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Automatic frequency control In radio equipment, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC), also called Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT), is a method or circuit to automatically keep a resonant circuit tuned to the frequency of an incoming radio signal. It is primarily used in radio receivers to keep the receiver tuned to the frequency of the desired station. In radio communication, AFC is needed because, after the bandpass frequency of a receiver is tuned to the frequency of a transmitter, the two frequencies may drift apart, interrupting the reception. This can be caused by a poorly controlled transmitter frequency, but the most common cause is drift of the center bandpass frequency of the receiver, due to thermal or mechanical drift in the values of the electronic components. Assuming that a receiver is nearly tuned to the desired frequency, the AFC circuit in the receiver develops an error voltage proportional to the degree to which the receiver is mistuned. This error voltage is then fed back to the tuning circuit in such a way that the tuning error is reduced. In most frequency modulation (FM) detectors, an error voltage of this type is easily available. See Negative feedback. AFC was mainly used in radios and television sets around the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, receivers began to be designed using frequency synthesizer circuits, which synthesized the receiver's input frequency from a crystal oscillator using the vibrations of an ultra-stable quartz crystal. These maintained sufficiently stable frequencies that AFC's were no longer needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527996 | 373,743 |
Hückel's rule They found that if there were 2("n" + 1) π-electrons, then the fullerene would display aromatic properties. This follows from the fact that an aromatic fullerene must have full icosahedral (or other appropriate) symmetry, so the molecular orbitals must be entirely filled. This is possible only if there are exactly 2("n" + 1) electrons, where "n" is a nonnegative integer. In particular, for example, buckminsterfullerene, with 60 π-electrons, is non-aromatic, since 60 ÷ 2 = 30, which is not a perfect square. In 2011, Jordi Poater and Miquel Solà expanded the rule to determine when a fullerene species would be aromatic. They found that if there were 2"n" + 2"n" + 1 π-electrons, then the fullerene would display aromatic properties. This follows from the fact that an spherical species having a same-spin half-filled last energy level with the whole inner levels being fully filled is also aromatic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=862361 | 96,694 |
Panasonic Lumix G 14mm lens The Panasonic Lumix G 14mm 2.5 lens is a pancake-style prime lens for Micro Four Thirds system cameras. In the Micro Four Thirds format, it is moderately wide. As of its late-2010 release, it is claimed by Panasonic to be the lightest interchangeable digital-camera lens. It is the prime-lens option available with the Panasonic GF2 and GF3, and available separately. Focusing is claimed to be suitable for video ("MSC"- movie and stills compatible), with a fast, quiet autofocus motor. The lens is "focus by wire"- the focusing ring sends commands, while the actual actuation is via a motor, even for manual focus. Focusing is internal- the front lens element does not rotate, allowing the consistent use of polarizing filters. The 46mm thread lets a Micro Four Thirds user share filters between it, the Panasonic 20mm, Panasonic Leica 25mm, Panasonic Leica 45mm lenses, and the Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 12mm f/2. The lens was sold with an optional detachable element, making the angle of view optically even wider, albeit at the cost of degraded resolution and heavy vignetting. The lens has received good reviews. Reviewers liked the sharpness despite a very small size (perhaps even too small), and "silent, high speed" focusing. Criticism includes occasional vignetting, and some chromatic aberration. Some reviewers criticized software correction for distortion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32155021 | 273,363 |
Industrial Revolution Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive; however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably. Shortly before the an improvement was made in the production of steel, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs. Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the cementation process. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries. The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp. The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14914 | 497,278 |
Laboratory information management system That functionality can roughly be divided into five laboratory processing phases, with numerous software functions falling under each: (1) the reception and log in of a sample and its associated customer data, (2) the assignment, scheduling, and tracking of the sample and the associated analytical workload, (3) the processing and quality control associated with the sample and the utilized equipment and inventory, (4) the storage of data associated with the sample analysis, (5) the inspection, approval, and compilation of the sample data for reporting and/or further analysis. There are several pieces of core functionality associated with these laboratory processing phases that tend to appear in most LIMS: The core function of LIMS has traditionally been the management of samples. This typically is initiated when a sample is received in the laboratory, at which point the sample will be registered in the LIMS. Some LIMS will allow the customer to place an "order" for a sample directly to the LIMS at which point the sample is generated in an "unreceived" state. The processing could then include a step where the sample container is registered and sent to the customer for the sample to be taken and then returned to the lab. The registration process may involve accessioning the sample and producing barcodes to affix to the sample container. Various other parameters such as clinical or phenotypic information corresponding with the sample are also often recorded | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=570749 | 270,090 |
Gustav Lindenthal The PRR hired Lindenthal in 1904 to work on the New York Connecting Railroad and lead the Hell Gate Bridge project. The completed bridge was dedicated by Lindenthal and the PRR on March 9, 1917. The City of New York appointed Lindenthal Commissioner of Bridges in 1902. He worked on several East River bridge projects and directed the Queensboro Bridge project, which was completed in 1909. The North River Bridge Company developed another proposal for a large Hudson River suspension bridge in 1920. This design would have been built at 57th Street in Manhattan, to carry both roadway and railroads, but neither the city nor the railroads were supportive. (Lindenthal's colleague Othmar Ammann developed a scaled-down bridge proposal several years later, which became the George Washington Bridge, completed in 1931.) Lindenthal worked on several other bridge projects around the country in the 1920s. Perhaps his most famous and lasting achievement outside of New York is the massive Sciotoville Bridge across the Ohio River, completed about the same time as the Hell Gate Bridge. At the age of eighty-five, Lindenthal succumbed to a long illness and died shortly after, at his home in Metuchen, New Jersey. Up until that point, he remained active as president and chief engineer of the North River Bridge Company. Lindenthal had a difference in opinion with one of the standard engineering practices of the day. Trains were very popular during this time and made up a majority of large bridge building that took place | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2438606 | 345,719 |
Archimedes It was also pointed out that since Syracuse faces the sea towards the east, the Roman fleet would have had to attack during the morning for optimal gathering of light by the mirrors. "MythBusters" also pointed out that conventional weaponry, such as flaming arrows or bolts from a catapult, would have been a far easier way of setting a ship on fire at short distances. In December 2010, "MythBusters" again looked at the heat ray story in a special edition entitled "President's Challenge". Several experiments were carried out, including a large scale test with 500 schoolchildren aiming mirrors at a of a Roman sailing ship 400 feet (120 m) away. In all of the experiments, the sail failed to reach the 210 °C (410 °F) required to catch fire, and the verdict was again "busted". The show concluded that a more likely effect of the mirrors would have been blinding, dazzling, or distracting the crew of the ship. While did not invent the lever, he gave an explanation of the principle involved in his work "On the Equilibrium of Planes". Earlier descriptions of the lever are found in the Peripatetic school of the followers of Aristotle, and are sometimes attributed to Archytas. According to Pappus of Alexandria, Archimedes' work on levers caused him to remark: "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth." () Plutarch describes how designed block-and-tackle pulley systems, allowing sailors to use the principle of leverage to lift objects that would otherwise have been too heavy to move | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1844 | 359,505 |
Mineralizer For example, the growth rate for sapphire (AlO) and zincite (ZnO) in potassium-containing solution (KOH, KCO) is higher in comparison to that in sodium-containing solution (NaOH, NaCO). This difference is not readily understood, but are attributed the interaction between potassium and an impurity absorbed on the surface. Basic mineralizers such as NaOH or NaCO are used in the hydrothermal growth of quartz crystals. The precursor or nutrient is crushed silica and a solvent. Typical containers are made of air-tight steel cylinders called autoclaves that can withstand high temperature and pressure. In the case of quartz crystals, the container is heated at 300 °C (which produces a pressure of 140 MPA). Without the mineralizer, higher temperatures are required to solubilize silica. Hydroxides and carbonates make silica more soluble by forming water-soluble sodium silicates. Simplified equations can be represented as Anhydrous sodium silicate is a chain polymeric anion composed of corner shared SiO tetrahedra. Hydrates form with the formula NaSiO•nHO which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion SiO(OH) with waters of hydration. In three-dimensional silica glass, the addition of sodium ions causes oxygen ions formed a bridge, these oxygen ions possess an effective negative charge. The positively charged sodium ions provide partly covalent and partly ionic structure. As the concentration of Na increases, ionically bound material link and eventually form a network of continuous channels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33770458 | 61,577 |
Vibrational temperature The vibrational temperature is commonly used in thermodynamics, to simplify certain equations. It has units of temperature and is defined as formula_1 where formula_2 is Boltzmann's constant, and formula_3 (Greek letter nu) is the characteristic frequency of the oscillator. The vibrational temperature is used commonly when finding the vibrational partition function. Statistical thermodynamics University Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27498772 | 71,624 |
Artificial gene synthesis Because the linker sequence are relatively long (45bp for a standard linker), there is an opportunity to incorporate functional DNA sequences to reduce the number of DNA parts needed during assembly. The BASIC assembly standard provides several linkers embedded with RBS of different strengths. Similarly to facilitate the construction of fusion proteins containing multiple protein domains,several fusion linkers were also designed to allow for full read-through of the DNA construct. These fusion linkers code for a 15 amino acid glycine and serine polypeptide, which is an ideal linker peptide for fusion proteins with multiple domains. Assembly There are three main steps in the assembly of the final construct. As DNA printing and DNA assembly methods have allowed commercial gene synthesis to become progressively and exponentially cheaper over the past years, artificial gene synthesis represents a powerful and flexible engineering tool for creating and designing new DNA sequences and protein functions. Besides synthetic biology, various research areas like those involving heterologous gene expression, vaccine development, gene therapy and molecular engineering, would benefit greatly from having fast and cheap methods to synthesise DNA to code for proteins and peptides. The methods used for DNA printing and assembly have even enabled the use of DNA as a information storage medium. On June 28, 2007, a team at the J | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11913227 | 82,240 |
Meitnerium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Mt and atomic number 109. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature, but can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 4.5 seconds, although the unconfirmed meitnerium-282 may have a longer half-life of 67 seconds. The GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, first created this element in 1982. It is named after Lise Meitner. In the periodic table, meitnerium is a d-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in the group 9 elements, although no chemical experiments have yet been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier homologue to iridium in group 9 as the seventh member of the 6d series of transition metals. is calculated to have similar properties to its lighter homologues, cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. was first synthesized on August 29, 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 and detected a single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266: This work was confirmed three years later at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the Soviet Union). Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, meitnerium should be known as "eka-iridium" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19916 | 95,425 |
DVD , vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, there is no immediate indication that production of the standard will gradually wind down, as they still dominate, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claim that the will remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology is still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available. Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost. By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggest that the biggest obstacle to replacing is due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers are satisfied with DVDs. The succeeded because it offered a compelling alternative to VHS. In addition, the uniform media size let manufacturers make Blu-ray players (and HD players) backward-compatible, so they can play older DVDs. This stands in contrast to the change from vinyl to CD, and from tape to DVD, which involved a complete change in physical medium. it is still commonplace for studios to issue major releases in "combo pack" format, including both a and a Blu-ray disc (as well as a digital copy) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11014498 | 472,312 |
Event (UML) An event in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a notable occurrence at a particular point in time. Events can, but do not necessarily, cause state transitions from one state to another in state machines represented by state machine diagrams. A transition between states occurs only when any guard condition for that transition are satisfied. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3656995 | 239,309 |
CyberArts International was a series of conferences dealing with emerging technologies that took place during years 1990, 1991, and 1992 in Los Angeles and Pasadena, California. The gatherings brought together artists and developers in all types of new media, including software engineers, electronic musicians, and graphic artists to explore what was a new field at the time, digital media collaborations. A fourth, reunion, exposition was held in San Francisco in September 2001 but saw its attendance undercut by the transportation difficulties which followed the September 11 terrorist attacks. The conferences dealt with the interrelationship between computer technology, visual design, music and sound, education, and entertainment. was a series of three annual conferences and exhibitions held in Southern California from 1990 to 1992, focusing upon emerging technologies and techniques for artists working to build interactivity or in the multimedia field. The expositions were originally developed by Dominic Milano, editor of "Keyboard Magazine," who served as conference chair, in collaboration with Robert B. Gelman, event producer and Director of Business Development for Miller Freeman Expositions. Other paid staff members and volunteers also assisted in event preparation, including arts organizations YLEM and EZTV, as well as author and publisher Michael Gosney of "Verbum Magazine," who later co-produced a series of Digital Be-Ins with Robert Gelman from 1993 to 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30105864 | 241,577 |
Leukocidin A leukocidin is a type of cytotoxin created by some types of bacteria ("Staphylococcus"). It is a type of pore-forming toxin. The model for pore formation is step-wise. First, the cytotoxin’s “S” subunit recognizes specific protein-containing receptors, or an integrin on the host cell’s surface. The S subunit then recruits a second, “F” subunit, and the two subunits dimerize on the surface of the host’s cell. After dimerization, oligomerization occurs. Finally, the oligomers, consisting of alternating S and F subunits, undergo a significant structural change and form a beta-barrel, that pierces through the host cell’s lipid bilayer. Leukocidins get their names by killing ("-cide") leukocytes. Leukocidins target phagocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes and therefore targets both, innate and adaptive immune responses. Leukocidins fall into the category of bacterial invasin. Invasins are enzymatic secretions that help bacteria invade the host tissue to which they are attached. Although similar to exotoxins, invasins are different in two respects: they work through much less specific mechanisms than exotoxins, and their actions are generally more localized. One type is Panton-Valentine leukocidin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10154518 | 43,998 |
Subwoofer The directionality is more pronounced in the vertical dimension, yielding a radiation pattern that is wide but not tall. This helps reduce the amount of low frequency sound bouncing off the ceiling indoors and assists in mitigating external noise complaints outdoors. Another cardioid subwoofer array pattern can be used horizontally, one which takes few channels of processing and no change in required physical space. This method is often called "cardioid subwoofer array" or "CSA" even though the pattern of "all" directional subwoofer methods is cardioid. The CSA method reverses the enclosure orientation and inverts the polarity of one out of every three subwoofers across the front of the stage, and delays those enclosures for maximum cancellation of the target frequency on stage. This method reduces forward output relative to a tight-packed, flat-fronted array of subwoofers, but can solve problems of unwanted low frequency energy coming into microphones on stage. Compared to the end-fire array, this method has less on-axis energy but more even pattern control throughout the audience, and more predictable cancellation rearward. The effect spans a range of slightly more than one octave. A second method of rear delay array combines end-fire topology with polarity reversal, using two subwoofers positioned front to back, the drivers spaced one-quarter wavelength apart, the rear enclosure inverted in polarity and delayed by a few milliseconds for maximum cancellation on stage of the target frequency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45810 | 380,018 |
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals The Wi-Fi Alliance also claims that WPA3 will mitigate security issues posed by weak passwords and simplify the process of setting up devices with no display interface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59714120 | 114,713 |
List of microscopy visualization systems This is a list of software systems that are used for visualizing microscopy data. For each software system, the table below indicates which type of data can be displayed: EM = Electron microscopy; MG = Molecular graphics; Optical = Optical microscopy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23320406 | 19,581 |
Texture (crystalline) The making of metal sheet often involves compression in one direction and, in efficient rolling operations, tension in another, which can orient crystallites in both axes by a process known as grain flow. However, cold work destroys much of the crystalline order, and the new crystallites that arise with annealing usually have a different texture. Control of texture is extremely important in the making of silicon steel sheet for transformer cores (to reduce magnetic hysteresis) and of aluminium cans (since deep drawing requires extreme and relatively uniform plasticity). Texture in ceramics usually arises because the crystallites in a slurry have shapes that depend on crystalline orientation, often needle- or plate-shaped. These particles align themselves as water leaves the slurry, or as clay is formed. Casting or other fluid-to-solid transitions (i.e., thin-film deposition) produce textured solids when there is enough time and activation energy for atoms to find places in existing crystals, rather than condensing as an amorphous solid or starting new crystals of random orientation. Some facets of a crystal (often the close-packed planes) grow more rapidly than others, and the crystallites for which one of these planes faces in the direction of growth will usually out-compete crystals in other orientations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1516108 | 84,574 |
Automated teller machine The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete "currency dispenser system" in the patent record. This patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the US (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had a profound influence on the industry as a whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellow's PIN system, but a number of later patents reference this patent as "Prior Art Device". Devices designed by British (i.e. Chubb, De La Rue) and Swedish (i.e. Asea Meteor) quickly spread out. For example, given its link with Barclays, Bank of Scotland deployed a DACS in 1968 under the 'Scotcash' brand. Customers were given personal code numbers to activate the machines, similar to the modern PIN. They were also supplied with £10 vouchers. These were fed into the machine, and the corresponding amount debited from the customer's account. A Chubb-made ATM appeared in Sydney in 1969. This was the first ATM installed in Australia. The machine only dispensed $25 at a time and the bank card itself would be mailed to the user after the bank had processed the withdrawal. Asea Metior's Bankomat was the first ATM installed in Spain on January 9, 1969, in downtown Madrid by Banesto. This device dispensed 1,000 peseta bills (1 to 5 max). Each user had to introduce a security personal key using a combination of the ten numeric buttons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46628 | 292,117 |
IPGMER and SSKM Hospital Cunnigham, Ronald Ross, T. H. Lewis, Ronald Martin did put their mark in medical treatment and research. Sir Ronald Ross made his epoch-making-discovery of "Cycle of Malarial Parasite" in this hospital and was awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology on 10 Dec 1902. He also received the Barkley Bronze Memorial Medal from Asiatic Society, Calcutta on 20 May 1903, Sir Ronald Ross is the first Indian (born at Almorah) Nobel laureate. After his retirement from service on 31 July 1899, he visited PG Hospital in January 1927, when the "Gate of Commemoration" bearing his statue and poem in the plaque was unveiled by Lord Lytton. Michael Madhusudan Dutta was the first native Indian to be admitted to this hospital on 22 June 1873 and here he died on 29 June 1873. Dr. Surendranath Ghosh was the first native Indian doctor to be appointed in PG Hospital. The first floor of the Woodburn Block was renamed as Dr. S. N. Ghosh Ward, by the then Chief minister Hon'ble Jyoti Basu following the publication of the article in PG Bulletin, along with a photograph of Dr. Ghosh and facsimile of his diary page. The first Indian doctor of the hospital has been bestowed with honour. P.G. Hospital was the first Post Graduate Medical Institute in Eastern India in 1957 when it hospital came to be known as The Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER). It was inaugurated by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, on 16 January 1957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28202601 | 362,461 |
Bethesda system In some cases these lesions can lead to invasive cervical cancer, if not followed appropriately. HSIL does not mean that cancer is present. Of all women with HSIL results, 2% or less have invasive cervical cancer at that time, however about 20% would progress to having invasive cervical cancer without treatment. To combat this progression, HSIL is usually followed by an immediate colposcopy with biopsy to sample or remove the dysplastic tissue. This tissue is sent for pathology testing to assign a histologic classification that is more definitive than a Pap smear result (which is a cytologic finding). HSIL generally corresponds to the histological classification of CIN 2 or 3. HSIL treatment involves the removal or destruction of the affected cells, usually by LEEP. Other methods include cryotherapy, cautery, or laser ablation, but none are performed on pregnant women for fear of disrupting the pregnancy. Any of these procedures is 85% likely to cure the problem. Adenocarcinoma can arise from the endocervix, endometrium and extrauterine sites. AGC, formerly AGUS, is an acronym for "atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance". Renamed AGC to avoid confusion with ASCUS. The management of AGC is colposcopy with or without an endometrial biopsy. The "Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology" is the system used to report whether the thyroid cytological specimen is benign or malignant on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20932009 | 146,432 |
Institution of Engineering and Technology Named papers commemorating the work of the following eminent production engineers were read at national meetings: Viscount Nuffield, Sir Alfred Herbert, Colonel George Bray, Lord Sempill, E. H. Hancock, and J. N. Kirby. National and regional conferences were also arranged dealing with specific industrial problems. Active councils were gradually established worldwide including in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and South Africa. The Institution's education committee established a graduate examination which all junior entrants undertook from 1932 onwards. An examination for Associate Membership was introduced in 1951. The Second World War further accelerated developments in production engineering and by 1945 membership of the IProdE stood at 5,000. The 1950s and 1960s were perhaps the most fruitful period for the Institution. Major conferences such as ‘The Automatic Factory’ in 1955 ensured that the Institution held a place at the forefront of production technology. A Royal Charter was granted in 1964 and membership stood at over 17,000 by 1969. In 1981 the IProdE instituted four medals as part of its Diamond Jubilee celebrations comprising; the International Award, the Mensforth Gold Medal, the Nuffield Award and the Silver Medal. The Mensforth Gold Medal was named after Sir Eric Mensforth, founder and chairman of Westland Helicopters and a former IProdE President. The medal was awarded to British recipients who had made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of production engineering technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1963187 | 375,817 |
Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus The (Detlev Rohwedder House) is a building in Berlin that, at the time of its construction, was the largest office building in Europe. It was constructed between February 1935 and August 1936 to house the German Ministry of Aviation ("Reichsluftfahrtministerium", or RLM), headed by Hermann Göring, a leading Nazi. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) it was known as the "Haus der Ministerien" ("House of Ministries"). In 1992, it was named the "Detlev Rohwedder Building", in honour of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, the assassinated head of the Treuhand, which had its headquarters there 1991–95. However, the building is more commonly known as the Air Ministry Building. Since 1999, the building has been the seat of the German Finance Ministry. The building was designed by Ernst Sagebiel (1892–1970), who rebuilt Tempelhof Airport on a similarly gigantic scale. One writer has described it as "in the typical style of National Socialist intimidation architecture." It ran for more than along Wilhelmstraße, partly on the site of the former Prussian War Ministry dating from 1819, and covered the full length of the block between Prinz-Albrecht-Straße and Leipziger Straße, even running along Leipziger Straße itself to join onto the Prussian House of Lords, today housing the Bundesrat. It comprised a reinforced concrete skeleton with an exterior facing of limestone and travertine (a form of marble) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20873253 | 348,589 |
Stericycle then contrived a legal challenge against NHS England’s decision which was dismissed by the High Court of Justice in July 2018, and the company's behaviour severely criticised. Their commercial director Lindsay Dransfield was described as “a broadly unsatisfactory witness”. The company said it intended to appeal. Beyond services related to healthcare wastes, in some markets the company has expanded its offerings to include management of certain hazardous wastes as well as patient transport and medical courier services. In October 2018, Cindy Miller became President and Chief Operating Officer of Stericycle, and became Chief Executive Officer in May 2019. offers the following types of specialized waste management: offers secure information destruction, for both paper and hard drive, through Shred-it. The company also offers compliance training primarily through online courses focused on applying industry regulations related to information security, human resources, medical billing, and patient communications. They have also developed training software related to compliance. Additionally, they have a communications team that coordinates call centers in emergencies and assists with waste management messaging. In 2018, joined the National Safety Council as the medicine disposal partner for a nationwide campaign. served as a leading voice on safe disposal practices giving away thousands of Seal&SendSM MailBack Envelopes consumers could drop in any mailbox | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19589878 | 147,317 |
Precast concrete Products include: commercial retaining walls, residential walls, sea walls, mechanically stabilized earth panels, modular block systems, segmental retaining walls, etc. Retaining walls have five different types which include: gravity retaining wall, semi-gravity retaining wall, cantilever retaining wall, counterfort retaining wall, and buttress retaining wall. Sanitary and stormwater management products are structures designed for underground installation that have been specifically engineered for the treatment and removal of pollutants from sanitary and stormwater run-off. These precast concrete products include stormwater detention vaults, catch basins, and manholes. For communications, electrical, gas or steam systems, precast concrete utility structures protect the vital connections and controls for utility distribution. is nontoxic and environmentally safe. Products include: hand holes, hollow-core products, light pole bases, meter boxes, panel vaults, pull boxes, telecommunications structures, transformer pads, transformer vaults, trenches, utility buildings, utility vaults, utility poles, controlled environment vaults (CEVs), and other utility structures. Precast water and wastewater products hold or contain water, oil or other liquids for the purpose of further processing into non-contaminating liquids and soil products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4558584 | 357,454 |
Artificial intuition is a theoretical capacity of an artificial software to function similarly to human consciousness, specifically in the capacity of human consciousness known as intuition. Intuition is the function of the mind, the experience of which, is described as knowledge based on "a hunch", resulting (as the word itself does) from "contemplation" or "insight". Psychologist Jean Piaget showed that intuitive functioning within the normally developing human child at the "Intuitive Thought Substage" of the preoperational stage occurred at from four to seven years of age. In Carl Jung's concept of synchronicity, the concept of "intuitive intelligence" is described as something like a capacity that transcends ordinary-level functioning to a point where information is understood with a greater depth than is available in more simple rationally-thinking entities. is theoretically (or otherwise) a sophisticated function of an artifice that is able to interpret data with depth and locate hidden factors functioning in Gestalt psychology, and that intuition in the artificial mind would, in the context described here, be a bottom-up process upon a macroscopic scale identifying something like the archetypal (see ). To create artificial intuition supposes the possibility of the re-creation of a higher functioning of the human mind, with capabilities such as what might be found in semantic memory and learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33529387 | 123,738 |
Data definition language The "CREATE" statement in SQL creates a component in a relational database management system (RDBMS). In the SQL 1992 specification, the types of components that can be created are schemas, tables, views, domains, character sets, collations, translations, and assertions. Many implementations extend the syntax to allow creation of additional elements, such as indexes and user profiles. Some systems, such as PostgreSQL and SQL Server, allow "CREATE", and other DDL commands, inside a database transaction and thus they may be rolled back. A commonly used "CREATE" command is the "CREATE TABLE" command. The typical usage is: The column definitions are: An example statement to create a table named "employees" with a few columns is: CREATE TABLE employees ( Some forms of "CREATE TABLE DDL" may incorporate DML (data manipulation language)-like constructs, such as the "CREATE TABLE AS SELECT" (CTaS) syntax of SQL. The "DROP" statement destroys an existing database, table, index, or view. A "DROP" statement in SQL removes a component from a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be dropped depends on which RDBMS is being used, but most support the dropping of tables, users, and databases. Some systems (such as PostgreSQL) allow DROP and other DDL commands to occur inside of a transaction and thus be rolled back | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=452018 | 100,459 |
Datar–Mathews method for real option valuation As an additional check on estimating operating profits (formula_38) with uncertainty, an example of formula_39 results in a value range of: A value range of approximately an order of magnitude may seem large, even excessive. However, a real option business case is most often applied to multi-year early-stage projects that embody large uncertainties, which therefore is reflected with a wide estimated value range representing worst-to-best case scenarios. Given the difficulty in estimating the lognormal distribution mean and standard deviation of future returns, other distributions instead are more often applied for real options used in business decision making. The sampled distributions may take any form, although the triangular distribution is often used, as is typical for low data situations, followed by a uniform distribution (continuous) or a beta distribution . This approach is useful for early-stage estimates of project option value when there has not been sufficient time or resources to gather the necessary quantitative information required for a complete cash flow simulation, or in a portfolio of projects when simulation of all the projects is too computationally demanding. Regardless of the distribution chosen, the procedure remains the same for a real option valuation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32321546 | 502,983 |
Triniscope By that point, RCA had abandoned further development of the Triniscope. Although the shadow mask worked, it had a number of practical drawbacks. Notable among these was the dim images it produced as a side-effect of the mask blocking off most of the power from the electron guns. Development of other solutions to the color problem continued throughout the 1950s and 60s, including commercial development of the Triniscope. The was first used as a color analog of the existing kinescope systems it was originally developed from. NBC and Pathé demonstrated a working system as early as 1954. However, in tests the system proved to be only "resonsable" so development continued in order to improve the quality. However, during the same period the first video tape systems were being introduced, and the expense of the color printing used in the made it an expensive option. Improvements in color film technology improved the system and work on the concept continued into the 1970s. The also saw limited development for consumer television use. One example is the Mitsubishi 6CT-338, which used three 5-inch CRTs arranged behind a faux screen on the front of the display. The image was viewable as a small image centered within the larger faux screen. Using three separate tube resulted in image brightness no shadow mask set could match, but because the image was "behind" the front of the display, the system had a limited display angle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31469509 | 413,248 |
Pantheon, London The revived assembly rooms were a failure, and in 1796 or 1797 Claggett disappeared and was never heard of again. From 1798 to 1810 the shareholders reverted to the original custom of managing the Pantheon themselves but the popularity of the entertainments continued to decline. In 1811–12 Nicholas Wilcox Cundy converted the building into a theatre, but restrictions imposed by the Lord Chamberlain (then the regulator and censor of theatres) ruined this venture and the career of the Pantheon as a place of public entertainment came to a close in 1814. In 1833–34, the Pantheon was rebuilt as a bazaar by the architect Sydney Smirke. The whole of the roof and part of the walls of the old building were taken down, but the entrance fronts to both Oxford Street and Poland Street were retained, as were also the rooms immediately behind the former. The main space of the new building was a great hall of basilican plan, with a barrel-vaulted nave of five wide bays. In 1867, the building was acquired by W. and A. Gilbey, wine merchants, and was used by them as offices and show rooms until 1937. It was demolished shortly afterwards to make way for a branch of Marks and Spencer, opened in 1938, which is still there. This was designed by Robert Lutyens (son of Sir Edwin Lutyens). It has a gleaming art deco polished black granite facade and has become a distinctive landmark on Oxford Street | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2384840 | 345,507 |
Farscape Unfortunately to avoid Crais's pursuit they have to travel into the Uncharted Territories, and thus have no idea how to get home. The other crew also have little respect for Crichton, seeing him only as a "primitive hoo-man" who does not understand even the basic tenets of life in space. Various episodes explore the characters' back stories. Aeryn begins to learn that the Peacekeepers are not always as correct as she had believed. Zhaan is forced to bring up the dark side she had worked to suppress. D'Argo admits he was framed for his wife's murder and has no idea where his child is. Rygel confronts his former jail keeper and torturer. A new character joins the crew – Chiana, a teenage thief on the run from her own repressive culture. And Moya herself becomes pregnant after a Peacekeeper experiment is accidentally activated. Meanwhile, Crichton continues to research the wormhole that brought him here. He is forced to sell what little progress he has made to an alien mechanic as payment for repairs on the module. He is also lured into a wormhole that seems to lead directly back to Earth, only to find the entire situation is a construct created by mysterious aliens called the Ancients who are testing to see if Earth is suitable for colonization. Towards the end of the season, Aeryn is injured and the crew is forced to go to a Peacekeeper base to seek medical help | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66070 | 234,206 |
Child labour Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates. These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output. This process was replicated in other industrialising countries. The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while servants worked 80-hour weeks. played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=101942 | 470,410 |
St. Francis Dam Although the state's panel did not recommend modification of the dam, both panels came to similar conclusions: that the dam lacked what was then considered sufficient uplift relief, which could lead to destabilization, and was unacceptable. Again in 1931, a fourth panel, the Board of Engineers to Evaluate Mulholland Dam, was appointed to assess the structure. As well, an external study group appointed by the Board of Water & Power Commissioners produced a "Geological Report of the Suitability of Foundations". Certain design deficiencies were uncovered in the plans made by the engineering department during the planning phase of the dam. These had to do with the dam's base width in conjunction to its ability to resist uplift and sliding and to withstand earthquake loading. The decision was made to permanently keep the Hollywood Reservoir drawn down. It was also decided to keep the amount stored in the reservoir to no more than and to place an enormous amount of earth, , on the dam's downstream face to increase its resistance against hydraulic uplift and earthquake forces, and to screen it from public view. This work was carried out in 1933–34. The only visible remains of the are weathered, broken chunks of gray concrete and the rusted remnants of the handrails that lined the top of the dam and the wing dike. The ruins and the scar from the ancient landslide can be seen from San Francisquito Canyon Road. Large chunks of debris can still be found scattered about the creek bed south of the dam's original site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425061 | 338,996 |
Battery Park City Harrison, the proposal called for a 'comprehensive community' consisting of housing, social infrastructure and light industry. The landscaping of the park space and later the Winter Garden was designed by M. Paul Friedberg. In 1968, the New York State Legislature created the Authority (BPCA) to oversee development. Rockefeller named Charles J. Urstadt as the first chairman of the authority's board that year. He then served as the chief executive officer from 1973 to 1978. Urstadt later served as the authority's vice chair from 1996 to 2010. The New York State Urban Development Corporation and ten other public agencies were also involved in the development project. For the next several years, the BPCA made slow progress. In April 1969, it unveiled a master plan for the area, which was approved in October. In early 1972, the BPCA issued $200 million in bonds to fund construction efforts, with Harry B. Helmsley designated as the developer. That same year, the city approved plans to alter the number of apartments designated for lower, middle and upper income renters. Urstadt said the changes were needed to make the financing for the project viable. In addition to the change in the mix of units, the city approved adding nine acres, which extended the northern boundary from Reade Street to Duane Street. Landfill material from construction of the World Trade Center and other buildings in Lower Manhattan was used to add fill for the southern portion. Cellular cofferdams were constructed to retain the material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4580 | 359,663 |
Fuze (company) Thinking Phones' initial focus was unifying voice, text and conferencing services through an Internet-based platform. Originally marketed as a business VoIP or hosted PBX replacement service for mid-market and enterprise customers, the company expanded its services to provide messaging, presence, video services, collaboration and analytics within the unified communications industry. In 2010, Thinking Phone Networks launched one of the first mobile business phone applications on the iOS store, and later released an Android version of the service. Thinking Phone Networks took its first venture capital in January 2010, a $1.2 million equity financing from Capstone Partners. Following rounds included $16.5 million in October 2012, led by venture capital firms Advanced Technology Ventures and Bessemer Venture Partners; $10 million in October 2013 from the same firms; and $56.7 million of funding in December 2014, led by Technology Crossover Ventures. In 2016, after raising a new round of $112 million in private financing from Summit Partners, Bessemer Venture Partners and Technology Crossover Ventures, the company brought its total fundraising to over $200 million since its founding. The company grew from 200 employees at the beginning of 2015 to over 700 by the end of the year. In November 2015, Thinking Phones acquired San Francisco-based cloud voice and video conferencing company FuzeBox, which was founded in 1998 by Jeff Cavins as CallWave, a publicly traded company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44706524 | 229,676 |
Impact (mechanics) That is, it fractures, and does not stretch or vibrate. Road traffic accidents usually involve impact loading, such as when a car hits a traffic bollard, water hydrant or tree, the damage being localized to the impact zone. When vehicles collide, the damage increases with the relative velocity of the vehicles, the damage increasing as the square of the velocity since it is the impact kinetic energy (1/2 mv) which is the variable of importance. Much design effort is made to improve the impact resistance of cars so as to minimize user injury. It can be achieved in several ways: by enclosing the driver and passengers in a safety cell for example. The cell is reinforced so it will survive in high speed crashes, and so protect the users. Parts of the body shell outside the cell are designed to crumple progressively, absorbing most of the kinetic energy which must be dissipated by the impact. Various impact test are used to assess the effects of high loading, both on products and standard slabs of material. The Charpy test and Izod test are two examples of standardized methods which are used widely for testing materials. Ball or projectile drop tests are used for assessing product impacts. The Columbia disaster was caused by impact damage when a chunk of polyurethane foam impacted the carbon fibre composite wing of the space shuttle. Although tests had been conducted before the disaster, the test chunks were much smaller than the chunk that fell away from the booster rocket and hit the exposed wing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2325044 | 29,074 |
Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agriculture products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture. Most of the industry is focused on animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs, produced in cell culture rather than raising and slaughtering farmed livestock. The most well known cellular agriculture concept is cultured meat. Although cellular agriculture is a nascent scientific discipline, cellular agriculture products were first commercialized in the early 20th century with insulin and rennet. On March 24, 1990, the FDA approved a bacteria that had been genetically engineered to produce rennet, making it the first genetically engineered product for food. Rennet is a mixture of enzymes that turns milk into curds and whey in cheese making. Traditionally, rennet is extracted from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves. Today, cheese making processes use rennet enzymes from genetically engineered bacteria, fungi, or yeasts because they are unadulterated, more consistent, and less expensive than animal-derived rennet. In 2004, Jason Matheny founded New Harvest, whose mission is to "accelerate breakthroughs in cellular agriculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51277173 | 186,312 |
Dodd Road Discontiguous District near Forest Township, Rice County, Minnesota is a set of three road segments which were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. They preserve segments of Dodd Road, a private road built by William B. Dodd. It was a privately funded road built between Mendota and St. Peter in 1853, and was a key transportation artery in early south-central Minnesota. Its builder, William B. Dodd, was the founder of the town of St. Peter, Minnesota, as well as a ferry boat operator, land speculator, and a militia captain. Dodd and the other founders of the town knew that steamboat service on the Minnesota River was intermittent, and they figured that a road connection to St. Paul would help their village to flourish. The road-building party started from Mendota in April 1853 and followed high ridges in the land, and reached St. Peter in 109 days. Dodd Road helped to open up territory to settlers immigrating to Minnesota. Dodd later went to New Ulm to help protect settlers in the Dakota War of 1862, and was killed in an ambush. Two years later, in 1864, the Minnesota Central Railroad was built from St. Paul to Faribault and points beyond, which lessened the significance of the road. Historian Scott Anfinson saw William Dodd's grave in St. Peter, read the inscription of "Builder of the Dodd Road", and decided to research the history of the road. Much of the original route of Dodd Road has been paved and is still signed in West St. Paul, Mendota Heights, Rosemount, Apple Valley, and Lakeville | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57649094 | 316,275 |
Non-uniform rational B-spline The most important property in differential geometry is the curvature formula_49. It describes the local properties (edges, corners, etc.) and relations between the first and second derivative, and thus, the precise curve shape. Having determined the derivatives it is easy to compute formula_50. The circle is composed of four quarter circles, tied together with double knots. Although double knots in a third order NURBS curve would normally result in loss of continuity in the first derivative, the control points are positioned in such a way that the first derivative is continuous. In fact, the curve is infinitely differentiable everywhere, as it must be if it exactly represents a circle. The curve represents a circle exactly, but it is not exactly parametrized in the circle's arc length. This means, for example, that the point at formula_51 does not lie at formula_52 (except for the start, middle and end point of each quarter circle, since the representation is symmetrical). This would be impossible, since the "x" coordinate of the circle would provide an exact rational polynomial expression for formula_53, which is impossible. The circle does make one full revolution as its parameter formula_51 goes from 0 to formula_55, but this is only because the knot vector was arbitrarily chosen as multiples of formula_56. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=308474 | 321,092 |
Criticism of Huawei , officials and politicians within the federal government have raised concerns that Huawei-made telecommunications equipment may be designed to allow unauthorised access by the Chinese government and the Chinese People's Liberation Army, given that Ren Zhengfei, the founder of the company, served as an engineer in the army in the early 1980s. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States scrutinized a deal by Bain Capital to acquire 3Com with Huawei as a minority investor, and an attempt to acquire the virtualization firm 3Leaf Systems, both due to security concerns (with concerns that China could gain access to U.S. military-grade technology in the case of the former). Both deals fell through. In 2010, Sprint Nextel blocked bids by Huawei on a supply contract, after the company was contacted by the Secretary of Commerce. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party raised concerns about security over Huawei's bid for Marconi in 2005, and the company's equipment was mentioned as an alleged potential threat in a 2009 government briefing by Alex Allan, chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. In November 2010, Huawei agreed to proactively allow local officials to perform cybersecurity examinations of its products, resulting in the opening of the Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC). Its oversight board includes members of the National Cyber Security Centre and GCHQ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60408989 | 489,752 |
Centenary Pool Complex Birrell utilised the skills of Brisbane shipbuilders Evans Deakin and Company to shape the top and bottom beams of the restaurant, and of local steel fabricators Sargeants to bend the steel core of the diving tower. The complex was designed to fit into the slope of the hill overlooking Victoria Park, and little excavation was required. On technical aspects of the pool's construction, such as the size and positioning of the filtration equipment, Birrell worked closely with the Brisbane City Council's Chief Health Officer, James Douglas Mabbett. Underwater floodlighting and observation windows were included in the design, to permit coaches to view their pupils in action from below the surface. These features were highlighted at the official opening of the pool on the evening of 25 November 1959, when the Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Abel Smith, was treated to an underwater diving display, viewed through the observation window to the diving pool. The initial design of the complex included a landscaped entrance road and carpark to the south of the pool. Queensland subtropical landscape designer Harry Oakman, who was then manager of the BCC's Parks Department, is understood to have been responsible for the landscape design. In 1960 the Centenary Pool complex was selected by the editors of the Melbourne publication Architecture and Arts as one of the top ten buildings in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45242369 | 361,361 |
Pareto efficiency Algorithms for computing the Pareto frontier of a finite set of alternatives have been studied in computer science and power engineering. They include: Pareto optimisation has also been studied in biological processes. In bacteria, genes were shown to be either inexpensive to make (resource efficient) or easier to read (translation efficient). Natural selection acts to push highly expressed genes towards the Pareto frontier for resource use and translational efficiency. Genes near the Pareto frontier were also shown to evolve more slowly (indicating that they are providing a selective advantage). It would be incorrect to treat as equivalent to societal optimization, as the latter is a normative concept that is a matter of interpretation that typically would account for the consequence of degrees of inequality of distribution. An example would be the interpretation of one school district with low property tax revenue versus another with much higher revenue as a sign that more equal distribution occurs with the help of government redistribution. does not require a totally equitable distribution of wealth. An economy in which a wealthy few hold the vast majority of resources can be Pareto efficient. This possibility is inherent in the definition of Pareto efficiency; often the status quo is Pareto efficient regardless of the degree to which wealth is equitably distributed. A simple example is the distribution of a pie among three people. The most equitable distribution would assign one third to each person | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45468 | 114,639 |
Pipeline video inspection The service truck is parked above the access point of the pipe. The camera tractor, with a flexible cable attached to the rear, is then lowered into the pipeline. The tractor is moved forward so that it is barely inside of the pipeline. A "down-hole roller" is set up between the camera tractor and the cable reel in the service truck, preventing cable damage from rubbing the top of the pipeline. The operator then retires to the inside of the truck and begins the inspection, remotely operating the camera tractor from the truck. When the inspection is complete or the camera cable is fully extended, the camera tractor is put in reverse gear and the cable is wound up simultaneously. When the camera tractor is near the original access point, the downhole roller is pulled up and the camera tractor is moved into the access point and pulled up to the service truck. A tractor may be used to inspect a complete blockage or collapse that would prevent using a fish and rope as described below. For small diameter pipes there may not be enough room for the tractor mechanism. Instead, a somewhat rigid "fish" is pushed through the pipe and attached to a rope at the access point near the truck. The fish is then pulled to place the rope along the pipe. The rope is then used to pull the inspection pig and cable through the pipe. Detaching the rope, the cable is then used to pull the pig backwards as the pipe is inspected on the monitor (this is the method shown in the illustrations below) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2859356 | 425,587 |
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System " Following a Nike ABM intercept of a test missile, the planned Cheyenne Mountain mission was expanded in August 1960 to "a hardened center from which CINCNORAD would supervise and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack" (NORAD assumed "operational control of all space assets with the formation of" SPADATS in October 1960.) The 1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron (1st Aero) was activated at Ent AFB on February 14, 1961; and Ent's Federal Building was completed . Clear AFS construction began in August 1958 with 700 workers (completed July 1, 1961), and Thule Site J construction began by May 18, 1960, with radar pedestals complete by June 2. Thule testing began on May 16, 1960, IOC was on September 30, and the initial operational radar transmission was in October 1960 (initially duplex vacuum tube IBM 709s occupied 2 floors). On November 24, 1961, an AT&T operator failure at their Black Forest Microwave Station northeast of Colorado Springs caused a BMEWS communications outage to Ent and Offutt (a B-52 near Thule confirmed the site still remained.) Training for civilian technicians included a February 1961 RCA class in New Jersey for a Tracking Radar Automatic Monitoring class. The "Clear Msl Early Warning Stn, Nenana, AK" was assigned to Hanscom Field, Massachusetts, by the JCA on April 1, 1961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736540 | 126,762 |
SATA Express Device-level backward compatibility for is ensured by fully supporting legacy SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) storage devices, both on the electrical level and through the required operating system support. Mechanically, connectors on the host side retain their backward compatibility in a way similar to how USB 3.0 does it the new host-side connector is made by "stacking" an additional connector on top of two legacy standard SATA data connectors, which are regular SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) ports that can accept legacy SATA devices. This backward compatibility of the host-side connector, which is formally known as the host plug, ensures the possibility for attaching legacy SATA devices to hosts equipped with controllers. Backward compatibility on the software level, provided for legacy operating systems and associated device drivers that can access only SATA storage devices, is achieved by retaining support for the AHCI controller interface as a legacy logical device interface, as visible from the operating system perspective. Access to storage devices using AHCI as a logical device interface is possible for both SATA SSDs and PCI Express SSDs, so operating systems that do not provide support for NVMe can optionally be configured to interact with PCI Express storage devices as if they were legacy AHCI devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40691076 | 106,640 |
Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including (among others) sensation & perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these. emerged as a modern academic discipline in the 19th century when Wilhelm Wundt introduced a mathematical and experimental approach to the field. Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. Other experimental psychologists, including Hermann Ebbinghaus and Edward Titchener, included introspection among their experimental methods. Charles Bell was a British physiologist, whose main contribution was research involving the nervous system. He wrote a pamphlet summarizing his research on rabbits. His research concluded that sensory nerves enter at the posterior (dorsal) roots of the spinal cord and motor nerves emerge from the anterior (ventral) roots of the spinal cord. Eleven years later, a French physiologist Francois Magendie published the same findings without being aware of Bell's research. Due to Bell not publishing his research, this discovery was called the Bell-Magendie law. Bell's discovery disproved the belief that nerves transmitted either vibrations or spirits. Weber was a German physician who is credited with being one of the founders of experimental psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=364299 | 508,591 |
List of antibiotic-resistant bacteria This is evident in the fact that Mycobacterium tuberculosis must cause a pulmonary disease in order to be successfully transmitted from one person to another. Tuberculosis better known as TB has one of the highest mortality rates among pathogens in the world. Mortality rates have not seen a significant decrease due to its growing resistance to certain antibiotics. Although there is years worth of research and many work hours that have been devoted to the creation of a vaccine, one still does not exist. TB has a very high level of virulence which is mainly due in part to the fact it is extremely transmissible. TB was considered one of the most prevalent diseases, and did not have a cure until the discovery of streptomycin by Selman Waksman in 1943. However, the bacteria soon developed resistance. Since then, drugs such as isoniazid and rifampin have been used. "M. tuberculosis" develops resistance to drugs by spontaneous mutations in its genomes. These types of mutations can lead to genotype and phenotype changes that can contribute to reproductive success therefore they can be passed on and evolve into resistant bacteria. Resistance to one drug is common, and this is why treatment is usually done with more than one drug. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) is TB that is also resistant to the second line of drugs. Resistance of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" to isoniazid, rifampin, and other common treatments has become an increasingly relevant clinical challenge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55868631 | 187,858 |
Parental care Furthermore, female birds are generally more likely to care for the offspring of males that spend more time nest building, and build more elaborate nests. As a consequence, the reproductive success of males tends to increase with nest size and building behaviour. Therefore, differential allocation is expected because the offspring of these pairings would likely inherit the quality of the attractive parent, if attractiveness signifies genetic quality. Differential allocation may also work the other way around, where parents may invest less in their offspring if paired with unattractive mates. By reducing the amount of care invested in these offspring, individuals may save resources for future reproductive attempts with a more attractive mate. Differential allocation is mostly expected from females, since in many animal groups females are more choosy when assessing potential mates. However, in many bird species, males are known to be involved in caring for young, which may lead to differential allocation by males as well as females. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12214093 | 184,002 |
1942 Herefordshire TRE Halifax crash Seven RAF personnel were killed and four radar scientists. Three of the radar scientists had also come from the EMI company. A memorial was built next to the site, with a memorial service on 10 June 2019; the memorial was mostly due to an employee of the "Hereford Times", with help from the EMI Archive Trust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63233486 | 387,215 |
Biomarker (cell) Cellular biomarkers are used in both clinical and laboratory settings, and can discriminate between a large sample of cells based on their antigens. An example of a cellular biomarker sorting technique is Fluorescent-activated cell sorting. Imaging biomarkers allow earlier detection of disease compared to molecular biomarkers, and streamline translational research in the drug discovery marketplace. For example, one could determine the percent of receptors a drug targets, shortening the time and money of research during the new drug development stage. Imaging biomarkers also are non-invasive, which is a clinical advantage over molecular biomarkers. Some of the image-based biomarkers are X-Ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photo Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7140680 | 153,063 |
Pro Tools In 1993, Josh Rosen, Mats Myrberg and John Dalton, the OSC's engineers who developed Deck, split from Digidesign to focus on releasing lower-cost multi-track software that would run on computers with no additional hardware. This software was known as Session (for stereo-only audio cards) and Session 8 (for multi-channel audio interfaces) and was selling for US$399. Peter Gotcher felt that the software needed a major rewrite. II, the first software release fully developed by Digidesign, followed in the same year and addressed the weaknesses of its predecessor. The editor and the mixer were merged into a single application, while a specific software, the Digidesign Audio Engine (DAE), was provided as a separate application to favor hardware support from third-party developers, enabling the use of hardware and plugins on other DAWs. Selling more than 8,000 systems worldwide, II became the best selling digital audio workstation. In 1994, 2.5 implemented Digidesign's newly developed time-division multiplexing technology, which allowed routing of multiple digital audio streams between DSP cards. With TDM, up to four NuBus cards could be linked obtaining a 16-track system, while multiple DSP-based plug-ins could be run simultaneously and in real-time. The wider bandwidth required to run the larger number of tracks was achieved with a SCSI expansion card developed by Grey Matter Response, called System Accelerator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=420787 | 377,221 |
Hearing loss The severity of a hearing loss is ranked according to ranges of nominal thresholds in which a sound must be so it can be detected by an individual. It is measured in decibels of hearing loss, or dB HL. The measurement of hearing loss in an individual is conducted over several frequencies, mostly 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. The hearing loss of the individual is the average of the hearing loss values over the different frequencies. can be ranked differently according to different organisations; and so, in different countries different systems are in use. may be ranked as slight, mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe or profound as defined below: The 'Audiometric Classifications of Hearing Impairment' according to the International Bureau Audiophonology (BIAP) in Belgium is as follows: may affect one or both ears. If both ears are affected, then one ear may be more affected than the other. Thus it is possible, for example, to have normal hearing in one ear and none at all in the other, or to have mild hearing loss in one ear and moderate hearing loss in the other. For certain legal purposes such as insurance claims, hearing loss is described in terms of percentages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49604 | 466,095 |
Louis Dominique Girard (1815- Paris, 1871) was a French hydraulic engineer. A friend and colleague of Léon Foucault, Girard was most notable for his work with impulse turbines. His 1856 design greatly improved on the Jonval turbines that were then common, although it was in turn supplanted by the Pelton wheel in the latter portion of the 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11977243 | 347,835 |
Isogenic human disease models For these reasons, it remains essential to develop models of cancer that employ human cells. Isogenic cell lines are created via a process called homologous gene-targeting. Targeting vectors that utilize homologous recombination are the tools or techniques that are used to knock-in or knock-out the desired disease-causing mutation or SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) to be studied. Although disease mutations can be harvested directly from cancer patients, these cells usually contain many background mutations in addition to the specific mutation of interest, and a matched normal cell line is typically not obtained. Subsequently, targeting vectors are used to 'knock-in' or 'knock out' gene mutations enabling a switch in both directions; from a normal to cancer genotype; or vice versa; in characterized human cancer cell lines such as HCT116 or Nalm6. There are several gene targeting technologies used to engineer the desired mutation, the most prevalent of which are briefly described, including key advantages and limitations, in the summary table below. Homologous recombination (HR) is a kind of genetic recombination in which genetic sequences are exchanged between two similar segments of DNA. HR plays a major role in eukaryotic cell division, promoting genetic diversity through the exchange between corresponding segments of DNA to create new, and potentially beneficial combinations of genes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28309002 | 210,179 |
SAES Getters This strategy led to specialise in the execution of components and systems for high-tech industrial and medical applications, allowing the company to survive unscathed after the collapse of a number of key markets, such as barium getters for the television industry or back lights for LCD screens. Furthermore, during this period, the company developed highly innovative technologies and processes for the depositing of getters on silicon wafers for so-called MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems), miniaturised devices intended for various applications, such as sensors and gyroscopes. The company entered the shape memory alloy sector (SMA), becoming a key reference for the sector and the first producer of SMA devices and materials for use in industry. In this way, SAES acquired Memory Metalle GmbH (renamed Memry GmbH in 2010), a German company with metallurgical and application skills relating to SMA in the field of medicine. It also acquired two companies in the United States: Memry Corporation, specialising in the production of SMA devices for medical use and the business division of Special Metal Corporation, dedicated to the production of NiTiNol (renamed SAES Smart Materials). NiTiNol is the commercial name of shape memory alloys used in medicine and the SAES group is one of the major international suppliers of this material. SAES then launched the production of SMA wires and springs for industrial applications at its Italian facilities, with these now concentrated at its headquarters in Lainate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46266901 | 218,589 |
Repeated implantation failure In the instance of genetic testing, karyotyping may be made available to couples with RIF to exclude the possibility of balanced chromosomal translocations. Ultrasounds may be used to oversee the morphological growth and development of follicles throughout IVF treatment, in addition to assessing endometrial thickness. Hysteroscopy is an essential part of investigating a couple’s RIF pathology and is used as a diagnostic tool to examine the cervical canal and uterine cavity. In depth reviews of the underlying causes of a couple's infertility should be undertaken with a qualified fertility specialist in order to make decisions regarding further management. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption and BMI. Women with RIF should be advised to abstain from both alcohol and smoking, and male partners may also consider cessation of smoking due to effects associated with weaker sperm counts and damage to sperm DNA and motility. An ideal BMI target for women with RIF is between 19 and 29; obese women may consider structured weight-loss programmes and regular exercise over bariatric surgery due to potential folate, iron, vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies. Table below showing the main first-line treatments for couples undergoing RIF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58582242 | 157,964 |
Expression vector However, when 2 or more plasmids are used, each plasmid needs to use a different antibiotic selection as well as a different origin of replication, otherwise one of the plasmids may not be stably maintained. Many commonly used plasmids are based on the ColE1 replicon and are therefore incompatible with each other; in order for a ColE1-based plasmid to coexist with another in the same cell, the other would need to be of a different replicon, e.g. a p15A replicon-based plasmid such as the pACYC series of plasmids. Another approach would be to use a single two-cistron vector or design the coding sequences in tandem as a bi- or poly-cistronic construct. A yeast commonly used for protein production is "Pichia pastoris". Examples of yeast expression vector in "Pichia" are the pPIC series of vectors, and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is inducible with methanol. The plasmids may contain elements for insertion of foreign DNA into the yeast genome and signal sequence for the secretion of expressed protein. Proteins with disulphide bonds and glycosylation can be efficiently produced in yeast. Another yeast used for protein production is "Kluyveromyces lactis" and the gene is expressed, driven by a variant of the strong lactase LAC4 promoter. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is particularly widely used for gene expression studies in yeast, for example in yeast two-hybrid system for the study of protein-protein interaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=564380 | 5,470 |
Congolese Posts and Savings Company Congolese Posts and Savings Company, also called the Société des postes et d'épargne du Congo or SOPECO, is a government owned postal company in the Republic of Congo. It is a crown corporation and was created on 1 July 2001 by Ordinance No. 10-2001. There are forty eight post offices, mostly in major cities. Many private corporations provide postal services, often without the permission of the government. Many of these companies have been in business since before any legislation regulating the postal industry had been passed. Originally the postal administration was admitted into the Universal Postal Union on 3 May 1961 and remains a member. Post codes are not used in the Congo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27605025 | 228,982 |
Multidimensional organization The differences between the multidimensional organization and the matrix organization can be summarized as below: The multidimensional organization implies specific requirements on how transactions are recorded in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, implicating a shift away from the traditional paradigm in IT-governance of business IT-alignment. Now transactions need to be recorded, not only multidimensional, to allow multiple consolidations to occur simultaneously. Particularly, the recording needs to be neutral with respect to business models. ERP systems tend to have a technical lifetime of 10–15 years, whereas business models last for 3–5 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16703785 | 497,640 |
Beirut Central District Trees surround a blue water fountain and a brick-tiled platform, with six obelisks marking the gates of the garden. Several sculptures of abstract art inspired by Khalil Gibran dot the location. The space also witnessed numerous political protests in the past years adding to the venue's strategic importance. It also hosts, since 2005, a permanent sit-in tent for the demand of the release of Lebanese prisoners in Syria. The Omar Daouk Square is named after the Lebanese politician Omar beik Daouk. This 1,006 square meter square was designed by Mohammad Halawi around a bust by Maguerditch Mazmanian of Omar Daouk himself. The design of the Omar Daouk Square introduces three green terraces that soften the site incline, since it lies on the inclined Omar Daouk Street. The trees and flowers surrounding it create an attractive open area where one can sit and rest. Nejme Square, or Place de l'Étoile, is the central square in the Downtown area. It is home to the Lebanese Parliament and its complementary buildings, two cathedrals, a museum, and several cafes and restaurants. Most notable for its Art Deco architecture, the square has become a recognizable icon of Beirut City worldwide. The jewel of the square is a 1930s clock-tower with its four-faced Rolex clock. The clock tower was gift from Lebanese-Mexican émigré Michel Abed. Today, the square is filled with tourists and locals who come here to dine, walk or enjoy the street life. The square is also known for its noticeable population of pigeons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6343922 | 499,614 |
Diethylstilbestrol However, similarly to the case of prostate cancer, some researchers have argued for the use bioidentical estrogens like estradiol instead of DES for breast cancer. Oral DES at 0.25 to 0.5 mg/day is effective in the treatment of hot flashes in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. At doses above 1 mg/day by mouth, DES is associated with high rates of side effects including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, and bloating, with an incidence of 15 to 50%. In studies of DES as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy for men with prostate cancer, it has been associated with considerable cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The risk is dose-dependent. A dosage of 5 mg/day DES has been associated with a 36% increase in non-cancer-related (mostly cardiovascular) deaths. In addition, there is an up to 15% incidence of venous thromboembolism. A 3 mg/day dosage of DES has been associated with an incidence of thromboembolism of 9.6 to 17%, with an incidence of cardiovascular complications of 33.3%. A lower dosage of 1 mg/day DES has been associated with a rate of death due to cardiovascular events of 14.8% (relative to 8.3% for orchiectomy alone). In men treated with it for prostate cancer, DES has been found to produce high rates of gynecomastia (breast development) of 41 to 77%. The pigmentation of the breast areolae are often very dark and almost black with DES therapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=294975 | 67,484 |
Anniston Manufacturing Company The Anniston Cotton Manufacturing Company was a cotton mill which operated from 1880 to 1977. Its three building complex at 215 W. Eleventh St. in Anniston, Alabama, built in 1880, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, as "Anniston Cotton Manufacturing Company". It has also been known as Chalk Line, Inc. The site was deemed "significant as an example of the spirit of industrialization that grew in the New South following the War Between the States. Built for Anniston's two leading industrialists, Samuel Noble and Alfred Tyler, as a companion industry to the city's growing iron industry and as a source of employment for the wives and children of iron workers, the mill was the first textile mill built in town. The mill also had one of the longest periods of operation of any textile mill within the state, beginning in February 1881 and continuing until its closing in 1977." Also, "The Anniston Cotton Manufacturing Company building is significant architecturally for the quality of the Italian Renaissance Revival design as used in an industrial building from the period and as one of the oldest extant examples of a cotton mill building in Alabama." The main building was a three-story brick building. The complex was demolished as of April 2014, and then became the site of the Calhoun County Human Resources Department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56928340 | 349,996 |
Electrical injury The voltage necessary for electrocution depends on the current through the body and the duration of the current. Ohm's law states that the current drawn depends on the resistance of the body. The resistance of human skin varies from person to person and fluctuates between different times of day. The NIOSH states "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as 100,000 ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to 1,000 ohms," adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down human skin, reducing the human body's resistance to 500 ohms". The International Electrotechnical Commission gives the following values for the total body impedance of a hand to hand circuit for dry skin, large contact areas, 50 Hz AC currents (the columns contain the distribution of the impedance in the population percentile; for example at 100 V 50% of the population had an impedance of 1875Ω or less): The voltage-current characteristic of human skin is non-linear and depends on many factors such as intensity, duration, history, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Sweat gland activity, temperature, and individual variation also influence the voltage-current characteristic of skin. In addition to non-linearity, skin impedance exhibits asymmetric and time varying properties. These properties can be modeled with reasonable accuracy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211889 | 499,968 |
Oligonucleotidase (, "oligoribonuclease") is an exoribonuclease derived from "Flammulina velutipes". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12026760 | 194,105 |
Central Bureau A separate American Intelligence operation was located nearby in a building called "Palma Rosa" at 9 Queens Road, Hamilton. "Palma Rosa" was commandeered by the Counter Intelligence Corps, G-2 Section, Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (U.S.A.F.F.E.). also relocated to Brisbane in September, with the American contingent of six officers and eighteen enlisted men moving first. The bureau moved to the suburb of Ascot, not far from the new American airfield at Eagle Farm Airport. Staff were accommodated as boarders in private homes or in military camps with daily transport by truck or bus. Officers obtained rented accommodation around Ascot and nearby suburbs. Mic Sandford the head of the Australian Army contingent rented a house at 50 Elderney Terrace in nearby Hamilton; this became a social centre and the scene of frequent dinner and drinking parties. The CB headquarters was in "Nyrambla", a huge house at 21 Henry Street built as a grand mansion in 1886, although the large 6 ha section was subdivided from 1905 and the house was converted into flats in the late 1920s. The house still retained rooms with marble fireplaces, ornate plaster and 4.8m high ceilings, and the building remained the main administrative and training centre for the bureau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5474085 | 284,830 |
Deposit account For example, if a bank in the United States makes a loan to a customer by depositing the loan proceeds in that customer's checking account, the bank typically records this event by debiting an asset account on the bank's books (called loans receivable or some similar name) and credits the deposit liability or checking account of the customer on the bank's books. From an economic standpoint, the bank has essentially created economic money (although not legal tender). The customer's checking account balance has no dollar bills in it, as a demand deposit account is simply a liability owed by the bank to its customer. In this way, commercial banks are allowed to increase the money supply (without printing currency). Banking operates under an intricate system of customs and conventions developed over many centuries. It is also normally subject to statutory regulations, such as reserve requirements developed to reduce the risk of failure of the bank. It may also have the purpose of reducing the extent of depositor losses in the event of bank failure. To reduce the risk to depositors of a bank failure, some bank deposits may also be secured by a deposit insurance scheme, or be protected by a government guarantee scheme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30873450 | 479,905 |
Downs–Thomson paradox Increasing the size of the network is characterized by behaviors of users similar to that of travelers on transportation networks, who act independently and in a decentralized manner in choosing optimal routes between origin and destination is an extension of the induced demand theory and consistent with Downs' 1992 theory of "triple convergence", formulated to explain the difficulty of removing peak congestion from highways. In response to a capacity addition three immediate effects occur: drivers using alternative routes begin to use the expanded highway; those previously traveling at off-peak times (either immediately before or after the peak) shift to the peak (rescheduling behavior as defined previously) and public transport users shift to driving. "The average speed at which personal car users (private cars) reach their destinations directly depends on the speed at which their designated destinations reach the users of dedicated / non-public transport. According to Downs, the link between average speeds on public transport and private transport applies only "to regions in which the vast majority of peak-hour commuting is done on rapid transit systems with separate rights of way. Central London is an example, since in 2001 around 85 percent of all morning peak-period commuters into that area used public transit (including 77 percent on separate rights of way) and only 11 percent used private cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6544326 | 501,530 |
List of networked storage hardware platforms Related articles are SAN and NAS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13789518 | 138,010 |
VHDL Being created for one element base, a computing device project can be ported on another element base, for example VLSI with various technologies. A big advantage of compared to original Verilog is that has a full type system. Designers can use the type system to write much more structured code (especially by declaring record types). In VHDL, a design consists at a minimum of an "entity" which describes the interface and an "architecture" which contains the actual implementation. In addition, most designs import library modules. Some designs also contain multiple architectures and "configurations". A simple AND gate in would look something like (Notice that codice_10 stands for "Register transfer level" design.) While the example above may seem verbose to HDL beginners, many parts are either optional or need to be written only once. Generally simple functions like this are part of a larger behavioral module, instead of having a separate module for something so simple. In addition, use of elements such as the codice_4 type might at first seem to be an overkill. One could easily use the built-in codice_1 type and avoid the library import in the beginning. However, using a form of many-valued logic, specifically 9-valued logic (codice_13,codice_14,codice_15,codice_16,codice_17,codice_18,codice_19,codice_20,codice_21), instead of simple bits (0,1) offers a very powerful simulation and debugging tool to the designer which currently does not exist in any other HDL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43410 | 379,944 |
Technical features new to Windows Vista At the core of the operating system, many improvements have been made to the memory manager, process scheduler, heap manager, and I/O scheduler. A Kernel Transaction Manager has been implemented that can be used by data persistence services to enable atomic transactions. The service is being used to give applications the ability to work with the file system and registry using atomic transaction operations. Windows Vista features a completely re-written audio stack designed to provide low-latency 32-bit floating point audio, higher-quality digital signal processing, bit-for-bit sample level accuracy, up to 144 dB of dynamic range and new audio APIs created by a team including Steve Ball and Larry Osterman. The new audio stack runs at user level, thus increasing stability. The Windows Vista audio engine is designed to run faster than the Windows XP audio engine, and has tighter requirements on audio buffer position accuracy. Also, the new Universal Audio Architecture (UAA) model has been introduced, replacing WDM audio, which allows compliant audio hardware to automatically work under Windows without needing device drivers from the audio hardware vendor. There are three major APIs in the Windows Vista audio architecture: Applications communicate with the audio driver through "Sessions", and these "Sessions" are programmed through the "Windows Audio Session API (WASAPI)". In general, WASAPI operates in two modes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9705828 | 110,300 |
Matagorda County Monument The Matagorda County Monument, in Bay City, Texas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. It was designed by architects Page & Southerland and sculptor Raoul Josset. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57434409 | 316,092 |
Niall Ferguson Matthew Carr wrote in "Race & Class" that "Niall Ferguson, the conservative English [sic] historian and enthusiastic advocate of a new American empire, has also embraced the Eurabian idea in a widely reproduced article entitled 'Eurabia?', in which he laments the 'de-Christianization of Europe' and the secularism of the continent that leaves it 'weak in the face of fanaticism'." Carr adds that "Ferguson sees the recent establishment of a department of Islamic studies in his (Oxford college) as another symptom of 'the creeping Islamicization of a decadent Christendom'," and in a 2004 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute entitled 'The End of Europe?', Ferguson struck a similarly Spenglerian note, conjuring the term 'impire' to depict a process in which a 'political entity, instead of expanding outwards towards its periphery, exporting power, implodes – when the energies come from outside into that entity'. In Ferguson's opinion, this process was already under way in a decadent 'post-Christian' Europe that was drifting inexorably towards the dark denouement of a vanquished civilisation and the fatal embrace of Islam. In 2015, Ferguson deplored the Paris attacks committed by Islamic State terrorists, but stated he was not going to "stand" with the French as he argued that France was a lost cause, a declining state faced with an unstoppable Islamic wave that would sweep away everything that tried to oppose it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=697242 | 516,737 |
Episodic-like memory It has been argued that although behavioural criteria for mental time travel have been put forward and nonverbal tests have been proposed, current research has not yet provided a sufficient demonstration of mental time travel in animals that demonstrates flexibility. Future research should focus on this component of episodic-like memory in order to demonstrate that animals are not only able to form what-where-when memories, but that they can bring together these components into an integrated framework and then modify this information later on. For future research, it has also been suggested that as we come across similarities between animal and human abilities we should immediately question how these abilities are dissimilar so that we do not mistake similarity for equivalence. While these strong criticisms do exist, however, many of the same critics are optimistic about future research. They suggest that a demonstration of this ability may be possible as long as researchers take these criticisms and alternative explanations into account. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34731827 | 179,468 |
ACeS (PT Asia Cellular Satellite) was a regional satellite telecommunications company based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It offered GSM-like satellite telephony services to Asian market. The coverage area included Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, China and India. The company operated the Garuda 1 satellite, launched on February 12, 2000. A second satellite (Garuda 2) was planned but never materialized. was formed by a joint venture of PT. Pasifik Satelit Nusantara (PSN), Lockheed Martin Global Telecommunication (LMGT), Jasmine International Overseas Ltd of Thailand and Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co. (PLDT). services were marketed by National Service Providers (NSPs) in six countries; PT. Pasifik Satelit Nusantara in Indonesia, Regional Services in Thailand, Smart in the Philippines, TMTouch/Celcom in Malaysia, AVCO in Nepal and Mobitel in Sri Lanka. The satellite started under GE Aerospace in East Winsor, New Jersey. In 1993, the group was sold to Martin Marietta, however in 1995 Martin Marietta merged with Lockheed to form Lockheed Martin. This moved work to Sunnyvale, California. The satellite and most network operations were controlled by Network Control Center in Batam Island, Indonesia. The NSPs operated ground stations which provided links to the terrestrial telephone networks. has been assigned the virtual country code +88220, an international networks code rather than a GMSS code as the system does not operate globally | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2637617 | 281,076 |
Piranha solution Piranha solution, also known as piranha etch, is a mixture of sulfuric acid (HSO), water, and hydrogen peroxide (HO), used to clean organic residues off substrates. Because the mixture is a strong oxidizing agent, it will remove most organic matter, and it will also hydroxylate most surfaces (add OH groups), making them highly hydrophilic (water-compatible). Many different mixture ratios are commonly used, and all are called piranha. A typical mixture is 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid and 1 part of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution; other protocols may use a 4:1 or even 7:1 mixture. A closely related mixture, sometimes called "base piranha", is a 3:1 mixture of ammonia water with hydrogen peroxide. must be prepared with great care. It is highly corrosive and an extremely powerful oxidizer. Surfaces must be reasonably clean and completely free of organic solvents from previous wash steps before coming into contact with the solution. cleans by dissolving organic contaminants, and a large amount of contaminant will cause violent bubbling and a release of gas that can cause an explosion. should always be prepared by adding hydrogen peroxide to sulfuric acid slowly, never in reverse. Mixing the solution is extremely exothermic. If the solution is made rapidly, it will instantly boil, releasing large amounts of corrosive fumes. Even when made with care, the resultant heat can bring solution temperatures above 100 °C. It must be allowed to cool reasonably before it is used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2954177 | 66,101 |
Bayer On February 15, 2020, Bayer-representing Monsanto- and BASF were ordered to pay not only the $15 million in damages, but an additional $250 million in punitive damages. and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $265 million fine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748305 | 10,758 |
Minimally invasive education The project received international publicity, when it was found that it was the inspiration behind the book "Q & A", itself the inspiration for the Academy Award winning film "Slumdog Millionaire". HiWEL has been covered by the Indian "Reader's Digest".<ref name="6175/1960"></ref> Minimally Invasive Education in school adduces there are many reasons why children may have difficulty learning, especially when the learning is imposed and the subject is something the student is not interested in, a frequent occurrence in modern schools. Schools also label children as "learning disabled" and place them in special education even if the child does not have a learning disability, because the schools have failed to teach the children basic skills. Minimally Invasive Education in school asserts there are many ways to study and learn. It argues that learning is a process you do, not a process that is done to you. The experience of schools holding this approach shows that there are many ways to learn without the intervention of teaching, to say, without the intervention of a teacher being imperative. In the case of reading for instance in these schools some children learn from being read to, memorizing the stories and then ultimately reading them. Others learn from cereal boxes, others from games instructions, others from street signs. Some teach themselves letter sounds, others syllables, others whole words | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1010814 | 118,929 |
Nanogeoscience deals with structures, properties and behaviors of nanoparticles in soils, aquatic systems and atmospheres. One of the key features of nanoparticles is the size-dependence of the nanoparticle stability and reactivity. This arises from the large specific surface area and differences in surface atomic structure of nanoparticles at small particle sizes. In general, the free energy of nanoparticles is inversely proportional to their particle size. For materials that can adopt two or more structures, size-dependent free energy may result in phase stability crossover at certain sizes. Free energy reduction drives crystal growth (atom-by-atom or by oriented attachment ), which may again drive the phase transformation due to the change of the relative phase stability at increasing sizes. These processes impact the surface reactivity and mobility of nanoparticles in natural systems. Well-identified size-dependent phenomena of nanoparticles include: These size-dependent properties highlight the importance of the particle size in nanoparticle stability and reactivity. research groups: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10185698 | 11,419 |
Exclusive economic zone This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian archipelago. It has the 3rd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea. There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups. In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources. Japan has the 8th largest exclusive economic zone of . It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores. Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, China and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims. Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=916345 | 453,884 |
Bidirectional map In computer science, a bidirectional map, or hash bag, is an associative data structure in which the formula_1 pairs form a one-to-one correspondence. Thus the binary relation is functional in each direction: each formula_2 can also be mapped to a unique formula_3. A pair formula_4 thus provides a unique coupling between formula_5 and formula_6 so that formula_6 can be found when formula_5 is used as a key and formula_5 can be found when formula_6 is used as a key. Mathematically, a bidirectional map can be defined a bijection formula_11 between two different sets of keys formula_12 and formula_13 of equal cardinality, thus constituting a injective and surjective function: formula_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10070867 | 110,560 |
Bradyspory is the gradual release of seed from a cone or fruit over a long period of time, as opposed to tachyspory, the more-or-less immediate release of seed as soon as they have matured. may occur because seed release is spontaneous but very gradual, or because seed release does not occur until triggered to do so by some environmental event. The latter case is termed serotiny. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23520318 | 171,442 |
Tyrannosaurus in popular culture "Tyrannosaurus rex" is one of the most famous dinosaurs. It has been frequently represented in film and on television, in literature, on the Internet and in all kinds of games. "Tyrannosaurus rex" is unique among dinosaurs in its place in modern culture; paleontologist Robert Bakker has called it "the most popular dinosaur among people of all ages, all cultures, and all nationalities". From the beginning, it was embraced by the public. Henry Fairfield Osborn, the President of the American Museum of Natural History, billed it the greatest hunter to have ever walked the earth. He stated in 1905, "Tyrannosaurus" gained widespread public attention on December 30, 1905, when the "New York Times" hailed "T. rex" as "the most formidable fighting animal of which there is any record whatever," the "king of all kings in the domain of animal life," "the absolute warlord of the earth," and a "royal man-eater of the jungle." In 1906, "Tyrannosaurus" was dubbed the "prize fighter of antiquity" and the "Last of the Great Reptiles and the King of Them All." In 1927, Charles R. Knight painted a mural incorporating "Tyrannosaurus" facing a "Triceratops" in the Field Museum of Natural History, establishing the two dinosaurs as enemies in popular thought; paleontologist Phil Currie cites this mural as one of his inspirations to study dinosaurs. Bakker said of the imagined rivalry between "Tyrannosaurus" and "Triceratops", "No matchup between predator and prey has ever been more dramatic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4435786 | 143,100 |
Chemical imaging The hypercube can be visually and mathematically treated as a series of spectrally resolved images (each image plane corresponding to the image at one wavelength) or a series of spatially resolved spectra. Commercially available laboratory-based chemical imaging systems emerged in the early 1990s (ref. 1-5). In addition to economic factors, such as the need for sophisticated electronics and extremely high-end computers, a significant barrier to commercialization of infrared imaging was that the focal plane array (FPA) needed to read IR images were not readily available as commercial items. As high-speed electronics and sophisticated computers became more commonplace, and infrared cameras became readily commercially available, laboratory chemical imaging systems were introduced. Initially used for novel research in specialized laboratories, chemical imaging became a more commonplace analytical technique used for general R&D, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) in less than a decade. The rapid acceptance of the technology in a variety of industries (pharmaceutical, polymers, semiconductors, security, forensics and agriculture) rests in the wealth of information characterizing both chemical composition and morphology. The parallel nature of chemical imaging data makes it possible to analyze multiple samples simultaneously for applications that require high throughput analysis in addition to characterizing a single sample | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8288266 | 53,160 |
YAML For fixed data structures, files can simply be generated using "print" commands that write both the data and the specific decoration. To dump varying, or complex, hierarchical data, however, a dedicated "emitter" is preferable. Similarly, simple files (e.g. key-value pairs) are readily parsed with regular expressions. For more complex, or varying, data structures, a formal "parser" is recommended. emitters and parsers exist for many popular languages. Most of them are written in the native language itself. Some are language bindings of the C library "libyaml"; they may run faster. There used to be another C library, called "Syck", written and orphaned by why the lucky stiff: it is unmaintained, there is no authoritative source bundle, and the web site has been hijacked. Hence the only recommendable C library is "libyaml". It was originally developed by Kirill Simonov. In 2018, development was resumed by the new maintainers Ian Cordasco and Ingy döt Net. C++ programmers have the choice between the C library "libyaml" and the C++ library "libyaml-cpp". Both have completely independent code bases and completely different APIs. The library "libyaml-cpp" still has a major version number of 0, indicating that the API may change at any moment, as happened indeed after version 0.3. There is a grammar-focused implementation written in C#, with an aim on extensions for the nested elements. Some implementations of YAML, such as Perl's YAML.pm, will load an entire file (stream) and parse it "en masse" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=326530 | 111,182 |
Computer-aided design CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry. The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called "computer-aided geometric design" ("CAGD"). Starting around the mid 1960s, with the IBM Drafting System, computer-aided design systems began to provide more capability than just an ability to reproduce manual drafting with electronic drafting, the cost-benefit for companies to switch to CAD became apparent. The benefits of CAD systems over manual drafting are the capabilities one often takes for granted from computer systems today; automated generation of bills of materials, auto layout in integrated circuits, interference checking, and many others. Eventually, CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37315 | 323,244 |
Organ-on-a-chip It aims to provide a cell culture environment close to the in vivo situation to reproduce more reliably "in vivo" mechanisms or ADME processes that involve its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Perfused in vitro systems combined with kinetic modelling are promising tools for studying in vitro the different processes involved in the toxicokinetics of xenobiotics. Efforts made toward the development of micro fabricated cell culture systems that aim to create models that replicate aspects of the human body as closely as possible and give examples that demonstrate their potential use in drug development, such as identifying synergistic drug interactions as well as simulating multi-organ metabolic interactions. Multi compartment micro fluidic-based devices, particularly those that are physical representations of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that represent the mass transfer of compounds in compartmental models of the mammalian body, may contribute to improving the drug development process. Mathematical pharmacokinetic (PK) models aim to estimate concentration-time profiles within each organ on the basis of the initial drug dose. Such mathematical models can be relatively simple, treating the body as a single compartment in which the drug distribution reaches a rapid equilibrium after administration. Mathematical models can be highly accurate when all parameters involved are known | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33980770 | 2,040 |
Neuromorality The study of brain areas that relate to morality can be utilized to promote moral behavior through transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation. Stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex results in reduction of racial biases and increase in rejection of unfair offers. Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increases trust and cooperation, decreases proactive aggression in males, increases empathy, and increases the acceptance of unfair offers. Stimulation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex decreases aggressive behavior following exclusion. Criminal offenders have substantial impairment in elements of the neuromoral circuit. Dysfunction in the area of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been linked to the antisocial features of impulsivity and lack of social inhibition. Dysfunction to the anterior cingulate has been linked to low emotional processing and increased aggressiveness. As in the case of Michael below, damage to the orbitofrontal cortex has been linked to antisocial and criminal behavior. Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been linked to antisocial behavior, poor and amoral decision making, and reduced autonomic response to emotionally arousing stimuli. Evidence relating to the function of the neuromoral circuit has been proposed to be a new avenue towards the justice of criminal offenders. Such an application includes the ability to detect lying through fMRI | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=53265874 | 186,955 |
Nor- Names of unbranched alkanes and alkanols, like "normal butane" and "normal propyl alcohol", which are obsolete now, have become the prefix "n-", however, not "nor". Other "normal" compounds got the prefix "nor". Older trivial names, like norleucine and norvaline should be abandoned; the use of the prefix for isomeric compounds was already discouraged in 1955 or earlier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7958839 | 52,811 |
Transformation in economics Information and knowledge travel effortlessly through electronic superhighways, through telecommunications and social networks over the internet. Because there is no new productive sector to emerge, the market system seeks to reinstate its new balance through new modes of doing business. Deglobalization is taking place, supply chains are turning into demand chains, large economies are focusing on their internal markets, outsourcing is followed by “backsourcing”, returning activities back to the countries and locations of their origin. The original slogan of “Think globally, act locally,” is being re-interpreted as exploiting global information and knowledge in local action, under local conditions and contexts. While globalization refers to a restructuring of the initially distributed and localized world economy into spatially reorganized processes of production and consumption across national economies and political states on a global scale, in deglobalization, people move towards relocalization: the global experience and knowledge becoming embodied in local communities. So, the corso-ricorso of socio-economic transformation is properly captured by a triad Localization → Globalization → Relocalization. The trend of deglobalization is turning much more significant during these years. The growth of worldwide GDP is now exceeding the overall growth of trade for the first time; foreign investment (Cross Border Capital Flows) is only 60% of their pre-crisis levels and has plunged to some 40 percent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624374 | 503,871 |
Franchise Rule The requires franchisors to provide all potential franchisees with a disclosure document containing 23 specific items of information about the offered franchise, its officers, and other franchisees. Required Franchise Disclosure Document topics include: the franchise’s litigation history, past and current franchisees and their contact information, any exclusive territory that comes with the franchise, assistance the franchisor provides franchisees, and the cost of purchasing and starting up a franchise. If a franchisor makes representations about the financial performance of the franchise, this topic also must be covered, as well as the material basis backing up those representations." Franchise termination is covered in the franchise agreement between the franchiser and franchisee. In the 2007 Franchise Rule, comments from former franchisees were listed concerning confidentiality agreements and Franchise fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31314611 | 480,186 |
Southern Linc Southern Communications Services, Inc (d/b/a as Southern Linc, and formerly as SouthernLINC Wireless) is a regional LTE carrier providing coverage in areas of the south east United States including Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Roy Barron, long time Southern Company veteran, was the company's first president. His team including long time Southern Company veteran Danny Moore as CFO, Harold Gwinn from Alabama Power as VP of Engineering, and Jeffrey Brooks, previously with Vanguard Cellular Systems, as SVP Sales Marketing and Service. Southern Communications had its corporate headquarters in Atlanta, while billing and switching facilities were concentrated in Birmingham. The company has been recognized for its robust performance during severe weather including Hurricane Katrina, wherein SouthernLINC had recovered to 100% system availability within 72 hours of landfall. started as Motorola iDEN network with a broad dealer base. In 2015, began construction of a new 4G LTE network, which was expected initially to become operational in mid-2016 in Birmingham, Atlanta and Tuscaloosa. The iDEN network was retired in March 2019, increasing LTE bandwidth to 3MHz, from 1.4MHz during the transition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3712984 | 233,549 |
Het Nieuwe Huis (Eng: The New House) is an 'American style' apartment building with a gatehouse at the Roelof Hartplein, at the head of the Van Baerlestraat in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid within five minutes walking from the museums precinct. The building is, since 2004, on the country's monument list. The building was designed by architect Barend van den Nieuwen Amstel. In 1928, it was established with the aim of housing wealthy bachelors, for whom it was more difficult to find a home than for families. The New House has 188 small to medium-sized apartments. Under the building is a branch of the Public Library of Amsterdam. In 1974, the writer and poet Jan Arends committed suicide by jumping from the window of his apartment in the courtyard of The New House. On the day of his death he published his collection of poems "Lunch Poems". The playful facade with curves and staircase windows can be seen the influence of the Amsterdam School. In 2015, the still offers affordable accommodation for single people. The current residents are aged 21 ato 99 and enjoy the central location as well as several communal areas such as the interior garden and on the 5th floor, a shared terrace with a view on the Amsterdam Business Center Zuid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46730023 | 354,090 |
Association of Greek Chemists It was then signed by 53 chemists from the Universities and the Rousopoulos Academy on 4 August 1924. Mrs Melpo Nikolitsa became the first woman elected into the Association's committee in 1953. In January 1960, all the chemists-applicants for employment as chemistry secondary education teachers are appointed by the Ministry of Education. The Association bought its own office on 14 June 1963, where the headquarters remain until today. Registration in the is obligatory according to the Law 1804/1988 for those who meet the requirements. Members can be those that possess a university degree in chemistry or its equivalent. The equivalency to a University chemistry degree is recognized by a special body (DIKATSA) set up by the Ministry of Education. Those obliged to become members fill in an application form, submit a copy of their University degree or its equivalent and pay the membership fees. The current annual membership fee is 60 euros. According to the official profile issued by the Association to celebrate its 80-year anniversary in 2004, about 25.65% of the registered members are employed in the public sector; 28% are employed in the private sector (industries, consultants, laboratories etc.); 5% are postgraduate students; 21% are unemployed; and 18% are retired members. One of the benefits of membership is the receipt of the Association's flagship publication, the chimika chronika (chemical chronicles) magazine. It was published by the AGC from 1936 until 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46995261 | 45,712 |
Ripper (food) Ripper is the slang term for a type of hot dog. The name derives from a hot dog which is deep fried in oil, which sometimes causes the casing to burst, or "rip". "Rippers" were featured in the Travel Channel special "Hot Dog Heaven" and served as a major plot point in a first-season episode of the internet serial "Ripster's" which centers on the Pennsylvania tavern of the same name that serves a similar type of hot dog. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13562684 | 500,977 |
Chromium oxide may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2475188 | 29,702 |
New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier Over the last 160 years the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Battery Park tide gauge has measured the rate of sea-level rise as one foot per century. But sea level rise is expected to accelerate, adding an additional 3–6 feet to current sea level by the end of this century, or possibly more if the melting of the Greenland ice sheet continues at ever increasing rates and huge chunks of ice around Antarctica continue to break off. Similar, albeit more modestly-sized, but still highly effective storm-surge barriers have been in operation for nearly half a century in three New England communities — the Stamford Hurricane Protection Barrier in Stamford, Conn.; the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier in Providence, R.I.; and the New Bedford Harbor Hurricane Barrier in New Bedford, Mass. Hours before Hurricane Sandy struck Stamford, the city's 17-foot-high movable barrier was closed to withstand an over-11-foot storm tide which struck western Long Island Sound (at some locations on the sound, the storm tide was even higher than the 11.5-foot storm tide measured at The Battery in New York City), devastating every waterfront community on the northwestern coast of the sound — except Stamford. Larger barrier systems protect more than a dozen major cities, including the Delta Works protecting the south of the Netherlands and the MOSE Project protecting Venice. New storm-surge barriers on Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchartrain are part of the protection for New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52907358 | 336,523 |
VR photography This is because there is sophisticated math and camera-lens profiles that are needed to create the desired panorama image which is based on your camera's depth of field (FOV) and the type of lens used. Cameras such as the Nikon D3 or D700 have a full frame digital SLR cameras, whereas the Nikon D90 or Canon T2i (Rebel line of Digital EOS cameras) have a smaller sensor. When full frame digital SLR cameras are used with a fish eye lens such as a Sigma 8mm F/3.5, a full circular image is captured. This allows you to shoot 2 or 3 shots per view to create a 360 X 360 stitched panoramic image. When used with a non full frame digital SLR camera like the Nikon D90 or Canon digital Rebel and similar cameras, 4-shots are required with the camera in the portrait position. The resulting image will have the left and right sides cropped off each of the 4 images and each of the four corners, creating a rounded image. Cameras with one lens These models are used with a fisheye lens. The lens bends the angle of the shot to take a larger radius of the selected subject. It is not possible to take a complete 360-degree picture with this technique because there is always a dead angle directly behind the lens. Cameras with two lenses 360-degree cameras with two lenses are probably the most common type, as they can accommodate a full 360-degree angle with two lenses facing each other. A camera takes pictures and videos with an angle of just over 180 degrees, e.g. 220 degrees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10136563 | 471,823 |
Monodominance Several causal mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of monodominant forest in tropical ecosystems, including features of the environment such as low disturbance rates, and intrinsic characteristics of the dominant species: escape from herbivores, high seedling shade-tolerance, and the formation of mycorrhizal networks between individuals of the same species. The dense canopy of the adult trees prevents light from getting into the understory. In the Ituri Forest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo a monodominant "Gilbertiodendron" forest understory only receives 0.57% full sunlight while a mixed-forest understory received 1.15% full sunlight. This difference may prohibit many plant species from living in that environment due to the low light conditions and their resulting inability to sufficiently and effectively photosynthesize. Even some species that are more shade tolerant cannot survive the severe low light conditions. A monodominant forest has generally very deep leaf litter because the leaves are not decomposing as quickly as in other forests. In some monodominant forests the decomposition rates can be two to three times slower than mixed forests. Low ammonium and nitrate could be the result of this slow decomposition which in turn, means less nutrients in the soil for other plant species to use. Nutrient processing is somewhat different from one forest to another | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36081308 | 178,468 |
Artificial intelligence arms race It states that US military-technological superiority is vital to the existing world order and stresses the ongoing US militarization of AI, together with militarization of AI by China and Russia, is for geopolitical purposes: In "Foreign Policy", Paul Scharre warns that rhetoric about an AI arms race could, itself, amplify into a self-fulfilling prophecy. Russian General Viktor Bondarev, commander-in-chief of the Russian air force, stated that as early as February 2017, Russia was working on AI-guided missiles that could decide to switch targets mid-flight. Russia’s Military Industrial Committee has approved plans to derive 30 percent of Russia’s combat power from remote controlled and AI-enabled robotic platforms by 2030. Reports by state-sponsored Russian media on potential military uses of AI increased in mid-2017. In May 2017, the CEO of Russia's Kronstadt Group, a defense contractor, stated that "there already exist completely autonomous AI operation systems that provide the means for UAV clusters, when they fulfill missions autonomously, sharing tasks between them, and interact", and that it is inevitable that "swarms of drones" will one day fly over combat zones. Russia has been testing several autonomous and semi-autonomous combat systems, such as Kalashnikov's "neural net" combat module, with a machine gun, a camera, and an AI that its makers claim can make its own targeting judgements without human intervention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56127293 | 129,629 |
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