical Bessel function of the first kind and formula_98 are undetermined constants. The equation on the right has the general solution where formula_100 are undetermined constants. Then the solution of the acoustic wave equation is Boundary conditions are needed at this stage to determine formula_102 and the other undetermined constants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1234 | 446,652 |
The Matrix Revolutions Lana will write the screenplay with David Mitchell and Aleksander Hemon. Grant Hill will act as producer alongside Lana. The production will be a joint-venture between Warner Bros. Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures, similar to the original films. Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss will reprise their roles from the previous films. Production began in February 2020 in San Francisco, and will also take place in Studio Babelsberg and Chicago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=210998 | 235,429 |
Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense Far more needs to be done to prepare for another catastrophic biological event – whether manmade or from nature. With this in mind, the support we receive today from Open Philanthropy will allow us to further advance the recommendations the Panel identified in our National Blueprint for Biodefense and subsequent reports. We thank Open Philanthropy for their leadership and support on this critical issue.” In December 2018, President Trump signed the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (H.R. 2), also known as The Farm Bill. The legislation addressed Commission recommendations to defend U.S. food and agriculture. The new law creates a National Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Program and a National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank, and increases federal funding to stockpile medical countermeasures for animals. In July 2019, the Commission hosted a public meeting in New York City, featuring representatives from both private industry and government. According to "Homeland Preparedness News", "Their main topic of discussion will be ‘A Manhattan Project for Biodefense’ — a public-private research and development effort specifically focused on biological dangers, whether nationally-sponsored or terrorist-spread." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50592481 | 181,173 |
Digital channel election However, this may not delete the original mapping, leaving the original "dead" channels interleaved with the new ones (such as 5.1 old, 5.1 new, 5.2 old, 5.2 new), or possibly confusing the receiver (and the user). In many cases, a receiver will not automatically add the new mapping at all if an old one exists. Completely re-scanning will normally solve this, but may not pick-up stations that are weak or temporarily off-air during the scan, causing the need to manually enter them (if this is even possible with the given receiver). Where stations are moving to a different frequency band (such as UHF to VHF), this will affect antenna selection. Many antennas marketed for HDTV use are UHF-only or perform poorly on VHF, while many 82-channel VHF/UHF antennas are a compromise design strongly favoring VHF channels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5536626 | 213,645 |
Farmington Town Pound It was given back to the town, and is now maintained by the Farmington Historical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42093104 | 354,760 |
Smart battery A smart battery or a smart battery pack is a rechargeable battery pack with a built-in battery management system (BMS), usually designed for use in a portable computer such as a laptop. In addition to the usual positive and negative terminals, a smart battery has two or more terminals to connect to the BMS; typically the negative terminal is also used as BMS "ground". BMS interface examples are: SMBus, PMBus, EIA-232, EIA-485, and Local Interconnect Network. Internally, a smart battery can measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and SoH (State of Health) parameters, indicating the state of the cells. Externally, a smart battery can communicate with a smart battery charger and a "smart energy user" via the bus interface. A smart battery can demand that the charging stop, request charging, or demand that the smart energy user stop using power from this battery. There are standard specifications for smart batteries: Smart Battery System, MIPI BIF and many ad-hoc specifications. A smart battery charger is mainly a switch mode power supply (also known as high frequency charger) that has the ability to communicate with a smart battery pack's battery management system (BMS) in order to control and monitor the charging process. This communication may be by a standard bus such as CAN bus in automobiles or System Management Bus (SMBus) in computers. The charge process is controlled by the BMS and not by the charger, thus increasing security in the system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3892697 | 410,779 |
Mast cell Mast cells were first described by Paul Ehrlich in his 1878 doctoral thesis on the basis of their unique staining characteristics and large granules. These granules also led him to the incorrect belief that they existed to nourish the surrounding tissue, so he named them "Mastzellen" (, as of animals). They are now considered to be part of the immune system. Research into an immunological contribution to autism suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children may present with "allergic-like" problems in the absence of elevated serum IgE and chronic urticaria, suggesting non-allergic mast cell activation in response to environmental and stress triggers. This mast cell activation could contribute to brain inflammation and neurodevelopmental problems. Toluidine blue: one of the most common stains for acid mucopolysaccharides and glycoaminoglycans, components of mast cells granules. Surface markers: cell surface markers of mast cells were discussed in detail by Heneberg, claiming that mast cells may be inadvertently included in the stem or progenitor cell isolates, since part of them is positive for the CD34 antigen. The classical mast cell markers include the high-affinity IgE receptor, CD117 (c-Kit), and CD203c (for most of the mast cell populations). Expression of some molecules may change in course of the mast cell activation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=254062 | 141,776 |
X Prize Foundation The announced that "no team would be able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by the 31 March 2018 deadline... and the US$30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed." The Anu & Naveen Jain Women's Safety XPRIZE was launched on October 24, 2016 and has a $1 million purse. The goal for competing teams is to develop a safety device for women that can autonomously and inconspicuously trigger an emergency alert while transmitting information to a network of community responders. On the 7th of June 2018 Leaf Wearables received the grand prize winner of the $1M. On October 20, 2018, the XPRIZE Foundation awarded The Water Abundance XPRIZE, which launched on October 24, 2016 with a purse of $1.75 million provided by the Tata Group and Australian Aid, to the Skysource/Skywater Alliance based in Venice, California, who received a grand prize of $1.5 million. An additional award of $150,000 went to the second place team, JMCC WING, based in South Point, Hawaii, to acknowledge the team's ingenuity in developing a unique technological approach. Over a 24-hour period, the Skysource/Skywater Alliance successfully extracted over 2,000 liters of water using only renewable energy, at a cost of US$0.02 per liter. The team, led by architect David Hertz, intends to use the award to productize the system to address water scarcity in the developing world. The Global Learning XPRIZE, launched in September 2014, is a $15-million prize to create mobile apps to improve reading, writing, and arithmetic in developing nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1027466 | 236,197 |
Android (robot) It was also able to accompany a person. In 1986, Honda began its humanoid research and development program, to create humanoid robots capable of interacting successfully with humans. The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, and Kokoro Co., Ltd. have demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan and released the Telenoid R1 in 2010. In 2006, Kokoro Co. developed a new "DER 2" android. The height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. There are 47 mobile points. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet and twist its body. The "air servosystem" which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, the movement is very fluid and there is very little noise. DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion. Compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice. The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science, has developed an android head called "Saya", which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=713 | 446,594 |
Backhoe A backhoe — also called rear actor or back actor — is a type of excavating equipment, or digger, consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It is typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a "backhoe loader" (a US term, but known as a "JCB" in Ireland and the UK). The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, while the section that carries the bucket is known as the dipper (or dipper-stick), both terms derived from steam shovels. The boom is generally attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to pivot left and right, usually through a total of 180 to 200 degrees. The term "backhoe" refers to the action of the bucket, not its location on the vehicle. That is, a backhoe digs by drawing earth backwards, rather than lifting it with a forward motion like a person shovelling, a steam shovel, or a bulldozer. The buckets on some backhoes may be reconfigured facing forward, making them "hoes". A tractor-loader backhoe (TLB) is a tractor-like vehicle with a backhoe at the rear, a front loader on the other and a swivelling seat to position the operator facing whichever direction is needed at the time. In North America, this arrangement is often referred to as simply a backhoe, or when on a chassis originally derived from farm tractors, a tractor loader backhoe (TLB). To differentiate, a backhoe on its own dedicated chassis may then be referred to as an excavator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=489577 | 195,110 |
Mobile television in a bus with prototype devices. Included were those who would be testing the devices in the Washington and Baltimore markets in January 2010. On August 7, 2009, BlackBerry service began on six TV stations. Eventually 27 other stations are expected to offer the service. By October, 30 stations were airing mobile DTV signals, and that number is expected to grow to 50. Also in the same month, FCC chair Julius Genachowski announced an effort to increase the spectrum available to wireless services. Also in August, WTVE and Axcera began testing a single-frequency network (SFN) with multiple transmitters using the new mobile standard. The RNN affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania had used this concept since 2007. Richard Mertz of Cavell, Mertz & Associates says VHF will not work as well for mobile DTV because a 15-inch antenna or some other solution would be required, although he has heard from people who had no problems. An amplified antenna or higher power for the transmitting station would likely be needed, as well as repeater stations where terrain is a problem. Lougee, whose company planned testing in its 19 markets in 2010, said the chip designs with the new devices made targeted advertising possible. In December 2009, Concept Enterprises introduced the first mobile DTV tuner for automobiles. Unlike earlier units, this one provides a clear picture without pixelation in a fast-moving vehicle, using an LG M/H chip and a one-inch roof-mounted antenna. No subscription is required | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5328527 | 387,842 |
Diphoterine is a chemical solution used for the emergency treatment of chemical spills to the eyes and body. contains an amphoteric molecule, that is, a substance which is capable of reacting with both acids and alkalis. When applied to either type of chemical spill, the appropriate part of the molecule neutralises the spilt chemical, halting the reaction with the body. Efficacy has been shown in studies in a clinical setting and also in studies on animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63280303 | 16,554 |
Inventory turnover In accounting, the is a measure of the number of times inventory is sold or used in a time period such as a year. It is calculated to see if a business has an excessive inventory in comparison to its sales level. The equation for inventory turnover equals the cost of goods sold divided by the average inventory. is also known as inventory turns, merchandise turnover, stockturn, stock turns, turns, and stock turnover. The formula for inventory turnover: formula_1 or formula_2 or The "most basic" formula for average inventory: or just Multiple data points, for example the average of the monthly averages, will provide a much more representative turn figure. The average days to sell the inventory is calculated as follows: A low turnover rate may point to overstocking, obsolescence, or deficiencies in the product line or marketing effort. However, in some instances a low rate may be appropriate, such as where higher inventory levels occur in anticipation of rapidly rising prices or expected market shortages. Another insight provided by the inventory turnover ratio is that if inventory is turning over slowly, then the warehousing cost attributable to each unit will be higher. Conversely a high turnover rate may indicate inadequate inventory levels, which may lead to a loss in business as the inventory is too low. This often can result in stock shortages. Some compilers of industry data (e.g., Dun & Bradstreet) use sales as the numerator instead of cost of sales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4708838 | 462,565 |
Metacognition Attitude importance is also more likely to influence behavior than certainty of the attitude. When considering a social behavior like voting a person may hold high importance but low certainty. This means that they will likely vote, even if they are unsure whom to vote for. Meanwhile, a person who is very certain of who they want to vote for, may not actually vote if it is of low importance to them. This also applies to interpersonal relationships. A person might hold a lot of favorable knowledge about their family, but they may not maintain close relations with their family if it is of low importance. Metacognitive characteristics of attitudes may be key to understanding how attitudes change. Research shows that the frequency of positive or negative thoughts is the biggest factor in attitude change. A person may believe that climate change is occurring but have negative thoughts toward it such as "If I accept the responsibilities of climate change, I must change my lifestyle". These individuals would not likely change their behavior compared to someone that thinks positively about the same issue such as "By using less electricity, I will be helping the planet". Another way to increase the likelihood of behavior change is by influencing the source of the attitude. An individual's personal thoughts and ideas have a much greater impact on the attitude compared to ideas of others | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1480420 | 261,318 |
PC Conectado can be acquired in many major Brazilian department stores. Many Brazilian stores have an independent Linux vendor on site from whom a user can choose the hardware configuration and distro. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2637370 | 281,075 |
British Columbia Maritime Employers' Association Vancouver hosted the first Canadian General Strike in Canada in 1918 following the police killing of union leader, Ginger Goodwin. The following year a longer and more extensive general strike was called by the Trades and Labour Council in sympathy with the strike in Winnipeg. Longshoremen were among the first to walk out, but were quickly replaced by strikebreakers who were mainly university and high school students. By the time the next strike erupted on Vancouver's waterfront, the Shipping Federation had adopted an even more rigidly anti-union policy, influenced by its recent association with counterparts in the United States, who were following what had been dubbed the American Plan. It then set out to break the union completely and establish a company union. Again, it recruited strikebreakers both as replacement workers and as special constables. The CPR's ocean liner, the "Empress of Japan", was used to house strikebreakers for the duration of the strike. The strike was quickly brought to an end after the Federation took over the duties of despatching work gangs from the union and refused to negotiate with the union, the International Longshoremen's Association. It established the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association to replace the ILA as a company union. Almost a decade of peace followed the 1923 strike | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7114642 | 491,605 |
Toho Tenax has been a member of the Teijin Group since 2000. Since May 2018, was integrated to its subsidiary Teijin, and all of the group's subsidiaries were renamed after Teijin. has production untis in Japan, the US and in Germany. The main products are carbon fiber, oxidized poly-acrylic-nitrile (PAN) fiber and advanced composite material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9480205 | 54,570 |
United Kingdom insolvency law However, in "Re Rica Gold Washing Co" the Court of Appeal invented an extra-statutory requirement that a member must have a sufficient amount of money (£75 was insufficient) invested before bringing a petition. For creditors to bring a petition, there must simply be proof that the creditor is owed a debt that is due. In "Mann v Goldstein" the incorporated hairdressing and wig business, with shops in Pinner and Haverstock Hill, of two married couples broke down in acrimony. Goldstein and his company petitioned for winding up, claiming unpaid directors fees and payment for a wig delivery, but Mann argued that Goldstein had received the fees through ad hoc payments and another company owed money for the wigs. Ungoed Thomas J held the winding-up petition was not the place to decide the debt actually existed, and it would be an abuse of process to continue. Apart from petitions by the company or creditors, an administrator has the power to move a company into liquidation, carrying out an asset sale, if its attempts at rescue come to an end. If the liquidator is not an administrator, he is appointed by the court usually on the nomination of the majority of creditors. The liquidator can be removed by the same groups. Once in place, the liquidator has the power to do anything set out in sections 160, 165 and Schedule 4 for the purpose of its main duty. This includes bringing legal claims that belonged to the company. This is to realise the value of the company, and distribute the assets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17245801 | 497,987 |
Prognostics Data-driven approaches can be further subcategorized into fleet-based statistics and sensor-based conditioning. In addition, data-driven techniques also subsume cycle-counting techniques that may include domain knowledge. The two basic data-driven strategies involve (1) modeling cumulative damage (or, equivalently, health) and then extrapolating out to a damage (or health) threshold, or (2) learning directly from data the remaining useful life. As mentioned, a principal bottleneck is the difficulty in obtaining run-to-failure data, in particular for new systems, since running systems to failure can be a lengthy and rather costly process. When future usage is not the same as in the past (as with most non-stationary systems), collecting data that includes all possible future usages (both load and environmental conditions) becomes often nearly impossible. Even where data exist, the efficacy of data-driven approaches is not only dependent on the quantity but also on the quality of system operational data. These data sources may include temperature, pressure, oil debris, currents, voltages, power, vibration and acoustic signal, spectrometric data as well as calibration and calorimetric data. The data often needs to be pre-processed before it can be used. Typically two procedures are performed i) Denoising and ii) Feature extraction. Denoising refers to reducing or eliminating the influence of noise on data | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1434685 | 443,190 |
Peak uranium This has somewhat lowered the demand for natural uranium. Uranium occurs naturally in many rocks, and even in seawater. However, like other metals, it is seldom sufficiently concentrated to be economically recoverable. Like any resource, uranium cannot be mined at any desired concentration. No matter the technology, at some point it is too costly to mine lower grade ores. One highly criticized life cycle study by Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen suggested that below 0.01–0.02% (100–200 ppm) in ore, the energy required to extract and process the ore to supply the fuel, operate reactors and dispose properly comes close to the energy gained by using the uranium as a fissible material in the reactor. Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute who analyzed the Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen paper however have detailed the number of incorrect assumptions of Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen that led them to this evaluation, including their assumption that all the energy used in the mining of Olympic Dam is energy used in the mining of uranium, when that mine is predominantly a copper mine and uranium is produced only as a co-product, along with gold and other metals. The report by Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen also assumes that all enrichment is done in the older and more energy intensive gaseous diffusion technology, however the less energy intensive gas centrifuge technology has produced the majority of the world's enriched uranium now for a number of decades | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15624586 | 51,036 |
History of computer animation Computer-based motion capture started as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s. A performer wears markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers. Many different types of markers can be used—lights, reflective markers, LEDs, infra-red, inertial, mechanical, or wireless RF—and may be worn as a form of suit, or attached direct to a performer's body. Some systems include details of face and fingers to capture subtle expressions, and such is often referred to as "performance capture". The computer records the data from the markers, and uses it to animate digital character models in 2D or 3D computer animation, and in some cases this can include camera movement as well. In the 1990s, these techniques became widely used for visual effects. Video games also began to use motion capture to animate in-game characters in 1995, the earliest examples of this being the Atari Jaguar CD-based game "", and the arcade fighting game "Soul Edge", which was the first video game to use passive optical motion-capture technology. Another breakthrough where a cinema film used motion capture was creating hundreds of digital characters for the film "Titanic" in 1997. The technique was used extensively in 1999 to create Jar-Jar Binks and other digital characters in "". Match moving (also known as motion tracking or camera tracking), although related to motion capture, is a completely different technique | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30797574 | 206,155 |
Phosphoproteomics growth factor, hormone); stimulation can occur for various lengths of time for temporal analysis, cells are lysed and enzymatically digested, peptides are separated using ion exchange chromatography; phosphopeptides are enriched using phosphospecific antibodies, immobilized metal affinity chromatography or titanium dioxide (TiO) chromatography; phosphopeptides are analyzed using mass spectrometry, and peptides are sequenced and analyzed. The analysis of the entire complement of phosphorylated proteins in a cell is certainly a feasible option. This is due to the optimization of enrichment protocols for phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides, better fractionation techniques using chromatography, and improvement of methods to selectively visualize phosphorylated residues using mass spectrometry. Although the current procedures for phosphoproteomic analysis are greatly improved, there is still sample loss and inconsistencies with regards to sample preparation, enrichment, and instrumentation. Bioinformatics tools and biological sequence databases are also necessary for high-throughput phosphoproteomic studies. Previous procedures to isolate phosphorylated proteins included radioactive labeling with P-labeled ATP followed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or thin layer chromatography. These traditional methods are inefficient because it is impossible to obtain large amounts of proteins required for phosphorylation analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8715575 | 161,543 |
Faraday cage If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will be neutralized as the ground connection creates an equipotential bonding between the outside of the cage and the environment, so there is no voltage between them and therefore also no field. The inner face and the inner charge will remain the same so the field is kept inside. Effectiveness of shielding of a static electric field is largely independent of the geometry of the conductive material; however, static magnetic fields can penetrate the shield completely. In the case of a varying electromagnetic fields, the faster the variations are (i.e., the higher the frequencies), the better the material resists magnetic field penetration. In this case the shielding also depends on the electrical conductivity, the magnetic properties of the conductive materials used in the cages, as well as their thicknesses. A good idea of the effectiveness of a Faraday shield can be obtained from considerations of skin depth. With skin depth, the current flowing is mostly in the surface, and decays exponentially with depth through the material. Because a Faraday shield has finite thickness, this determines how well the shield works; a thicker shield can attenuate electromagnetic fields better, and to a lower frequency. Faraday cages are Faraday shields which have holes in them and are therefore more complex to analyze | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=151590 | 397,554 |
Arcadia Biosciences () is a publicly traded American agricultural biotechnology headquartered in Davis, California focused on the development of traits to enhance crop quality and productivity. The company is partly owned by Moral Compass Corporation. It has developed a reduced-gluten and enhanced starch variety of wheat under the name GoodWheat. Arcadia also has a joint venture with Bioceres called Verdeca, which has developed and is commercializing HB4 technology in soybeans that gained FDA approval in 2017. HB4 soybeans have increased yield up to 30% while being more resistant to abiotic stress such as drought. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57376469 | 488,994 |
Dominion Land Survey With a large number of European settlers arriving, Manitoba was undergoing a large change so grasslands and parklands were surveyed, settled, and farmed. The system was developed because the farm name and field position descriptions used in northern Europe were not organized or flexible enough, and the township and concession system used in eastern Canada was not satisfactory. The first meridian was chosen at 97°27′28.4″ west longitude and was established in 1869. Another 6 meridians were established after. A number of places are excluded from the survey system: these include federal lands such as First Nation reserves, federal parks, and air weapon ranges. The surveys do not encroach on reserves because that land was established before the surveys began. When the Hudson's Bay Company relinquished its title to the Dominion on July 15, 1870, via the Deed of Surrender, it received Section 8 and all of Section 26 excluding the northeast quarter. These lands were gradually sold by the company and in 1984 they donated the remaining to the Saskatchewan Wildlife Association. The surveying of western Canada was divided into five basic surveys. Each survey's layout was slightly different from the others. The first survey began in 1871 and ended in 1879 and covers some of southern Manitoba and a little of Saskatchewan. The second and smallest survey, in 1880, was used in only small areas of Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=357568 | 204,263 |
Throughput The dominant equation here is the Shannon-Hartley theorem, and analog limitations of this type can be understood as factors that affect either the analog bandwidth of a signal or as factors that affect the signal to noise ratio. The bandwidth of wired systems can be in fact surprisingly narrow, with the bandwidth of Ethernet wire limited to approximately 1 GHz, and PCB traces limited by a similar amount. Digital systems refer to the 'knee frequency', the amount of time for the digital voltage to rise from 10% of a nominal digital '0' to a nominal digital '1' or vice versa. The knee frequency is related to the required bandwidth of a channel, and can be related to the 3 db bandwidth of a system by the equation: formula_1 Where Tr is the 10% to 90% rise time, and K is a constant of proportionality related to the pulse shape, equal to 0.35 for exponential rise, and 0.338 for Gaussian rise. Computational systems have finite processing power, and can drive finite current. Limited current drive capability can limit the effective signal to noise ratio for high capacitance links. Large data loads that require processing impose data processing requirements on hardware (such as routers). For example, a gateway router supporting a populated class B subnet, handling 10 x 100 Mbit/s Ethernet channels, must examine 16 bits of address to determine the destination port for each packet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30932 | 381,675 |
Oscilloscope The control varies the voltage applied to a focusing anode within the CRT. Flat-panel displays do not need this control. This adjusts trace brightness. Slow traces on CRT oscilloscopes need less, and fast ones, especially if not often repeated, require more brightness. On flat panels, however, trace brightness is essentially independent of sweep speed, because the internal signal processing effectively synthesizes the display from the digitized data. This control may instead be called "shape" or "spot shape". It adjusts the voltage on the last CRT anode (immediately next to the Y deflection plates). For a circular spot, the final anode must be at the same potential as both of the Y-plates (for a centred spot the Y-plate voltages must be the same). If the anode is made more positive, the spot becomes elliptical in the X-plane as the more negative Y-plates will repel the beam. If the anode is made more negative, the spot becomes elliptical in the Y-plane as the more positive Y-plates will attract the beam. This control may be absent from simpler oscilloscope designs or may even be an internal control. It is not necessary with flat panel displays. Modern oscilloscopes have direct-coupled deflection amplifiers, which means the trace could be deflected off-screen. They also might have their beam blanked without the operator knowing it. To help in restoring a visible display, the beam finder circuit overrides any blanking and limits the beam deflected to the visible portion of the screen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15361791 | 290,790 |
Radio silence In telecommunications, radio silence or Emissions Control (EMCON) is a status in which all fixed or mobile radio stations in an area are asked to stop transmitting for safety or security reasons. The term "radio station" may include anything capable of transmitting a radio signal. A single ship, aircraft, spacecraft, or group of them may also maintain radio silence. The Wilderness Protocol recommends that those stations able to do so should monitor the primary (and secondary, if possible) frequency every three hours starting at 7 AM, local time, for 5 minutes starting at the top of every hour, or even continuously. The Wilderness Protocol is now included in both the ARRL ARES Field Resources Manual and the ARES Emergency Resources Manual. Per the manual, the protocol is: The Wilderness protocol (see page 101, August 1995 QST) calls for hams in the wilderness to announce their presence on, and to monitor, the national calling frequencies for five minutes beginning at the top of the hour, every three hours from 7 AM to 7 PM while in the back country. A ham in a remote location may be able to relay emergency information through another wilderness ham who has better access to a repeater. National calling frequencies: 52.525, 146.52, 223.50, 446.00, 1294.50 MHz. Priority transmissions should begin with the LITZ (Long Interval Tone Zero or Long Time Zero) DTMF signal for at least 5 seconds. CQ like calls (to see who is out there) should not take place until after 4 minutes after the hour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1505909 | 369,357 |
Perchlorate Other states, including Arizona, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, and Texas have established non-enforceable, advisory levels for perchlorate. In 2008 EPA issued an interim drinking water health advisory for perchlorate and with it a guidance and analysis concerning the impacts on the environment and drinking water. California also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use. Both the Department of Defense and some environmental groups voiced questions about the NAS report, but no credible science has emerged to challenge the NAS findings. In February 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reported that U.S. toddlers on average are being exposed to more than half of EPA's safe dose from food alone. In March 2009, a Centers for Disease Control study found 15 brands of infant formula contaminated with perchlorate. Combined with existing perchlorate drinking water contamination, infants could be at risk for perchlorate exposure above the levels considered safe by EPA. On February 11, 2011, EPA determined that perchlorate meets the Safe Drinking Water Act criteria for regulation as a contaminant. The agency found that perchlorate may have an adverse effect on the health of persons and is known to occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels that it presents a public health concern. Since then EPA has continued to determine what level of contamination is appropriate. EPA prepared extensive responses to submitted public comments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=611177 | 37,177 |
Lithium nitrite Generally speaking, studying the effectiveness of such inhibitors has been done using destructive methods. These studies require placing specimens to accelerated corrosion and measuring the degree of corrosion. "However, it is extremely difficult to measure the effect of corrosion inhibitors in actual structures using a destructive method." Recently, sensors that can measure changes in electrical resistance due to the corrosion in iron and thus indicate the degree of corrosion of a material have been developed. These sensors provide a non-destructive way to evaluate the degree of corrosion in concrete materials. Therefore, the effect of Lithium Nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor has also been studied by non-destructive means. A study was conducted in Korea to experimentally determine the most effective dose and performance of Lithium Nitrite corrosion inhibitors. This experiment employed the molar ratio of nitrite ions to chloride ions (NO/Cl) as a test parameter. This study concluded that a lithium nitrite dosage of 0.6 in the nitrite-chloride ion molar ratio is a successful dosage for mortar containing chlorides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12630787 | 89,398 |
Egg cell The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, "female" gamete and a smaller, "male" one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. When egg and sperm fuse during fertilisation, a diploid cell (the zygote) is formed, which rapidly grows into a new organism. While the non-mammalian animal egg was obvious, the doctrine "ex ovo omne vivum" ("every living [animal comes from] an egg"), associated with William Harvey (1578–1657), was a rejection of spontaneous generation and preformationism as well as a bold assumption that mammals also reproduced via eggs. Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827. The fusion of spermatozoa with ova (of a starfish) was observed by Oskar Hertwig in 1876. In animals, egg cells are also known as "ova" (singular "ovum", from the Latin word meaning 'egg'). The term ovule in animals is used for the young ovum of an animal. In vertebrates, ova are produced by female gonads (sexual glands) called ovaries. A number of ova are present at birth in mammals and mature via oogenesis. White et al. disproved the longstanding dogma that all of the ova are produced before birth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=219596 | 152,154 |
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization The matrix solution is mixed with the analyte (e.g. protein-sample). A mixture of water and organic solvent allows both hydrophobic and water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules to dissolve into the solution. This solution is spotted onto a MALDI plate (usually a metal plate designed for this purpose). The solvents vaporize, leaving only the recrystallized matrix, but now with analyte molecules embedded into MALDI crystals. The matrix and the analyte are said to be co-crystallized. Co-crystallization is a key issue in selecting a proper matrix to obtain a good quality mass spectrum of the analyte of interest. In analysis of biological systems, Inorganic salts, which are also part of protein extracts, interfere with the ionization process. The salts can be removed by solid phase extraction or by washing the dried-droplet MALDI spots with cold water. Both methods can also remove other substances from the sample. The matrix-protein mixture is not homogenous because the polarity difference leads to a separation of the two substances during co-crystallization. The spot diameter of the target is much larger than that of the laser, which makes it necessary to make many laser shots at different places of the target, to get the statistical average of the substance concentration within the target spot. The matrix can be used to tune the instrument to ionize the sample in different ways | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2190535 | 168,435 |
Quantel Paintbox They won the initial case against Spaceward in 1990, but finally lost the case against Adobe in 1997 following depositions and demonstrations by a number of Computer Graphics pioneers including Alvy Ray Smith and Dick Phillips. Richard Shoup ported his 1973 paint program Superpaint to Windows for demonstration purposes, and was able to demonstrate that Superpaint had particular features before Quantel's Paintbox. Shoup's port is available for download from his personal website. The cover for "The Miracle", rock band Queen's studio album, was created on a in 1989. It was used by six artists and designers, including David Hockney and Richard Hamilton, to create original artwork in the 1986 BBC series "Painting with Light". Quantel also placed a number of Paintbox IV series systems in art schools in the UK, including Blackpool College where it was used extensively by artist Adrian Wilson to create digital images, including the James album cover for Gold Mother. Two of Wilson's Paintbox pieces were included in the pioneering Art & Computers exhibition at the Cleveland Art Gallery, England, September 1988. One recipient, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art had recently appointed the video artist Stephen Partridge as a lecturer who then established (1984) The Television Workshop to support artists and filmmakers' production and access to high-level broadcast technology. Over 400 productions were supported in this way from 1984 to 1992 until desktop video pre-empted the need | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=287087 | 245,366 |
Step response This feedback amplifier is analyzed to determine how its step response depends upon the time constants governing the response of the main amplifier, and upon the amount of feedback used. A negative-feedback amplifier has gain given by (see negative feedback amplifier): where "A" = open-loop gain, "A" = closed-loop gain (the gain with negative feedback present) and β = feedback factor. In many cases, the forward amplifier can be sufficiently well modeled in terms of a single dominant pole of time constant τ, that it, as an open-loop gain given by: with zero-frequency gain "A" and angular frequency ω = 2π"f". This forward amplifier has unit step response an exponential approach from 0 toward the new equilibrium value of "A". The one-pole amplifier's transfer function leads to the closed-loop gain: This closed-loop gain is of the same form as the open-loop gain: a one-pole filter. Its step response is of the same form: an exponential decay toward the new equilibrium value. But the time constant of the closed-loop step function is τ / (1 + β "A"), so it is faster than the forward amplifier's response by a factor of 1 + β "A": As the feedback factor β is increased, the step response will get faster, until the original assumption of one dominant pole is no longer accurate. If there is a second pole, then as the closed-loop time constant approaches the time constant of the second pole, a two-pole analysis is needed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=545863 | 119,797 |
Mobile phone tracking Spitz concluded that technology consumers are the key to challenging privacy norms in today's society who "have to fight for self determination in the digital age." Chinese government has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing city residents. Aggregate presence of mobile phone users could be tracked in a privacy-preserving fashion. In Europe most countries have a constitutional guarantee on the secrecy of correspondence, and location data obtained from mobile phone networks is usually given the same protection as the communication itself. In the United States, there is a limited constitutional guarantee on the privacy of telecommunications through the Fourth Amendment. The use of location data is further limited by statutory, administrative, and case law. Police access of seven days of a citizen's location data is unquestionably enough to be a fourth amendment search requiring both probable cause and a warrant. In November 2017, the United States Supreme Court ruled in "Carpenter v. United States" that the government violates the Fourth Amendment by accessing historical records containing the physical locations of cellphones without a search warrant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1849137 | 293,171 |
Truckee–Carson Irrigation District The (TCID) is a political subdivision of the State of Nevada, which operates dams at Lake Tahoe, diversion dams on the Truckee River in Washoe County, and the Lake Lahontan reservoir. TCD also operates of canals, and of drains, in support of agriculture in Lyon County and Churchill County, western Nevada. The excess irrigation water eventually drains into the endorheic Lake Lahontan Basin. Diversion of water by the TCID from the Truckee River has caused a reduction in the level of natural Pyramid Lake, resulting in the endemic species of fish that live in it becoming endangered species. In the mid-1980s the United States Environmental Protection Agency initiated development of the DSSAM Model to analyze effects of variable Truckee River flow rates and water quality upon these endangered fish species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=396750 | 204,491 |
American Chemical Society In 2006, Congress debated legislation that would have instructed the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to require all investigators it funded to submit copies of final, peer-reviewed journal articles to PubMed Central, a free-access digital repository it operates, within 12 months of publication. At the time the American Association of Publishers (of which ACS is a member) hired a public relations firm to counter the open access movement. In spite of publishers' opposition, the PubMed Central legislation was passed in December 2007 and became effective in 2008. As the open access issue has continued to evolve, so too has the ACS's position. In response to a 2013 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy directive that instructed federal agencies to provide greater access to federally funded research, the ACS joined other scholarly publishers in establishing the Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States (Chorus) to allow free access to published articles. The ACS has also introduced several open access publishing options for its journals, including providing authors the option to pay an upfront fee to enable free online access to their articles. In 2015 the ACS launched the first fully open access journal in the society's history, "ACS Central Science". The ACS states that the journal offers the same peer-review standards as its subscription journals, but without publishing charges to either authors or readers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=428508 | 59,835 |
Wikinomics According to the authors, Coase's Law (see Ronald Coase) governs the expansion of a business: A firm will tend to expand until the cost of organizing an extra transaction within the firm become equal to the costs of carrying out the same transaction on the open market. However, because of the changing usage patterns of Internet technologies, the cost of transactions has dropped so significantly that the authors assert that the market is better described by an inversion of Coase's Law. That is: A firm will tend to expand until the cost of carrying out an extra transaction on the open market become equal to the costs of organizing the same transaction within the firm. Thus, the authors think that with the costs of communicating dramatically dropping, firms who do not change their current structures will perish. Companies who utilize mass collaboration will dominate their respective markets. A review of this book in the "Harvard Business Review" states "like its title, the book's prose can fall into breathless hype." A review of this book in "Choice" recommends the book for "general readers and practitioners," but cautions that the authors "present an optimistic overview of successful collaborations and business ventures", "use unique terms (e.g., marketocracy, prosumption, knowledge commons)", should have given "more consideration [to] the darker sides of human motivation as well as groupthink and mass mediocrity", and "primarily draw on their own observations of businesses and trends for the ideas presented" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8659878 | 502,207 |
Innovation economics is a growing economic theory that emphasizes entrepreneurship and innovation. In his 1942 book "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy", economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth. However, it is only in recent years that "innovation economy," grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, has become a mainstream concept". Joseph Schumpeter was one of the first and most important scholars who extensively tackled the question of innovation in economics. In contrast to his contemporary John Maynard Keynes, Schumpeter contended that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs and technological change were at the heart of economic growth, not independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy. He argued that "capitalism can only be understood as an evolutionary process of continuous innovation and 'creative destruction'". It is only in the 21st century that a theory and narrative of economic growth focused on innovation that was grounded in Schumpeter's ideas has emerged. attempted to answer the fundamental problem in the puzzle of total factor productivity growth. Continual growth of output could no longer be explained only in increase of inputs used in the production process as understood in industrialization. Hence, innovation economics focused on a theory of economic creativity that would impact the theory of the firm and organization decision-making | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17379207 | 298,065 |
MassChallenge is a global, zero-equity startup accelerator, founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 2009. As of 2019, has accelerated more than 1,900 startups that have raised more than $4.3 billion in funding and generated $2.5 billion in revenue. is headquartered in Boston's Seaport District in the Innovation and Design Building. co-founders John Harthorne and Akhil Nigam were working as strategy consultants at Bain & Company during the global financial crisis in 2008. It was at this time that John and Akhil developed the concept for MassChallenge, a not-for-profit startup competition that would help jumpstart the global economy by supporting entrepreneurs around the world. secured early support from successful entrepreneurs like Desh Deshpande and Joe Fallon, the public sector including Thomas Menino the then-Mayor of Boston and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and large organizations like The Blackstone Charitable Foundation and Microsoft. During its first Boston-based cohort in 2010, accelerated 111 startups. In 2018, accelerated 449 startups from 54 countries across its eight accelerators worldwide. accepts less than 10% of all applicants. In addition to its flagship location in Boston, has programs for early-stage startups in Austin, Houston, Jerusalem, Lausanne, Mexico City, and Providence. It also runs vertical programs for later-stage startups in healthtech and fintech. In addition to its accelerator programs, works with countries around the world to build stronger innovation ecosystems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29232715 | 486,064 |
Eaton BladeUPS The is a modular three-phase UPS system consisting of individual 6U 12 kW UPS units which can be paralleled together to create up to a 60 kW N+1 redundant UPS. A feature of the BladeUPS is that the 6U cabinet houses both the UPS electronics and batteries; other modular systems house them separately. The high power density and 6U form factor of the BladeUPS are targeted at the growing power demands of IT servers and equipment, especially blade servers. The BladeUPS does not fall into a defined category for UPS type as it is a hybrid of a line interactive and online architecture, which Eaton calls Double Conversion on Demand. During normal operation the BladeUPS operates as a line interactive UPS allowing it to be energy efficient. When power conditions fluctuate outside preset standards, the unit switches into online mode (also known as double conversion). Software upgrades by Eaton have allowed BladeUPS owners to defeat this hybrid architecture and force the unit to operate entirely in online (double conversion) mode. BladeUPS ships with Eaton’s LanSafe software which allows for UPS monitoring and commands. The BladeUPS is compatible with Eaton’s Power Xpert and FORESEER software which provide additional monitoring and functionality. Up to four extended battery modules can be connected to each BladeUPS providing additional runtime. BladeUPS was named a 2007 searchdatacenter.com Gold Product of the Year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21409647 | 398,541 |
Smartglasses Other facilities, such as Las Vegas casinos, banned Google Glass, citing their desire to comply with Nevada state law and common gaming regulations which ban the use of recording devices near gambling areas. Concerns have also been raised on operating motor vehicles while wearing the device. On 31 July 2013 it was reported that driving while wearing Google Glass is likely to be banned in the UK, being deemed careless driving, therefore a fixed penalty offense, following a decision by the Department for Transport. In the U.S., West Virginia state representative Gary G. Howell introduced an amendment in March 2013 to the state's law against texting while driving that would include bans against "using a wearable computer with head mounted display." In an interview, Howell stated, "The primary thing is a safety concern, it [the glass headset] could project text or video into your field of vision. I think there's a lot of potential for distraction." In October 2013, a driver in California was ticketed for "driving with monitor visible to driver (Google Glass)" after being pulled over for speeding by a San Diego Police Department officer. The driver was reportedly the first to be ticketed for driving while wearing a Google Glass. While the judge noted that 'Google Glass fell under "the purview and intent" of the ban on driving with a monitor', the case was thrown out of court due to lack of proof the device was on at the time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42032995 | 283,386 |
Coarse-grained modeling Coarse-grained modeling, coarse-grained models, aim at simulating the behaviour of complex systems using their coarse-grained (simplified) representation. Coarse-grained models are widely used for molecular modeling of biomolecules at various granularity levels. A wide range of coarse-grained models have been proposed. They are usually dedicated to computational modeling of specific molecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipid membranes, carbohydrates or water. In these models, molecules are represented not by individual atoms, but by "pseudo-atoms" approximating groups of atoms, such as whole amino acid residue. By decreasing the degrees of freedom much longer simulation times can be studied at the expense of molecular detail. Coarse-grained models have found practical applications in molecular dynamics simulations. The coarse-grained modeling originates from work by Michael Levitt and Ariel Warshel in 1970s. Coarse-grained models are presently often used as components of multiscale modeling protocols in combination with reconstruction tools (from coarse-grained to atomistic representation) and atomistic resolution models. Atomistic resolution models alone are presently not efficient enough to handle large system sizes and simulation timescales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50956705 | 53,684 |
Allogamy By contrast, close inbreeding, including self-fertilization in plants and automictic parthenogenesis in hymenoptera, tends to lead to the harmful expression of deleterious recessive alleles (inbreeding depression). In dioecious plants, the stigma may receive pollen from several different potential donors. As multiple pollen tubes from the different donors grow through the stigma to reach the ovary, the receiving maternal plant may carry out pollen selection favoring pollen from less related donor plants. Thus post-pollination selection may occur in order to promote allogamy and avoid inbreeding depression. Also, seeds may be aborted selectively depending on donor–recipient relatedness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3647987 | 145,025 |
Self-service Although departmental computing has decades of history, one-person-show situations either suffer from inability to interact with a helpdesk or fail to benefit from wheels already invented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3855083 | 233,985 |
Rajkumar Buyya from the University of Melbourne, Australia is named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for "contributions to cloud computing". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53720951 | 194,135 |
Bowl feeder With increasing integration across an entire production process, the need for feeders is sometimes reduced by supplying the components on tape packages or similar, that keep them oriented the same way during shipping and storage. These are most common in fields such as electronics, where components must be used in a particular orientation, but this cannot be detected mechanically. Vibratory feeders, commonly known as a bowl feeder, are self-contained devices, consisting of a specially shaped bowl designed to orient the parts to a specific orientation. A vibrating drive unit, upon which the bowl is mounted and a variable-amplitude control box controls the bowl feeder. Usually included is an out feed accumulation track (linear or gravity) to convey parts along and discharge into the assembly machine comes in many shapes and sizes. The drive unit, available in piezoelectric, electromagnetic and pneumatic drives, vibrates the bowl, forcing the parts to move up a circular, inclined track. The tooling (hand made) is designed to sort and orient the parts in to a consistent, repeatable position. The track length, width, and depth are carefully chosen to suit each application, component shape and size. Special bowl and track coatings are applied according to shape size and material of the component which aids traction, damage to the product and lower acoustic levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18125774 | 226,267 |
Chord (aeronautics) The ratio of the length (or "span") of a rectangular-planform wing to its chord is known as the aspect ratio, an important indicator of the lift-induced drag the wing will create. (For wings with planforms that are not rectangular, the aspect ratio is calculated as the square of the span divided by the wing planform area.) Wings with higher aspect ratios will have less induced drag than wings with lower aspect ratios. Induced drag is most significant at low airspeeds. This is why gliders have long slender wings. Knowing the area (S), taper ratio (formula_4) and the span (b) of the wing, the chord at any position on the span can be calculated by the formula: where formula_6 NOTE: This formula only works if y=0 is the port wingtip and y=b is the starboard wingtip. Typically, y=0 represents the midspan location. Note 2: The formula as presented does not work regardless of whether one uses y = 0 -> port tip or not, and the note is not consistent with the use of the absolute value of y in the formula. The formula should read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58413 | 207,926 |
Unbiquadium Consequently, future experiments must be done at facilities such as the under-construction superheavy element factory (SHE-factory) at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) or RIKEN, which will allow experiments to run for longer stretches of time with increased detection capabilities and enable otherwise inaccessible reactions. Even so, it is expected to be a great challenge to continue past elements 120 or 121 given short predicted half-lives and low predicted cross sections. The production of new superheavy elements will require projectiles heavier than Ca, which was successfully used in the discovery of elements 114-118, though this necessitates more symmetric reactions which are less favorable. Hence, it is likely that the reactions between Fe and a Cf or newly available Cf target are most promising. Studies on the fission of various superheavy compound nuclei have found that the dynamics of Ca- and Fe-induced reactions are similar, suggesting that Fe projectiles may be viable in producing superheavy nuclei up to "Z" = 124 or possibly 125. It is also possible that a reaction with Cf will produce the compound nucleus Ubq* with 185 neutrons, immediately above the "N" = 184 shell closure. For this reason, the compound nucleus is predicted to have relatively high survival probability and low neutron separation energy, leading to the 1n–3n channels and isotopes Ubq with a relatively high cross section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59107356 | 79,228 |
Scale factor (computer science) As already mentioned, many older processors (and possibly some current ones) do not natively support fractional mathematics. In this case, fractional values can be scaled into integers by multiplying them by ten to the power of whatever decimal precision you want to retain. In other words, if you want to preserve "n" digits to the right of the decimal point, you need to multiply the entire number by 10. (Or if you're working in binary and you want to save "m" digits to the right of the binary point, then you would multiply the number by 2, or alternately, bit shift the value "m" places to the left). For example, consider the following set of real world fractional values: Notice how they all have "3" digits to the right of the decimal place. If we want to save all of that information (in other words, not lose any precision), we need to multiply these numbers by 10, or 1,000, giving us integer values of: Certain processors, particularly DSPs common in the embedded system industry, have built in support for the fixed point arithmetic, such as Q and IQ formats. Since the fractional part of a number takes up some bits in the field, the range of values possible in a fixed point value is less than the same number of bits would provide to an integer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4252019 | 121,535 |
Stanhope lens A is a simple, one-piece microscope invented by Charles, the third Earl of Stanhope. It is a cylinder of glass with each end curved outwards, one being more convex than the other. The focal length of the apparatus is at or within the device so that objects to be studied are placed close to or in contact with the less curved end. Because its construction is simple and economical, it was popular in the 19th century. It was useful in medical practice for examining transparent materials such as crystals and fluids. René Dagron modified the lens by keeping one curved end to refract light while sectioning the other end flat and locating it at the focal plane of the curved side. Dagron used the modified in mounting his microscopic pictures in photographic jewels known as Stanhopes. A rival lens is the Coddington magnifier. This was considered superior as a magnifier but was more expensive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17618265 | 298,241 |
Stereoautograph The is a complex opto-mechanical measurement instrument for the evaluation of analog or digital photograms. It is based on the stereoscopy effect by using two aero photos or two photograms of the topography or of buildings from different standpoints. It was invented by Eduard von Orel in 1907. The photograms or photographic plates are oriented by measured passpoints in the field or on the building. This procedure can be carried out digitally (by methods of triangulation and projective geometry or iteratively (repeated angle corrections by congruent rays). The accuracy of modern autographs is about 0.001 mm. Well known are the instruments of the companies Wild Heerbrugg (Leica), e.g. analog A7, B8 of the 1980s and the digital autographs beginning in the 1990s, or special instruments of Zeiss and Contraves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16148649 | 297,193 |
BT (musician) It contains the most singles released from any BT album, with 8 of the 12 tracks released as singles. Official remixes were made by Armin van Buuren and Chicane. It reached #6 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart and #154 on the "Billboard" 200 album charts. The singles "Emergency" and "Rose of Jericho" reached #3 and #5 on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart, respectively. A remix album, titled "These Re-Imagined Machines" was released in 2011. "These Humble Machines", an un-mixed album featuring shorter "radio edit" versions of the tracks (similar to the US version of "Movement in Still Life") was also released in 2011. On June 19, 2012, BT released "If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I", along with "Morceau Subrosa", his seventh and eighth studio albums. "If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I" was an about-face from BT's previous album "These Hopeful Machines", utilizing minimal beats, ambient soundscapes, and glitch music, as opposed to the electronic music style of "These Hopeful Machines". "Morceau Subrosa" is very different in style compared to most of BT's previous works, favoring ambient soundscapes and minimal beats. BT's ninth studio album, "A Song Across Wires", was released worldwide on August 16, 2013. Blending elements of trance, progressive house and electro, the club music-oriented album reached #5 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart, and features four Beatport No | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18950530 | 226,647 |
Badstuegade 1H is a house and a listed building in Aarhus, Denmark. The house was built in 1809 and was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places by the Danish Heritage Agency on 7 October 1970. The house is situated in the historic and central Latin Quarter neighbourhood on "Badstuegade" by "Pustervig" square. The house was built by the merchant Harboe Meulengracht in 1809 as a warehouse to store imported products and it is one of the only remaining warehouses facing a street. In 1816, he built an adjacent villa facing Lille Torv and the two buildings forms a courtyard. The warehouse was listed in 1970 and carefully renovated in 1977 and the courtyard-facade was restored to its original appearance. In 1998, the building was sold by Aarhus Municipality to the company "Skumhuset" (The Foam-house) operating a workshop specializing in foam and upholstery for furniture. In 2016, the company moved to the northern neighbourhood of Risskov and the warehouse was renovated to make room for new business tenants. Meulengracht's warehouse represents one of the few examples of the Louis Seize style. It is a plastered brick building with rococo and baroque stylistic elements. The warehouse was renovated in 1977 when an old building in the courtyard was demolished making the building visible from all sides. The original wooden construction was replaced with concrete columns and the existing windows were replaced with wood plates with small openings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49266267 | 332,889 |
Skyway A notable exceptions are skyways in Saint Paul and in New York (High Line), which are publicly owned. The highest cantilevered skybridge between separate buildings in the world now placed in local Raffles City skyscrapers complex in Chongqing, China. World longest 430-meters pedestrian hanging skywalk Zhangjiajie Glass Bridge between mountain peaks also situated in China. The highest cantilevered skybridge as construction element of building exist atop of Kingdom Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. One of the most famous similar cantilevered skybridges, that looks like uppered ship from the bird's-eye and submarine from the ground, known in Singapore's Marina Bay Sands resort complex of skyscrapers. Also wide known the world's highest 2-story skybridge, 170 m above the ground and 58 m long, between the two towers on 41st and 42nd floors in Petronas Twin Towers dual skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia also have the mountainarian tourist pedestrian glass-bottom Langkawi Sky Bridge in Kedah, Langkawi. One of the most impessionable hanging pedestrian skybridges, supported by two giant hands, Golden Bridge now attracts the tourists in Ba Na Hills near Da Nang, Vietnam. In Bangkok, Thailand there are more than 5.4 km of covered wide dedicated elevated skywalks with lighting. These were developed due to lack of proper sidewalks as well as street hawkers and local merchants taking advantage of any sidewalk space as makeshift commercial real estate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=235463 | 355,665 |
Chief data officer This role includes defining strategic priorities for the company in the area of data systems and opportunities, identifying new business opportunities pertaining to data, optimizing revenue generation through data, and generally representing data as a strategic business asset at the executive table. With the rise in service-oriented architectures (SOA), large-scale system integration, and heterogeneous data storage/exchange mechanisms (databases, XML, EDI, etc.), it is necessary to have a high-level individual, who possesses a combination of business knowledge, technical skills, and people skills, guide data strategy. Besides the revenue opportunities, acquisition strategy, and customer data policies, the chief data officer is charged with explaining the strategic value of data and its important role as a business asset and revenue driver to executives, employees, and customers. This contrasts with the older view of data systems as mere back-end IT systems. More recently, with the adoption of data science the Chief Data Officer is sometimes looked upon as the key strategy person either reporting to the Chief Strategy Officer or serving the role of CSO in lieu of one. This person has the responsibility of measurement along various business lines and consequently defining the strategy for the next growth opportunities, product offerings, markets to pursue, competitors to look at etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2513827 | 479,159 |
Cross Border Xpress Land negotiations on Martinez Trust then followed and in 2007 negotiations on parcel APN 667-060-02 (Martinez Trust) were successfully completed. Otay-Tijuana Venture LLC was then created to develop and operate the Tijuana cross-border terminal. After a quarter century of negotiations and planning for a cross-border terminal, construction began at the Tijuana airport in October 2013 and work on the U.S. side began in June 2014. The cross-border terminal was completed in December 2015. The project had an initial estimated cost of $78 million US dollars and a final completion cost of $120 million US dollars, funded by Mexican and U.S. private investors and Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico. Building E of Tijuana's Terminal 1 was retrofitted to support the new bridge structure on the Mexican side. During the construction phase, a temporary border waiver between the U.S. and Mexico had to be issued by mutual legislation to allow U.S. construction cranes and U.S. fabricated steel bridge structural sections to cross the U.S.-Mexico boundary and be set over the six-lane Mexican Federal Highway 2. The main contractor for the terminal was Turner Construction Company. The civil engineer was Latitude 33 Planning and Engineering. Structural engineers were Hope Amundson Structural Engineers and Kleinfelder. The electrical subcontractor was Bergelectric. The mechanical and plumbing subcontractor was Industrial Commercial Systems. The site work and management subcontractor was Hazard Construction Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43632445 | 360,242 |
Incomplete lineage sorting Incomplete lineage sorting, also termed deep coalescence, retention of ancestral polymorphism, or trans-species polymorphism describes a phenomenon in population genetics when ancestral gene copies fail to coalesce (looking backwards in time) into a common ancestral copy until deeper than previous speciation events. As a result, a reconstructed gene tree may differ from the true species tree. The concept of incomplete lineage sorting has some important implications for phylogenetic techniques. The concept itself is somewhat challenging and relies on persistence of polymorphisms across different speciation events. Suppose two subsequent speciation events occur where the ancient species gives rise to species A, and secondly to species B and C. When studying a single gene, it can contain multiple haplotypes (a polymorphism). A haplotype can be lost or fixed in a species by genetic drift. If the ancestral species has 2 haplotypes, species A will contain haplotype 1 and 2, and by genetic drift and divergence by further mutation it can fix haplotype 1a. the lineage between species A and species B and C still contain haplotypes 1 and 2. This lineage has thus incomplete sorting of the gene lineages. In species B haplotype 2 can become fixed, whereas haplotype 1b can become fixed in species C. If the phylogeny of these species is based on these genes, it will not represent the actual relationships between the species | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34044045 | 179,126 |
Multidimensional empirical mode decomposition Assumption: The numerical resolution schemes are assumed to be 4th-order PDE with no tension, and the equation for 4th-order PDE will be First of all, we will explicit scheme by approximating the PDE-based sifting process. where formula_56 is a vector which consists of the value of each pixel, formula_57 is a matrix which is a difference approximation to the operator, and formula_58 is a small time step. Secondly, we can use additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme to improve the property of stability, because the small time step formula_58 will be unstable when it comes to a large time step. Finally, we can use the alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme. By using ADI-type schemes, it is suggested that to mix a derivative term to overcome the problem that ADI-type schemes can only be used in second-order diffusion equation. The numerically solved equation will be : where formula_61 is a matrix which is the central difference approximation to the operator formula_62 Based on the Navier–Stokes equations directly, this approach provides a good way to obtain and develop theoretical and numerical results. In particular, the PDE-based BEMD can work well for image decomposition fields. This approach can be applied to extract transient signal and avoiding the indeterminacy characterization in some signals. There are some problems in BEMD and boundary extending implementation in the iterative sifting process, including time consuming, shape and continuity of the edges, decomposition results comparison and so on | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52211120 | 122,009 |
Lucie Blanquies was a woman scientist who worked in Madame Curie's laboratory in Paris from 1908 to 1910. She measured the power of the alpha particles emitted by different radioactive materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58838917 | 9,576 |
Vapor lock Moving the fuel pump to the interior of the tank helps prevent vapor lock, since the entire fuel delivery system is under positive pressure and the fuel pump runs cooler than if it is located in the engine compartment. This is the primary reason that vapor lock is rare in modern fuel systems. For the same reason, some carburetted engines are retrofitted with an electric fuel pump near the fuel tank. A vapor lock is more likely to develop when the vehicle is in traffic because the under-hood temperature tends to rise. A vapor lock can also develop when the engine is stopped while hot and the vehicle is parked for a short period. The fuel in the line near the engine does not move and can thus heat up sufficiently to form a vapor lock. The problem is more likely in hot weather or high altitude in either case. Gravity feed fuel systems are not immune to vapor lock. Much of the foregoing applies equally to a gravity feed system; if vapor forms in the fuel line, its lower density reduces the pressure developed by the weight of the fuel. This pressure is what normally moves fuel from the tank to the carburetor, so fuel supply will be disrupted until the vapor is removed, either by the remaining fuel pressure forcing it into the float bowl and out the vent or by allowing the vapor to cool and re-condense. has been the cause of forced landings in aircraft. That is why aviation fuel is manufactured to far lower vapor pressure than automotive gasoline (petrol) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2133492 | 339,659 |
Hunter's Bottom Historic District is a historic district in Kentucky's Carroll and Trimble counties, spanning the area known as Hunter's Bottom. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The listing included 21 contributing buildings and a contributing site. Hunter's Bottom runs seven miles along the Ohio River, with the river forming the north boundary, and with the base of hills forming the south boundary. The district stops on the east at Locust Creek in Carroll County, and on the west at Canip Creek in Trimble County. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57294036 | 350,261 |
European Structural Integrity Society The European Society for Structural Integrity (ESIS) is an international non-profit engineering scientific society. Its purpose is to create and expand knowledge about all aspects of structural integrity and the dissemination of that knowledge. The goal is to improve the safety and performance of structures and components. The purpose of dates back to November 1978 during the summer school in Darmstadt (Germany). At the time, the name was European Group on Fracture. Between 1979 and 1988 the first technical committees were created, the first technical committee had the designation of Elasto-Plastic Fracture Mechanics. The initial idea was to reproduce in Europe the same as the ASTM committee. The first president of was Dr. L.H. Larsson (European Commission Joint Research Centre). ESIS has a total of 24 technical committees and national groups in each European country. The current president of ESIS is Prof. Francesco Iacoviello from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio (Italy). ESIS is institutionally responsible for the following scientific journals: ESIS is the organizer or supporter of various international conference series: ESIS, at its events, confers the following awards: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62415050 | 291,971 |
Sudden infant death syndrome The term SUDI is now often used instead of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) because some coroners prefer to use the term 'undetermined' for a death previously considered to be SIDS. This change is causing diagnostic shift in the mortality data. In addition, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recently proposed that such deaths be called "sudden unexpected infant deaths" (SUID) and that SIDS is a subset of SUID. SIDS has a 4-parameter lognormal age distribution that spares infants shortly after birth — the time of maximal risk for almost all other causes of non-trauma infant death. By definition, SIDS deaths occur under the age of one year, with the peak incidence occurring when the infant is at 2 to 4 months of age. This is considered a critical period because the infant's ability to rouse from sleep is not yet mature. The cause of SIDS is unknown. Although studies have identified risk factors for SIDS, such as putting infants to bed on their stomachs, there has been little understanding of the syndrome's biological process or its potential causes. Deaths from SIDS are unlikely to be due to a single cause, but rather multiple risk factors. The frequency of SIDS does appear to be influenced by social, economic, and cultural factors, such as maternal education, race or ethnicity, and poverty. SIDS is believed to occur when an infant with an underlying biological vulnerability, who is at a critical development age, is exposed to an external trigger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65344 | 184,987 |
Life extension In 2013, Google announced Calico, a new company based in San Francisco that will harness new technologies to increase scientific understanding of the biology of aging. It is led by Arthur D. Levinson, and its research team includes scientists such as Hal V. Barron, David Botstein, and Cynthia Kenyon. In 2014, biologist Craig Venter founded Human Longevity Inc., a company dedicated to scientific research to end aging through genomics and cell therapy. They received funding with the goal of compiling a comprehensive human genotype, microbiome, and phenotype database. Aside from private initiatives, aging research is being conducted in university laboratories, and includes universities such as Harvard and UCLA. University researchers have made a number of breakthroughs in extending the lives of mice and insects by reversing certain aspects of aging. Some critics dispute the portrayal of aging as a disease. For example, Leonard Hayflick, who determined that fibroblasts are limited to around 50 cell divisions, reasons that aging is an unavoidable consequence of entropy. Hayflick and fellow biogerontologists Jay Olshansky and Bruce Carnes have strongly criticized the anti-aging industry in response to what they see as unscrupulous profiteering from the sale of unproven anti-aging supplements. Research by Sobh and Martin (2011) suggests that people buy anti-aging products to obtain a hoped-for self (e.g., keeping a youthful skin) or to avoid a feared-self (e.g., looking old) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=183290 | 268,249 |
Global Vipassana Pagoda 12 meters, which is twice the size of the previously largest hollow stone monument in the world, the Gol Gumbaz Dome in Bijapur, India. The external diameter of the largest section of the dome is 97.46 m and the shorter sections are 94.82m. The internal diameter is 85.15 m. The inside of the pagoda is hollow and serves as a very large meditation hall with an area covering more than 6000 m (65,000 ft). The massive inner dome seats over 8000 people enabling them to practice the non-sectarian Vipassana meditation as taught by S. N. Goenka and now being practiced in over 100 countries. An inaugural one-day meditation course was held at the pagoda on 21 December 2008, with Goenka in attendance as the teacher. Ten-day vipassana meditation courses are held free of charge at the Dhamma Pattana meditation center that is part of the complex. Planning for the construction of the began in 1997, while actual building work started in 2000. The pagoda consists of three sub-domes. The first and largest dome was completed in October 2006 when bone relics of Gautam Buddha were enshrined in the central locking stone of the dome on 29 October 2006, making it the world's largest structure containing relics of the Buddha. The relics were originally found in the stupa at Bhattiprolu, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, South India. They have been donated by the Mahabodhi Society of India and the prime minister of Sri Lanka to be kept at the Global Vipassana Pagoda. The second and third domes sit atop the first dome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7937557 | 356,594 |
Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central The Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central, Radar (nickname "Miscue 77") was a USAF automatic tracking radar/computer system for command guidance of military aircraft during Vietnam War bomb runs at nighttime and during bad weather. Developed from the Reeves AN/MSQ-35, the AN/MSQ-77 reversed the process of Radar Bomb Scoring by continually estimating the bomb impact point before bomb release with a vacuum tube ballistic computer. Unlike "Course Directing Centrals" which guided aircraft to a predetermined release point, the AN/MSQ-77 algorithm continuously predicted bomb "impact" points during the radar track while the AN/MSQ-77's control commands adjusted the aircraft course. A close air support regulation prohibited AN/MSQ-77 Combat Skyspot bombing within of friendly forces unless authorized by a Forward Air Controller, and "on several occasions" strikes were as close as . Post-war the MSQ-77 was used on US and other training ranges for Radar Bomb Scoring (RBS). The AN/MSQ-77 was also periodically used for post-Vietnam "commanding" of bombers during simulated ground directed bombing to maintain aircrew and radar crew GDB proficiency (RBS could be used to score the simulated GDB mission). Most AN/MSQ-77s ware replaced by solid-state equipment near the end of the Cold War. Ground radar systems for automated guidance of aircraft to a predetermined point (e.g., for bomb release using a bombsight or avionics radar) included the July 1951 AN/MPQ-14 Radar Course Directing Central | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35901925 | 98,306 |
Streaming data E-commerce/Marketing: Data streaming can provide all clickstream records from its online properties and aggregate and enrich the data with demographic information about users, and optimizes content placement on its site, delivering relevancy and better experience to customers (Amazon). Besides these examples, there are probably many more applications for data streaming. However, data streaming has had the biggest implications for the audio, video and telecom industry because of the creation of streaming services. Streaming services have majorly influenced how people consume their media nowadays. Since the streaming services have had the most significant impact using the data streaming technology, this will be the main focus further on this page. The process of technological convergence, which appears because different industries increasingly rely on the same set of technological skills in their production processes, leads to closer relations between markets that was previously not highly related. For example, social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter are providing live-streaming services, which allows global news publishers to connect directly with the right audiences as well as a far wider range of audiences than they otherwise would have reached. This has led to a change in which how and where news publishers are interacting with their audiences, and how they use social media services to deliver their service. An industry that is impacted by data streaming is the Video Streaming industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11507946 | 263,490 |
Hemiacetal An aldehyde dissolved in water exists in equilibrium with low concentrations of its hydrate, R-CH(OH). Similarly, in excess alcohol, the aldehyde, its hemiacetal, and its acetal all exist in solution. A hemiacetal results from nucleophilic attack by the alcohol's hydroxyl group on the carbon of the C=O bond. Acetals are products of substitution reactions catalyzed by acid. The presence of acid improves the leaving capacity of the hydroxyl group and enables its substitution with an alkoxyl group (-OR). The conversion of a hemiacetal to an acetal is an S1 reaction. Ketones give hemiketals and ketals. These do not form as readily as hemiacetals and acetals. To increase yields of ketals or acetals, water formed during the reaction can be removed, in accord with Le Châtelier's principle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=89086 | 57,753 |
Phase space For instance, a gas containing many molecules may require a separate dimension for each particle's "x", "y" and "z" positions and momenta (6 dimensions for an idealized monatomic gas), and for more complex molecular systems additional dimensions are required to describe vibrational modes of the molecular bonds, as well as spin around 3 axes. Phase spaces are easier to use when analyzing the behavior of mechanical systems restricted to motion around and along various axes of rotation or translation - e.g. in robotics, like analyzing the range of motion of a robotic arm or determining the optimal path to achieve a particular position/momentum result. In classical mechanics, any choice of generalized coordinates "q" for the position (i.e. coordinates on configuration space) defines conjugate generalized momenta "p" which together define co-ordinates on phase space. More abstractly, in classical mechanics phase space is the cotangent bundle of configuration space, and in this interpretation the procedure above expresses that a choice of local coordinates on configuration space induces a choice of natural local Darboux coordinates for the standard symplectic structure on a cotangent space. The motion of an ensemble of systems in this space is studied by classical statistical mechanics. The local density of points in such systems obeys Liouville's theorem, and so can be taken as constant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=191101 | 448,205 |
Mohamed Gad-el-Hak He is additionally a contributing editor for Springer-Verlag's "Lecture Notes in Engineering" and "Lecture Notes in Physics", for McGraw-Hill's "Year Book of Science and Technology", and for CRC Press's "Mechanical Engineering Series". In 1998, Gad-el-Hak was named the Fourteenth ASME Freeman Scholar. In 1999, he was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Prize as well as the Japanese Government Research Award for Foreign Scholars. In 2002, he was named ASME Distinguished Lecturer. Gad-el-Hak has also been awarded the ASME Medal for contributions to the discipline of fluids engineering, as well as a Certificate of Appreciation for his services in advancing the engineering profession. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2017) "In Defense of Science: What Would John Do?" "Physics of Fluids", vol. 29, pp. 020602.1–020602.10. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2016) "Nine Decades of Fluid Mechanics," "Journal of Fluids Engineering", vol. 138, pp. 100803.1–100803.10. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2008) "Large-Scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation", 600 pages, Cambridge University Press, London. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2006) "Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive Flow Management", 448 pages, Cambridge University Press, London. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2006) "The MEMS Handbook", in three volumes, 1680 pages, CRC Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida. Gad-el-Hak, M. (2004) "Publish or Perish—An Ailing Enterprise?," "Physics Today", vol. 57, March, pp. 61–62. Gad-el-Hak, M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18595173 | 226,416 |
Titanium foam The most important considerations for the use of titanium foams in structural applications includes their porosity, specific strength, ductility in compression and cost. Because of low manufacturing costs, most metal foams marketed for structural applications are of a close-celled aluminum variety. In comparison, titanium foam manufacturing incurs a higher cost, but this cost is defensible in space applications where the material offers an otherwise incomparable reduction in overall weight. The lower thermal conductivity of titanium may also be appreciated in rocket construction. The specific strength, overall energy absorbing capability and high melting point all reinforce titanium's superiority to aluminum in aerospace and military applications. When used for aerospace applications, levels of porosity close to 90% are desired. Titanium foams are capable of retaining their high tensile strength at temperatures up to 400 °C; a limit imposed by the metal's low resistance to oxidation. The driving force for titanium foam's replacement of existing materials in the aerospace sector results from the following five factors: The most urgent problem of engineering and its advanced branch of aerospace engineering is the efficient use of materials as well as increased service life. Sandwich panel cores are used throughout the aerospace industry; they are integrated within aircraft bodies, floors and internal panels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57445960 | 88,286 |
Engine block Dry liner cylinder blocks use either the block's material or a discrete liner inserted into the block to form the backbone of the cylinder wall. Additional sleeves are inserted within, which remain "dry" on their outside, surrounded by the block's material. For either wet or dry liner designs, the liners (or sleeves) can be replaced, potentially allowing overhaul or rebuild without replacement of the block itself, although this is often not a practical repair option. An engine where all the cylinders share a common block is called a monobloc engine. Most modern engines (including cars, trucks, buses and tractors) use a monoblock design of some type, therefore few modern engines have a separate block for each cylinder. This has led to the term "engine block" usually implying a monobloc design and the term monobloc itself is rarely used. In the early years of the internal combustion engine, casting technology could produce either large castings, or castings with complex internal cores to allow for water jackets, but not both simultaneously. Most early engines, particularly those with more than four cylinders, had their cylinders cast as pairs or triplets of cylinders, then bolted to a single crankcase. As casting techniques improved, an entire cylinder block of 4, 6, or 8 cylinders could be produced in one piece. This monobloc construction was simpler and more cost effective to produce | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1414527 | 260,874 |
Dependent source A voltage controlled by a current has a proportionality factor expressed in units of resistance (ohms), and this constant is sometimes called "transresistance". A current controlled by a voltage has the units of conductance (siemens), and is called "transconductance". Transconductance is a commonly used specification for measuring the performance of field effect transistors and vacuum tubes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33922824 | 413,566 |
Trastuzumab Signals on these pathways promote cell proliferation and the growth of blood vessels to nourish the tumor (angiogenesis). Normal cell division—mitosis—has checkpoints that keep cell division under control. Some of the proteins that control this cycle are called cdk2 (CDKs). Overexpression of HER2 sidesteps these checkpoints, causing cells to proliferate in an uncontrolled fashion. This is caused by phosphorylation by Akt. binds to domain IV of the extracellular segment of the HER2/neu receptor. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to this region have been shown to reverse the phenotype of HER2/neu expressing tumor cells. Cells treated with trastuzumab undergo arrest during the G1 phase of the cell cycle so there is reduced proliferation. It has been suggested that trastuzumab does not alter HER-2 expression, but downregulates activation of AKT. In addition, trastuzumab suppresses angiogenesis both by induction of antiangiogenic factors and repression of proangiogenic factors. It is thought that a contribution to the unregulated growth observed in cancer could be due to proteolytic cleavage of HER2/neu that results in the release of the extracellular domain. One of the most relevant proteins that trastuzumab activates is the tumor suppressor p27 (kip1), also known as CDKN1B. has been shown to inhibit HER2/neu ectodomain cleavage in breast cancer cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=614750 | 142,352 |
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication De Vries in 1889 praised the "masterly survey of the phenomena to be explained" and accepted the idea that "the individual hereditary qualities of the whole organism are represented by definite material particles". He introduced the notion of "intracellula pangenesis" which, following August Weismann, rejected the idea that these particles were thrown off from all the cells of the body. He called the particles "pangens", later abbreviated to "gene". In a similar vein, Weismann in his 1893 work "Germ-Plasm" said "although Darwin modestly described his theory as a provisional hypothesis, his was, nevertheless, the first comprehensive attempt to explain all the known phenomena of heredity by a common principle ... [I]n spite of the fact that a considerable number of these assumptions are untenable, a part of the theory still remains which must be accepted as fundamental and correct,--in principle at any rate,--not only now but for all time to come. ... presupposing the existence of material particles in the germ which possess the properties of the living being ... I must honestly confess to having mentally resisted this fundamental point of the Darwinian doctrine for a long time." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24180994 | 176,593 |
Thomas Henry Huxley The first publication by Darwin of his ideas came when Wallace sent Darwin his famous paper on natural selection, which was presented by Lyell and Hooker to the Linnean Society in 1858 alongside excerpts from Darwin's notebook and a Darwin letter to Asa Gray. Huxley's famous response to the idea of natural selection was "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!" However, he never conclusively made up his mind about whether natural selection was the main method for evolution, though he did admit it was a hypothesis which was a good working basis. Logically speaking, the prior question was whether evolution had taken place at all. It is to this question that much of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" was devoted. Its publication in 1859 completely convinced Huxley of evolution and it was this and no doubt his admiration of Darwin's way of amassing and using evidence that formed the basis of his support for Darwin in the debates that followed the book's publication. Huxley's support started with his anonymous favourable review of the "Origin" in the "Times" for 26 December 1859, and continued with articles in several periodicals, and in a lecture at the Royal Institution in February 1860. At the same time, Richard Owen, whilst writing an extremely hostile anonymous review of the "Origin" in the "Edinburgh Review", also primed Samuel Wilberforce who wrote one in the "Quarterly Review", running to 17,000 words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30038 | 155,088 |
Anarcho-capitalism The Tannehills raise a similar example, noting that a bank robber who had an attack of conscience and returned the money would still owe reparations for endangering the employees' and customers' lives and safety, in addition to the costs of the defense agency answering the teller's call for help. However, the robber's loss of reputation would be even more damaging. Specialized companies would list aggressors so that anyone wishing to do business with a man could first check his record. The bank robber would find insurance companies listing him as a very poor risk and other firms would be reluctant to enter into contracts with him. One difficult application of defensive aggression is the act of revolutionary violence (including anarcho-capitalist revolution) against tyrannical regimes. Many anarcho-capitalists admire the American Revolution as "the legitimate act of individuals working together to fight against tyrannical restrictions of their liberties". In fact, according to Rothbard, the American Revolutionary War was the only war involving the United States that could be justified. Some anarcho-capitalists, such as Samuel Edward Konkin III, feel that violent revolution is counter-productive and prefer voluntary forms of economic secession to the extent possible. The two principal moral approaches to anarcho-capitalism differ in regard to whether anarcho-capitalist society is justified on deontological or consequentialist ethics, or both | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1023 | 515,208 |
Exponential integrate-and-fire The exponential integrate-and-fire model (EIF) is a biological neuron model, a simple modification of the classical integrate-and-fire model describing how neurons produce action potentials. In the EIF, the threshold for spike initiation is replaced by a depolarizing non-linearity. The model was first introduced by Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé, David Hansel, Carl van Vreeswijk and Nicolas Brunel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39207553 | 165,702 |
National Engineering Services Pakistan The (, trading name: NESPAK), is a Pakistani multinational corporation which provides consulting, construction, and management services globally. It is one of the largest engineering consultant management companies in Africa and Asia. The company's headquarters' is located in Lahore with office's in Riyadh, Muscat, Tehran, Kabul, Doha and London. As of 2016, NESPAK has been contracted to carry out 3,642 projects out of which 3,116 are domestic and 526 are overseas projects with the cumulative cost of projects at $243 billion. Among its projects include $1.65 billion Lahore Metro, $4 billion Neelum–Jhelum Project, $800 million New Islamabad Airport, $893 million expansion of Salalah Airport and the $500 million Farah River Dam Project. NESPAK is also managing the supervision of $128 million 15 small dams' project in Western Saudi Arabia and the Obudu Dam project in Nigeria. Founded in 1973 by the Government of Pakistan, it undertaken the operations in the country and expanded its operational scope in Central Asia and Africa with completing more than 450 projects worldwide. NESPAK is registered with a number of international funding agencies such as IBRD, ADB, IDB, etc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26152355 | 209,689 |
History of computer animation Also in 1982, the first complete turnkey system designed specifically for creating broadcast-standard animation was produced by the Japanese company Nippon Univac Kaisha ("NUK", later merged with Burroughs), and incorporated the Antics 2-D computer animation software developed by Alan Kitching from his earlier versions. The configuration was based on the VAX 11/780 computer, linked to a Bosch 1-inch VTR, via NUK's own framebuffer. This framebuffer also showed realtime instant replays of animated vector sequences ("line test"), though finished full-color recording would take many seconds per frame. The full system was successfully sold to broadcasters and animation production companies across Japan. Later in the '80s, Kitching developed versions of Antics for SGI and Apple Mac platforms, and these achieved a wider global distribution. The first cinema feature movie to make extensive use of solid 3D CGI was Walt Disney's "Tron", directed by Steven Lisberger, in 1982. The film is celebrated as a milestone in the industry, though less than twenty minutes of this animation were actually used—mainly the scenes that show digital "terrain", or include vehicles such as "Light Cycles", tanks and ships. To create the CGI scenes, Disney turned to the four leading computer graphics firms of the day: Information International Inc, Robert Abel and Associates (both in California), MAGI, and Digital Effects (both in New York). Each worked on a separate aspect of the movie, without any particular collaboration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30797574 | 206,146 |
Bolaamphiphile CAN 150:475745 AN 2008:763292 Chen, Senlin; Song, Bo; Wang, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Xi. Self-Organization of Bearing Biphenyl Mesogen and Aspartic-Acid Headgroups. Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2008), 112(9), 3308-3313. CODEN: JPCCCK . CAN 148:372219 AN 2008:176360 Feng Qiu, Chengkang Tang, Yongzhu Chen Amyloid-like aggregation of designer bolaamphiphilic peptides: Effect of hydrophobic section and hydrophilic heads. Journal of peptide science. (2017) DOI: 10.1002/psc.3062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13415486 | 89,998 |
Protein–protein interaction Nuclear magnetic resonance is advantageous for characterizing weak PPIs. Proteins hold structural domains that allow their interaction with and bind to specific sequences on other proteins: The study of the molecular structure can give fine details about the interface that enables the interaction between proteins. When characterizing PPI interfaces it is important to take into account the type of complex. Parameters evaluated include size (measured in absolute dimensions Å or in solvent-accessible surface area (SASA)), shape, complementarity between surfaces, residue interface propensities, hydrophobicity, segmentation and secondary structure, and conformational changes on complex formation. The great majority of PPI interfaces reflects the composition of protein surfaces, rather than the protein cores, in spite of being frequently enriched in hydrophobic residues, particularly in aromatic residues. PPI interfaces are dynamic and frequently planar, although they can be globular and protruding as well. Based on three structures – insulin dimer, trypsin-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor complex, and oxyhaemoglobin – Cyrus Chothia and Joel Janin found that between 1,130 and 1,720 Å of surface area was removed from contact with water indicating that hydrophobicity is a major factor of stabilization of PPIs. Later studies refined the buried surface area of the majority of interactions to 1,600±350 Å | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2161878 | 169,897 |
Zero-point energy In 1966 Dewitt was first to identify the significance of gravitational effects in superconductors. Dewitt demonstrated that a magnetic-type gravitational field must result in the presence of fluxoid quantization. In 1983, Dewitt's work was substantially expanded by Ross. From 1971 to 1974 Henry William Wallace, a scientist at GE Aerospace was issued with three patents. Wallace used Dewitt's theory to develop an experimental apparatus for generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field, which he named the kinemassic field (now better known as the gravitomagnetic field). In his three patents, Wallace describes three different methods used for detection of the gravitomagnetic field – change in the motion of a body on a pivot, detection of a transverse voltage in a semiconductor crystal, and a change in the specific heat of a crystal material having spin-aligned nuclei. There are no publicly available independent tests verifying Wallace's devices. Such an effect if any would be small. Referring to Wallace's patents, a New Scientist article in 1980 stated "Although the Wallace patents were initially ignored as cranky, observers believe that his invention is now under serious but secret investigation by the military authorities in the USA. The military may now regret that the patents have already been granted and so are available for anyone to read | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84400 | 70,383 |
Map projection In the following section on projection categories, the earth is taken as a sphere in order to simplify the discussion. However, the Earth's actual shape is closer to an oblate ellipsoid. Whether spherical or ellipsoidal, the principles discussed hold without loss of generality. Selecting a model for a shape of the Earth involves choosing between the advantages and disadvantages of a sphere versus an ellipsoid. Spherical models are useful for small-scale maps such as world atlases and globes, since the error at that scale is not usually noticeable or important enough to justify using the more complicated ellipsoid. The ellipsoidal model is commonly used to construct topographic maps and for other large- and medium-scale maps that need to accurately depict the land surface. Auxiliary latitudes are often employed in projecting the ellipsoid. A third model is the geoid, a more complex and accurate representation of Earth's shape coincident with what mean sea level would be if there were no winds, tides, or land. Compared to the best fitting ellipsoid, a geoidal model would change the characterization of important properties such as distance, conformality and equivalence. Therefore, in geoidal projections that preserve such properties, the mapped graticule would deviate from a mapped ellipsoid's graticule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51784 | 324,040 |
Wyscout is an Italian company that supports football scouting, match analysis and transfer dynamics. The company was founded in Genoa, Italy in 2004, and it is located in Chiavari since January 2008. They provide video analysis tool and digital databases regarding performances and matches for coaches, teams and players dealing with football business. The purpose is to allow them have a detailed sight of a large number of athletes about individual performances, patterns of play and tactical strategy. During the years 2004–2010, the company business was about on demand Football Matches Analysis, WebTVs, Advertising, DVB-T TV broadcasting, and the Capello Index project. In 2008, the company, received capital for the business development from the local area (Chiavari) businessman Antonio Gozzi. A very early version of the Platform was released on March 2008. The company changed several names during the years 2004–2010 (Sport Video Service, Wisport, Wi, Wigroup, Wysport, WY, Wygroup) the final and current name of the company is since May 2010. In 2010 the company published a new major release of its main product, Platform 2 (website and iOS versions); this was the release that made the product the visibility in the football scouting business now. In 2011, organized the first Forum, a football related event, in Milan, Italy. In August 2012, former Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti said that is "a good example of Italian Technological Company that made him remember what he saw during his past years in the Silicon Valley" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38301015 | 99,080 |
Cash crop A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family. In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small (but vital) part of a farm's total yield, while today, especially in developed countries, almost all crops are mainly grown for revenue. In the least developed countries, cash crops are usually crops which attract demand in more developed nations, and hence have some export value. Prices for major cash crops are set in commodity markets with global scope, with some local variation (termed as "basis") based on freight costs and local supply and demand balance. A consequence of this is that a nation, region, or individual producer relying on such a crop may suffer low prices should a bumper crop elsewhere lead to excess supply on the global markets. This system has been criticized by traditional farmers. Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations. Issues involving subsidies and trade barriers on such crops have become controversial in discussions of globalization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323990 | 508,469 |
Electrofusion welding Proper insertion of the pipes in the coupler is critical for the creation of a strong joint. Incorrect placement of the coupler can cause the coils to move and lead to the extrusion of molten polymer material from the joint, reducing the joint's strength. Tapping tees, or saddles, are less common but operate under the same principles as a coupler. They require clamping to ensure a proper fit up with the pipes. Installation of couplers and tapping tee fittings require slightly different procedures. Common installation steps for each are given below. requires electrical current to be passed through the coils implanted in the fittings. Since the electrical energy input is an excellent indicator of the joint strength that develops during fusion, it is necessary to have consistent electrical power input. Energy input during the joining process is typically measured by controlling the time it takes for the current to pass through the fitting. However, energy input can also be monitored by controlling overall temperature, molten polymer temperature, or molten polymer pressure. A control box takes electrical power from a generator and converts it into an appropriate voltage and current for electrofusion joining. This provides consistent energy input for each application. The most common input voltage for electrofusion welding fittings is 39.5V, as it provides the best results without risking operator safety. The current is input as an alternating current (AC) waveform | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56278630 | 450,563 |
Photodiode A CMOS sensor with PPD technology was first fabricated in 1995 by a joint JPL and Kodak team that included Fossum along with P.P.K. Lee, R.C. Gee, R.M. Guidash and T.H. Lee. Since then, the PPD has been used in nearly all CMOS sensors. The CMOS sensor with PPD technology was further advanced and refined by R.M. Guidash in 1997, K. Yonemoto and H. Sumi in 2000, and I. Inoue in 2003. This led to CMOS sensors achieve imaging performance on par with CCD sensors, and later exceeding CCD sensors. A one-dimensional array of hundreds or thousands of photodiodes can be used as a position sensor, for example as part of an angle sensor. In recent years, one advantage of modern photodiode arrays (PDAs) is that they may allow for high speed parallel read out since the driving electronics may not be built in like a charge-coupled device (CCD) or CMOS sensor. The passive-pixel sensor (PPS) is a type of photodiode array. It was the precursor to the active-pixel sensor (APS). A passive-pixel sensor consists of passive pixels which are read out without amplification, with each pixel consisting of a photodiode and a MOSFET switch. In a photodiode array, pixels contain a p-n junction, integrated capacitor, and MOSFETs as selection transistors. A photodiode array was proposed by G. Weckler in 1968, predating the CCD. This was the basis for the PPS. Early photodiode arrays were complex and impractical, requiring selection transistors to be fabricated within each pixel, along with on-chip multiplexer circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42937 | 379,895 |
Mycoplasma laboratorium Venter commented "We are dealing in big ideas. We are trying to create a new value system for life. When dealing at this scale, you can't expect everybody to be happy." On May 21, 2010, "Science" reported that the Venter group had successfully synthesized the genome of the bacterium "Mycoplasma mycoides" from a computer record and transplanted the synthesized genome into the existing cell of a "Mycoplasma capricolum" bacterium that had had its DNA removed. The "synthetic" bacterium was viable, i.e. capable of replicating. Venter described it as "the first species... to have its parents be a computer". The creation of a new synthetic bacterium, JCVI-3.0 was announced in "Science" on March 25, 2016. It has only 473 genes. Venter called it “the first designer organism in history” and argued that the fact that 149 of the genes required have unknown functions means that "the entire field of biology has been missing a third of what is essential to life". The project received a large amount of coverage from the press due to Venter's showmanship, to the degree that Jay Keasling, a pioneering synthetic biologist and founder of Amyris commented that "The only regulation we need is of my colleague's mouth". Venter has argued that synthetic bacteria are a step towards creating organisms to manufacture hydrogen and biofuels, and also to absorb carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. George M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13590511 | 190,406 |
Acids in wine The acid is created as a byproduct of the metabolization of nitrogen by yeast cells during fermentation. The combination of succinic acid with one molecule of ethanol will create the ester mono-ethyl succinate responsible for a mild, fruit aroma in wines. Acidity is highest in wine grapes just before the start of "veraison", which ushers in the ripening period of the annual cycle of grape vines. As the grapes ripen, their sugar levels increase and their acidity levels decrease. Through the process of respiration, malic acid is metabolized by the grape vine. Grapes from cooler climate wine regions generally have higher levels of acidity due to the slower ripening process. The level of acidity still present in the grape is an important consideration for winemakers in deciding when to begin harvest. For wines such as Champagne and other sparkling wines, having high levels of acidity is even more vital to the winemaking process, so grapes are often picked under-ripe and at higher acid levels. In the winemaking process, acids aid in enhancing the effectiveness of sulfur dioxide to protect the wines from spoilage and can also protect the wine from bacteria due to the inability of most bacteria to survive in low pH solutions. Two notable exceptions to this are "Acetobacter" and the lactic acid bacteria. In red wines, acidity helps preserve and stabilize the color of the wine. The ionization of anthocyanins is affected by pH, so wines with lower pH (such as Sangiovese-based wines) have redder, more stable colors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19600890 | 63,653 |
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics Taking moments about the front wheel contact point at an instance in time: Other factors: Values for "μ" vary greatly depending on a number of factors: Most of the braking force of standard upright bikes comes from the front wheel. As the analysis above shows, if the brakes themselves are strong enough, the rear wheel is easy to skid, while the front wheel often can generate enough stopping force to flip the rider and bike over the front wheel. This is called a "stoppie" if the rear wheel is lifted but the bike does not flip, or an "endo" (abbreviated form of "end-over-end") if the bike flips. On long or low bikes, however, such as cruiser motorcycles and recumbent bicycles, the front tire will skid instead, possibly causing a loss of balance. Assuming no loss of balance, it is possible to calculate optimum braking performance depending on the bike's geometry, the location of center of gravity of bike and rider, and the maximum coefficient of friction. In the case of a front suspension, especially telescoping fork tubes, the increase in downward force on the front wheel during braking may cause the suspension to compress and the front end to lower. This is known as "brake diving". A riding technique that takes advantage of how braking increases the downward force on the front wheel is known as "trail braking". The limiting factors on the maximum deceleration in front wheel braking are: For an upright bicycle on dry asphalt with excellent brakes, pitching will probably be the limiting factor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5343488 | 120,932 |
Mark Masons' Hall, London The windows on the first and third floors are arched including the four stone dormer windows on the top floor. Above the steeply pitched slate roof at each side stand two tall rustic banded chimney stacks. The main entrance leads to a panelled entrance hall and a free standing staircase, constructed from stone steps with an open well and cast iron ornamental balustrade. There are three large rooms on the ground floor, two of which are used as Masonic temples and the other a Board Room. On the first floor there is a front dining room which overlooks St James's Street as well as St James's Palace. The rear areas on this floor are used for dining and day time meetings. On the second floor, there is a licensed bar at the front. The rear areas on this floor house two more Masonic temples. The third floor houses three dining rooms and two further Masonic temples. The fourth floor is occupied by offices. The seven Masonic temples were all dedicated on 30 September 1980 and are named "Grand Temple, Brazil, Bristol, Hong Kong, River Plate, Warwickshire" and "Johann Gutenberg". The following appendant orders of Freemasonry in England and Wales have their headquarters at Mark Masons' Hall: Mark Masons' Hall also administers the Royal Order of Scotland for London, although not for Provinces elsewhere in England and Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47151603 | 354,359 |
United States farm bill This was enacted as part of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, passed by Congress on January 1, 2013 and signed into law the next day by President Barack Obama. (Public Law No: 112-240) Between the passage of the 2008 farm bill and the creation of the 2013 bill, the food stamp program changed its name to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and nearly doubled in size. The proposed 2013 bill would cut funding to SNAP by about $400 million a year, which amounts to half a percent of spending from previous years. Under an amendment introduced by Senators Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and Tom Coburn (R-Okla.), it would also reduce crop insurance subsidies by 15 percent for the top 1 percent of U.S. wealthiest farmers, those with a gross annual income of more than $750,000. The new bill also proposed a new insurance program for dairy producers which would cut costs by eliminating other dairy subsidies and price supports. The 2013 farm bill was approved in the Senate on June 10, 2013 but did not pass the House. The 2014 Farm bill, known as the Agricultural Act of 2014, was passed by Congress and signed into law on February 7, 2014, 2 years late, as authority under its predecessor, the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 had expired September 30, 2012. The 2018 Farm bill, or Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, was passed by Congress and signed into law on December 20, 2018. It primarily reauthorized many programs in the 2014 Farm Bill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12351306 | 511,540 |
Fluorescent lamp Overdriving a fluorescent lamp is a method of getting more light from each tube than is obtained under rated conditions. ODNO (Overdriven Normal Output) fluorescent tubes are generally used when there isn't enough room to put in more bulbs to increase the light. The method is effective, but generates some additional issues. This technique has become popular among aquatic gardeners as a cost-effective way to add more light to their aquariums. Overdriving is done by rewiring lamp fixtures to increase lamp current; however, lamp life is reduced. Blacklights are a subset of fluorescent lamps that are used to provide near ultraviolet light (at about 360 nm wavelength). They are built in the same fashion as conventional fluorescent lamps but the glass tube is coated with a phosphor that converts the short-wave UV within the tube to long-wave UV rather than to visible light. They are used to provoke fluorescence (to provide dramatic effects using blacklight paint and to detect materials such as urine and certain dyes that would be invisible in visible light) as well as to attract insects to bug zappers. So-called "blacklite blue" lamps are also made from more expensive deep purple glass known as Wood's glass rather than clear glass. The deep purple glass filters out most of the visible colors of light directly emitted by the mercury-vapor discharge, producing proportionally less visible light compared with UV light | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=144056 | 397,453 |
Nanocomposite hydrogels Using clay platelets that do not swell or exfoliate in water, using an organic cross-linker such as N,N-methylenebisacrylamide(BIS), mixing of clay and BIS, or preparing nanocomposite hydrogels in a method other than cross-link, will be unsuccessful. Despite all the specifications, the process of synthesizing nanocomposite hydrogels is simple and because of the flexible nature of the material, these hydrogels can be easily made to come in different shapes such as huge blocks, sheets, thin films, rods, hollow tubes, spheres, bellows and uneven sheets. are tough, and can withstand stretching, bending, knotting, crushing, and other modifications. Tensile testings were performed on nanocomposite hydrogels to measure the stress and strain it experiences when elongated under room temperature. The results show that this material can be stretched up to 1000% of its original length. Hysteresis is used to measure the compression properties of nanocomposite hydrogels, which shows that this material can withstand around 90% compression. This data shows that nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit superior strength relative to conventionally-made hydrogels, which would have broken down under less compression. The porous network of clay particles enable nanocomposite hydrogels to swell in the presence of water. Swelling (and de-swelling) distinguishes NC gels from conventionally-made hydrogels (OR gels) as it is a property that OR gels lack | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45160933 | 80,025 |
Eastern Mediterranean University The (EMU; ) is a university in Northern Cyprus. It was established in 1979 under the leadership of Onay Fadıl Demirciler (then Undersecretary of the Ministry of Education) as a higher-education institution of technology for Turkish Cypriots. In 1986, it was converted to a state university. The campus is located within the city of Famagusta. The university has 141 programs (11 Faculties and 5 Schools) offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as a research infrastructure. The languages of instructions are Turkish and English. However, an English Preparatory School is available for students who need to improve their English. The university also offers a variety of sports and social activities. Academic Programs of EMU are broad and include Physical and Social Sciences with considerable research studies via Research Advisory Board. The university's initial establishment was called Institute of Technology, and for that reason, engineering fields are its founding departments. In 1984, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering programs were extended to four-year programs. In the following year, governments of the Turkish Republic and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus mutually agreed on opening a university called "Eastern Mediterranean University". Members of the Turkish Republic Council of Higher Education visited the Institute of Higher Technology with the aim of transforming it into a university | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=925924 | 217,198 |
Vaccine-associated sarcoma VAS appears as a rapidly growing firm mass in and under the skin. The mass is often quite large when first detected and can become ulcerated or infected. It often contains fluid-filled cavities, probably because of its rapid growth. Diagnosis of VAS is through a biopsy. The biopsy will show the presence of a sarcoma, but information like location and the presence of inflammation or necrosis will increase the suspicion of VAS. It is possible for cats to have a granuloma form after vaccination, so it is important to differentiate between the two before radical surgery is performed. One guideline for biopsy is if a growth is present three months after surgery, if a growth is greater than two centimeters, or if a growth is becoming larger one month after vaccination. X-rays are taken prior to surgery because about one in five cases of VAS will develop metastasis, usually to the lungs but possibly to the lymph nodes or skin. Treatment of VAS is through aggressive surgery. As soon as the tumor is recognized, it should be removed with very wide margins to ensure complete removal. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The most significant prognostic factor is initial surgical treatment. One study showed that cats with radical (extensive) initial surgery had a median time to recurrence of 325 days versus 79 days for cats with marginal initial excision. The expression of a mutated form of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, is found commonly in VAS and indicates a poorer prognosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6723049 | 152,578 |
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