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Question: <p>I am trying to solve the following question: Given a text file containing a bunch of biological information, find out the one gene which is {up/down}regulated. Now, for this I have many such (60K) files and have annotated some (1000) of them as to which gene is {up/down}regulated.</p>
<h2>Conditions</h2>
<... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/63118/applying-machine-learning-in-biological-data |
Question: <p>Two computing models can be shown to be co complete if each can encode a universal simulator for the other. Two logics can be shown to be co complete if an encoding of the rules of inferences (and maybe axioms if present) of each be shown to be theorems of the other. In computability this has led to a na... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/78117/is-there-a-dual-concept-to-turing-complete-in-logic |
Question: <p>My question is pretty basic, I'm looking for a named method if you know one, but also proper terminology, further reading, and anything this reminds you of if you don't. (I'm new to this, don't have the right terminology and just need a starting point so I can help myself.)</p>
<p>I'm trying to interpret ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/82080/how-to-compare-the-efficiency-of-two-encoding-schemes-or-hypothesis-languages |
Question: <p>When software boils down to assembly, it is just a sequence of instructions like <a href="http://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/x86assembly/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a>:</p>
<pre><code>mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, message
mov rdx, 13
syscall
mov rax, 60
xor rdi, rdi
syscall
</code></pre>
<p>I am not sur... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/93714/alternatives-to-sequential-computation |
Question: <p>What is the main difference between Elman, Hopfield & Hemming Recurrent Neural Networks?</p>
<p>Python Neurolab Library examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://pythonhosted.org/neurolab/ex_newelm.html" rel="nofollow">Elman Recurrent Neural Network</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pythonhosted.org/neurol... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/53703/difference-between-elman-hopfield-hemming-recurrent-neural-networks |
Question: <p>I was looking at a <a href="http://www.wildml.com/2015/09/recurrent-neural-networks-tutorial-part-2-implementing-a-language-model-rnn-with-python-numpy-and-theano/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">tutorial</a> for recurrent neural networks in Python, and I have a question in regards to multiplying matrices of di... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/92944/matrix-multiplication-in-recurrent-neural-networks |
Question: <p>Standard <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hopfield_network" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hopfield networks</a> exhibit stable patterns (states) which are attractors of a dynamic system. I wonder how to modify standard Hopfield networks such that they exhibit stable limit <em>cycles</em> as attract... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/87472/recurrent-neural-networks-hopfield-like-with-short-limit-cycles |
Question: <p>I am of the understanding that tradition "simple" recurrent neural networks have the problem of "losing error" after a lot of time steps. But is this some kind of deficiency of the math, or the machines the RNN's are running on? If it's just the machines, couldn't you use something like an arbitrary precis... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/83916/can-simple-recurrent-neural-networks-be-remedied-with-higher-precision-floating |
Question: <p>What is the difference between a <strong>Residual</strong> Neural Net and a <strong>Recurrent</strong> Neural Net?</p>
<p>As I understand,</p>
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.03385v1.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Residual Neural Networks</a> are very deep networks that implement 'shortcut' connections acr... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/63541/difference-between-residual-neural-net-and-recurrent-neural-net |
Question: <p>Recurrent neural networks makes it possible to implement some kind of memory, which can be very useful for a lot of tasks, incl. (but not limited to) robot control, which I am interested in. For example, echo state networks are known to display some kind of dynamical short-term memory, and display a very s... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/85645/how-often-should-i-read-out-information-from-an-echo-state-recurrent-neural-netw |
Question: <p>I recently started to learn about machine learning. I have created a feed forward neural network (ffnn) and a recurrent neural network (rnn) to predict user ratings of movies. I am using a subset of 2000 users and their ratings of the "Netflix Prize" dataset.</p>
<p>The ffnn as well as the rrn have an acc... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/88401/machine-learning-for-recommendation-systems-feed-forward-and-recurrent-neural-n |
Question: <p>Usually, when I program recurrent neural networks, I use a loop for each neuron to figure out it's state. What I realized with this is that in this case, no neuron gets any feedback. They just pump their outputs to the next neuron in the cycle. My thoughts on how to counter this is by having neurons in two... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/45574/how-to-calculate-activation-of-hidden-nodes-in-a-recurrent-neural-network |
Question: <p>I have read (<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.5401.pdf%20(http://Neural%20Turning%20Machines)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> and <a href="http://research.cs.queensu.ca/~akl/cisc879/papers/SELECTED_PAPERS_FROM_VARIOUS_SOURCES/05070215382317071.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>
) about the comp... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/83047/reducibility-and-artificial-neural-networks |
Question: <p>I am reading a very <a href="http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">interesting paper on genetic algorithms</a> which define neural networks. I am familiar with how a feedforward neural network operates, but then I came across this:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/56805/how-does-a-recurrent-connection-in-a-neural-network-work |
Question: <p>I would encode DFAs (Deterministic Finite State automata) as output (or input) of a neural network for a supervised learning; it is well-known [1] that efficacy of neural network training strongly depends on adopted encoding. </p>
<p><em>How can I encode DFAs for a neural network? Are there any literatur... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/60788/dfas-can-be-encoded-as-input-output-for-a-neural-network |
Question: <p>Both spiking neural networks created with the Neural Engineering Framework (NEF) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) can be connected recurrently to exhibit neural dynamics. What is the difference between the set of dynamics that they can approximate and/or exhibit?</p>
Answer: <p>There can be a lot of d... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/45700/what-is-the-difference-of-temporal-dynamics-in-rnns-and-the-nef |
Question: <p>I've been looking into Recurrent Neural Networks, but I don't understand what the architecture of a neural network would look like when the output length is not necessarily fixed. </p>
<p>It seems like most networks I've read descriptions of require the output length to be equal to the input length or at ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/2722/how-would-a-neural-network-deal-with-an-arbitrary-length-output |
Question: <p>Let's say I have a problem (i.e. Given f(x), find x) and two neural networks(i.e. feedforward and recurrent). I would like to know if one works better than the other one. I could run the twos on a computer, but other programs might interfere and I wouldn't know if the implementations I'm running are really... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/49815/how-can-i-compare-two-different-neural-networks-from-a-theorical-point-of-view |
Question: <p>According to Karpathy's blog "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks", recurrent neural networks can map variable-length sequences to variable-length sequences, as shown by the one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many diagrams.</p>
<p>How do RNN's do this mapping of possibly differe... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/86510/how-do-rnns-map-variable-length-sequences-to-variable-length-sequences |
Question: <p>I'm trying to compare a custom neural network architecture with other existing ones. I'm quite new to the CS field and I'm looking for desirable properties and/or applications of neural networks(especially recurrent architectures). Are there any?</p>
Answer: | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/51415/what-are-the-most-desirable-properties-of-a-neural-network |
Question: <p>For a school project, I'm planning to compare Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and Deep Learning recurrent neural networks, such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTMs) networks in learning a time-series. I would like to show some case where SNNs surpass LSTMs. Consequently, what are the limitations of LSTMs? Are ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/53552/what-are-the-limitations-of-rnns |
Question: <p>I was curious if there were any new developments in solving the traveling salesman problem using something like a Hopfield recurrent neural network. I feel like I saw something about recent research getting a breakthrough in this, but I can't find the academic papers anywhere. Is anyone aware of any new,... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/54200/traveling-salesman-problem-with-neural-network |
Question: <p>Most descriptions of modern RNNs present a "folded" characterisation, that is to say, a single cell with a loop back to itself transmitting the hidden state from one step to the next. However, in implementations the RNN is computed "unfolded", so a new cell is created for every step of the sequence up to s... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/88891/do-all-the-cells-in-a-recurrent-neural-network-share-learned-parameters |
Question: <p>Would it be plausible to write a recursive version of backpropagation through time for recurrent neural network training? I've only found the iterative version:</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation_through_time" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation_through_ti... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/24642/backpropagation-through-time-recursive-algorithm |
Question: <p>I have already taken a college course at my uni on machine learning where we implemented all the basic ML programs: linear regression, logistic regression, basic neural network with logistic regression (not perceptron, but we learned the theory of perceptron as a history lesson), k-means, and naive Bayes c... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/44393/how-can-neural-networks-learn-to-create-new-things-sentences-for-example |
Question: <p>a question about machine learning, specifically recurrent models:
For machine translation recurrent neural networks show great promise, common here is an encoder-decoder architecture which takes a source sentence, reads it, and then based on a compressed representation outputs a target sentence.
In opposit... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/88620/name-of-generating-one-value-at-a-time-in-sequence-generation-vs-encoder-decoder |
Question: <p>I have to tackle this problem:
I have some strings that are my training set. These strings belong to a regular language corresponding to a deterministic finite automata (hidden namely I don't now it, neither the language nor the automata). A string is labeled like positive if belong to hidden language and ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/97145/choose-the-best-classifier-to-predict-the-label-of-strings-of-a-regular-language |
Question: <p>I am trying to de-knot a point of confusion in my mind regarding "turing-completeness" and the "universal approximation theorem". </p>
<p>The context here is deep neural nets: So, consider two types of networks: a recurrent neural net, (RNN), and a feedforward net, say a pure convolutional neural net (CNN... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/68820/confused-between-turing-completeness-and-universal-approximation-are-they-rela |
Question: <p>Suppose we have a classification problem and we wish to solve the problem by Neural Network. What factors must one consider choosing an NN structure? e.g Feed Forward, Recurrent and other available structures. </p>
Answer: <p>Here is a list of parameters you should take into consideration (to name some): ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/7714/what-factors-must-one-consider-choosing-an-nn-structure |
Question: <p>I want to work on automatic grammar correction using machine learning (possibly using recurrent or deep neural networks). The algorithm will be supplied with both corrected and initial documents for supervised learning.</p>
<p>I am now looking for some survey or research papers to start with. I have searc... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/48710/language-grammar-correction-with-supervised-learning |
Question: <p>For a recurrent neural network, the LSTM was a model of how the network worked. However, consider the case where an input was a long paragraph or even an article.
<span class="math-container">$$c_1c_2...c_n$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$c_i$</span> were some characters. The LSTM would work a... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/142325/how-long-can-the-short-memory-last-in-the-rnn |
Question: <p>I was just reading this paper: <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.05923.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gate-Variants of Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Neural
Networks Rahul Dey and Fathi M. Salem</a></p>
<p>It seems to me that perhaps the architecture of LSTMs and GRUs are overly complicated. And that the sa... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/83939/is-there-something-as-good-as-a-gru-or-lstm-but-simpler |
Question: <blockquote>
<p>Does anyone know if Deep Learning Bots can already, for example, train
on many books of an author and output a similar but new book?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I've been wanting to get into ML for quite a while but was lacking a project to use as an incentive to keep learning, and this specific... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/95679/what-is-the-state-of-the-art-of-writer-ais-deep-learning |
Question: <p>I am confused on the inputs of a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) for the slot filling task in Spoken Language Understanding. </p>
<p>Before I worked on this, I implemented a language model with a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and then with a LSTM. The input to the RNN and LSTM language models was a one hot... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/71032/what-are-the-inputs-to-an-lstm-for-slot-filling-task |
Question: <p>How do I solve the following problem with a recurrent neural network (RNN)? What architecture should I use for the (conv)-RNN? </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Let $s \in \mathbb{R}^N$ be a musical signal. We corrupt it with some white/pink noise $\omega$ to obtain $x= s+\omega$.
We then create a conv-RNN with $... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/83875/rnn-learning-an-iterative-algorithm |
Question: <p>If RAM is a short term memory and SSD is a long term memory, why don't microarchitecture of computer nowadays use SSD or another long term memory for saving temporary data like hidden variable for programming?</p>
<p>If it's about speed, then SSD can improve its speed, is it possible that SSD will become f... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/135237/why-we-still-need-short-term-memory-if-long-term-memory-can-save-temporary-data |
Question: <p>For a recurrent neural network, the LSTM was a model of how the network worked. However, consider the case where an input was a long paragraph or even an article.
<span class="math-container">$$c_1c_2...c_n$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$c_i$</span> were some characters. The LSTM would work a... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/142325/how-long-can-the-short-memory-last-in-the-rnn |
Question: <p>For a school project, I'm planning to compare Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and Deep Learning recurrent neural networks, such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTMs) networks in learning a time-series. I would like to show some case where SNNs surpass LSTMs. Consequently, what are the limitations of LSTMs? Are ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/53552/what-are-the-limitations-of-rnns |
Question: <p>There are different queues of processes (in an operating system):</p>
<p><em>Job Queue:</em> Each new process goes into the job queue. Processes in the job queue reside on mass storage and await the allocation of main memory.</p>
<p><em>Ready Queue:</em> The set of all processes that are in main memory a... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/1106/which-queue-does-the-long-term-scheduler-maintain |
Question: <p>I am confused on the inputs of a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) for the slot filling task in Spoken Language Understanding. </p>
<p>Before I worked on this, I implemented a language model with a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and then with a LSTM. The input to the RNN and LSTM language models was a one hot... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/71032/what-are-the-inputs-to-an-lstm-for-slot-filling-task |
Question: <p>Can someone explain the mathematical intuition behind the forget layer of an LSTM?</p>
<p>So as far as I understand it, the cell state is essentially long term memory embedding (correct me if I'm wrong), but I'm also assuming it's a matrix. Then the forget vector is calculated by concatenating the previou... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/118865/how-does-the-forget-layer-of-an-lstm-work |
Question: <p>I am a CS undergraduate (but I don't know much about AI though, did not take any courses on it, and definitely nothing about NN until recently) who is about to do a school project in AI, so I pick a topics regarding grammar induction (of context-free language and perhaps some subset of context-sensitive la... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/12871/intuitive-description-for-training-of-lstm-with-forget-gate-peephole |
Question: <p>I start to suspect this problem is very hard now that I cannot find a single relevant literature on the subject, but it's too late to change the class project topics now, so I hope any pointers to a solution. Please pardon the somewhat artificial scenerio of this question, but here goes:</p>
<p>Technical ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/22666/neural-network-noisy-temporal-sequence-converter-transducerproducer-on-dema |
Question: <p>In NLP, it's common to study the semantic similarity between pieces of text, which can be calculated in a number of ways. Are there any tools, methods, algorithms or processes that can be used to compare the semantic similarity of programs? That is, compare if two programs produce a similar output given si... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/162563/semantically-compare-programs-by-similarity |
Question: <p>Is there a relatively simple way of telling if two pieces of text are semantically similar?</p>
<p>Some assumptions that are valid:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is all english</li>
<li>I have a list of all the <em>important</em> nouns</li>
</ul>
<p>Are there any strategies that I should pursue? Looking for something... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/2955/semantic-similarity-in-text |
Question: <p>A common Natural Language Processing (NLP) task is to determine semantic similarity between two sentences. Has the question of agreement/disagreement between two sentences been covered in NLP or other literature? I tried searching on Google Scholar but didn't get any relevant results.</p>
Answer: <p>I wou... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/56828/how-to-determine-agreement-between-two-sentences |
Question: <p>Does it make sense to represent an AST as a graph? How can one achieve a mapping between ASTs and graphs that preserves both semantic and syntactic properties of source code?</p>
<p>The goal and application of such a transformation would be to use graph neural networks and other deep "graph" lear... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/140149/representing-abstract-syntax-tree-as-a-graph |
Question: <p>I have an NLP problem and a potential solution, but I’m a bit green here, so I’m looking for some validation or alternative suggestions.</p>
<h1>Background</h1>
<p>I have two types of documents: one is a set of short statements of an organization's goals and objectives (“Goals”, from here on. ~500 docs, ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/28133/two-classes-of-documents-find-weighted-relations-between-them |
Question: <p>I am currently studying the textbook <a href="http://faculty.sist.shanghaitech.edu.cn/faculty/songfu/cav/PPA.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Principles of Program Analysis</em> by Flemming Nielson, Hanne R. Nielson, and Chris Hankin</a>. Chapter <strong>1.4 Constraint Based Analysis</strong> says the fo... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/132947/constraint-based-analysis-understanding-the-program-textfn-x-x1 |
Question: <p>LUKE is a new state-of-art in question answering system and after googled keywords LUKE Studio Ousia NAIST and RIKEN AIP (I suppose LUKE is a colaboration between several research centers) I couldn't find any information.</p>
<p>LUKE is mentioned in the following pages:</p>
<p><a href="https://paperswith... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/125466/more-information-about-the-question-answering-system-called-luke |
Question: <p>I'm introducing to the Natural Language Processing field and it's application. I'm planning to build a question answering system for a project, but some approaches are making me a bit confuse about the use of ontologies and it's application on the architecture of the system. I understand that an Ontology i... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/74514/combining-ontology-and-relational-databases-in-question-answering-system |
Question: <p>Given this set of question-answer pairs, what program will derive the underlying algorithm and provide the correct answer for any question of the same format.</p>
<p><strong>Question-Answer Pairs (training set):</strong></p>
<pre><code>B:BA
BA:BB
BB:BAA
BAA:BAB
BAB:BBA
BBA:BBB
BBB:BAAA
BAAA:BAAB
BAAB:BAB... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/19663/what-program-will-derive-the-underlying-algorithm-in-these-question-answer-pairs |
Question: <p>I am thoroughly confused by a problem that was brought up in class:</p>
<p>Given the following pseudocode for a function RANDOM which generates a random number based off of recursion: </p>
<pre><code>function RANDOM(n)
1. if n = 1 then
1.1 return 1
1.2 else
2.1 assign x = 0 with probability 1/2,... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/97901/answering-questions-about-the-recurrence-of-certain-aspects-of-an-algorithm |
Question: <p>In <a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/a/7741/4689">the answer to this question</a>, I'm not understanding how the string is derived for a given $l$.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Case 1: $vx = a^i$ where $i > 0$. Choose $l = 2$ to get $a^{n+i} b^{n+1} c^{n+1} d^n \notin L$.</p>
</blockq... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/11358/questions-about-an-answer-to-a-pumping-lemma-question-for-cfls |
Question: <p>This is a pseudocode question in my IGCSE CompSci textbook:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Use a <code>CASE</code> statement to display the day of the week if the variable <code>DAY</code> has the value 1 to 7 and an error otherwise.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is my answer to it:</p>
<pre><code>CASE Day OF
1 ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/119541/please-check-my-answer-to-a-pseudocode-case-statement-question |
Question: <p>I was looking for a service (with API) where I can ask it a general question (aka, when was Einstein born?) and retrieve an answer from the Web.</p>
<p>Is there any available service to do that? Have tried Watson services but didn't work as expected.</p>
<p>Thanks,</p>
Answer: | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/65785/api-to-retrieve-answers-for-general-questions |
Question: <p>The question says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Design a sequence detector that searches for a series of binary inputs to satisfy
the pattern 01[0*]1, where [0*] is any number of consecutive zeroes. The
output (Z) should become true every time the sequence is found.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The answer to this example i... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/140996/question-about-an-answer-related-to-designing-an-asm-for-a-sequence-detector |
Question: <p>My question is about the paper <a href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2936/paper-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ensembling Ten Math Information Retrieval Systems</a>.</p>
<p>I already know the algorithms in the paper can answer questions only using dot products (look the <a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/q... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/144264/how-can-i-optimize-the-systems-in-the-paper-ensembling-ten-math-information-ret |
Question: <p>This question is about <a href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2936/paper-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CompuBERT</a> (<a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1bxYwWzDX3z81S4TwUaTvqZBHtiMOngez" rel="nofollow noreferrer">new implementation</a>).</p>
<p>I have read textual data have high dimensionality s... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/144246/does-compubert-suffer-from-the-curse-of-dimensionality |
Question: <p>I am working on a question answering system. I've learned that informer spans are valuable features for question classification. However from what I've read I wasn't able to find any publicly available dataset for this task, or a trained tagger. Is there any? People seem to just hand-label their dataset.</... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/67164/is-there-a-publicly-available-informer-tagger-or-dataset |
Question: <p>My question is about the paper <a href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2696/paper_235.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Three is Better than One Ensembling Math Information Retrieval Systems</a> (a system used for math information retrieval - both for finding answers and formula search)(code on <a href="https://githu... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/139361/how-can-i-make-inference-in-compubert |
Question: <p>You have <span class="math-container">$n$</span> questions in an exam. Question <span class="math-container">$i$</span> is answered correctly with probability <span class="math-container">$p_i > 0$</span>. If question <span class="math-container">$i$</span> is answered correctly, you get <span class="ma... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/157814/dynamic-programming-optimal-order-to-answer-questions-to-score-the-maximum-expe |
Question: <p>Due to the unforeseen pandemic, I am unable to speak to my tutor about the following question. I have emailed him, but I have not had an answer for weeks. Can someone please enlighten me. </p>
<p>Image and question to be answered below. Please provide an explanation, as I am struggling to find an answer:<... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/123872/does-anyone-know-the-answer-the-following-questions-on-converting-logical-phys |
Question: <p>I am interested in formulating a knowledge graph query in a matrix multiplication/dot product/inner product.</p>
<p>I have found by chance the paper <a href="http://ws.nju.edu.cn/courses/ke/reading/1_variational.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Variational Reasoning for Question Answering with Knowledge Gra... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/116627/is-it-possible-to-query-a-knowledge-graph-using-only-matrix-operations |
Question: <p>Need some guidance on where to begin. I am just learning python if it has any bearing.</p>
<p>I want to create a page on my site where users log in, choose multiple topics from a list, choose between levels of difficulty, choose whether or not to be timed, and then be presented with random multiple choice... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/142931/creating-a-database-of-math-questions-and-of-answers-and-a-front-end-for-them |
Question: <p>I am familiar with operational semantics (both small-step and big-step) for defining programming languages. I'm interested in learning denotational semantics as well, but I'm not sure if it will be worth the effort. Will I just be learning the same material from a different point of view, or are there insi... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/63874/what-questions-can-denotational-semantics-answer-that-operational-semantics-can |
Question: <p>This question is about the article <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.11346.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sub-Linear Memory How to Make Performers SLiM</a>.</p>
<p>I googled for the fastest transformer and I think almost surely I found. It is called SLiM.</p>
<p>The problem is the authors use only GPUs a... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/144309/is-it-possible-to-run-the-transformer-performer-slim-without-using-gpus |
Question: <p>I have this assignment question but I am a bit unsure how to go about answering it. The question is as follows and accompanied by the image below: </p>
<p>Three processes are competing for six resources labelled A to F as shown
below.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/8ilRU.jpg" rel="nofollow norefer... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/45764/help-interpreting-this-deadlock-question |
Question: <p>I have a very large amount of objects that look like this: </p>
<pre><code>DataDict = {
id1: {"a": true, "b": true, "bc": true, "hgf": true},
id2: {"bcwe": true, "nKNNn": true, "mjj": true, "AAt": true},
id3: {"h": true, "a": true, "mjj": true, "ABwAU": true},
id4: {"wvzy": true, "zzba": true, "abc": tru... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/70405/how-to-get-the-quick-answer-to-the-is-there-at-least-one-subset-that-contains-a |
Question: <p>I have been unable to find a graph depicting or text answering the following question: Is there a direct relationship between the complexity of an algorithm (such as best / worst case of quick sort), and class of automata that can implement the algorithm. For example is there a range of complexity push dow... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/52748/relationship-of-algorithm-complexity-and-automata-class |
Question: <p>This is a question from a past paper. I am struggling to get my head around the concept of a PDA. I understand that it is a Finite Automaton with a stack but am stuck as far as answering questions like this one. Thanks. </p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/ONLzK.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/74140/which-of-the-following-languages-is-accepted-by-this-pushdown-automaton |
Question: <p>I have seen this question here,
<a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/87475/closure-of-turing-recognizable-languages-under-homomorphism">Closure of Turing-recognizable languages under homomorphism</a>
But actually this question answers the question of "What is the relation between homomorphism an... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/89151/show-that-the-collection-of-turing-recognizable-languages-is-closed-under-homomo |
Question: <p>I have a professor who is really poor at explaining the material, which is what makes answering his questions very hard. Here is the question:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Recursive language with non-recursive subsets. Does one exist?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I'm sure it is a very simple and easy answer but I can't... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/17860/recursive-language-with-non-recursive-subsets |
Question: <p>I came across this question:</p>
<pre><code>At the beginning of transmission t, a TCP connection in congestion avoidance mode
has a congestion window w = 60 segments.Packet loss is observed during transmission
rounds t, t+10, and t+20 by getting multiple ACKs. What is the congestion window
at the end of ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/124460/tcp-congestion-avoidance |
Question: <p>I know that this is not a question answer site but for sake of explaining my doubt I have to post the entire question..</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Consider the following statements.</p>
<pre><code>If relation R is in 3NF and every key is simple, then R is in BCNF
If relation R is in 3NF and R has only one key... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/119207/third-normal-form-and-boyce-code-normal-form |
Question: <p>What is the difference between a single processing unit of CPU and single processing unit of GPU? <br>
Most places I've come along on the internet cover the high level differences between the two. I want to know what instructions can each perform and how fast are they and how are these processing units int... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/56082/cpu-and-gpu-differences |
Question: <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/tAaWw.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/tAaWw.png" alt="Two FAs" /></a></p>
<p>I am still quite confused on how to properly handle in answering the <code>intersection and equality of two FAs</code> in terms of table form and manipulating its trans... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/154969/how-to-find-the-intersection-of-two-fas-and-then-check-if-two-fas-are-equal |
Question: <p>I am having a hard time determining the Big-O notation based on the runtime of the algorithm. I would really appreciate it if any one of you could give me some hint/ or tips in answering the question. </p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/AaXOM.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.n... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/76283/big-o-notation-based-on-runtime |
Question: <p>Given a fully connected graph $G$, suppose that we are searching for a simple path $P$ with a specific cost $c$. </p>
<p>Is answering to that problem <em>yes</em> or <em>no</em> equivalent to subset-sum problem?
What would be the complexity of finding such path?</p>
<p>I have made a reduction from subset... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/24231/given-a-complete-weighted-and-undirected-graph-g-complexity-of-finding-a-pat |
Question: <p>It is quite easy to prove that f(n) + g(n) ∈ Ω(h(n)), but I am having trouble with proving/disproving that f(n) + g(n) ∈ O(h(n)).</p>
<p>Someone suggested that <a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/158890/if-f-oh-and-g-%CE%A9h-then-fg-is">this question</a> answers mine, which it doesn't. As I've ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/159225/if-we-have-fn-%e2%88%88-ohn-and-gn-%e2%88%88-%e2%84%a6hn-does-that-mean-that-fn-gn-%e2%88%88 |
Question: <p>The question is as follows: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Let $L$ be a language (not necessarily regular) over an alphabet. Show
that if the equivalence class containing the empty string $[ \epsilon ]$
is not $\{ \epsilon \}$, then it is infinite.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>How do I go about answering this? Would... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/55203/how-do-i-show-that-an-equivalence-class-of-a-language-containing-an-empty-string |
Question: <pre><code> i<--2
while (i<n)
someWork (...)
i <-- power (i,2)
done
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Given that someWork(...) is an O(n) algorithm, what is the worst case
time complexity?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I've found this question answered on this site with the solution o... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/28461/determining-big-o |
Question: <p>On an old worksheet I came across the question</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> are two Turing decidable languages, then show that 𝐿<sub>1</sub>∪𝐿<sub>2</sub> and 𝐿<sub>1</sub>𝑜𝐿<sub>2</sub> are Turing decidable languages (high-level description with stages is enough).</p>
</bloc... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/139532/turing-decidable-languages |
Question: <p>In the answer to "what is the Hessian" at this site:</p>
<p><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23297090/how-calculating-hessian-works-for-neural-network-learning">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23297090/how-calculating-hessian-works-for-neural-network-learning</a></p>
<p>the person answeri... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/106053/how-is-momentum-an-approximation-of-hessian-based-optimization |
Question: <p>I am having difficulty answering the following questions relating to the use of threading.</p>
<p>Question 1 is of relating to the possibility of a local storage per thread and a global storage accessible to all threads. Consider the following scenario; A program creates a series of threads each with thei... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/24750/local-and-global-storage-with-multithreading-pools-locking-threads |
Question: <p>A real-life computer can only store programs and inputs up to a certain length, which means that its halting problem can be solved with a lookup table. The most obvious way to represent this table grows exponentially with the number of bits in the computer's state description, and so wouldn't fit inside th... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/86607/can-machines-of-finite-size-ever-solve-their-own-halting-problems |
Question: <p>I am having trouble answering the question below:</p>
<p>"Explain why the statement, “The running time of algorithm A is at least O(n^2)”, is content-free."</p>
<p>The statement apparently does not give any information on the running time of A but if A = T(n), then T(n) >= O(n^2). Doesn't this... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/162592/time-complexity-and-content-free-evaluation |
Question: <p>Suppose that $L$ is a language recognized by a linear-bounded automaton with the constraint that it can only change each of its input cells at most $t$ times each, where $t$ is some constant integer. Must $L$ belong to $P$, the class of languages decidable in polynomial time? Even more stringently, does th... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/72343/time-complexity-of-languages-recognized-by-linear-bounded-automata-with-restrict |
Question: <p>I've read through a few definitions of a partially observable environment/MDP, and I need confirmation whether the <em>partial observability</em> is really a <em>generalization</em> of a MDP (misnomer) and not a <em>required</em> feature, just like when we call nondeterministic automata the union of a) det... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/143030/can-partially-observable-mdps-be-fully-observable-nonetheless |
Question: <p>When modeling a scenario with Petri nets how should I determine the places, transitions and tokens?</p>
<p><strong>Example:</strong> </p>
<p>There are two exam assistants in an exam hall observing the exam. They stand in front of the exam hall. When a student has a question one of the assistants goes to ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/71814/how-to-determine-places-transitions-and-tokens-in-a-scenario-when-modeling-with |
Question: <p>This question is closely related to <a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/13126"><em>Does an abstract syntax tree have to be a tree?</em></a> and is partially answered there, but I would like to be more precise and to have more concise answers.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>What is the origin of the term?</p></li>
<l... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/81993/the-origin-and-the-meaning-of-abstract-syntax-tree |
Question: <p>I just had a CS mid-term and one of the questions was:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>OOD allows ADTs to be created and used.</p>
<ul>
<li>True</li>
<li>False</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>I answered false, but my answer was marked as incorrect. I suspect what the question means is "objected-oriented des... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/13503/ood-allows-adts-to-be-created-and-used |
Question: <p>The following question is from the MIT 6.034 2006 Final Exam paper.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/KRH2j.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/KRH2j.png" alt="Image from the MIT 6.034 2006 Final Exam paper" /></a>In answering part 6.5, I wasn't certain why the radial basis k... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/148180/radial-basis-kernel-producing-the-same-decision-boundary-as-a-linear-kernel |
Question: <p>I have the following Bayesian Network and need help with answering the following query.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/30XAh.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></p>
<p><strong>EDITED:</strong></p>
<p>Here are my solutions to questions a and b:</p>
<p><strong>a)</strong></p>
<pre><code>P(A... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/13803/bayesian-network-inference |
Question: <p>I have a Computer Science A-Level exam tomorrow and I've been trying to get this question answered by my teacher but she's not been too helpful so asking here instead.</p>
<p>In an exam question, I have the following BNF grammar, where <code>_</code> denotes a space.</p>
<pre><code><fullname> ::= &... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/76839/confusion-converting-bnf-to-regular-expression |
Question: <p>I just read that IBM's Watson would have a hard time answering questions like "tell me about your first <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2010/06/28/watson-fails-the-turing-test-but-just-might-pass-the-jeopardy-test/#.UhH7QGTF1vZ" rel="nofollow">kiss</a>." If you asked a modern, ... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/13815/how-good-are-current-ai-researchers-at-simulating-complex-first-person-emotiona |
Question: <p>For this question, I have the alphabet <span class="math-container">$\Sigma=\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\}$</span>. I also have the language <span class="math-container">$L$</span> over <span class="math-container">$\Sigma$</span> described as the language such that the strings <span class="math-container">$w$</s... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/108662/language-to-generate-powers-of-2-using-a-language-containing-decimal-numbers |
Question: <p>This is a machine learning question. Given this series of categorical data, what program will derive the underlying algorithm and predict what comes next in the series?</p>
<p>Here is the series:</p>
<p>B, BA, BB, BAA, BAB, BBA, BBB, BAAA, BAAB, BABA, ...</p>
<p>Anyone with knowledge of computer science... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/19638/machine-learning-what-program-will-derive-the-underlying-algorithm-in-this-seri |
Question: <p>I was asked the below question in a test at school last week and I thought the answer given was incorrect.</p>
<p>You had to give a file format from the options for the below statement:</p>
<p>A file created in software that most users will not have available</p>
<p>You had two options, PDF or DOCX. I a... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/54350/ocr-computing-question |
Question: <p>I'm not sure this is equivalent to bipartite vertex cover question. The question is:</p>
<p>Given a BIPARTITE graph, what is the minimum number of vertex from the right side whose edges cover all vertex from the left side. </p>
<p>e.g. In the following graph, the answer is 1, cause vertex g has connectio... | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/115093/another-vertex-cover-question |
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