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Linear time-invariant system Due to the convolution property of both of these transforms, the convolution that gives the output of the system can be transformed to a multiplication in the transform domain. That is, Just as with the Laplace transform transfer function in continuous-time system analysis, the Z transform makes it easier to analyze systems and gain insight into their behavior. One can look at the modulus of the system function "|H(z)|" to see whether the input formula_147 is "passed" (let through) by the system, or "rejected" or "attenuated" by the system (not let through). The input-output characteristics of discrete-time LTI system are completely described by its impulse response formula_143. Some of the most important properties of a system are causality and stability. Unlike CT systems, non-causal DT systems can be realized. It is trivial to make an acausal FIR system causal by adding delays. It is even possible to make acausal IIR systems. Non-stable systems can be built and can be useful in many circumstances. Even non-real systems can be built and are very useful in many contexts. A discrete-time LTI system is causal if the current value of the output depends on only the current value and past values of the input., A necessary and sufficient condition for causality is where formula_143 is the impulse response. It is not possible in general to determine causality from the Z transform, because the inverse transform is not unique. When a region of convergence is specified, then causality can be determined
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Water heating An ordinary electric shower often has three heat settings: high (5.5 kW), low (2.5 kW), or cold (0 W) to use when a central heater system is available or in hot seasons. The power consumption of electric showers in the maximum heating setting is about 5.5 kW for 120 V and 7.5 kW for 220 V. The lower costs with electric showers compared to the higher costs with boilers is due to the time of use: an electric shower uses energy only while the water flows, while a boiler works many times a day to keep a quantity of standing water hot for use throughout the day and night. Moreover, the transfer of electric energy to the water in an electric shower head is very efficient, approaching 100%. Electric showers may save energy compared to electric tank heaters, which lose some standby heat. There is a wide range of electric showers, with various types of heating controls. The heating element of an electric shower is immersed in the water stream, using a nichrome resistance element which is sheathed and electrically isolated, like the ones used in oil heaters, radiators or clothes irons, providing safety. Due to electrical safety standards, modern electric showers are made of plastic instead of using metallic casings like in the past. As an electrical appliance that uses more electric current than a washer or a dryer, an electric shower installation requires careful planning, and generally is intended to be wired directly from the electrical distribution box with a dedicated circuit breaker and ground system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=521801
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Nanoneuronics is an emerging discipline involving the application of nanometer-scale methods, materials, science and technology to neurons and neural tissue in order to design and develop advanced medical applications. is a new discipline of engineering that aims to harness the collaborative power and knowledge of nanotechnology, neuroscience, electrical engineering, neural engineering and ethics for the design and development of advanced medical interventions with the nervous system. Although non-invasive approaches to the nervous system have been effective for diagnosis and therapy in many treatments, an overwhelming number of severe neurological conditions will likely require invasive approaches for effective therapY. The term “nanoneuronics” was coined in 2006 by Prof. Richard Magin, at the time the head of the Bioengineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The National Science Foundation has approved initial funding toward the study of ways in which experts in these fields can work together to promote interdisciplinary research. Handbook of Neural Engineering, Metin Akay (Editor),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25731645
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SQUID It is based on the AC Josephson effect and uses only one Josephson junction. It is less sensitive compared to DC but is cheaper and easier to manufacture in smaller quantities. Most fundamental measurements in biomagnetism, even of extremely small signals, have been made using RF SQUIDS. The RF is inductively coupled to a resonant tank circuit. Depending on the external magnetic field, as the operates in the resistive mode, the effective inductance of the tank circuit changes, thus changing the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. These frequency measurements can be easily taken, and thus the losses which appear as the voltage across the load resistor in the circuit are a periodic function of the applied magnetic flux with a period of formula_9. For a precise mathematical description refer to the original paper by Erné et al. The traditional superconducting materials for SQUIDs are pure niobium or a lead alloy with 10% gold or indium, as pure lead is unstable when its temperature is repeatedly changed. To maintain superconductivity, the entire device needs to operate within a few degrees of absolute zero, cooled with liquid helium. High-temperature sensors were developed in the late 1980's. They are made of high-temperature superconductors, particularly YBCO, and are cooled by liquid nitrogen which is cheaper and more easily handled than liquid helium. They are less sensitive than conventional low temperature SQUIDs but good enough for many applications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46178
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Fulldome This becomes particularly important for users in the planetarium field, who have a vested interest in projecting a dark night sky. The desire for projectors to “go to black” has resulted in continued use of CRT technology, even as newer and less expensive technologies have emerged. LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetariums. LCOS and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD contrast ratios while also eliminating the “screen door” effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. “Dark chip” DLP projectors improve on the standard DLP design and can offer a relatively inexpensive solution with bright images, but the black level requires physical baffling of the projectors. As the technology matures and reduces in price, laser projection looks promising for dome projection as it offers bright images, large dynamic range and a very wide color space. DOME lenses and standard lens are similar in some ways. They both depend on the type of display device, LCD, DLP, LCOS, DILA and the size chip or panel that is part of this device. The unique feature of the DOME lens is the actual shape of the glass, the projected image spill out from the top and all around the circumference of the lens. The biggest advantage is how this type of lens maintains focus over the full 180 x 180 field of view. A single standard flat field or curved field lens would have major focus and distortion issue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6817345
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DingDong is a line of smart speakers created by Chinese company LingLong (a partnership between JD.com and iFlytek). The metal A1 was released in 2016, followed by the release of the cheaper A3 and Q1 the following year. The A1 has a height of 9.5 inches (24 centimeters) and has a square base which transitions to a cylinder at the top. The devices are capable of reading the news, music streaming, weather updates, and online shopping. Versions are available that speak either Mandarin or Cantonese.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55890636
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Natural product Natural products chemistry is a distinct area of chemical research which was important in the history of chemistry, the sourcing of substances in early preclinical drug discovery research, the understanding of traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology, the evolution of technology associated with chemical separations, the development of modern methods in chemical structure determination by NMR and other techniques, and in identification of pharmacologically useful areas of chemical diversity space. In addition, natural products are prepared by organic synthesis, and have played a central role to the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing tremendously challenging targets and problems for synthetic strategy and tactics. In this regard, natural products play a central role in the training of new synthetic organic chemists, and are a principal motivation in the development of new variants of old chemical reactions (e.g., the Evans aldol reaction), as well as the discovery of completely new chemical reactions (e.g., the Woodward cis-hydroxylation, Sharpless epoxidation, and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions). Research is being carried out to understand and manipulate the biochemical pathways involved in natural product synthesis in plants. It is hoped this knowledge will enable medicinally useful phytochemicals such as alkaloids to be produced more efficiently and economically
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1209760
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Ex situ conservation Seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk-in freezers or vaults. Taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do not tolerate desiccation are typically not held in seed banks for extended periods of time. An extensive open-air planting used maintain genetic diversity of wild, agricultural, or forestry species. Typically species that are either difficult or impossible to conserve in seed banks are conserved in field gene banks. Field gene banks may also be used grow and select progeny of species stored by other "ex situ" techniques. Plants under horticultural care in a constructed landscape, typically a botanic garden or arboreta. This technique is similar to a field gene bank in that plants are maintained in the ambient environment, but the collections are typically not as genetically diverse or extensive. These collections are susceptible to hybridization, artificial selection, genetic drift, and disease transmission. Species that cannot be conserved by other "ex situ" techniques are often included in cultivated collections. Plants are under horticulture care, but the environment is managed to near natural conditions. This occurs with either restored or semi-natural environments. This technique is primarily used for taxa that are rare or in areas where habitat has been severely degraded. Endangered animal species and breeds are preserved using similar techniques. Animal species can be preserved in genebanks, which consist of cryogenic facilities used to store living sperm, eggs, or embryos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186345
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Street light A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it, so that they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road. Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (a freeway junction or exit ramp), the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well-designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698830
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Supramolecular chirality In chemistry, the term supramolecular chirality is used to describe supramolecular assemblies that are non-superposable on their mirror images. Chirality in supramolecular chemistry implies the non-symmetric arrangement of molecular components in a non-covalent assembly. Chirality may arise in a supramolecular system if one of its component is chiral or if achiral components arrange in a non symmetrical way to produce a supermolecule that is chiral.
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Flow tracer Transient tracers change over time, such as radioactive material (Tritium and Cesium-137) and chemical concentrations (CFCs and SF6), which are used to date water masses and can also track mixing. In the mid-1900s, Nuclear weapons testing and chemical production, released tons of compounds that are not naturally found in the environment. While extremely unfortunate, scientists were able to use the concentrations of anthropogenic compounds and half-lives of radioactive material to determine how old a water body is. The Fukushima nuclear disaster was really well studied by oceanographers, who tracked the radioactive material spread through out the Pacific Ocean, and used that to better understand ocean currents and mixing patterns. Biological tracers can also be used to track water masses in the ocean. Phytoplankton blooms can be seen by satellites and move with the changing currents. They can be used as a "check point" to see how well water masses are mixing. Subtropical water is often warm, which is ideal for phytoplankton, but nutrient poor, which inhibits their growth, while subpolar water is cold and nutrient rich. When these two types of water masses mix, such as the Kuroshio Current in the north Pacific, it often causes huge phytoplankton blooms, because they now how conditions they need to grow—warm temperatures and high nutrients. Vertical mixing and eddy formation can also cause phytoplankton blooms, and these blooms are tracked by satellites to observe current patterns and mixing. <br>
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10606531
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Global Climate Coalition GCC's challenge to science prompted a backlash from environmental groups. Environmentalists described GCC as a "club for polluters" and called for members to withdraw their support. "Abandonment of the by leading companies is partly in response to the mounting evidence that the world is indeed getting warmer," according to environmentalist Lester R. Brown. In 1998, Green Party delegates to the European Parliament introduced an unsuccessful proposal that the World Meteorological Organization name hurricanes after GCC members. Defections weakened the coalition. In 1996, British Petroleum resigned and later announced support for the Kyoto Protocol and commitment to greenhouse gas emission reductions. In 1997, Royal Dutch Shell withdrew after criticism from European environmental groups. In 1999, Ford Motor Company was the first US company to withdraw; the "New York Times" described the departure as "the latest sign of divisions within heavy industry over how to respond to global warming." DuPont left the coalition in 1997 and Shell Oil (US) left in 1998. In 2000, GCC corporate members were the targets of a national student-run university divestiture campaign. Between December, 1999 and early March, 2000, Texaco, the Southern Company, General Motors and Daimler-Chrysler withdrew
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13089
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Solubility pump The combustion of fossil fuels, land-use changes, and the production of cement have led to a flux of CO to the atmosphere. Presently, about one third (approximately 2 gigatons of carbon per year) of anthropogenic emissions of CO are believed to be entering the ocean. The solubility pump is the primary mechanism driving this flux, with the consequence that anthropogenic CO is reaching the ocean interior via high latitude sites of deep water formation (particularly the North Atlantic). Ultimately, most of the CO emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean, however the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain. In a study of carbon cycle up to the end of the 21st century, Cox "et al." (2000) predicted that the rate of CO uptake will begin to saturate at a maximum rate at 5 gigatons of carbon per year by 2100. This was partially due to non-linearities in the seawater carbonate system, but also due to climate change. Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater, slowing the ocean's response to emissions. Warming also acts to increase ocean stratification, isolating the surface ocean from deeper waters. Additionally, changes in the ocean's thermohaline circulation (specifically slowing) may act to decrease transport of dissolved CO into the deep ocean. However, the magnitude of these processes is still uncertain, preventing good long-term estimates of the fate of the solubility pump
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1605201
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Visual phototransduction This so-called 'dark current' depolarizes the cell to around -40 mV. Note that this is significantly more depolarized than most other neurons. A high density of Na-K pumps enables the photoreceptor to maintain a steady intracellular concentration of Na and K. Photoreceptor cells are unusual cells in that they depolarize in response to absence of stimuli or scotopic conditions (darkness). In photopic conditions (light), photoreceptors hyperpolarize to a potential of -60mV. In the dark, cGMP levels are high and keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open allowing a steady inward current, called the dark current. This dark current keeps the cell depolarized at about -40 mV, leading to glutamate release which inhibits excitation of neurons. The depolarization of the cell membrane in scotopic conditions opens voltage-gated calcium channels. An increased intracellular concentration of Ca causes vesicles containing glutamate, a neurotransmitter, to merge with the cell membrane, therefore releasing glutamate into the synaptic cleft, an area between the end of one cell and the beginning of another neuron. Glutamate, though usually excitatory, functions here as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. In the cone pathway glutamate: In summary: "Light" closes cGMP-gated sodium channels, reducing the influx of both Na and Ca ions. Stopping the influx of Na ions effectively switches "off" the dark current
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1887433
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Stride scheduling The stride scheduling is a type of scheduling mechanism that has been introduced as a simple concept to achieve proportional CPU capacity reservation among concurrent processes. aims to sequentially allocate a resource for the duration of standard time-slices (quantum) in a fashion, that performs periodic recurrences of allocations. Thus, a process p1 which has reserved twice the share of a process p2 will be allocated twice as often as p2. In particular, process p1 will even be allocated two times every time p2 is waiting for allocation, assuming that neither of the two processes performs a blocking operation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7755182
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Ministry of Information (United Kingdom) The Ministry of Information (MOI), headed by the Minister of Information, was a United Kingdom government department created briefly at the end of the First World War and again during the Second World War. Located in Senate House at the University of London during the 1940s, it was the central government department responsible for publicity and propaganda. In the Great War, several different agencies had been responsible for propaganda, except for a brief period when there had been a Department of Information (1917) and a Ministry of Information (1918). Colour key (for political parties): The Ministry of Information (MOI) was formed on 4 September 1939, the day after Britain's declaration of war, and the first Minister was sworn into Office on 5 September 1939. The Ministry's function was "To promote the national case to the public at home and abroad in time of war" by issuing "National Propaganda" and controlling news and information. It was initially responsible for censorship, issuing official news, home publicity and overseas publicity in Allied and neutral countries. These functions were matched by a responsibility for monitoring public opinion through a network of Regional Information Offices. Responsibility for publicity in enemy territories was organised by Department EH (later part of the Special Operations Executive). Secret planning for a Ministry of Information (MOI) had started in October 1935 under the auspices of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1190694
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Child labour Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 1980s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 1980s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences. Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10–14 year olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15–17 year olds and about 375,000 5–9 year olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally, which led to many not being protected by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there are still many children working illegally in Brazil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=101942
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USS Pueblo (AGER-2) Since early 2013, the ship has been moored along the Pothong River in Pyongyang and used there as a museum ship at the Victorious War Museum. "Pueblo" is the only ship of the U.S. Navy still on the commissioned roster currently being held captive. The ship was launched at the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Kewaunee, Wisconsin, on 16 April 1944, as the United States Army Freight and Passenger (FP) "FP-344". The Army later redesignated the FP vessels as Freight and Supply changing the designation to "FS-344". The ship, commissioned at New Orleans on 7 April 1945, served as a Coast Guard–manned Army vessel used for training civilians for the Army. Her first commanding officer was Lt. J. R. Choate, USCGR, succeeded by Lt. J.G. Marvin B. Barker, USCGR, on 12 September 1945. "FS-344" was placed out of service in 1954. In 1964 the Department of Defense became interested in having smaller, less expensive, more flexible and responsive signals intelligence collection vessels than the existing AGTR and T-AG vessels. The mothballed light cargo ships were the most suitable existing DOD ships, and one was converted to in 1964 and began operations in 1965. "FS-344" was transferred to the United States Navy on 12 April 1966 and was renamed USS "Pueblo" (AKL-44) after Pueblo and Pueblo County, Colorado on 18 June. Initially, she was classified as a light cargo ship for basic refitting at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard during 1966
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=415946
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Field electron emission By convention, "F" is taken as positive, even though the classical electrostatic field would be negative. The SN equation uses the classical image potential energy to represent the physical effect "correlation and exchange". For an electron approaching a given barrier from the inside, the "probability of escape" (or "transmission coefficient" or "penetration coefficient") is a function of "h" and "F", and is denoted by "D"("h","F"). The primary aim of tunneling theory is to calculate "D"("h","F"). For physically realistic barrier models, such as the Schottky-Nordheim barrier, the Schrödinger equation cannot be solved exactly in any simple way. The following so-called "semi-classical" approach can be used. A parameter "G"("h","F") can be defined by the JWKB (Jeffreys-Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) integral: where the integral is taken across the barrier (i.e., across the region where "M" > 0), and the parameter "g" is a universal constant given by Forbes has re-arranged a result proved by Fröman and Fröman, to show that, formally – in a one-dimensional treatment – the exact solution for "D" can be written where the "tunneling pre-factor" "P" can in principle be evaluated by complicated iterative integrations along a path in complex space. In the CFE regime we have (by definition) "G" ≫ 1. Also, for simple models "P" ≈ 1. So eq. (6) reduces to the so-called simple JWKB formula: For the exact triangular barrier, putting eq. (2) into eq
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Committed dose equivalent For instance, potassium iodide (KI), administered orally immediately after exposure, may be used to protect the thyroid from ingested radioactive iodine in the event of an accident or attack at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive which would release radioactive iodine. Other radioisotopes have an affinity for particular tissues, such as plutonium into bone, and may be retained there for years in spite of their foreign nature. Not all radiation is harmful. The radiation can be absorbed through multiple pathways, varying due to the circumstances of the situation. If the radioactive material is necessary, it can be ingested orally via stable isotopes of specific elements. This is only suggested to those that have a lack of these elements however, because radioactive material can go from healthy to harmful with very small amounts. The most harmful way to absorb radiation is that of ingestion absorption because it is almost impossible to control how much will enter the body. In the case of internal exposure, the dose is not received at the moment of exposure, as happens with external exposure, since the incorporated radionuclide irradiates the various organs and tissues during the time it is present in the body. By definition, the committed dose equivalent corresponds to the received dose integrated over 50 years from the date of intake. In order to calculate it, one has to know the intake activity and the value of the committed dose equivalent per unit of intake activity
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Flixborough disaster The inquiry report identified 'lessons to be learned' which it presented under various headings; 'General observation' (relating to cultural issues underlying the disaster), 'specific lessons' (directly relevant to the disaster, but of general applicability) are reported below; there were also 'general' and 'miscellaneous lessons' of less relevance to the disaster. The report also commented on matters to be covered by the Advisory Committee on Major Hazards. The disaster was caused by 'a well designed and constructed plant' undergoing a modification that destroyed its technical integrity. When the bypass was installed, there was no works engineer in post and company senior personnel (all chemical engineers) were incapable of recognising the existence of a simple engineering problem, let alone solving it No one concerned in the design or construction of the plant envisaged the possibility of a major disaster happening instantaneously. It was now apparent that such a possibility exists where large amounts of potentially explosive material are processed or stored. It was 'of the greatest importance that plants at which there is a risk of instant as opposed to escalating disaster be identified. Once identified measures should be taken both to prevent such a disaster so far as is possible and to minimise its consequences should it occur despite all precautions
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Smartwatch Although many reviewers declared the watch revolutionary, it was criticized for its weight (108 grams) and was discontinued in 2005. In the same year, Microsoft announced the SPOT smartwatch and it began hitting stores in early 2004. SPOT stands for Smart Personal Objects Technology, an initiative by Microsoft to personalize household electronics and other everyday gadgets. For instance, the company demonstrated coffee makers, weather stations, and alarm clocks featuring built-in SPOT technology. The device was a standalone smartwatch that offered information at a glance where other devices would have required more immersion and interaction. The information included weather, news, stock prices, and sports scores and was transmitted through FM waves. It was accessible through a yearly subscription that cost from $39 to $59. The Microsoft SPOT Watch had a monochrome 90×126 pixel screen. Fossil, Suunto, and Tissot also sold smartwatches running the SPOT technology. For instance, Fossil's Abacus, which was a variant of the Fossil Wrist PDA, retailed from $130 to $150. Sony Ericsson teamed up with Fossils, and released the first watch, MBW-100, that connected to Bluetooth. This watch notified the user when receiving calls and text messages. Though the watch was not popular as it would only connect and work with Sony Ericsson phones. In 2009, Hermen van den Burg, CEO of and Burg Wearables, launched "Burg" the first standalone smartphone watch with its own sim card and not requiring to be tethered to a smartphone
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Cheating (biology) This makes chimeric aggregates of "Dictyostelium discoideum" susceptible to cheating individuals that take advantage of the reproductive behavior without paying the fair price. In other words, if certain individuals tend to become a part of the sorus more frequently, they can gain increased benefit from the fruiting body system without sacrificing their own opportunities to reproduce. Cheating behavior in "D. discoideum" is well established, and many studies have attempted to elucidate the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms underlying the behavior. Having a 34Mb genome that is completely sequenced and well annotated makes "D. discoideum" a useful model in studying the genetic bases and molecular mechanisms of cheating, and in a broader sense, social evolution. Eusocial insects also serve as valuable tools in studying cheating. Eusocial insects behave cooperatively, where members of the community forgo reproduction to assist a few individuals to reproduce. Such model systems have potential for conflict of interest to arise among individuals, and thus also have potential for cheating to occur. Eusocial insects in the order Hymenoptera, which includes bees and wasps, exhibit good examples of conflicts of interest present in insect societies. In these systems, queen bees and wasps can mate and lay fertilized eggs that hatch into females. On the other hand, workers of most species in Hymenoptera can produce eggs, but cannot produce fertilized eggs due to loss of mating ability
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Flip Video The cameras are an American series of tapeless camcorders for digital video created by Pure Digital Technologies, a company bought by Cisco Systems in March 2009; variants included the UltraHD, the MinoHD, and the SlideHD. cameras were known for their simple interface with few buttons, minimal menus and built in USB plugs (from which they derived the flip name), and were marketed as making video "simple to shoot, simple to share" Production of the line of Flip video cameras ran from 2006 until April 2011, when Cisco Systems discontinued them as part of a move to "...exit aspects of (their) consumer businesses." . Flip cameras contributed to an increase in the popularity of similar pocket camcorders, although the inclusion of HD video cameras in many smartphones has since made them a more niche product. Flip cameras can record videos at different resolutions. FlipHD camcorders digitally record high-definition video at 1280 x 720 resolution using H.264 video compression, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) audio compression and the MP4 file format, while the older models used a 640 x 480 resolution. The MinoHD and SlideHD models had an internal lithium-ion rechargeable battery included, while the Ultra series included a removable battery that could be interchanged with standard AA or AAA batteries. All models lacked memory card extension slots, though the Flip UltraHD(2 hr) could record to a storage device via FlipPort
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Chlorine The colour fades at low temperatures, so that solid chlorine at −195 °C is almost colourless. Like solid bromine and iodine, solid chlorine crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system, in a layered lattice of Cl molecules. The Cl–Cl distance is 198 pm (close to the gaseous Cl–Cl distance of 199 pm) and the Cl···Cl distance between molecules is 332 pm within a layer and 382 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of chlorine, 180 pm). This structure means that chlorine is a very poor conductor of electricity, and indeed its conductivity is so low as to be practically unmeasurable. has two stable isotopes, Cl and Cl. These are its only two natural isotopes occurring in quantity, with Cl making up 76% of natural chlorine and Cl making up the remaining 24%. Both are synthesised in stars in the oxygen-burning and silicon-burning processes. Both have nuclear spin 3/2+ and thus may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance, although the spin magnitude being greater than 1/2 results in non-spherical nuclear charge distribution and thus resonance broadening as a result of a nonzero nuclear quadrupole moment and resultant quadrupolar relaxation. The other chlorine isotopes are all radioactive, with half-lives too short to occur in nature primordially. Of these, the most commonly used in the laboratory are Cl ("t" = 3.0×10 y) and Cl ("t" = 37.2 min), which may be produced from the neutron activation of natural chlorine. The most stable chlorine radioisotope is Cl
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Stereophonic sound 1 channel layout, and more recently with the introduction of digital cinema, Dolby Surround 7.1 and Dolby Atmos in 2010 and 2012 respectively. The progress of stereophonic sound was paced by the technical difficulties of recording and reproducing two or more channels in synchronization with one another, and by the economic and marketing issues of introducing new audio media and equipment. A stereo system cost up to twice as much as a monophonic system, since a stereo system contains two preamplifiers, two amplifiers, and two speaker systems. In addition, the user would need an FM stereo tuner, to upgrade any tape recorder to a stereo model, and to have their phonograph fitted with a stereo cartridge. In the early days it was not clear whether consumers would think the sound was so much better as to be worth twice the price. Edison had been recording in a hill-and-dale or vertically modulated format on his cylinders and discs since 1877, and Berliner had been recording in a side-to-side or lateral format since shortly thereafter. Each format developed on its own trajectory until the late 1920s when electric recording on disc, utilizing a microphone surpassed acoustic recording where the performer needed to shout or play very loudly into what basically amounted to a megaphone in reverse
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Kevin Warwick Warwick co-organised the 2008 Loebner Prize at the University of Reading, which also featured parallel-paired Turing tests. In 2012, he co-organised with Huma Shah a series of Turing tests held at Bletchley Park. According to Warwick, the tests strictly adhered to the statements made by Alan Turing in his papers. Warwick himself participated in the tests as a hidden human. Results of the tests were discussed in a number of academic papers. One paper, entitled "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests", became one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence". In June 2014, Warwick helped Shah stage a series of Turing tests to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing's death. The event was performed at the Royal Society, London. Warwick regarded the winning chatbot, "Eugene Goostman", as having "passed the Turing test for the first time" by fooling a third of the event's judges into making an incorrect identification, and termed this a "milestone". A paper containing all of the transcripts involving Eugene Goostman entitled "Can Machines Think? A Report on Turing Test Experiments at the Royal Society", has also become one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence". Warwick was criticised in association with the 2014 Royal Society event, where he claimed that software program Eugene Goostman had passed the Turing test on the basis of its performance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17453
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Maria Pia Bridge Between 1897 and 1898 there was some concern by technicians about the integrity of the bridge; its width, the interruption of principal beams, its lightweight structure resulted in an elastic nature. In 1890, in Ovar, the "Oficina de Obras Metálicas" ("Metal Works Office") existed to support the work to reinforce and repair those structures. As a consequence, restrictions were placed on transit over the structure between 1900 and 1906: weight limited to 14 tons per lane and velocity to per hour. Alterations to the deck of the bridge were performed under the initiatives of Xavier Cordeiro in 1900. These were followed between 1901 and 1906 by improvements to the triangular beams were performed by the Oficina of Ovar. Consulting with a specialist in metallic structures (the French engineer Manet Rabut) in 1907, the Oficina concluded that the arch and the works performed on the bridge were sufficient to allow circulation. But, this did not impede further work on the fore- and aft-structural members to make the bridge more accessible and to reinforce the main pillars. In 1916, a commission was created to study the possibility of a secondary transit between Vila Nova de Gaia and Porto. By 1928, the bridge was already an obstacle to transit. In 1948, engineer João de Lemos executed a several studies to evaluate the bridge's condition: study of the deck (including structural members); analysis of the continuous beams and the arch's structural supports
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5690312
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Elevator pitch For instance, elevator pitches can be given on short notice and without much preparation due to the pre-planning of the content being delivered within said pitch, making the listener more comfortable. Furthermore, elevator pitches allow the individual who is giving the pitch the ability to simplify the content and deliver it in a less complicated manner by providing the information in a cut-down fashion that gets right to the point.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1603488
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Edgewell Personal Care Edgewell announced on February 10, 2020 that it is terminating its merger agreement with Harry's after the FTC sued to block the $1.37 billion deal. Carefree is a brand of pantyliners, although packets say tampons. Playtex is a brand of personal care products. Schick is a brand of razors. Wilkinson Sword is a brand of razors produced in Germany. Hawaiian Tropic is a brand of sunscreen. Banana Boat is a brand of sunscreen. Wet Ones is a brand of facial wipes. Skintimate is a brand of woman shaving cream. Jack Black and Bulldog are brands of personal care products for men, and Edge is brand of shaving cream acquired from S.C. Johnson & Son.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49212180
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Analog delay line An analog delay line is a network of electrical components connected in cascade, where each individual element creates a time difference or "phase change" between its input signal and its output signal. It operates on analog signals whose amplitude varies continuously. An example is a bucket-brigade device. Other types of delay line include acoustic (usually ultrasonic), magnetostrictive, and surface acoustic wave devices. A series of resistor–capacitor circuits (RC circuits) can be cascaded to form a delay. A long transmission line can also provide a delay element. The delay time of an analog delay line may be only a few nanoseconds or several milliseconds, limited by the practical size of the physical medium used to delay the signal and the propagation speed of impulses in the medium. Analog delay lines are applied in many types of signal processing circuits; for example the PAL television standard uses an analog delay line to store an entire video scanline. Acoustic and electromechanical delay lines are used to provide a "reverberation" effect in musical instrument amplifiers, or to simulate an echo. High-speed oscilloscopes used an analog delay line to allow observation of waveforms just before some triggering event. With the growing use of digital signal processing techniques, digital forms of delay are practical and eliminate some of the problems with dissipation and noise in analog systems. Inductor–capacitor ladder networks were used as analog delay lines in the 1920s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6993227
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Teladoc Health In late 2018, acquired the telemedicine company Advance Medical for $352 million, which employed doctors in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. In 2019, the French health company MédecinDirect was acquired. In April 2019, Teladoc launched in Canada with the Teladoc Telemedicine Service. In May 2019, the company created a virtual care patient safety organization (PSO) dubbed the Institute for Patient Safety and Quality of Virtual Care. Currently headquartered in Purchase, New York, as of 2019, the company was active in 130 countries and had around 27 million members. David Sides was appointed COO in 2019. In January 2020, Teladoc announced that it had reached an agreement to pay $600 million to acquire InTouch Health. divides its services into six categories: platform and program services, guidance and support, expert medical services, mental health services, telehealth, and integrated virtual care. As a software company, is involved with artificial intelligence, analytics, and "licensable platform services." The company primarily uses telephone and videoconferencing software to provide on-demand remote medical care, with patients able to log on to the service at any time and be connected with a board-certified, state-licensed physician within several minutes. The company's physicians treat non-emergencies such as the flu, pink eye, infections, sinus issues, mental health issues, and dermatological conditions, among others. The company has an expert network of 55,000 involved in 450 medical subspecialties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47101812
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Autopoiesis The term autopoiesis () refers to a system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself. The original definition can be found in "and Cognition: the Realization of the Living" (1st edition 1973, 2nd 1980): The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has been also applied to the fields of cognition, systems theory, architecture and sociology. was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The eukaryotic cell, for example, is made of various biochemical components such as nucleic acids and proteins, and is organized into bounded structures such as the cell nucleus, various organelles, a cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, "produce" the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium). An autopoietic system is to be contrasted with an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, which uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organized structure) which is something "other" than itself (the factory)
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Fine chemical Whereas the production sites of CMOs are multipurpose plants, allowing for the production of tens to hundreds of tons of fine chemicals, the work places of patient CROs are the test persons (volunteers) for the clinical trials and those of the product CROs are the laboratory benches. Major customers for CRO services are the large global pharmaceutical companies. Half a dozen companies (Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and Merck & Co.) alone absorb about one third of all CRO spending. As for CMOs also for CROs, biotech start-up companies with their dichotomy between ambitious drug development programs and limited resources are the second most promising prospects. Product CROs (chemical CROs) are providing primarily sample preparation, process research and development services. An overlap between the latter and CMOs exists with regard to pilot plants (100 kg quantities), which are part of the arsenal of both types of enterprise. There are more 100 product CROs. Most of them are privately held and have revenues of $10–$20 million per year or less, adding up to a total business in the range of $1.5-$2 billion. Their tasks are described in Chapter 5, Examples of are: The business of CROs is usually done through a “pay for service” arrangement. Contrary to manufacturing companies, invoicing of CROs is not based on unit product price, but on full-time equivalents (FTEs), that is, the cost of a scientist working one year on a given customer assignment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3694845
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International law The phenomenon of [[Globalization|globalisation]], which has led to the rapid integration of the world in economic, political, and even cultural terms, presents one of the greatest challenges to devising a truly international legal system. Sources of international law have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories. During the 20th century, it was recognized by legal [[legal positivism|positivists]] that a [[sovereign state]] could limit its authority to act by consenting to an agreement according to the contract principle "[[pacta sunt servanda]]". This consensual view of international law was reflected in the 1920 Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and remains preserved in Article 7 of the ICJ Statute. The [[sources of international law]] applied by the community of nations are listed under Article 38 of the [[Statute of the International Court of Justice]], which is considered authoritative in this regard: Additionally, judicial decisions and the teachings of prominent international law scholars may be applied as "subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law". Many scholars agree that the fact that the sources are arranged sequentially suggests an implicit hierarchy of sources. However, the language of Article 38 does not explicitly hold such a hierarchy, and the decisions of the international courts and tribunals do not support such a strict hierarchy
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Wireless Supporting technologies include: data communications are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling in point-to-point communication and point-to-multipoint communication, to provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, to link portable or temporary workstations, to overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or to remotely connect mobile users or networks. Peripheral devices in computing can also be connected wirelessly, as part of a Wi-Fi network or directly via an optical or radio-frequency (RF) peripheral interface. Originally these units used bulky, highly local transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse; however, more recent generations have used smaller, higher-performance devices. Radio-frequency interfaces, such as Bluetooth or USB, provide greater ranges of efficient use, usually up to 10 feet, but distance, physical obstacles, competing signals, and even human bodies can all degrade the signal quality. Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure. energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. There are two different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=185868
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Interoperability At the 2016 Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society (RAPS) meeting, experts in the field like Angela N. Johnson with GE Healthcare and representative of the United States Food and Drug Administration provided practical seminars in how companies developing new medical devices, and hospitals installing them, can work more effectively to align interoperable software systems. Speaking from an e-government perspective, interoperability refers to the collaboration ability of cross-border services for citizens, businesses and public administrations. Exchanging data can be a challenge due to language barriers, different specifications of formats and varieties of categorizations. Many more hindrances can be identified. If data is interpreted differently, collaboration is limited, takes longer and is not efficient. For instance, if a citizen of country A wants to purchase land in country B, the person will be asked to submit the proper address data. Address data in both countries include full name details, street name and number as well as a post code. The order of the address details might vary. In the same language, it is not an obstacle to order the provided address data; but across language barriers, it becomes more and more difficult. If the language requires other characters it is almost impossible, if no translation tools are available. Hence eGovernment applications need to exchange data in a semantically interoperable manner. This saves time and money and reduces sources of errors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41285
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Polly and Molly (born 1997), two ewes, were the first mammals to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell and to be transgenic animals at the same time. This is not to be confused with Dolly the Sheep, the first animal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell where there wasn’t modification carried out on the adult donor nucleus. Polly and Molly, like Dolly the Sheep, were cloned at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. The creation of built on the somatic nuclear transfer experiments that led to the cloning of Dolly the Sheep. The crucial difference was that in creating Polly and Molly, scientists used cells into which a new gene had been inserted. The gene chosen was a therapeutic protein to demonstrate the potential of such recombinant DNA technology combined with animal cloning. This could hopefully be used to produce pharmacological and therapeutic proteins to treat human diseases. The protein in question was the human blood clotting factor IX. Another difference from Dolly the Sheep was the source cell type of the nucleus that was transferred. Prior to the production of Polly and Molly, the only demonstrated way to make a transgenic animal was by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized oocytes (eggs). However, only a small proportion of the animals will integrate the injected DNA into their genome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1857574
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Trans-Spliced Exon Coupled RNA End Determination In a nine step PCR reaction the cDNAs are concurrently embedded with the BpmI restriction endonuclease site (though any class IIs restriction endonuclease may work) and a biotin label which are present in the primers. These tagged cDNAs are then cleaved 14 bp downstream from the recognition site using BpmI restriction endonuclease and blunt ended with T4 DNA polymerase. The fragments are further purified away from extraneous DNA material by using the biotin labels to bind them to a strepdavidin matrix. They are then ligated to adapter DNA, in six separate reactions, containing six different restriction endonuclease recognition sites. These tags are then amplified by PCR with primers containing a mismatch changing the Bpm1 site to a Xho1 site. The amplicons are concatenated and ligated into a plasmid vector. The clonal vectors are then sequenced and mapped to the genome. Concatenation of the tags, as developed in 2004, is different from that seen in SAGE. The cleavage of the tags with Xho1 and mixture of the different samples, followed by ligation, form the first concatenation step. The second step uses one of the restriction endonucleases with consensus to the adapter molecule attached to the 3’ end. They are again ligated, and PCR is performed to purify samples for the next joining. The concatenation is continued with the second restriction endonuclease, followed by the third and finally the fourth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16018002
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Sedimentation In a sedimentation experiment, the applied force accelerates the particles to a terminal velocity formula_1 at which the applied force is exactly canceled by an opposing drag force. For small enough particles (low Reynolds number), the drag force varies linearly with the terminal velocity, i.e., formula_2 (Stokes flow) where "f" depends only on the properties of the particle and the surrounding fluid. Similarly, the applied force generally varies linearly with some coupling constant (denoted here as "q") that depends only on the properties of the particle, formula_3. Hence, it is generally possible to define a sedimentation coefficient formula_4 that depends only on the properties of the particle and the surrounding fluid. Thus, measuring "s" can reveal underlying properties of the particle. In many cases, the motion of the particles is blocked by a hard boundary; the resulting accumulation of particles at the boundary is called a sediment. The concentration of particles at the boundary is opposed by the diffusion of the particles. The sedimentation of a single particle under gravity is described by the Mason–Weaver equation, which has a simple exact solution. The sedimentation coefficient "s" in this case equals formula_5, where formula_6 is the buoyant mass. The sedimentation of a single particle under centrifugal force is described by the Lamm equation, which likewise has an exact solution. The sedimentation coefficient "s" also equals formula_5, where formula_6 is the buoyant mass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=938894
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Criticism of Spotify "Billboard" referenced an August 5 practice, in which Universal Music Group hired Jay Frank as its Senior Vice President of Global Streaming Marketing, followed by an investment in Frank's marketing firm DigMark, "an innovator" in pay-for-play practices that charges clients US$2,000 for a six-week campaign. The price goes up for playlists followed by more users, up to US$10,000. "For a while, Spotify didn't take a view", on the practice, according to a music label executive, but its then-new Terms of Service agreements would "[take] a stand against commercializing accounts and playlists by rank-and-file users", as well as prohibit the practice of "accepting any compensation, financial or otherwise, to influence ... the content included on an account or playlist". However, "Billboard" wrote that "policing, let alone enforcing, these terms could be difficult", adding that loopholes can still be exploited to continue the practice. In June 2018, allegations resurfaced after the release of Drake's new album Scorpion. According to users the songs of the artist were included in various playlists, some that were unrelated to the genre of their songs, such as gospel, ambient music and "best of British". Heavy criticism followed, with reports of some paying Spotify subscribers demanding refunds or unsubscribing. One of them reported to call the Federal Trade Commission to report advertising fraud
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Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries Reducing the anode architecture to the nanoscale offers advantages, including improved cycle life and reduced crack propagation and failure. Nanoscale particles are below the critical flaw size within a conductive binder film. Reducing transport lengths(the distance between the anode and cathode) reduces ohmic losses (resistance). Nanostructuring increases the surface area to volume ratio, which improves both energy and power density due to an increase in the electrochemically active area and a reduction in transport lengths. However, the increase also increases side reactions between the electrode and the electrolyte, causing higher self-discharge, reduced charge/discharge cycles and lower calendar life. Some recent work focused on developing materials that are electrochemically active within the range where electrolyte decomposition or electrolyte/electrode reactions do not occur. A research concept has been proposed, in which the major parts of lithium-ion batteries, that is, anode, electrolyte and cathode are combined in one functional molecule. A layer of such functional molecules aligned by the use of Langmuir-Blodgett method than placed in between two current collectors. The feasibility is not confirmed yet. A significant majority of battery designs are two–dimensional and rely on layered construction. Recent research has taken the electrodes into three-dimensions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22730221
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Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), compulsion, or other forms of extreme hardship to themselves or members of their families. includes all forms of slavery, and related institutions (e.g. debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps). Many of these forms of work may be covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour shall not include: If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms: is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have traveled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences from the general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report their conditions to the authorities. According to the Marxian economics, under capitalism, workers never keep all of the wealth they create, as some of it goes to the profit of capitalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=541048
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Siemens 3 billion in bribes in many countries and kept separate books to hide them. Fines were anticipated to be as high as $5 billion as the investigation unfolded. Settlement negotiations took place through most of 2008 and when they were announced in December they were far less, driven in part by Siemens' cooperation, in part by the imminent change in US administrations (the Obama administration was about to take over from the Bush administration), and in part by the dependence of the US military on as a contractor. The company paid a total of about $1.6 billion, around $800 million in each of the US and Germany. This was the largest bribery fine in history, at the time. The money paid to Germany included a $270 million fine paid the year before (related to bribes in Nigeria). The US payment included $450 million in fines and penalties and a forfeiture of $350 million in profits. The company was also obligated to spend $1 billion on setting up and funding new internal compliance regimens. pleaded guilty to violating accounting provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; the parent company did not plead guilty to paying bribes (although its Bangladesh and Venezuela subsidiaries did); such a guilty plea would have barred from contracting for the US government. As the scandal had started breaking, had fired its chairman and CEO Heinrich von Pierer, and had hired its first non-German CEO
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=168632
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A Death of Honor is a science fiction mystery novel by American author Joe Clifford Faust. It was published in 1987 by Del Rey Books. The novel is set in a crumbling 21st-century America. D. A. Payne, a bioengineer, is the prime suspect when a dead woman turns up in his apartment. He takes on the task of clearing himself but what he uncovers changes his life. According to the author, "A Death of Honor" was originally envisioned as a collaboration between various authors. Having written the first chapter while working on his novel "Desperate Measures", Faust decided to finish the book himself when the collaboration stalled. It was his first novel to be published.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42029817
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BioWeb The is the connotation for a network of web-enabled biological devices (e.g. trees, plants, and flowers) which extends an internet of things to the Internet of Living Things of natural sensory devices. The devices give insights to real-time ecological data and feedback to changes in the environment. The biodiversity of today is one giant ecological mesh network of information exchange, and a resource humanity should be able to access for a better understanding of the state of our global ecology. The information technologies emerge from the interdisciplinary fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology. The devices for reading individual ecological systems can be either wireless transmitters implemented into the organic structure of seeds or external inserted network nodes with the ability to read information and wirelessly transmit the information to the Internet (or network).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11709317
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Action theory (philosophy) Action theory (or theory of action) is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, jurisprudence, and philosophy of mind, and has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" (Third Book). With the advent of psychology and later neuroscience, many theories of action are now subject to empirical testing. Philosophical action theory, or the philosophy of action, should not be confused with sociological theories of social action, such as the action theory established by Talcott Parsons. Nor should it be confused with Activity Theory. Basic action theory typically describes action as behavior caused by an "agent" in a particular "situation". The agent's "desires" and "beliefs" (e.g. me wanting a glass of water and believing the clear liquid in the cup in front of me is water) lead to bodily behavior (e.g. reaching over for the glass). In the simple theory (see Donald Davidson), the desire and belief jointly cause the action. Michael Bratman has raised problems for such a view and argued that we should take the concept of intention as basic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires. In some theories a desire plus a belief about the means of satisfying that desire are always what is behind an action. Agents aim, in acting, to maximize the satisfaction of their desires
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48778
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Exact diagonalization These include QuSpin, ALPS, DoQo, EdLib and many others. results from many small clusters can be combined to obtain more accurate information about systems in the thermodynamic limit using the numerical linked cluster expansion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61341798
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Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning So when men ingest substances which are able to benefit their bodies and lengthen their days, why should it be strange that (some of these) should confer life perpetual?" The abolition of decay was believed to demonstrate the power of elixirs, "the corruptible had put on incorruptibility" (Needham and Lu 1974: 284). Chinese jade burial suits are a better known example of using a mineral to preserve corpses. There is a possibility that Sun Simiao (above) died from taking mercury elixirs (Needham and Ho 1970: 330). According to Sun's hagiography in the 10th-century "Xuxian zhuan" 續仙傳 (Further Biographies of the Immortals), after his death in 682 there was no visible sign of putrefaction, "After more than a month had passed there was no change in his appearance, and when the corpse was raised to be placed in the coffin it was as light as (a bundle of) empty clothes." (tr. Needham and Lu 1974:298). The incorruptibility stories about elixir users were not all myth, and recent archeological evidence showed that the ancient Chinese knew how "to achieve an almost perpetual conservation". The 1972 excavation of a tomb at Mawangdui discovered the extremely well-preserved body of Xin Zhui or Lady Dai, which resembled that of "a person who had died only a week or two before" (Needham and Lu 1974: 303–304). A subsequent autopsy on her corpse found "abnormally high levels" of mercury and lead in her internal organs (Brown 2002: 213)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52875786
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Bisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of cytosine residues of the dinucleotide CpG, and is implicated in repression of transcriptional activity. Treatment of DNA with bisulfite converts cytosine residues to uracil, but leaves 5-methylcytosine residues unaffected. Therefore, DNA that has been treated with bisulfite retains only methylated cytosines. Thus, bisulfite treatment introduces specific changes in the DNA sequence that depend on the methylation status of individual cytosine residues, yielding single-nucleotide resolution information about the methylation status of a segment of DNA. Various analyses can be performed on the altered sequence to retrieve this information. The objective of this analysis is therefore reduced to differentiating between single nucleotide polymorphisms (cytosines and thymidine) resulting from bisulfite conversion (Figure 1). applies routine sequencing methods on bisulfite-treated genomic DNA to determine methylation status at CpG dinucleotides. Other non-sequencing strategies are also employed to interrogate the methylation at specific loci or at a genome-wide level
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3D Content Retrieval So far, only a few approaches have been proposed. In Funkhouser et al. (2003), the proposed “Princeton 3D search engine” supports 2D sketches, 3D sketches, 3D models and text as queries. In Chen et al. (2003), he designed a 3D retrieval system that intakes 2D sketches and retrieves for 3D objects. Recently, Ansary et al. (2007) proposed a 3D retrieval framework using 2D photographic images, sketches, and 3D models.
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Barcelona Pavilion The roof plates, relatively small, are supported by the chrome-clad, cruciform columns. This gives the impression of a hovering roof. Robin Evans said that the reflective columns appear to be struggling to hold the "floating" roof plane down, not to be bearing its weight. Mies wanted this building to become "an ideal zone of tranquillity" for the weary visitor, who should be invited into the pavilion on the way to the next attraction. Since the pavilion lacked a real exhibition space, the building itself was to become the exhibit. The pavilion was designed to "block" any passage through the site, rather, one would have to go through the building. Visitors would enter by going up a few stairs, and due to the slightly sloped site, would leave at ground level in the direction of the Poble Espanyol. The visitors were not meant to be led in a straight line through the building, but to take continuous turnabouts. The walls not only created space, but also directed visitor's movements. This was achieved by wall surfaces being displaced against each other, running past each other, and creating a space that became narrower or wider. Another unique feature of this building is the exotic materials Mies chooses to use. Plates of high-grade stone materials like veneers of Tinos verde antico marble and golden onyx as well as tinted glass of grey, green, white, as well as translucent glass, perform exclusively as spatial dividers. Because this was planned as an exhibition pavilion, it was intended to exist only temporarily
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Flixborough disaster The leaks having been dealt with, early on 1 June attempts began to bring the plant back up to pressure and temperature. At about 16:53 on Saturday 1 June 1974, there was a massive release of hot cyclohexane in the area of the missing reactor 5, followed shortly by ignition of the resulting cloud of flammable vapour and a massive explosion in the plant. It virtually demolished the site. Since the accident took place at a weekend there were relatively few people on site: of those on-site at the time, 28 were killed and 36 injured. Fires continued on-site for more than ten days. Off-site there were no fatalities, but 50 injuries were reported and about 2,000 properties damaged. The occupants of the works laboratory had seen the release and evacuated the building before the release ignited; most survived. None of the 18 occupants of the plant control room survived, nor did any records of plant readings. The explosion appeared to have been in the general area of the reactors and after the accident only two possible sites for leaks before the explosion were identified: "the 20 inch bypass assembly with the bellows at both ends torn asunder was found jack-knifed on the plinth beneath" and there was a 50-inch long split in nearby 8-inch nominal bore stainless steel pipework". Immediately after the accident, "New Scientist" commented presciently on the normal official response to such events, but hoped that the opportunity would be taken to introduce effective government regulation of hazardous process plants
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Monopolization Courts equated such competition on the merits with unilateral conduct such as product improvement, the realization of economies of scale, innovation, and the like. Such conduct was lawful per se, since it constituted the normal operation of economic forces that a free economy should encourage. At the same time, courts condemned as "unlawful exclusion" tying contracts, exclusive dealing, and other agreements that disadvantaged rivals. This distinction reflected the economic theory of the time, which saw no beneficial purposes for what Professor Oliver Williamson has called non-standard contracts. More recently, courts have retained the safe harbor for "competition on the merits". Moreover, the Supreme Court has clarified the standards governing claims of predatory pricing. At the same time, they have relaxed the standards governing other conduct by monopolists. For instance, non-standard contracts that exclude rivals are now lawful if supported by a "valid business reason", unless the plaintiff can establish that the defendant could achieve the same benefits by means of a less restrictive alternative.
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Biological Innovation for Open Society ' Jefferson observes that, 'Freeing up the tools that make new discoveries possible will spur a new wave of innovation that has real value.' He notes further that, 'Open source is an enormously powerful tool for driving efficiency.' Through BiOS instruments, licensees cannot appropriate the fundamental kernel of a technology and improvements exclusively for themselves. The base technology remains the property of whichever entity developed it, but improvements can be shared with others that support the development of a protected commons around the technology. To maintain legal access to the technology, in other words, licensees must agree not to prevent others who have agreed to the same terms from using the technology and any improvements in the development of different products By making the BiOS license cost-free, Cambia has sought to create 'freedom to innovate' in the scientific community. In lieu of royalties and other restrictions often imposed by legal agreements, the BiOS licenses impose on the licensee conditions to encourage cooperation and development of the technology. To be granted full, unfettered commercial rights to listed technologies, licensees are required to comply with three conditions: As with other legal instruments, definitions used in the BiOS licenses are important. The scope and core capabilities of the enabling technologies and platforms should be carefully defined to provide confidence in the development of viable business models surrounding the use of the BiOS license
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2020947
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Wafer-scale integration He used Trilogy's remaining seed capital to buy Elxsi, a maker of VAX-compatible computers, in 1985. The Trilogy efforts were eventually ended and "became" Elxsi. On August 19, 2019, a startup called Cerebras Systems presented their development progress of WSI for deep learning acceleration. Their TSMC 16nm wafer scale chip is 46,225mm (215mm x 215mm), which is 56x larger than the largest GPU today. It features 1.2 trillion transistors, 400,000 AI cores, 18GB of on-chip SRAM and 100Pbit/s fabric bandwidth. The price and clock rate have not been disclosed yet. Most yield loss in chipmaking comes from defects in the transistor layers or in the high-density lower metal layers. Another approach -- silicon-interconnect fabric (Si-IF) -- has neither on the wafer. Si-IF puts only relatively low-density metal layers on the wafer, roughly the same density as the upper layers of a system on a chip, using the wafer only for interconnects between tightly-packed small bare chiplets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2052726
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Soil mechanics The water table is located at the depth where the water pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. For hydrostatic conditions, the water pressure increases linearly with depth below the water table: where formula_13 is the density of water, and formula_50 is the depth below the water table. Due to surface tension, water will rise up in a small capillary tube above a free surface of water. Likewise, water will rise up above the water table into the small pore spaces around the soil particles. In fact the soil may be completely saturated for some distance above the water table. Above the height of capillary saturation, the soil may be wet but the water content will decrease with elevation. If the water in the capillary zone is not moving, the water pressure obeys the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium, formula_89, but note that formula_93, is negative above the water table. Hence, hydrostatic water pressures are negative above the water table. The thickness of the zone of capillary saturation depends on the pore size, but typically, the heights vary between a centimeter or so for coarse sand to tens of meters for a silt or clay. In fact the pore space of soil is a uniform fractal e.g. a set of uniformly distributed D-dimensional fractals of average linear size L. For the clay soil it has been found that L=0.15 mm and D=2.7. The surface tension of water explains why the water does not drain out of a wet sand castle or a moist ball of clay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1276437
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Thomas J. Katz is an American organic chemist, who is known for his experimental work with prismane, olefin metathesis, and enyne metathesis. Katz earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1956 and received his doctoral thesis in chemistry at Harvard in 1959. Katz's academic ties started with assistant professorship at the Columbia University (1961-1964), followed by an associate professorship in chemistry (1964–1968) and then a full professorship at the Columbia University in 1968.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37879689
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Television standards conversion For viewing native PAL or SECAM material (such as European television series and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, a standards conversion has to take place. There are basically two ways to accomplish this. When converting PAL (625 lines @ 25 frame/s) to NTSC (525 lines @ 30 frame/s), the converter must eliminate 100 lines per frame. The converter must also create five frames per second. To reduce the 625-line signal to 525, less expensive converters drop 100 lines. These converters maintain picture fidelity by evenly spacing removed lines. (For example, the system might discard every sixth line from each PAL field. After the 50th discard, this process would stop. By then the system would have passed the viewable area of the field. In the following field, the process would repeat, completing one frame.) To create the five additional frames, the converter repeats every fifth frame. If there is little inter-frame motion, this conversion algorithm is fast, inexpensive and effective. Many inexpensive consumer television system converters have employed this technique. Yet in practise, most video features significant inter-frame motion. To reduce conversion artefacts, more modern or expensive equipment may use sophisticated techniques. The most basic and literal way to double lines is to repeat each scanline, though the results of this are generally very crude
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10789250
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Philips Regional sales and support offices are located in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Auckland. Current activities include: Healthcare (also responsible for New Zealand operations); Lighting (also responsible for New Zealand operations); Phillips Oral Healthcare, Phillips Professional Dictation Solutions, Phillips Professional Display Solutions, Phillips AVENT Professional, Consumer Lifestyle (also responsible for New Zealand operations); Sleep & Respiratory Care (formerly Respironics), with its ever-increasing national network of Sleepeasy Centres ; Dynalite (Lighting Control systems, acquired in 2009, global design and manufacturing centre) and Selecon NZ (Lighting Entertainment product design and manufacture). do Brasil () was founded in 1924 in Rio de Janeiro. In 1929, started to sell radio receivers. In the 1930s, was making its light bulbs and radio receivers in Brazil. From 1939 to 1945, World War II forced Brazilian branch of to sell bicycles, refrigerators and insecticides. After the war, had a great industrial expansion in Brazil, and was among the first groups to establish in Manaus Free Zone. In the 1970s, Records was a major player in Brazil recording industry. Nowadays, do Brasil is one of the largest foreign-owned companies in Brazil. uses the brand Walita for domestic appliances in Brazil. Colour television was introduced in South America by then CEO, Cor Dillen. subsidiary Philips-Duphar(nl) manufactured pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use and products for crop protection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23550
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List of Facebook features In November 2010, Facebook announced "Deals", a subset of the Places offering, which allows for users to check in from restaurants, supermarkets, bars, and coffee shops using an app on a mobile device and then be rewarded discounts, coupons, and free merchandise. This feature is marketed as a digital version of a loyalty card or coupon where a customer gets rewarded for loyal buying behavior. On October 10, 2010, Places became available on BlackBerry, iPhone, and Android. Other users, including Windows Mobile users, must use an HTML5 browser to use Places via Facebook Touch Site. Facebook Places was reported discontinued on August 24, 2011, but was relaunched in November 2014, now including cover images, discovery sections, city/category landing pages, a deeper integration with the Location API, Graph Search queries and user generated content. The Facebook Platform provides a set of APIs and tools which enable third-party developers to integrate with the "open graph", whether through applications on Facebook.com or external websites and devices. Launched on May 24, 2007, Facebook Platform has evolved from enabling development just on Facebook.com to one also supporting integration across the web and devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16115172
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EcoCyc In bioinformatics is a biological database for the bacterium "Escherichia coli" K-12. The project performs literature-based curation of the "E. coli" genome, and of "E. coli" transcriptional regulation, transporters, and metabolic pathways. contains written summaries of "E. coli" genes, distilled from over 36,000 scientific articles. is also a description of the genome and cellular networks of "E. coli" that supports scientists to carry out computational analyses. Data objects in the database describe each "E. coli" gene and gene product. Database objects also describe molecular interactions, including metabolic pathways, transport events, and the regulation of gene expression. provides several genome-scale visualization tools to aid in the analysis of omics data, such as by painting gene expression or metabolomics data onto the full regulatory network of "E. coli". can be accessed through the web site, as a set of downloadable files, and in conjunction with the Pathway Tools software that can be installed locally on Macintosh, PC/Windows, and PC/Linux computers. The downloadable software provides capabilities that go well beyond the web version of EcoCyc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8894085
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Reactions of this type are catalyzed by a large group of enzymes called oxidoreductases. The correct names for these enzymes contain the names of both their substrates: for example NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q. However, these enzymes are also referred to as "dehydrogenases" or "reductases", with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase commonly being called "NADH dehydrogenase" or sometimes "coenzyme Q reductase". There are many different superfamilies of enzymes that bind NAD / NADH. One of the most common superfamilies include a structural motif known as the Rossmann fold. The motif is named after Michael Rossmann who was the first scientist to notice how common this structure is within nucleotide-binding proteins. An example of a NAD-binding bacterial enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism that does not have Rossmann fold is found in "Pseudomonas syringae" pv. tomato (; ). When bound in the active site of an oxidoreductase, the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme is positioned so that it can accept a hydride from the other substrate. Depending on the enzyme, the hydride donor is positioned either "above" or "below" the plane of the planar C4 carbon, as defined in the figure. Class A oxidoreductases transfer the atom from above; class B enzymes transfer it from below. Since the C4 carbon that accepts the hydrogen is prochiral, this can be exploited in enzyme kinetics to give information about the enzyme's mechanism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=365558
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Opposition to trade unions Unions can also increase jobs losses, with James Sherk arguing that at newly organized workplaces, employment can fall from between 5 and 10%. Sherk notes that some studies find no effect on employment but argues that these tend to focus on workplaces where unionization had little effect of any kind at all, meaning that jobs did not disappear but wages did not rise either, which for Sherk means that these studies cannot be used to argue against unions causing job losses. However, Sherk also argues that there is no evidence that unions increase the risk of bankruptcy for unionized firms, noting that unions try to avoid ruining the companies they organize at and will make concessions to keep distressed firms afloat, generally by agreeing to layoffs for newer workers in order to maintain wages for more senior ones. Advocates of unions claim that the higher wages that unions demand can be paid for through company profits. However, as Milton Friedman pointed out, profits are only very rarely high enough. 80% of national income is wages, and only about 6% is profits after tax, providing very little room for higher wages, even if profits could be totally used up. Moreover, profits are invested leading to an increase in capital: which raises the value of labor, increasing wages. If profits were totally removed, this source of wage increase would be removed. According to "The New York Times", wages in 2012 fell to a record low of 43.5 percent of GDP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4443522
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Vaio This feature has subsequently been used by other manufacturers, including Apple, Asus and Alienware. The high-end AR Series was the first to incorporate a Blu-ray Disc burner. This series was designed to be the epitome of high-definition products including a 1080p capable WUXGA (1920 × 1200 pixels) screen, HDMI output and the aforementioned Blu-ray burner. The AR series also includes an illuminated logo below the screen. Blu-ray/HDMI capable models have been the subject of intense promotion since mid-2007, selling with a variety of bundled Blu-ray Discs. The AR series was subsequently replaced by the AW series, and in 2011, replaced by the F Series, which incorporates all of these features in a 16.4" 16:9 display. A selection of media centres were added to the range in 2006. These monitorless units (identified by a product code prefixed by VGX rather than VGN) are designed to form part of a home entertainment system. They typically take input from a TV tuner card, and output video via HDMI or composite video connection to an ideally high-definition television. So far this range includes the XL and TP lines. The VGX-TP line is visually unique, featuring a circular, 'biscuit-tin' style design with most features obscured behind panels, rather than the traditional set-top box design. has long since been revered as a household name in the world of mobile computing, with the range of notebooks offering premium Windows-based experiences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220355
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National Access and Scaffolding Confederation The (NASC) is a United Kingdom construction trade association representing companies involved in scaffolding and access work. Founded in 1945, the NASC represents its sector as a member of Build UK (formerly UK Contractors Group). It is also a member of the Trade Association Forum. The NASC offers its member companies an additional source of recognition for customer assurance, as well as information and support regarding security, training, and legal issues. It also hosts regular events for industry members.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32539527
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Street Smart (book) Street Smart: Competition, Entrepreneurship, and the Future of Roads is a book about private highways. It covers many aspects of these roads, including the asserted need to protect personal freedom by reducing government control of the roadways; why government highways have failed; how roads can be built without exercising eminent domain authority; how vehicle and driver licensure by insurers can improve road safety; and so on. The writers of the book are Mary E. Peters, Gabriel Roth, John Semmens, Bruce L. Benson, David Levinson, Gopinath Menon, Herbert Mohring, Olegario Villoria, Edward Sullivan, Kenneth Button, Daniel Klein, John Majewski, Fred Foldvary, Christina Malmberg Calvo, Sven Ivarsson, Gunter Zietlow, Jim McLay, Neil Roden, Ian Heggie, Robert W. Poole, Jr., Kenneth Orski, and Peter Samuel.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15327540
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Exhaust heat recovery system In transportation, an exhaust heat recovery system turns thermal losses in the exhaust pipe into energy. This technology seems to be more and more of interest by car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers as an efficient way to save fuel and reduce vehicles’ CO emissions. This technology can be used either on a hybrid vehicle or a conventional one: it produces either electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy reintroduced on the crankshaft. Even if current engines consume less fuel than they used to, the thermal efficiency of an internal combustion engine has not really increased since its creation. The peak efficiency reached by a 4-cycle Otto cycle engine is around 35%, which means that 65% of the energy contained in the fuel is lost as heat. High speed Diesel cycle engines fare better with around 45% peak efficiency, but are still far from their Carnot efficiency, and hence 55% of the fuel energy content is lost. Electric Turbo Compounding (ETC) is a technology solution to the challenge of improving the fuel efficiency of gas and diesel engines by recovering waste energy from the exhaust gases. The 2016 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid car features an Exhaust gas Heat Recovery (EGHR) system to accelerate coolant heat up time. This gives faster heat up of the engine coolant which in turn heats up the engine faster. Less fuel is used giving reduced emissions. This will also quicken cabin heating warm up for passenger comfort and window defrosting. For hybrid applications it also can warm the battery pack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39776215
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1986 California Proposition 65 Utility companies mail a Prop 65 notice to all customers each year to warn them about exposures to natural gas, petroleum products and sandblasting. Abuse of enforcement lawsuits has also been a consistent theme of Proposition 65 opponents, who criticize the motives of citizen enforcers. Industry critics and corporate defense lawyers charge that Proposition 65 is "a clever and irritating mechanism used by litigious NGOs and others to publicly spank politically incorrect opponents ranging from the American gun industry to seafood retailers, etc." Critics also note that the majority of settlement money collected from businesses has been used to pay plaintiffs' attorney fees. Businesses paid over $14.58 million in attorney fees and costs in 2012, 71% of all settlement money paid. Because the law allows private citizens to sue and collect penalties from any business violating the law, lawyers and law firms have been criticized for using Proposition 65 to force monetary settlements out of California businesses. In the past the Attorney General's office has cited several instances of settlements where plaintiff attorneys received significant awards without providing for environmental benefit to the people of California, resulting in a requirement that the Attorney General's office must approve any pre-trial Proposition 65 settlement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570103
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Adult stem cell The presence of stem cells in the mature primate brain was first reported in 1967. It has since been shown that new neurons are generated in adult mice, songbirds and primates, including humans. Normally, adult neurogenesis is restricted to two areas of the brain – the subventricular zone, which lines the lateral ventricles, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Although the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus is well established, the presence of true self-renewing stem cells there has been debated. Under certain circumstances, such as following tissue damage in ischemia, neurogenesis can be induced in other brain regions, including the neocortex. Neural stem cells are commonly cultured "in vitro" as so called neurospheres – floating heterogeneous aggregates of cells, containing a large proportion of stem cells. They can be propagated for extended periods of time and differentiated into both neuronal and glia cells, and therefore behave as stem cells. However, some recent studies suggest that this behaviour is induced by the culture conditions in progenitor cells, the progeny of stem cell division that normally undergo a strictly limited number of replication cycles "in vivo". Furthermore, neurosphere-derived cells do not behave as stem cells when transplanted back into the brain. Neural stem cells share many properties with haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Remarkably, when injected into the blood, neurosphere-derived cells differentiate into various cell types of the immune system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2777285
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Sohn Conference Foundation It showcases the next generation of hedge fund managers whose resumes and past performances predict that they will become Wall Street's future stars. Next Wave Sohn is held in the morning before the main conference event. It is in the same format and spirit as the main conference, but for emerging funds instead. Students and professional investors are invited each year to submit an investment idea with a 12-month time horizon ahead of the annual Sohn Investment Conference in New York. The contest is judged by five major fund managers such as Bill Ackman and David Einhorn. The winner is given the opportunity to present the idea at the conference during a ten-minute pitch. Past winners include: 2011: Sunjay Gorawara- Indiana University undergraduate student. 2012: Shantanu Agrawal- Pacific Investment Management Co vice president. 2016: Marc Grow- Columbia Business School student 2017: Dylan Adelman- Wharton School of Business student 2018: Andrew Walker- Rangeley Capital Head of Research Four finalists are awarded two tickets to the conference and access to the GLG network. Eight semi-finalists are also picked and given two tickets to the conference. In March/April 2016 the Foundation held its first international scientific conference in collaboration with the New York Academy of Sciences to sponsor “Sohn Conference: Pediatric Cancer in a Post-Genomic World.” The Foundation takes an investor's approach to choosing strategies to fight pediatric cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19404227
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Georg Wittig Wittig's contributions also include the preparation of phenyllithium and the discovery of the 1,2-Wittig rearrangement and the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement. Wittig was well known in the chemistry community for being a consummate experimenter and observer of chemical transformations, while caring very little for the theoretical and mechanistic underpinnings of the work he produced. Georg also has his name on a literature work titled on a compound labelled Colopidalol.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=518749
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Systems development life cycle Key steps within the detail design and development stage include: During the production and/or construction stage the product is built or assembled in accordance with the requirements specified in the product, process and material specifications and is deployed and tested within the operational target environment. System assessments are conducted in order to correct deficiencies and adapt the system for continued improvement. Key steps within the product construction stage include: Once fully deployed, the system is used for its intended operational role and maintained within its operational environment. Key steps within the utilization and support stage include: Effectiveness and efficiency of the system must be continuously evaluated to determine when the product has met its maximum effective lifecycle. Considerations include: Continued existence of operational need, matching between operational requirements and system performance, feasibility of system phase-out versus maintenance, and availability of alternative systems.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=573528
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Maximos Mansion The (, "Mégaro Maxímou") has been the official seat of the Prime Minister of Greece since 1982. It is located in downtown Athens, Greece, near Syntagma Square. The building houses the offices of the Head of the Greek Government, but it is not the residence of the Prime Minister. The "Maximos Mansion" is located at Herodes Atticus Street 19, next to the Presidential Mansion and the National Garden of Athens. The building was founded in 1912 by Alexandros Michalinos, a wealthy shipowner from the island of Chios. Before the construction of the Mansion, the site was a garden for the Royal Palace. In 1916, Michalinos' widow, Irene Manoussis, after marrying banker and politician Dimitrios Maximos, sold the incomplete building to shipowner Leonidas Embirikos, only to re-buy it in 1921. Dimitrios Maximos completed the building and settled there with his family in the early 1920s. Between 1941 and 1944, during the Nazi Occupation of Greece, the Mansion was used as the residence of the German Admiral of the Aegean Sea. After the war the building was briefly used as the residence of the U.S. Ambassador in Athens. In 1952 Dimitrios Maximos sold the Mansion to the Greek State at a favorable price. From the mid-1950s until 1982, the Mansion was used as a guesthouse for important foreign dignitaries visiting Greece, including Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia in 1955 and Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom in 1980
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19957914
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Market abolitionism Notably, Noam Chomsky is one of those who have expressed the opinion that a truly free market (in the context of a sudden transition from the current system) would destroy the species as well as physical environment. He also favors a democratic participatory planning process as a replacement to the market. Economists such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and Brink Lindsey argue that if the market is eliminated along with property, prices and wages, then the mode of information transmission is eliminated and what will result is a highly inefficient system for transmitting the value, supply, demand, of goods, services and resources, along with an elimination of the most efficient mode of market transactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2451225
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Ucode system The camera of the phone can be used to read a matrix code containing the ucode. Then, the mobile phone inquires the ucode resolution server – via internet connection - about the code. The ucode resolution server returns the source of the provided ucode information based on the ucode read. Finally, the ubiquitous communicator connects to the information provision source and acquires contents and services. The ucode server architecture is similar to the familiar Internet DNS resolution service. Like DNS, the ucode resolution mechanism consists of hierarchical levels. The ucode resolution mechanism is three tiered as follows: The root server is maintained by uID Center in Tokyo. TLD servers are in place in Japan, other Asian countries and in Europe (Oulu, Finland). The number of TLD and SLD servers is not limited. Ucode tags can take various forms. They can be Print tags can be matrix codes, e.g. QR codes or barcodes. A special sub-section of RFID tags are NFC tags, which can contain ucode. UID Center has certified a 46 differenrf ucode tags, the first ones in 2003 were barcodes made by Sato corporation, Toppan Forms Inc. and Dai Nippon Printing Co., later on two dimensional matrix codes were introduced, followed by hologram implementation and several RFID tags, often compliant with ISO/IEC15693 standard and using frequency band 13.56 MHz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34504702
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Web access management Plugins are programs that are installed on every web/application server, register with those servers, and are called at every request for a web page. They intercept the request and communicate with an external policy server to make policy decisions. One of the benefits of a plugin (or agent) based architecture is that they can be highly customized for unique needs of a particular web server. One of the drawbacks is that a different plugin is required for every web server on every platform (and potentially for every version of every server). Further, as technology evolves, upgrades to agents must be distributed and compatible with evolving host software. Proxy-based architectures differ in that all web requests are routed through the proxy server to the back-end web/application servers. This can provide a more universal integration with web servers since the common standard protocol, HTTP, is used instead of vendor-specific application programming interfaces (APIs). One of the drawbacks is that additional hardware is usually required to run the proxy servers. Tokenization differs in that a user receives a token which can be used to directly access the back-end web/application servers. In this architecture the authentication occurs through the web access management tool but all data flows around it. This removes the network bottlenecks caused by proxy-based architectures
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Bonnington Pavilion as at Dunkeld, mirrors are placed, by the reflection of which we had different views of the water." He also comments on the fine view of the cotton mills that was to be had from the west window. It is not clear when it was abandoned, and the structure is now included on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. The pavilion had 2 floors, and the bottom floor may have been used at one stage as a kitchen for the preparation of refreshments for the ladies and gentlemen who came down from Bonnington House to view the falls. Although a relatively large window, probably originally having shutters either side, looks onto the falls only a small hole is required for a camera obscura to function as this feature may be a later addition. The entrance door has a window set on each side, which would have prevented the projection of an image onto mirrors placed onto this 'back' wall. A window and ground floor door were present in each of the two side walls of the building; providing up to three doors altogether into the ground floor and a total of five windows, providing for exceptionally good views out of the building. The only apparently uninterrupted surface was the upper ceiling. The artist Alexander Archer sketched the pavilion from the south-west in 1837, probably including some 'artistic licence'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14196760
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Mobile equipment identifier because there is no bar code or the bar code is unreadable). The decimal form is specified to be 18 digits grouped in a 5–5–4–4 pattern and is calculated by converting the manufacturer code portion (32 bits) to decimal and padding on the left with '0' digits to 10 digits and separately converting the serial number portion to decimal and padding on the left to 8 digits. A check-digit can be calculated from the 18 digit result using the standard base 10 Luhn algorithm and appended to the end. Note that to produce this form the MEID digits are treated as base 16 numbers even if all of them are in the range '0'–9'. Because the pESN is formed by a hash on the MEID there is the potential for hash collisions. These will cause an extremely rare condition known as a 'collision' on a pure ESN-only network as the ESN is used for the calculation of the Public Long Code Mask (PLCM) used for communication with the base-station. Two mobiles using the same pESN within the same base-station area (operating on the same frequency) can result in call setup and page failures. The probability of a collision has been carefully examined. Roughly, it is estimated that even on a heavily loaded network the frequency of this situation is closer to 1 out of 1 million calls than to 1 out of 100 000. 3GPP2 specification C.S0072 provides a solution to this problem by allowing the PLCM to be established by the base station. It is easy for the base station to ensure that all PLCM codes are unique when this is done
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6726416
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Superinsulation It was the first house to publicly demonstrate the value of superinsulation and generated a lot of attention. It originally included some experimental evacuated-tube solar panels, but they were not needed and were later removed. The house was heated primarily by waste heat from appliances and the occupants. In 1977 the "Leger House" was built by Eugene Leger, in East Pepperell, Massachusetts. It had a more conventional appearance than the "Saskatchewan House", and also received extensive publicity. Publicity from the "Saskatchewan House" and the "Leger House" influenced other builders, and many superinsulated houses were built over the next few years. These houses also influenced Wolfgang Feist when he developed the Passivhaus standard. The Kropper house was the first super-insulated retrofit in the US. In 1979, Steve Kropper and the Rowell Energy group undertook the retrofit of a 1911 triple-decker, a three family home design nearly identical to the estimated 18,000 triple-deckers in the City of Boston. The walls were insulated to R-38 primarily due to 4" of cellulose blown into the original wall cavity, a 1/2" air gap then a rigid 2" foil-faced poly-isocyanurate board. The ceiling was insulated to R-53 with a combination of cellulose blown into the ceiling rafters then layers of fiberglass batts. The windows were unexceptional at R-2, excepting the low infiltration and use of casement units with better seals than the existing double-hung windows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3457359
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Intelligence amplification He demonstrates this using a peripheral nerve-computer interface, AlterEgo, which enables a human user to silently and internally converse with a personal AI. Shan Carter and Michael Nielsen introduce the concept of artificial intelligence augmentation (AIA): the use of AI systems to help develop new methods for intelligence augmentation. They contrast cognitive outsourcing ("AI as an oracle, able to solve some large class of problems with better-than-human performance") with cognitive transformation ("changing the operations and representations we use to think"). A calculator is an example of the former; a spreadsheet of the latter.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3948917
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Water clock (Indianapolis) Bernard began making items of artistic science in 1979, at the age of 43, when he left the world of research science to create scientific art.
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Chemical engineering Education for chemical engineers in the first college degree 3 or 4 years of study stresses the principles and practices of process design. The same skills are used in existing chemical plants to evaluate the efficiency and make recommendations for improvements. Modeling and analysis of transport phenomena is essential for many industrial applications. Transport phenomena involve fluid dynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer, which are governed mainly by momentum transfer, energy transfer and transport of chemical species, respectively. Models often involve separate considerations for macroscopic, microscopic and molecular level phenomena. Modeling of transport phenomena, therefore, requires an understanding of applied mathematics. Chemical engineers "develop economic ways of using materials and energy". Chemical engineers use chemistry and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in waste management and research. Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers. Chemical engineers may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a project engineer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6038
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Anti-hijack system An anti-hijack system is an electronic system fitted to motor vehicles to deter criminals from hijacking them. Although these types of systems are becoming more common on newer cars, they have not caused a decrease in insurance premiums as they are not as widely known as other more common anti-theft systems such as alarms or steering locks. It can also be a part of an alarm or immobiliser system. An approved anti-hijacking system will achieve a safe, quick shutdown of the vehicle it is attached to. There are also mechanical anti-hijack devices. A company in South Africa ( Diversify solutions) has announced its research and development at the Nelson Mandela University of a GSM based Anti hijacking system. The system works off a verification process with added features such as alcohol sensors and signal jamming capabilities, this comes after increasing rates of hijackings in South Africa and alarming rates of accidents caused by driving under the influence and texting whilst driving. There are three basic principles on which the systems work. A lockout system is armed when the driver turns the ignition key to the "on" position and carries out a specified action, usually flicking a hidden switch or depressing the brake pedal twice. It is activated when the vehicle drops below a certain speed or becomes stationary, and will cause all of the vehicles doors to automatically lock, to prevent against thieves stealing the vehicle when it is stopped, for example at a traffic light or pedestrian crossing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8189114
| 103,620
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Legal tender The Australian dollar, comprising notes and coins, is legal tender in Australia. Australian notes are legal tender by virtue of the "Reserve Bank Act 1959", s.36(1), without an amount limit. The "Currency Act 1965" similarly provides that Australian coins intended for general circulation are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts: The 1¢ and 2¢ coins were withdrawn from circulation from February 1992 but remain legal tender. Although the "Reserve Bank Act 1959" and the "Currency Act 1965" establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. It appears that a provider of goods or services is at liberty to set the commercial terms upon which payment will take place before the "contract" for supply of the goods or services is entered into. If a provider of goods or services specifies other means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably could have consequences in legal proceedings. Australia Post prohibits the sending of coins or banknotes, of any country, except via registered post
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=267793
| 462,959
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Nobuko Yoshida She undertook her BSc (1992) and MSc (1994) at the University of Keio, Japan, before completing her PhD (1996) jointly at the universities of Keio and Manchester.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49249913
| 128,769
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Range extender A range extender vehicle is a battery electric vehicle that includes an auxiliary power unit (APU) known as a 'range extender'. The range extender drives an electric generator which charges a battery which supplies the vehicle's electric motor with electricity. This arrangement is known as a series hybrid drivetrain. The most commonly used range extenders are internal combustion engines, but fuel-cells or other engine types can be used. vehicles are also referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREV), range-extended electric vehicles (REEV), and range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The key function of the range extender is to increase the vehicle's range. Range autonomy is one of the main barriers for the commercial success of electric vehicles, and extending the vehicle's range when the battery is depleted helps alleviate range anxiety. A range extending vehicle design can also reduce the consumption of the range extending fuel (such as gasoline) by using the primary fuel (such as battery power), while still maintaining the driving range of a single fuel vehicle powered by a range extending fuel such as gasoline. The range extending fuel is generally considered to be less environmentally and economically friendly to use than the primary fuel source, so the vehicle control system gives preference to using the primary fuel if it's available
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27380743
| 383,015
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Handel-C Thus they may be used as a means of synchronizing threads. Asynchronous channels provide a specified amount of storage for data passing through them in the form of a FIFO. Whilst this FIFO neither full nor empty, both sending and receiving threads may proceed without being blocked. However, when the FIFO is empty, the receiving thread will block at the next read. When it is full, the sending thread will block at the next send. A channel with actors in differing clock domains is automatically asynchronous due to the need for at least one element of storage to mitigate metastability. A thread may simultaneously wait on multiple channels, synchronous or asynchronous, acting upon the first one available given a specified order of priority or optionally executing an alternate path if none is ready. The scope of declarations are limited to the code blocks (codice_1) in which they were declared, the scope is hierarchical in nature as declarations are in scope within sub blocks. For example: In addition to the effects the standard semantics of C have on the timing of the program, the following keywords are reserved for describing the practicalities of the FPGA environment or for the language elements sourced from Occam: In Handel-C, assignment and the delay command take one cycle. All other operations are "free". This allows programmers to manually schedule tasks and create effective pipelines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4244144
| 374,958
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Detailed balance Let us count the direct and reverse reaction in the kinetic equation separately: An auxiliary function formula_93 of one variable formula_94 is convenient for the representation of dissipation for the mass action law This function formula_93 may be considered as the sum of the reaction rates for "deformed" input stoichiometric coefficients formula_97. For formula_98 it is just the sum of the reaction rates. The function formula_93 is convex because formula_100. Direct calculation gives that according to the kinetic equations This is "the general dissipation formula for the generalized mass action law". Convexity of formula_93 gives the sufficient and necessary conditions for the proper dissipation inequality: The semi-detailed balance condition can be transformed into identity formula_104. Therefore, for the systems with semi-detailed balance formula_105. states that in equilibrium each elementary process is equilibrated by its reverse process and requires reversibility of all elementary processes. For many real physico-chemical complex systems (e.g. homogeneous combustion, heterogeneous catalytic oxidation, most enzyme reactions etc.), detailed mechanisms include both reversible and irreversible reactions. If one represents irreversible reactions as limits of reversible steps, then it becomes obvious that not all reaction mechanisms with irreversible reactions can be obtained as limits of systems or reversible reactions with detailed balance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2212867
| 21,461
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Methylene group In organic chemistry, a methylene group is any part of a molecule that consists of two hydrogen atoms bound to a carbon atom, which is connected to the remainder of the molecule by two single bonds. The group may be represented as CH<, where the '<' denotes the two bonds. This can equally well be represented as −CH−. This stands in contrast to a situation where the carbon atom is bound to the rest of the molecule by a double bond, which is preferably called a methylidene group, represented CH=. Formerly the methylene name was used for both isomers. The name “methylene bridge“ can be used for the single-bonded isomer, to emphatically exclude methylidene. The distinction is often important, because the double bond is chemically different from two single bonds. The methylene group should be distinguished from the CH radical, which is a molecule unto itself, called methylidene or carbene. This was also formerly called methylene. The central carbon in 1,3-dicarbonyl compound is known as an activated methylene group. This is because, owing to the structure, the carbon is especially acidic and can easily be deprotonated to form a methylene group.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38339537
| 32,686
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Moore's law According to experts in microprocessor design, Dennard scaling ended in the 2000s, so power density no longer scales inversely with areal density. At the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Moore revised the forecast rate. Semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980 after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years. He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior: Shortly after 1975, Caltech professor Carver Mead popularized the term "Moore's law". Despite a popular misconception, Moore did not predict a doubling "every 18 months". Rather, David House, an Intel colleague, had factored in the increasing performance of transistors to conclude that integrated circuits would double in "performance" every 18 months. Mathematically, Moore's Law predicted that transistor count would double every 2 years due to shrinking transistor dimensions and other improvements. As a consequence of shrinking dimensions, Dennard scaling predicted that power consumption per unit area would remain constant. Combining these effects, David House deduced that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months. Also due to Dennard scaling, this increased performance would not be accompanied by increased power i.e. the energy-efficiency of silicon-based computer chips roughly doubles every 18 months. Dennard scaling ended in the 2000s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39418
| 410,092
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C25H36O4 The molecular formula CHO may refer to:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31019592
| 31,406
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Mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum, as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils. The name "mineral oil" by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include "white oil", "paraffin oil", "liquid paraffin" (a highly refined medical grade), (Latin), and "liquid petroleum". Baby oil is a perfumed mineral oil. Most often, mineral oil is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products. This type of mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of around 0.8–0.87 g/cm. Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names (e.g., "mineral oil", "white oil") reflects usage by buyers and sellers who did not know, and usually did not need to care about, the precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term “mineral oil” was 1771. Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine such makeup was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "white metal". "Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the US, is not sold as such in Britain. Instead British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat thicker (more viscous) varieties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=212419
| 34,998
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Sousveillance There is a need for efficacy, efficiency or effectiveness of sousveillance, which can be met by social media, such as through widespread dissemination on social media, and when used as an output modality in conjunction with sousveillance as an input modality, is called "swollag", or gallows spelled backwards. For example, filming or streaming an abusive situation, like police abuse, doesn't always lead to justice and punishment of the abuser without some means (i.e. swollag) for sousveillance to take effect. For example, in 2014, a man named Eric Garner was choked to death by a police officer in Staten Island after being arrested on suspicion of selling loose cigarettes. "Garner's death was documented by his friend Ramsey Orta, and the video was widely disseminated. Despite the video evidence, a grand jury declined to indict Garner's killer, leading to widespread outrage and protest. (In an ironic twist, the only person indicted in connection with Garner's death was Orta, who came under police scrutiny and was arrested on an "unrelated" weapons possession charge. Orta is now in prison in New York. is not without its costs.)" However, it appeared that a filmed abusive behavior is more likely to be punished if the video is widely spread. This makes sousveillance more efficient and politically meaningful, insofar it shows to a significant proportion of the population the abuses of the authority
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=528064
| 269,631
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Greedy triangulation The Greedy Triangulation is a method to compute a polygon triangulation or a Point set triangulation using a greedy schema, which adds edges one by one to the solution in strict increasing order by length, with the condition that an edge cannot cut a previously inserted edge.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53259964
| 122,261
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Data assimilation they are used for operational forecasts both at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)). In numerical weather prediction applications, data assimilation is most widely known as a method for combining observations of meteorological variables such as temperature and atmospheric pressure with prior forecasts in order to initialize numerical forecast models. The atmosphere is a fluid. The idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. The process of entering observation data into the model to generate initial conditions is called "initialization". On land, terrain maps available at resolutions down to globally are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves and related cloudiness that affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are observations from devices (called radiosondes) in weather balloons that measure various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver, as well as from weather satellites. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2458875
| 373,671
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Software development The need for better quality control of the software development process has given rise to the discipline of software engineering, which aims to apply the systematic approach exemplified in the engineering paradigm to the process of software development. There are many approaches to software project management, known as software development life cycle models, methodologies, processes, or models. The waterfall model is a traditional version, contrasted with the more recent innovation of agile software development. A software development process (also known as a software development methodology, model, or life cycle) is a framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. A wide variety of such frameworks has evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. There are several different approaches to software development: some take a more structured, engineering-based approach to develop business solutions, whereas others may take a more incremental approach, where software evolves as it is developed piece-by-piece. One system development methodology is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodologies is best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project and team considerations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=248932
| 130,537
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ICORES "Area: Applications" - Daniel Reich, Sandra L. Winkler and Erica Klampfl. "The Pareto Frontier for Vehicle Fleet Purchases" "Area: Methodologies and Technologies" - N. Perel, J. L. Dorsman and M. Vlasiou. "Cyclic-type Polling Models with Preparation Times" "Area: Applications" - Ahmad Almuhtady, Seungchul Lee, Edwin Romeijn and Jun Ni. "A Maintenance-optimal Swapping Policy" "Area: Methodologies and Technologies" - Pablo Adasme, Abdel Lisser and Chen Wang. "A Distributionally Robust Formulation for Stochastic Quadratic Bi-level Programming" Proceedings - Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems. "Area: Applications" - Rita Macedo, Saïd Hanafi, François Clautiaux, Cláudio Alves and J. M. Valério de Carvalho. "GENERALIZED DISAGGREGATION ALGORITHM FOR THE VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH TIME WINDOWS AND MULTIPLE ROUTES" "Area: Methodologies and Technologies" - Herwig Bruneel, Willem Mélange, Bart Steyaert, Dieter Claeys and Joris Walraevens. "IMPACT OF BLOCKING WHEN CUSTOMERS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES ARE ACCOMMODATED IN ONE COMMON QUEUE" "Area: Applications" - Jianqiang Cheng, Stefanie Kosuch and Abdel Lisser. "STOCHASTIC SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM WITH UNCERTAIN DELAYS" "Area: Methodologies and Technologies" - A. Papayiannis, P. Johnson, D. Yumashev, S. Howell, N. Proudlove and P. Duck. "CONTINUOUS-TIME REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN CARPARKS"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51158586
| 129,244
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Photocatalytic water splitting 2% (highest for metal-oxide photo-electrode) with the advantage of a very simple and cheap catalyst. Tungsten diselenide may have a role in future hydrogen fuel production, as a recent discovery in 2015 by scientists in Switzerland revealed that the compound's own photocatalytic properties might be a key to significantly more efficient electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen fuel. Systems based on the material class of III-V semiconductors, such as InGaP, enable currently the highest solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies of up to 14%. Long-term stability of these high-cost high-efficiency systems does, however, remain an issue.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22242751
| 16,992
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Execute in place All these complications and the speed tradeoff mean that XIP is generally only used for first stage bootloaders or when RAM is in extremely short supply. In particular, second through fourth generation video game consoles connect the ROM cartridge's address and data bus to that of the console, which lets (for example) the Atari 2600 work with only the 128 bytes of RAM in its joystick interface IC. A relatively new file system for Linux, called AXFS ("Advanced XIP File System"), aims to overcome some of the shortcomings associated with XIP, especially in regard to the in-place execution of user-space applications. It makes for instance possible to split up an executable binary file into "XIP regions", thus avoiding the restriction of fragmentation that was mentioned above. A NetBSD implementation is also under development.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2234152
| 372,441
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