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Geometric Folding Algorithms The second section of the book concerns the mathematics of paper folding, and mathematical origami. It includes the NP-completeness of testing flat foldability, the problem of map folding (determining whether a pattern of mountain and valley folds forming a square grid can be folded flat), the work of Robert J. Lang using tree structures and circle packing to automate the design of origami folding patterns, the fold-and-cut theorem according to which any polygon can be constructed by folding a piece of paper and then making a single straight cut, origami-based angle trisection, rigid origami, and the work of David A. Huffman on curved folds. In the third section, on polyhedra, the topics include polyhedral nets and Dürer's conjecture on their existence for convex polyhedra, the sets of polyhedra that have a given polygon as their net, Steinitz's theorem characterizing the graphs of polyhedra, Cauchy's theorem that every polyhedron, considered as a linkage of flat polygons, is rigid, and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem stating that the three-dimensional shape of a convex polyhedron is uniquely determined by the metric space of geodesics on its surface. The book concludes with a more speculative chapter on higher-dimensional generalizations of the problems it discusses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63007621 | 445,841 |
Static synchronous series compensator A static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is a type of flexible AC transmission system which consists of a solid-state voltage source inverter coupled with a transformer that is connected in series with a transmission line. This device could inject an almost sinusoidal voltage in series with the line. This injected voltage could be considered as an inductive or capacitive reactance, which is connected in series with the transmission line. This feature can provide controllable voltage compensation. In addition, SSSC is able to reverse the power flow by injecting a sufficiently large series reactive compensating voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56054874 | 404,203 |
Application-specific integrated circuit As opposed to ASICs that combine a collection of functions and are designed by or for one customer, ASSPs are available as off-the-shelf components. ASSPs are used in all industries, from automotive to communications. As a general rule, if you can find a design in a data book, then it is probably not an ASIC, but there are some exceptions. For example, two ICs that might or might not be considered ASICs are a controller chip for a PC and a chip for a modem. Both of these examples are specific to an application (which is typical of an ASIC) but are sold to many different system vendors (which is typical of standard parts). ASICs such as these are sometimes called application-specific standard products (ASSPs). Examples of ASSPs are encoding/decoding chip, standalone USB interface chip, etc. IEEE used to publish an ASSP magazine, which was renamed to IEEE Signal Processing Magazine in 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=147845 | 408,789 |
George Berkley (engineer) Sir George Berkley (26 April 1821 – 20 December 1893) was a British civil engineer from London. He designed the Colesberg Bridge, a 390 m Warren truss bridge built in 1885 over the Orange River in Colesberg, South Africa. Berkley was a consulting engineer for the Indian Midland Railway and, with Sir Charles Fox, built the 19–mile long Indian Tramway, a light railway running from Arconum to Conjeverum. He served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from May 1891 to May 1892. Berkley was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in Queen Victoria's 1893 Birthday Honours. His daughter, Rose, married Sir John St. George, 5th Baronet in 1894. He died on 20 December 1893. He was a younger brother of James Joseph Berkley (1819–1862), chief engineer of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20516479 | 343,719 |
Act! CRM A number of third-party companies develop add-on products using Act!'s software development kit that expands the functionality of the software. Act! can be accessed from Windows desktops (Win7 and later) with local or network shared database; synchronized to laptops or remote officers; Citrix or Remote Desktop; Web browsers (Premium only) with self or SaaS hosting; smartphones and tablets via HTML5 Web (Premium only); smartphones and tablets via sync with Handheld Contact The company Conductor Software was founded 1986 in Dallas, Texas, by Pat Sullivan and Mike Muhney. Its product, ACT!, was released in 1987. The original name for the software was Activity Control Technology then Automated Contact Tracking before finally just using the acronym. The name of the company was changed to Contact Software International, and the company moved out of its original office in the "mustang building" in Las Colinas to a building off Freeport Parkway near DFW Airport. Contact Software International was then sold to Symantec Corporation in 1993, who then sold it to SalesLogix (later renamed to Interact Commerce) in 1999. Sage purchased Interact Commerce in 2001, through Best Software, then its North American software division. Beginning with the 2006 version, the name was revised to ACT! by Sage and later changed to Sage ACT!. In 2013, Swiftpage took ownership and re-branded it as Act! The current release is Act! 21. Development now happens in Scottsdale, Arizona, with regional offices in several countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11595731 | 464,883 |
Mass driver Whether or not underground, it needs to be housed in a pipe that is vacuum pumped in order to prevent internal air drag, such as with a mechanical shutter kept closed most of the time but a plasma window used during the moments of firing to prevent loss of vacuum. A mass driver on Earth would usually be a compromise system. A mass driver would accelerate a payload up to some high speed which would not be enough for orbit. It would then release the payload, which would complete the launch with rockets. This would drastically reduce the amount of velocity needed to be provided by rockets to reach orbit. Well under a tenth of orbital velocity from a small rocket thruster is enough to raise perigee if a design prioritizes minimizing such, but hybrid proposals optionally reduce requirements for the mass driver itself by having a greater portion of delta-v by a rocket burn (or orbital momentum exchange tether). On Earth, a mass-driver design could possibly use well-tested maglev components. To launch a space vehicle with humans on board, a mass driver's track would need to be several hundreds of kilometers long if providing almost all the velocity to Low Earth Orbit, though a lesser length could provide major launch assist. Required length, if accelerating mainly at near a constant maximum acceptable g-force for passengers, is proportional to velocity squared. For instance, half of the velocity goal could correspond to a tunnel a quarter as long needing to be constructed, for the same acceleration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37844 | 295,268 |
Teck cable is a type of low voltage armoured cable named for the location where it was first developed and used, Teck Township, now known as Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The mining operations such as those conducted by Teck-Hughes Gold Mining Ltd. required a durable cable to power equipment and withstand the demanding conditions, and teck cable was the engineered result. In Canada, teck cable is defined by CSA standard C22.2 No. 131 and carries the type designation of TECK90, the 90 referring to the normal ambient temperature in degrees Celsius that the cable may be used in without de-rating its ampacity. is a very versatile power cable because it may be used where subject to limited mechanical damage, it is resistant to water, petrochemicals, and sunlight. It may be used for direct-earth burial and if properly sealed at the connection point, in explosive atmospheres such as gasoline dispensing stations. When used in industrial environment, it is usually contained in a cable tray with many other cables powering the motors that run the industrial processes. In the commercial environment, it may also be found in a tray, but is often fastened to a wall, truss, or other part of the building structure. It may be used to power any equipment such as compressors, heaters, or commercial dishwashers, and is also used for power distribution within buildings. may be used to power hot tubs, garages or other outbuildings, and sub-panels in the residential setting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57159396 | 391,011 |
Anti-capitalism Private ownership over the means of production and distribution is seen as a dependency of non-owning classes on the ruling class, and ultimately a source of restriction of human freedom. Barter is a system of exchange where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. It is distinguishable from gift economies in many ways; one of them is that the reciprocal exchange is immediate and not delayed in time. It is usually bilateral, but may be multilateral (i.e., mediated through barter organizations) and, in most developed countries, usually only exists parallel to monetary systems to a very limited extent. Barter, as a replacement for money as the method of exchange, is used in times of monetary crisis, such as when the currency may be either unstable (e.g., hyperinflation or deflationary spiral) or simply unavailable for conducting commerce. Bartering could be considered a social starting point towards an anti-capitalist system, by negating the need for a medium of exchange. Wage slavery refers to a situation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate. It is a pejorative term used to draw an analogy between slavery and wage labor by focusing on similarities between owning and renting a person | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44443 | 509,596 |
Ventura County Air Pollution Control District The (VCAPCD), formed in 1968, is the air pollution agency responsible mainly for regulating stationary sources of air pollution for Ventura County. The District was formed by the Board of Supervisors in response to the county's first air pollution study which identified Ventura County as having a severe air quality problem. Currently, Ventura County does not meet the federal air quality standard for ozone and exceeds the state standard for ozone and particulate matter. The VCAPCD is governed by the "Air Pollution Control Board". This 10-member board consists of the County Board of Supervisors and five elected officials representing Ventura County cities. The APC Board establishes policy and approves new rules. They also appoint the Air Pollution Control Officer, the District Hearing Board, Advisory Committee, and Clean Air Fund Advisory Committee. The "Air Pollution Control Officer (APCO)" of the VCAPCD reports to the APC Board and the following divisions report to the APCO: The VCAPCD has a staff of about fifty employees including inspectors, engineers, planners, technicians, and support staff. The District is divided into the following divisions: The "APCD Hearing Board" is a quasi-judicial body established by state law to grant variances and uphold or overturn APCD decisions regarding permit denials and operating conditions on permits. The Hearing Board may also revoke permits to operate, issue orders of abatement, allow citizen appeals, and settle disputes between the District and permittees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31491236 | 362,764 |
Osmotic blistering is a chemical phenomenon where two substances attempt to reach equilibrium through a semi-permeable membrane. Water will flow from one solution to another, trying to create equilibrium between both solutions. Usually, the two solutions are concrete and the coating application on top of the concrete. Concrete is very porous, so water beneath the concrete, will force itself through the concrete, typically through vapor transmission. The water will then try to break through the semi-permeable membrane (either the surface of the concrete or the primer). Most epoxies or urethanes or polymer applications are not permeable so the water will stop at the polymer coating. However, the pressure from the water does not stop, forcing the water to collect directly in between the concrete and the layer of epoxy/urethane. This collection creates the notorious “osmotic blister” that is commonly feared by coating specialists. For steel substrates: The presence of soluble salts (particularly sulfates and chlorides) at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems including fluorocoatings. The salts come from atmospheric pollution and contamination during blasting or other substrate preparation processes. These salts promote osmotic blistering of the coating and underfilm metallic corrosion. As a result, loss of adhesion, cathodic disbondment, and scribe creep can be observed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41502288 | 327,600 |
Propulsion With maglev a vehicle is levitated a short distance away from a guide way using magnets to create both lift and thrust. Maglev vehicles are claimed to move more smoothly and quietly and to require less maintenance than wheeled mass transit systems. It is claimed that non-reliance on friction also means that acceleration and deceleration can far surpass that of existing forms of transport. The power needed for levitation is not a particularly large percentage of the overall energy consumption; most of the power used is needed to overcome air resistance (drag), as with any other high-speed form of transport. Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a ship or boat across water. While paddles and sails are still used on some smaller boats, most modern ships are propelled by mechanical systems consisting a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, in jet drives, an impeller. Marine engineering is the discipline concerned with the design of marine propulsion systems. Steam engines were the first mechanical engines used in marine propulsion, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, and there have been attempts to utilize them to power commercial vessels. Electric motors have been used on submarines and electric boats and have been proposed for energy-efficient propulsion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49023 | 432,634 |
Theme Hospital Carr was also afraid that if they had produced a design document, Electronic Arts would have considered the omission of the other eras feature cutting. An idea that Molyneux pushed Webley's team to implement was a screen that enabled players to mix coloured chemicals to apply them to diseases. Accessibility was also a concern for the team: with so many options, it was felt that players could treat the game like work. The tester Jon Rennie simplified the game from the original design; Webley was keen for players to be able to begin play without a long tutorial. "Theme Hospital" was released on 28 March 1997 (although it was previously due for release in November 1996), and is part of Bullfrog's "Designer Series". The game attracted some controversy from NHS managers, the Houses of Parliament, and "The Daily Telegraph", who published an article criticising the game as "sick" and said that the British Medical Association was using it to train management staff. The NHS argued that the game mocked hospital management. Webley was invited to appear on a local radio station; he did not consider the game to make light of real-world health management because it featured fictional diseases rather than real ones. "Theme Hospital" was a commercial success, which surprised Bullfrog and Electronic Arts. It repeatedly appeared in the top five of budget charts and sold over 4 million copies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=876353 | 453,655 |
Dolby SR The (Spectral Recording) noise reduction format was developed by Dolby Laboratories and has been in common use in professional audio since 1986 and in cinema audio since the late 1980s. It is a revised version of Dolby's earlier formats, combining aspects of Dolby A, B and C (e.g., sliding band and fixed band companders) to improve the dynamic range (i.e., the range in decibels between peak level and noise floor) of analogue recordings and transmissions by as much as 25 dB. is used in many modern professional audio analogue (i.e., tape) recordings by recording and postproduction engineers, broadcasters, and other audio professionals. It is used as the optical analog format on almost all 35mm film release prints, and is always the accompanying optical analog format when Dolby Digital is present. was originally implemented in Dolby's Cat.280 card, which was pin-compatible with the Cat.22 A-type noise reduction card. Thus, devices that took the Cat. 22 card could be upgraded from A to SR by replacing the Cat. 22 with the Cat. 280. The Cat.280 card functions in many devices including Dolby's Model 361 frame. Some Dolby Cinema processors require a special version, the Cat.280T, which functions for decoding (playback) only. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1856845 | 293,216 |
TRIAC Quadrant 1 operation occurs when the gate and MT2 are positive with respect to MT1. The mechanism is illustrated in Figure 3. The gate current makes an equivalent NPN transistor switch on, which in turn draws current from the base of an equivalent PNP transistor, turning it on also. Part of the gate current (dotted line) is lost through the ohmic path across the p-silicon, flowing directly into MT1 without passing through the NPN transistor base. In this case, the injection of holes in the p-silicon makes the stacked n, p and n layers beneath MT1 behave like a NPN transistor, which turns on due to the presence of a current in its base. This, in turn, causes the p, n and p layers over MT2 to behave like a PNP transistor, which turns on because its n-type base becomes forward-biased with respect to its emitter (MT2). Thus, the triggering scheme is the same as an SCR. The equivalent circuit is depicted in Figure 4. However, the structure is different from SCRs. In particular, always has a small current flowing directly from the gate to MT1 through the p-silicon without passing through the p-n junction between the base and the emitter of the equivalent NPN transistor. This current is indicated in Figure 3 by a dotted red line and is the reason why a needs more gate current to turn on than a comparably rated SCR. Generally, this quadrant is the most sensitive of the four. This is because it is the only quadrant where gate current is injected directly into the base of one of the main device transistors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=379736 | 376,955 |
Floorcloth A floorcloth, or floor-cloth, is a cloth, normally of flannel, used for cleaning floors. The term was previously used also for materials used in place of carpeting or to protect expensive carpets, such as oilcloth, Kamptulicon, linoleum or other materials. This use is considered somewhat antiquated today, though do-it-yourself decorators still use floorcloths as a customizable alternative to rugs. Some artists have elected to use floorcloths as a medium of expression. Most modern floorcloths are made of heavy, unstretched canvas with two or more coats of gesso. They are then painted and varnished to make them waterproof. Area canvas rugs, today known as floorcloth, had their start in 18th century England. Initially used by the wealthy, the designs and patterns mimicked parquet flooring, tile and marble. As these useful furnishings found their way into middle-class homes, the variety of patterns grew. When American colonists became independent from England, they also began to create their own floorcloths. Eventually the development of linoleum eliminated the interest in these rugs. However, in the past few decades, the desire to decorate homes in a more personal way has stimulated their popularity. Unique designs are made in a variety of styles and colors, using many techniques. This gives today's floorcloths the ability to be created for any style interior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4070704 | 366,208 |
Duncan Jones Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones (born 30 May 1971) is a British film director, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the films "Moon" (2009), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer, "Source Code" (2011), "Warcraft" (2016) and "Mute" (2018). He is the son of the late English singer-songwriter David Bowie. Jones was born in Bromley Hospital, Bromley, London on 30 May 1971, the only child of English singer-songwriter and musician David Bowie and his first wife, Angela "Angie" Bowie ("née" Barnett), an American model and actress. His maternal grandfather, George, was a United States Army veteran and mining engineer who ran a mill for the Cyprus Mines Corporation, while his maternal grandmother, Helena, was a naturalized Canadian. His mother was born and raised in Cyprus, and has Polish ancestry. His birth prompted his father to write the songs "Kooks" and "Oh! You Pretty Things" for his 1971 album "Hunky Dory". Mostly raised by his Scottish nanny, Marion Skene, Jones spent time growing up in London, Berlin, and Vevey. He attended the first and second grade at the Commonwealth American School (now the International School of Lausanne) in Lausanne. When his parents divorced in February 1980, his father was granted custody of eight-year-old Jones (who was then known as "Zowie Bowie" to rhyme with his father's stage name) and he visited his mother on school holidays until ending contact with her at age 13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1363708 | 457,313 |
Design management In the early years, design management was strongly influenced by system science and the emergence of a design science (e.g. the "blooming period of design methodologies" in Germany, the US, and Great Britain), as its main contributors had backgrounds in architecture. Early discussions on design management were strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon literature (e.g. Farr and Horst Rittel), methodological studies in Design Research (e.g. HfG Ulm and Christopher Alexander), and theories in business studies. dealt with two main issues: Instruments and checklists were developed to structure the processes and decisions of companies for successful corporate development. In this period the main contributors to design management were Michael Farr, Horst Rittel, HfG Ulm, Christopher Alexander, James Pilditch, the London Business School, Peter Gorb, the Design Management Institute, and the Royal Society of Arts. Debates in design disciplines were focusing on design science, design methodology, wicked problems, Ulm methodology, the relationship of design and business, new German design, and semiotic and scenario technique. In the 1980s several managers realized the economic effect of design, which increased the demand for design management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3555307 | 459,277 |
Ralph Kimball Red Brick was known for its relational database optimized for data warehousing. Their claim to fame was the use of bit-map Indexes in order to achieve performance gains that amounted to almost 10 times that of other Database vendors at that time. Associates incorporated in 1992 to provide data warehouse consulting and education. The Kimball Group, founded by Kimball, formalized existing long-term relationships between Associates, DecisionWorks Consulting, and InfoDynamics LLC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3265765 | 483,340 |
Depth–slope product For an approximately rectangular channel (for simplicity in the mathematics of the explanation of the assumption), where formula_7 is the width (breadth) of the channel, and For b»h, and therefore Formally, this assumption can generally be held to hold when the width is greater than about 20 times the height; the exact amount of error accrued can be found by comparing the height to the hydraulic radius. For channels with a lower width-to-depth ratio, a better solution can be found by using the hydraulic radius instead of the above simplification. The total stress on the bed of an open channel of infinite width is given by the hydrostatic pressure acting on the bed. For a fluid of density formula_11, an acceleration due to gravity formula_12, and a flow depth formula_2, the pressure exerted on the bed is simply the weight of an element of fluid, formula_14, times the depth of the flow, formula_2. From this, we get the expression for the total pressure, formula_16, acting on the bed. In order to convert the pressure into a shear stress, it is necessary to determine the component of the pressure that provides shear on the bed. For a channel that is at an angle formula_18 from horizontal, the shear component of the stress acting on the bed formula_19, which is the component acting tangentially to the bed, equals the total pressure times the sine of the angle formula_18. In natural rivers, the angle formula_18 is typically very small | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19941455 | 424,994 |
Berlin Wall Shortly before a press conference on 9 November, he was handed a note announcing the changes, but given no further instructions on how to handle the information. These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day, so as to allow time to inform the border guards. But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski. At the end of the press conference, Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given. A reporter, ANSA's Riccardo Ehrman, asked when the regulations would take effect. After a few seconds' hesitation, Schabowski replied, "As far as I know, it takes effect immediately, without delay". After further questions from journalists, he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin, which he had not mentioned until then. He repeated that it was immediate in an interview with American journalist Tom Brokaw. (In 2009 Ehrman said that a GDR official who was a personal friend had actually specifically requested that Ehrman ask about the travel law during the press conference, but Schabowski called that absurd.) Excerpts from Schabowski's press conference were the lead story on West Germany's two main news programs that night—at 7:17 p.m. on ZDF's "heute" and at 8 p.m. on ARD's "Tagesschau". As ARD and ZDF had broadcast to nearly all of East Germany since the late 1950s and had become accepted by the East German authorities, the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3722 | 359,605 |
Thomas Henry Huxley Finally, in 1884 he sank into another depression, and this time it precipitated his decision to retire in 1885, at the age of 60. This is enough to indicate the way depression (or perhaps a moderate bi-polar disorder) interfered with his life, yet unlike some of the other family members, he was able to function extremely well at other times. The problems continued sporadically into the third generation. Two of Leonard's sons suffered serious depression: Trevennen committed suicide in 1914 and Julian suffered a breakdown in 1913, and five more later in life. Darwin's ideas and Huxley's controversies gave rise to many cartoons and satires. It was the debate about man's place in nature that roused such widespread comment: cartoons are so numerous as to be almost impossible to count; Darwin's head on a monkey's body is one of the visual clichés of the age. The "Great Hippocampus Question" attracted particular attention: Biographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30038 | 155,111 |
Sediment transport Bedforms are generated by aeolian sediment transport in the terrestrial near-surface environment. Ripples and dunes form as a natural self-organizing response to sediment transport. Aeolian sediment transport is common on beaches and in the arid regions of the world, because it is in these environments that vegetation does not prevent the presence and motion of fields of sand. Wind-blown very fine-grained dust is capable of entering the upper atmosphere and moving across the globe. Dust from the Sahara deposits on the Canary Islands and islands in the Caribbean, and dust from the Gobi desert has deposited on the western United States. This sediment is important to the soil budget and ecology of several islands. Deposits of fine-grained wind-blown glacial sediment are called loess. In geology, physical geography, and sediment transport, fluvial processes relate to flowing water in natural systems. This encompasses rivers, streams, periglacial flows, flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods. Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher density and viscosity. In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of sand and gravel size, but larger floods can carry cobbles and even boulders. Fluvial sediment transport can result in the formation of ripples and dunes, in fractal-shaped patterns of erosion, in complex patterns of natural river systems, and in the development of floodplains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7999492 | 356,701 |
Liikanen report The report recommended actions in the following 5 areas: The report gives an overview of the structure and evolution of the EU banking sector with its tradition of universal banking, and assesses banking reforms in the European post-debt crisis era. It lists a range of proposals to remedy deficits in bank reforms, such as improving of already existing regulations in risk management under the Basel III rules, corporate governance, bank resolution mechanisms, management and strengthening of supervision and compensation rules for bank staff. It advocates for a better alignment of executive pay with long term corporate and national interests, by raising the fixed income or “debt” component of bankers’ bonuses, meaning the bonuses could be decreased if short-term profits yield long-term troubles, paying bonuses with bonds. The Swiss bank UBS adopted the latter so called "bail-in bonds". 2/5/13. Re 1) Mandatory separation of high-risk trading activities i.e. compartmentalization, or “ring-fencing” of proprietary and third-party trading activities, without breaking banks up is to include risk management and capital allocation: “"the trading division will have to hold its own capital, meaning that it stands or falls by its own activities and cannot, in theory at least, knock over the bread-and-butter retail banking operations."" Universal banks with very large trading arms either in absolute terms (over €100bn-£80bn-$130bn-¥10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426620 | 476,312 |
History of electromagnetic theory Thus, William Hyde Wollaston, wrote in 1801: ""This similarity in the means by which both electricity and galvanism (voltaic electricity) appear to be excited in addition to the resemblance that has been traced between their effects shows that they are both essentially the same and confirm an opinion that has already been advanced by others, that all the differences discoverable in the effects of the latter may be owing to its being less intense, but produced in much larger quantity"." In the same paper Wollaston describes certain experiments in which he uses very fine wire in a solution of sulphate of copper through which he passed electric currents from an electric machine. This is interesting in connection with the later day use of almost similarly arranged fine wires in electrolytic receivers in wireless, or radio-telegraphy. In the first half of the 19th century many very important additions were made to the world's knowledge concerning electricity and magnetism. For example, in 1819 Hans Christian Ørsted of Copenhagen discovered the deflecting effect of an electric current traversing a wire upon- a suspended magnetic needle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5951576 | 386,192 |
HCL Domino With Release 5, Java support was greatly enhanced and expanded, and JavaScript was added. While LotusScript remains a primary tool in developing applications for the Lotus Notes client, Java and JavaScript are the primary tools for server-based processing, developing applications for browser access, and allowing browsers to emulate the functionality of the IBM Notes client. With XPages, the IBM Notes client can now natively process Java and JavaScript code, although applications development usually requires at least some code specific to only IBM Notes or only a browser. As of version 6, Lotus established an XML programming interface in addition to the options already available. The Domino XML Language (DXL) provides XML representations of all data and design resources in the Notes model, allowing any XML processing tool to create and modify IBM Notes and Domino data. Since Release 8.5, XPages were also integrated into IBM Notes. External to the IBM Notes application, IBM provides toolkits in C, C++, and Java to connect to the IBM Domino database and perform a wide variety of tasks. The C toolkit is the most mature, and the C++ toolkit is an objectized version of the C toolkit, lacking many functions the C toolkit provides. The Java toolkit is the least mature of the three and can be used for basic application needs. IBM Notes includes a database management system but IBM Notes files are different from relational or object databases because they are document-centric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60408 | 116,172 |
Lyapunov stability The interest in it suddenly skyrocketed during the Cold War period when the so-called "Second Method of Lyapunov" (see below) was found to be applicable to the stability of aerospace guidance systems which typically contain strong nonlinearities not treatable by other methods. A large number of publications appeared then and since in the control and systems literature. More recently the concept of the Lyapunov exponent (related to Lyapunov's First Method of discussing stability) has received wide interest in connection with chaos theory. methods have also been applied to finding equilibrium solutions in traffic assignment problems. Consider an autonomous nonlinear dynamical system where formula_9 denotes the system state vector, formula_10 an open set containing the origin, and formula_11 continuous on formula_10. Suppose formula_13 has an equilibrium at formula_1 so that formula_15 then Conceptually, the meanings of the above terms are the following: The trajectory "x" is (locally) "attractive" if (where formula_33 denotes the system output) for formula_34 for all trajectories that start close enough, and "globally attractive" if this property holds for all trajectories. That is, if "x" belongs to the interior of its stable manifold, it is "asymptotically stable" if it is both attractive and stable. (There are examples showing that attractivity does not imply asymptotic stability. Such examples are easy to create using homoclinic connections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=363360 | 450,220 |
Mycroft (software) Prior to Precise becoming the default Wake Word engine, Mycroft employed PocketSphinx. Instead of being based on phoneme recognition, Precise uses a trained recurrent neural network to distinguish between sounds which are, and which aren't Wake Words. Mycroft is partnering with Mozilla's Common Voice Project to leverage their DeepSpeech speech to text software. Mycroft uses an intent parser called Adapt to convert natural language into machine-readable data structures. Adapt undertakes intent parsing by matching specific keywords in an order within an utterance. They also have a parser, "Padatious". Padatious, in contrast, uses example-based inference to determine intent. For speech synthesis Mycroft uses Mimic, which is based on the Festival Lite speech synthesis system. Mycroft is designed to be modular, so users are able to change its components. For example, espeak can be used instead of Mimic. The Mycroft project is also working on and selling smart speakers that run its software. All of its hardware is open-source, released under the CERN Open Hardware Licence. Its first hardware project was the Mark I, targeted primarily at developers. Its production was partially funded through a Kickstarter campaign, which finished successfully. Units started shipping out in April 2016. Its most recent hardware project is the Mark II, intended for general usage, not just for developers. Unlike the Mark I, the Mark II is equipped with a screen, being able to relay information both visually as well as acoustically | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50231947 | 288,702 |
History of animation Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion into a still drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are sometimes depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions or in series that can be interpreted as one animal in different positions. It has been claimed that these superimposed figures were intended for a form of animation with the flickering light of the flames of a fire or of a passing torch, alternately illuminating different parts of the painted rock wall, revealing different parts of the motion. Archaeological finds of small paleolithic discs with a hole in the middle and drawings on both sides have been claimed to be a kind of prehistoric thaumatropes that show motion when spun on a string. A 5,200-year old pottery bowl discovered in Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran has five sequential images painted around it that seem to show phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree. An Egyptian mural approximately 4000 years old, found in the tomb of Khnumhotep at the Beni Hassan cemetery, features a very long series of images that apparently depict the sequence of events in a wrestling match. The Parthenon Frieze (circa 400 BCE) has been described as displaying analysis of motion and representing phases of movement, structured rhythmic and melodically with counterpoints like a symphony. It has been claimed that parts actually form a coherent animation if the figures are shot frame by frame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=323858 | 236,655 |
Have I Been Pwned? (HIBP, with "Pwned" pronounced like "poned," and alternatively written with the capitalization 'have i been pwned?') is a website that allows internet users to check whether their personal data has been compromised by data breaches. The service collects and analyzes hundreds of database dumps and pastes containing information about billions of leaked accounts, and allows users to search for their own information by entering their username or email address. Users can also sign up to be notified if their email address appears in future dumps. The site has been widely touted as a valuable resource for internet users wishing to protect their own security and privacy. was created by security expert Troy Hunt on 4 December 2013. As of June 2019, averages around one hundred and sixty thousand daily visitors, the site has nearly three million active email subscribers and contains records of almost eight billion accounts. The primary function of since it was launched is to provide the general public a means to check if their private information has been leaked or compromised. Visitors to the website can enter an email address, and see a list of all known data breaches with records tied to that email address. The website also provides details about each data breach, such as the backstory of the breach and what specific types of data were included in it. also offers a "Notify me" service that allows visitors to subscribe to notifications about future breaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49840256 | 299,099 |
Material failure theory In structural problems, where the structural response may be beyond the initiation of nonlinear material behaviour, material failure is of profound importance for the determination of the integrity of the structure. On the other hand, due to the lack of globally accepted fracture criteria, the determination of the structure's damage, due to material failure, is still under intensive research. Material failure can be distinguished in two broader categories depending on the scale in which the material is examined: Microscopic material failure is defined in terms of crack initiation and propagation. Such methodologies are useful for gaining insight in the cracking of specimens and simple structures under well defined global load distributions. Microscopic failure considers the initiation and propagation of a crack. Failure criteria in this case are related to microscopic fracture. Some of the most popular failure models in this area are the micromechanical failure models, which combine the advantages of continuum mechanics and classical fracture mechanics. Such models are based on the concept that during plastic deformation, microvoids nucleate and grow until a local plastic neck or fracture of the intervoid matrix occurs, which causes the coalescence of neighbouring voids. Such a model, proposed by Gurson and extended by Tvergaard and Needleman, is known as GTN. Another approach, proposed by Rousselier, is based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and thermodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17553405 | 43,493 |
Steady-state economy "Absolute" resource decoupling occurs when natural resource consumption declines, even while GDP is growing. In the history of economic thought, William Stanley Jevons was the first economist of some standing to analyse the occurrence of resource decoupling, although he did not use this term. In his 1865 book on "The Coal Question", Jevons argued that an increase in energy efficiency would by itself lead to "more", not less, consumption of energy: Due to the income effect of the lowered energy expenditures, people would be rendered better off and demand even more energy, thereby outweighing the initial gain in efficiency. This mechanism is known today as the Jevons paradox or the rebound effect. Jevons's analysis of this seeming paradox formed part of his general concern that Britain's industrial supremacy in the 19th century would soon be set back by the inevitable exhaustion of the country's coal mines, whereupon the geopolitical balance of power would tip in favour of countries abroad possessing more abundant mines. In 2009, two separate studies were published that — among other things — addressed the issues of resource decoupling and the rebound effect: German scientist and politician Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker published "Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy through 80% Improvements in Resource Productivity", co-authored with a team of researchers from The Natural Edge Project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1517620 | 515,000 |
CVS Health " On August 22, 2001, CVS Corp was sued for purchasing Trio Drugs' records which should be kept confidential. In 1998, the "Washington Post" reported that CVS Corporation appeared to be sharing prescription drug information with the Woburn, Massachusetts, based marketing company, Elensys. According to the "Post", Elensys received information on specific prescription drugs that individual CVS customers had purchased and used this information to send targeted direct mailings urging customers to renew prescriptions and promoting other products in which they might be interested. CVS and Elensys argued that there were no privacy issues because Elensys was acting solely as a contractor to CVS, and because the purpose of the mailings was to educate consumers. CVS claimed that it never shared customers' medical histories with Elensys (despite the Washington Post's indirect evidence that they had). George D. Lundberg, editor of the "Journal of the American Medical Association", called the practice "a gross invasion" of privacy. Following a firestorm of criticism and complaints by consumers, CVS discontinued the relationship with Elensys, and moved the practice in-house. During 2005, a series of prescription mistakes came to light in some of CVS Corporation's Boston-area stores. An investigation confirmed 62 errors or quality problems going back to 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10377597 | 182,517 |
Laurie Butler Laurie Jeanne Butler (born 1959) is an American physical chemist known for her experimental work testing the Born–Oppenheimer approximation on separability of nuclear and electron motions. She is a professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Chicago. Butler's parents were both medical professionals. She is the identical twin sister of Lynne Butler, now a professor of mathematics at Haverford College; they were the youngest of six siblings, and grew up in Garden City, New York. After Butler's father had a stroke, the family moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, where Butler went to high school. She started her undergraduate education at Johns Hopkins University, intending to study molecular biology or neuroscience. After discovering the large number of animal sacrifices needed for experiments in those areas, she shifted her interests to chemistry, and after a year she transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She completed her bachelor's degree at MIT in 1981. She went to the University of California, Berkeley for her doctoral studies, working there with Yuan T. Lee on photodissociation. After completing her Ph.D. in 1985, she worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wisconsin before joining the University of Chicago faculty in 1987. Butler won a Sloan Research Fellowship in 1992. She was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61647787 | 92,809 |
Moffat Tunnel In 1925 bad rock at the west end of the tunnel delayed construction and costs soared. The pioneer tunnel was officially "holed through" on February 18, 1927, the blast of dynamite set off by President Calvin Coolidge pressing a key in Washington, D.C., and the program was broadcast by radio from the heart of the mountain. The pilot bore later became the water tunnel. Three more bond issues were sold before the tunnel was completed. The railroad tunnel was holed through on July 7, 1927, and formally turned over to the lessee on February 26, 1928. Upon completion of the Dotsero Cutoff five years later, railroad connections through the tunnel shortened the distance between Denver and the Pacific coast by . The tunnel took 48 months to bore; the average daily progress was . The first train passed through the tunnel in February 1928. Although the original cost of the tunnel was pegged at $6.62 million, final assessments collected by the district, including interest, were $23,972,843. The cost of the two tunnels was $15.6 million, which is $475 per linear foot ($1,558 per linear meter). Each of the ornamental bronze characters on the east and west portals (entrances) of the tunnel cost $40 and a separate cast had to be made for each character. Further, on each portal are the dates: 1923 (when construction began) and 1927 (the year the tunnel was scheduled to be completed). By not changing 1927 to 1928 (the year the tunnel was actually finished and opened), this saved the commission $80 ($40 each portal) at the time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3726247 | 310,718 |
Lath It was commonly used in place of wood lath since it is noncombustible, easy to use, and can give better results. Gypsum board can be purchased in sheets of various sizes and screwed or nailed directly onto a building’s studs. Due to its rigidity, it is most suited for use on straight walls. Gypsum board was improved in 1910 by the paper wrapping the edges and multiple variations were developed in the 1930s. Gypsum lath is available with a foil facing, which acts as a vapor barrier and heat reflector, and as a veneer base for plaster veneer. Keys are formed by plaster that oozes through the spaces or gaps between wooden lath, or the holes in metal lath, and around to the lath’s backside. This secures the plaster to the lath by creating a sort of hook. Wooden and metal lath depend on the mechanical bond created by keys to adhere the plaster to the lath. can be attached directly to the frame of a building, such as the studs of a timber structure. Alternatively, lath can be attached to a timber or metal frame called a furring, which is then attached to the building structure. Furrings are often used in masonry construction. Frames are also used when using lath and plaster to create decorative, curved, or ornamental work. There are several reasons that a plaster and lath wall may fail. First, the lath itself can sometimes pull away from the frame on which it is mounted. This is generally due to the use of non-galvanized nails. The lath can also fail because of decay from moisture or insect damage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2072849 | 340,991 |
Microcredit for water supply and sanitation There are three broad types of microcredit products in the water sector: Microcredits can be targeted specifically at water and sanitation, or general-purpose microcredits may be used for this purpose. Such use is typically to finance household water and sewerage connections, bathrooms, toilets, pit latrines, rainwater harvesting tanks or water purifiers. The loans are generally with a tenure of less than three years. Microfinance institutions, such as Grameen Bank, the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies, and numerous microfinance institutions in India and Kenya, offer credits to individuals for water and sanitation facilities. Non-government organisations (NGOs) that are not microfinance institutions, such as Dustha Shasthya Kendra (DSK) in Bangladesh or Community Integrated Development Initiatives in Uganda, also provide credits for water supply and sanitation. The potential market size is considered huge in both rural and urban areas and some of these water and sanitation schemes have achieved a significant scale. Nevertheless, compared to the microfinance institution's overall size, they still play a minor role. In 1999, all microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and more recently in Vietnam had reached only about 9 percent and 2.4 percent of rural households respectively. In either country, water and sanitation amounts to less than two percent of the microfinance institution's total portfolio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25254818 | 325,171 |
Occupational skin diseases are ranked among the top five occupational diseases in many countries. Contact Dermatitis due to irritation is inflammation of the skin which results from a contact with an irritant. It has been observed that this type of dermatitis does not require prior sensitization of the immune system. There have been studies to support that past or present atopic dermatitis is a risk factor for this type of dermatitis. Common irritants include detergents, acids, alkalies, oils, organic solvents and reducing agents. Clinical manifestations of the contact dermatitis are also modified by external factors such as environmental factors (mechanical pressure, temperature, and humidity) and predisposing characteristics of the individual (age, sex, ethnic origin, preexisting skin disease, atopic skin diathesis, and anatomic region exposed. Another occupational skin disease is glove-related hand urticaria, believed to be caused by repeated wearing and removal of the gloves. It has been reported as an occupational problem among the health care workers. The reaction is caused by the latex or the nitrile present in the gloves. The acute form of this dermatitis develops on exposure of the skin to a strong irritant or caustic chemical. This exposure can occur as a result of accident at a workplace . The irritant reaction starts to increase in its intensity within minutes to hours of exposure to the irritant and reaches its peak quickly. After the reaction has reached its peak level, it starts to heal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49183081 | 473,658 |
Construction and Analysis of Distributed Processes Most of the verification algorithms in CADP are based on the labeled transition systems (or, simply, automata or graphs) model, which consists of a set of states, an initial state, and a transition relation between states. This model is often generated automatically from high level descriptions of the system under study, then compared against the system properties using various decision procedures. Depending on the formalism used to express the properties, two approaches are possible: Although these techniques are efficient and automated, their main limitation is the state explosion problem, which occurs when models are too large to fit in computer memory. CADP provides software technologies for handling models in two complementary ways: Accurate specification of reliable, complex systems requires a language that is executable (for enumerative verification) and has formal semantics (to avoid any as language ambiguities that could lead to interpretation divergences between designers and implementors). Formal semantics are also required when it is necessary to establish the correctness of an infinite system; this cannot be done using enumerative techniques because they deal only with finite abstractions, so must be done using theorem proving techniques, which only apply to languages with a formal semantics. CADP acts on a LOTOS description of the system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22992399 | 131,255 |
Kibla ), Internet radio MARŠ (with Maribor Student Radio), Festival of visual communications Magdalena (with Pekarna), Linux Install Fest (with Linux User Group of Slovenia), International Peace School (with OSI, Pekarna, MARŠ, Maribor High school association, University student association, International Peace organisations), World congress of cyclist Velo-City (with Maribor, Slovene and European cyclist association), Festival Lent (with Narodni dom Maribor). Frequently KIBLA collaborates with the Association of Architects and host their exhibitions, lectures, debates, and workshops. KIBLA prepared the artistic programme for the Hermes SoftLab Company 1998 New Year's reception, and for the opening ceremonies of fairs, e.g. Electronics, Informatics. KIBLA collaborated on the Virtual museum project on the Ljubljana Castle, first Slovenian virtual environment, together with the City of Ljubljana, Festival Ljubljana, City Museum Ljubljana, Tobačna Ljubljana and Pristop. In 2003, for the 7th anniversary of the MMC KIBLA and 5th anniversary of the ACE KIBLA KIBLA accomplished KIPNIK, the first time ever cyber picnic in Slovenia. On the mountain Pohorje KIBLA connected computers to the Internet with wireless (radio) link and performed a multimedia programme with real-time live transmission from the Lent Festival. Project MMC KIBLA, located in Narodni dom Maribor, Ul. Kneza Koclja 9, is non-profit making | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7901440 | 288,402 |
Burn-in oven Burn-in ovens are designed for dynamic and static burn-in of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, including laser diodes. Typical sizes are from under ten to over , with air or nitrogen configurations. Operating temperatures can go over , and can use both single and multiple temperature settings. applications can be used in numerous different applications such as high-dissipation forward bias, high-temperature reverse bias, dynamic and static burn-in of microprocessors and other semiconductor devices. Burn-in ovens are considered a type of batch oven. Other types of batch ovens are bench/laboratory, reach-in, walk in/truck in, and clean process. One company builds systems designed for burn-in of low power laser diodes up to 1A and high power laser diodes up to 300A. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9384886 | 200,387 |
Chromite (compound) In chemistry the term chromite has been used in two contexts. Under IUPAC naming conventions, "chromate(III)" is preferred to "chromite". The mineral chromite is an iron chromium oxide with empirical formula FeCrO. Structurally, it belongs to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCrO);. Zincochromite is another example. The crystal structure of the acid, HCrO has been determined by neutron diffraction. Chromites may be formed by reaction of chromium(III) oxide with a metal oxide: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27721423 | 71,783 |
Underfloor heating However, when the floor covering is known at the time the system is installed, then the internal floor temperature required for a given covering can be achieved through proper tube spacing without sacrificing plant efficiency (though the higher internal floor temperatures may result in increased heat loss from the non-room surfaces of the floor). The emissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity of a floor surface are critical determinants of its heat exchange with the occupants and room. Unpolished flooring surface materials and treatments have very high emissivity's (0.85 to 0.95) and therefore make good heat radiators. With underfloor heating and cooling ("reversible floors") flooring surfaces with high absorbance and emissivity and low reflectivity are most desirable. Thermography is a useful tool to see the actual thermal efficacy of an underfloor system from its start up (as shown) to its operating conditions. In a startup it is easy to identify the tube location but less so as the system moves into a steady state condition. It is important to interpret thermographic images correctly. As is the case with finite element analysis (FEA), what is seen, reflects the conditions at the time of the image and may not represent the steady conditions. For example, the surfaces viewed in the images shown, may appear ‘hot’, but in reality are actually below the nominal temperature of the skin and core temperatures of the human body and the ability to ‘see’ the pipes does not equate to ‘feel’ the pipes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4932518 | 427,684 |
Feargus O'Connor Willden House The Feargus O'Connor Willden House, at 120 E. 1st South in Beaver, Utah, was built in 1884. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a two-story hall and parlor plan brick house built mostly by stonemason James Boyter and finished by Feargus O'Connor Willden. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61520173 | 315,944 |
U.S. Military connector specifications Electrical or fiber-optic connectors used by U.S. Department of Defense were originally developed in the 1930s for severe aeronautical and tactical service applications, and the Type "AN" (Army-Navy) series set the standard for modern military circular connectors. These connectors, and their evolutionary derivatives, are often called Military Standard, "MIL-STD", or (informally) "MIL-SPEC" or sometimes "MS" connectors. They are now used in aerospace, industrial, marine, and even automotive commercial applications. Connectors usually consist of (i) a mating pair (plug and receptacle) each equipped with male ("pin") or female ("socket") contacts; note that at least one of the connector halves, or its contacts, should be floating to minimize mechanical stresses. Selection of connector alternatives that are not defined by military specifications (MIL-C or MIL-DTL) can use either designated performance specifications (MIL-PRF) issued by the Department of Defense (DoD) or by using Commercial Item Descriptions (CID) issued by the General Services Administration (GSA) pursuant to DoD 4120.24-M, or by using standards developed by nationally and internationally recognized technical, professional, and industry associations and societies, collectively referred to as "Non-Government Standards Bodies" (NGSBs) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15470684 | 376,154 |
Validation (drug manufacture) The FDA has also been very focused on this final area of distribution and the potential for a drug substances quality to be impacted by extreme temperature exposure. FDA, or any other food and drugs regulatory agency around the globe not only ask for a product that meets its specification but also require a process, procedures, intermediate stages of inspections, and testing adopted during manufacturing are designed such that when they are adopted they produce consistently similar, reproducible, desired results which meet the quality standard of product being manufactured and complies the Regulatory and Security Aspects. Such procedures are developed through the process of validation. This is to maintain and assure a higher degree of quality of food and drug products. ""Process validation is defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage through commercial production, which establishes scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering quality product. Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the product and process."". A properly designed system will provide a high degree of assurance that every step, process, and change has been properly evaluated before its implementation. Testing a sample of a final product is not considered sufficient evidence that every product within a batch meets the required specification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4639454 | 462,391 |
C36H22O18 The molecular formula CHO (molar mass: 742.52 g/mol, exact mass: 742.0806128 u) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37868550 | 32,424 |
Real-time clock When the "time" variable exceeds a constant, usually a power of two, the nominal, calculated clock time (say, for 1/50 of a second) is subtracted from "time", and the clock's timing-chain software is invoked to count fractions of seconds, seconds, etc. With 32-bit variables for time and rate, the mathematical resolution of "rate" can exceed one part per billion. The clock remains accurate because it will occasionally skip a fraction of a second, or increment by two fractions. The tiny skip is imperceptible for almost all real uses of an RTC. The complexity with this system is determining the instantaneous corrected value for the variable "rate". The simplest system tracks RTC seconds and reference seconds between two settings of the clock, and divides reference seconds by RTC seconds to find "rate". Internet time is often accurate to less than 20 milliseconds, so 8000 or more seconds (2.2 or more hours) of separation between settings can usually divide the forty milliseconds (or less) of error to less than 5 parts per million to get chronometer-like accuracy. The main complexity with this system is converting dates and times to counts of seconds, but methods are well known. If the RTC runs when a unit is off, usually the RTC will run at two rates, one when the unit is on and another when off. This is because the temperature and power-supply voltage in each state is consistent. To adjust for these states, the software calculates two rates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=535191 | 119,747 |
Massachusetts Route 128 In the wake of a political decision not to complete the Northeast Expressway and to construct a Southwest Expressway to connect I-95 through Boston as originally planned, the United States Department of Transportation and the Massachusetts Highway Department redesignated the segment of the Yankee Division Highway between the junction with the completed segment of I-95 from Peabody to the New Hampshire border and the junction with the completed segment of I-95 from Canton to the Rhode Island border as I-95 to complete that highway. Concurrently, these agencies extended I-93 from its original terminus in Boston southward on the John Fitzgerald Expressway to the Braintree Split, then westward on the southern segment of the Yankee Division Highway to the junction with the completed southern segment of I-95 from Canton. At that time, the Massachusetts Highway Department officially truncated Route 128 at its intersection with I-95 in Peabody, began removal of Route 128 signage, and assigned I-93 and I-95 exit numbers to the interchanges on both affected segments of the Yankee Division Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=79707 | 234,770 |
Debt settlement Debt settlement, also known as debt arbitration, debt negotiation or credit settlement, is an approach to debt reduction in which the debtor and creditor agree on a reduced balance that will be regarded as payment in full. During a negotiation period, all payments by the debtor are made to the debt settlement company, which typically withholds payments to the creditors, even if the debtor has paid a lump sum or made payments. Once all the debtor's accounts are in default due to this non-payment, the debt settlement company has leverage to force the debtor to accept a reduced lump sum payment as settlement. The debtor's credit rating goes down significantly due to the default, especially if the debtor was not behind on payments before the negotiation period commenced. Even though the accounts are "settled," the default appears on the debtor's credit record for seven years. Nevertheless, some debtors prefer this method of debt reduction over bankruptcy. is often confused with debt consolidation or debt management. In debt consolidation and debt management, the consumer makes monthly payments to the debt consolidator, who takes a fee and passes the rest on to the creditors; this way, creditors continue to receive payments each month. In debt settlement, the consumer makes monthly payments, out of which the debt settlement company takes its fees for the legal work or negotiation and payments are paid to the creditor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3861448 | 459,843 |
Price stability is a goal of monetary and fiscal policy aiming to support sustainable rates of economic activity. Policy is set to maintain a very low rate of inflation or deflation. For example, the European Central Bank (ECB) describes price stability as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the Euro area of below 2%. However, by referring to “an increase in the HICP of below 2%” the ECB makes clear that not only persistent inflation above 2% but also deflation (i.e. a persistent decrease of the general price level) are inconsistent with the goal of price stability. In the United States, the Federal Reserve Act (as amended in 1977) directs the Federal Reserve to pursue policies promoting “maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates.” The Fed long ago determined that the best way to meet those mandates is to target a rate of inflation of around 2%; in 2011 it officially adopted a 2% annual increase in the personal consumption expenditures price index (often called PCE inflation) as the target. Since the mid-trend 1990s, the Federal Reserve's measure of the inflation trend averaged 1.7%, a mere 0.3% shy of the Federal Open Market Committee’s 2% target for overall PCE inflation. Trend inflation as measured by the price index of core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) – that is, excluding food and energy – has fluctuated between 1.2% and 2.3% over the past 20 years | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=498022 | 508,973 |
DNA computing Therefore, about 1000 petaFLOPS could be reached, while today's most powerful computers do not go above much (200 petaFLOPS being the current record). The slow processing speed of a DNA computer (the response time is measured in minutes, hours or days, rather than milliseconds) is compensated by its potential to make a high amount of multiple parallel computations. This allows the system to take a similar amount of time for a complex calculation as for a simple one. This is achieved by the fact that millions or billions of molecules interact with each other simultaneously. However, it is much harder to analyze the answers given by a DNA computer than by a digital one. In 1994 Leonard Adleman presented the first prototype of a DNA computer. The was a test tube filled with 100 microliters of a DNA solution. He managed to solve an instance of the directed Hamiltonian path problem. In Adleman's experiment, the Hamiltonian Path Problem was implemented notationally as “travelling salesman problem”. For this purpose, different DNA fragments were created, each one of them representing a city that had to be visited. Every one of these fragments is capable of a linkage with the other fragments created. These DNA fragments were produced and mixed in a test tube. Within seconds, the small fragments form bigger ones, representing the different travel routes. Through a chemical reaction, the DNA fragments representing the longer routes were eliminated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=253418 | 141,757 |
Overhead power line 1891 saw the construction of the first three-phase alternating current overhead line on the occasion of the International Electricity Exhibition in Frankfurt, between Lauffen and Frankfurt. In 1912 the first 110 kV-overhead power line entered service followed by the first 220 kV-overhead power line in 1923. In the 1920s RWE AG built the first overhead line for this voltage and in 1926 built a Rhine crossing with the pylons of Voerde, two masts 138 meters high. In 1953, the first 345 kV line was put into service by American Electric Power in the United States. In Germany in 1957 the first 380 kV overhead power line was commissioned (between the transformer station and Rommerskirchen). In the same year the overhead line traversing of the Strait of Messina went into service in Italy, whose pylons served the Elbe crossing 1. This was used as the model for the building of the Elbe crossing 2 in the second half of the 1970s which saw the construction of the highest overhead line pylons of the world. Earlier, in 1952, the first 380 kV line was put into service in Sweden, in 1000 km (625 miles) between the more populated areas in the south and the largest hydroelectric power stations in the north. Starting from 1967 in Russia, and also in the US and Canada, overhead lines for voltage of 765 kV were built. In 1982 overhead power lines were built in Soviet Union between Elektrostal and the power station at Ekibastuz, this was a three-phase alternating current line at 1150 kV (Powerline Ekibastuz-Kokshetau) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1355057 | 368,991 |
Test probe The method is valid for both AC and DC measurements. A disadvantage of this method is the need to break the circuit to introduce the shunt. Another problem is measuring the voltage across the shunt when common-mode voltages are present; a differential voltage measurement is needed. Alternating currents are relatively easy to measure as transformers can be used. A current transformer is commonly used to measure alternating currents. The current to be measured is forced through the primary winding (often a single turn) and the current through the secondary winding is found by measuring the voltage across a current-sense resistor (or "burden resistor"). The secondary winding has a burden resistor to set the current scale. The properties of a transformer offer many advantages. The current transformer rejects common mode voltages, so an accurate single-ended voltage measurement can be made on a grounded secondary. The effective series resistance formula_4 of the primary winding is set by the burden resistor on the secondary winding formula_5 and the transformer turns ratio formula_6, where: formula_7. The core of some current transformers is split and hinged; it is opened and clipped around the wire to be sensed, then closed, making it unnecessary to free one end of the conductor and thread it through the core. Another clip-on design is the Rogowski coil. It is a magnetically balanced coil that measures current by electronically evaluating the line integral around a current | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5260820 | 387,785 |
Vasa (ship) Common practice of the time dictated that heavy guns were to be placed on the lower gun deck to decrease the weight on the upper gun deck and improve stability. The armament plans were changed many times during the build to either 24-pounders on the lower deck along with lighter 12-pounders on the upper deck or 24-pounders on both decks. The gun ports on the upper deck were the correct size for 12-pounders, but in the end the ship was finished with the heavy 24-pounders on both decks, and this may have contributed to poor stability. "Vasa" might not have sunk on 10 August 1628, if the ship had been sailed with the gunports closed. Ships with multiple tiers of gunports normally had to sail with the lowest tier closed, since the pressure of wind in the sails would usually push the hull over until the lower gunport sills were under water. For this reason, the gunport lids are made with a double lip which is designed to seal well enough to keep out most of the water. Captain Söfring Hansson had ordered the lower gundeck ports closed once the ship began to take on water, but by then it was too late. If he had done it before he sailed, "Vasa" might not have sunk on that day. Although "Vasa" was in surprisingly good condition after 333 years at the bottom of the sea, it would have quickly deteriorated if the hull had been simply allowed to dry. The large bulk of "Vasa", over 600 cubic metres (21,000 cu ft) of oak timber, constituted an unprecedented conservation problem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=187604 | 359,407 |
System on a chip Whereas a motherboard houses and connects detachable or replaceable components, SoCs integrate all of these components into a single integrated circuit, as if all these functions were built into the motherboard. An SoC will typically integrate a CPU, graphics and memory interfaces, hard-disk and USB connectivity, random-access and read-only memories and secondary storage on a single circuit die, whereas a motherboard would connect these modules as discrete components or expansion cards. More tightly integrated computer system designs improve performance and reduce power consumption as well as semiconductor die area needed for an equivalent design composed of discrete modules, at the cost of reduced replaceability of components. By definition, SoC designs are fully or nearly fully integrated across different component modules. For these reasons, there has been a general trend towards tighter integration of components in the computer hardware industry, in part due to the influence of SoCs and lessons learned from the mobile and embedded computing markets. Systems-on-Chip can be viewed as part of a larger trend towards embedded computing and hardware acceleration. An SoC integrates a microcontroller or microprocessor with advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit (GPU), Wi-Fi module, or one or more coprocessors. Similar to how a microcontroller integrates a microprocessor with peripheral circuits and memory, an SoC can be seen as integrating a microcontroller with even more advanced peripherals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=100563 | 381,315 |
Embodied cognition Participants had 2 minutes to choose characters and 4 minutes for improvisations. The recall test was the monologue with 96 words or phrases missing. Participants had to fill in the blanks as accurately as possible. Researchers gave the recall test to a group who did not read the monologue. They scored significantly lower than the other groups, which indicated that guessing was not easy. In coding the answers to the recall test, exact words were labeled "Verbatim", and correct content but varied wording was labeled "Gist". The combination of "Verbatim" and "Gist" was called "Total Memory." The "Improvisational" group had more "Gist" memories than any other group and had more "Total Memory" than both of the discussion groups. The results fit the researchers' hypothesis that the "Improvisational" group would remember more because they actively rehearsed the information from the monologue. Although other groups had also elaborately encoded the information, the "Improvisation" group remembered significantly more than the discussion groups and marginally more than the "Reading Only" and "Writing" groups. Simply experiencing the monologue in an active way aids in remembering the "Gist." There were no differences across groups for "Verbatim" memory, which they suggest could take longer than the limited time during the experiment to develop. Ideas stemming from embodied cognition research have been applied to the field of learning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33034640 | 281,828 |
Shoelace formula This is why the formula is called the surveyor's formula, since the "surveyor" is at the origin; if going counterclockwise, positive area is added when going from left to right and negative area is added when going from right to left, from the perspective of the origin. The area formula can also be applied to self-overlapping polygons since the meaning of area is still clear even though self-overlapping polygons are not generally simple. Furthermore, a self-overlapping polygon can have multiple "interpretations" but the can be used to show that the polygon's area is the same regardless of the interpretation. The formula can be represented by the expression where Alternatively where "x" = "x" and "x" = "x", as well as "y" = "y" and "y" = "y". If the points are labeled sequentially in the counterclockwise direction, then the sum of the above determinants is positive and the absolute value signs can be omitted; if they are labeled in the clockwise direction, the sum of the determinants will be negative. This is because the formula can be viewed as a special case of Green's Theorem. A particularly concise statement of the formula can be given in terms of the exterior algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17863612 | 313,970 |
Videotelephony Cloud-based video conferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other video conferencing systems, and can be designed for use by SMEs, or larger international or multinational corporations like Facebook. Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting. Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings. High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression, and broadband Internet connectivity have become progressively more affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many. The widest deployment of video telephony now occurs in mobile phones. Nearly all mobile phones supporting UMTS networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras, and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users in the same country or internationally. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2304367 | 415,639 |
FPGA prototyping Hardware platforms are becoming more prominent amongst verification engineers due to the ability to test system designs at-speed with on-chip bus clocks, as compared to simulation clocks which may not provide an accurate reading of system behavior. These multi-million gate designs usually are placed in a multi-platform with six or more FPGAs, since they are unable to fit entirely onto a single FPGA. The fewer number of FPGAs the design has to be partitioned to reduces the effort from the design engineer. To the right is a picture of a FPGA-based prototyping platform utilizing a dual-FPGA configuration. System RTL designs or netlists will have to be partitioned onto each FPGA to be able to fit the design onto the prototyping platform. This introduces new challenges for the engineer since manual partitioning requires tremendous effort and frequently results in poor speed (of the design under test). If the number or partitions can be reduced or the entire design can be placed onto a single FPGA, the implementation of the design onto the prototyping platform becomes easier. When creating circuit partitions, engineers should first observe the available resources the FPGA offers, since the design will be placed onto the FPGA fabric. The architecture of each FPGA is dependent on the manufacturer, but the main goal in design partitioning is to have an even balance of FPGA resource utilization | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22086683 | 398,698 |
State monopoly capitalism Consequently, some kind of "anti-bureaucratic revolution" was said to be required, but different Trotskyist groups quarreled about what form such a revolution would need to take, or could take. Some Trotskyists believed the anti-bureaucratic revolution would happen spontaneously, inevitably and naturally, others believed it needed to be organised - the aim being to establish a society owned and operated by the working class. According to the neo-Trotskyists, the Communist Party could not play its leading role, because it did not represent the interests of the working class. Market anarchists typically criticize neoliberal forces for inconsistent or hypocritical application of neoliberal theory regarding stamocap (State monopoly capitalism); that in those inconsistencies exist the basis of continued selective state-guaranteed privileges for the plutocratic neoliberal elite. The concept was to a large extent either modified or abandoned in the era of eurocommunism, because it came to be believed that the state apparatus could be "reformed" to reflect the interests of the working majority. In other words, the "fusion" between the state and big business postulated earlier was not so tight that it could not be undone by a mass movement from below, under the leadership of the Communist Party (or its central committee) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2395585 | 478,882 |
Protein–protein interaction Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob, Alzheimer's diseases. PPIs have been studied with many methods and from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal transduction, among others. All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks – similar to metabolic or genetic/epigenetic networks – that empower the current knowledge on biochemical cascades and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest. In many metabolic reactions, a protein that acts as an electron carrier binds to an enzyme that acts its reductase. After it receives an electron, it dissociates and then binds to the next enzyme that acts its oxidase (i.e | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2161878 | 67,387 |
GS1 In 1990, EAN and UCC signed a global cooperation agreement and expanded overall presence to 45 countries. In 1999, EAN and UCC launched the Auto-ID Centre to develop Electronic Product Code (EPC) enabling standards to be used for RFID. In 2004, EAN and UCC launched the Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN), a global, internet-based initiative that enables trading partners to efficiently exchange product master data. By 2005, the organisation was present in over 90 countries which started to use the name on a worldwide basis. Whilst "GS1" is not an acronym it refers to the organisation offering one global system of standards. Aug 2018 - Web URI Structure Standard is ratified allowing unique ID's to be added to products by storing a URI (a webpage-like address) as a QR code. Barcodes defined by standards are very common. introduced the barcode in 1974. They encode a product identification number that can be scanned electronically, making it easier for products to be tracked, processed, and stored. Barcodes allow for greater safety, reliability, speed and efficiency of supply chains. They have a crucial role in the retail industry, moving beyond just faster checkout to improved inventory and delivery management and the opportunity to sell online on a global scale. In the UK alone, the introduction of the barcode in the retail industry has resulted in savings of 10.5 billion pounds per year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2901741 | 277,349 |
Generations in the workforce An article by Emma Simon in the "Daily Telegraph" describes them as the 'post war generation' who have enjoyed an "unbroken run of good-luck". Generation X is the generation born after the Western post-World War II Baby Boomers between approximately 1965 and 1983. The term was noted by photographer Robert Capa in the early 1950s. Of the generation, Capa said "We named this unknown generation, The Generation X, and even in our first enthusiasm we realised that we had something far bigger than our talents and pockets could cope with." This generation of workers were brought up in the shadow of the influential Boomer generation and as a result, are independent, resilient and adaptable. In contrast to the Baby Boomers who live to work, this generation works to live and carry with them a level of cynicism. They prefer freedom to manage their work and tasks their own way. They consider a job to be just that, and are comfortable questioning authority. Coming out of and during the recession, there has been a significant shift in Gen X moving to management roles. Perceptions of Gen X managers are high according to an online survey published by Ernst & Young. Out of 200 people, 57% of respondents believed that Gen X displayed each of the survey’s positive characteristics and were thought to be best at managing through difficult times. The Y generation, also referred to as "Millennials" were born around 1984 to 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44132916 | 475,058 |
Index Translationum The is UNESCO's database of book translations. Books have been translated for thousands of years, with no central record of the fact. The League of Nations established a record of translations in 1932. In 1946, the United Nations superseded the League and UNESCO was assigned the Index. In 1979, the records were computerised. Since the Index counts translations of individual books, authors with many books with few translations can rank higher than authors with a few books with more translations. So, for example, while the Bible is the single most translated book in the world, it does not rank in the top ten of the index. The Index counts the Walt Disney Company, employing many writers, as a single writer. Authors with similar names are sometimes included as one entry, for example, the ranking for "Hergé" applies not only to the author of "The Adventures of Tintin" (Hergé), but also to B.R. Hergehahn, Elisabeth Herget, and Douglas Hergert. Hence, the top authors, as the Index presents them, are from a database query whose results require interpretation. According to the Index, Agatha Christie remains the most-translated individual author. Source:UNESCO | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5642141 | 125,487 |
RaptorX is a software and web server for protein structure and function prediction that is free for non-commercial use. is among the most popular methods for protein structure prediction. Like other remote homology recognition/protein threading techniques, is able to regularly generate reliable protein models when the widely used PSI-BLAST cannot. However, is also significantly different from those profile-based methods (e.g., HHPred and Phyre2) in that excels at modeling of protein sequences without a large number of sequence homologs by exploiting structure information. Server has been designed to ensure a user-friendly interface for users inexpert in protein structure prediction methods. The project was started in 2008 and Server was released to the public in 2011. After pasting a protein sequence into the submission form, a user will typically wait a couple of hours (depending on sequence length) for a prediction to complete. An email is sent to the user together with a link to a web page of results. Server currently generates the following results: 3-state and 8-state secondary structure prediction, sequence-template alignment, 3D structure prediction, solvent accessibility prediction, disorder prediction and binding site prediction. The predicted results are displayed to support visual examination. The result files are also available for download. Server also produces some confidence scores indicating the quality of the predicted 3D models (in the absence of their corresponding native structures) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32922845 | 128,377 |
Submarine Previously there were fears that women were more at risk from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the submarine. But a study showed no medical reason to exclude women, though pregnant women would still be excluded. Similar dangers to the pregnant woman and her fetus barred women from submarine service in Sweden in 1983, when all other positions were made available for them in the Swedish Navy. Today, pregnant women are still not allowed to serve on submarines in Sweden. However, the policymakers thought that it was discriminatory with a general ban and demanded that women should be tried on their individual merits and have their suitability evaluated and compared to other candidates. Further, they noted that a woman complying with such high demands is unlikely to become pregnant. In May 2014, three women became the RN's first female submariners. Women have served on US Navy surface ships since 1993, and , began serving on submarines for the first time. Until presently, the Navy allowed only three exceptions to women being on board military submarines: female civilian technicians for a few days at most, women midshipmen on an overnight during summer training for Navy ROTC and Naval Academy, and family members for one-day dependent cruises. In 2009, senior officials, including then-Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, Joint Chief of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead, began the process of finding a way to implement women on submarines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28825 | 381,494 |
Olin Palladium Award The (formerly the Palladium Medal Award) was established by The Electrochemical Society (ECS) in 1950 and is presented every 2 years to recognize outstanding contributions to the fundamental understanding of all types of electrochemical and corrosion phenomena and processes. The award consists of a uniquely designed palladium medal bearing the medalist’s name. The design of the medal depicts Pallas Athene employing a shield, on which the seal of the Society is inscribed, to protect the metals represented by ancient symbols from the elements, earth, air, fire, and water. Recipients are also presented with a wall plaque, cash prize, Electrochemical Society Life membership, and a free meeting registration. The Palladium Medal Award was initially funded by the royalties derived from the sales of the "Corrosion Handbook" and a gift of palladium metal from the International Nickel Company. The original purpose of the medal was to encourage research and achievement in the study of the corrosion of metals and its control, or in theoretical electrochemistry upon which the understanding of corrosion is based. In 1971 the scope was modified, and in 1977 the name was changed to The after a generous endowment from the Olin Company. As listed by ECS: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47366037 | 45,875 |
Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford The Memorial deteriorated during the 20th century, but underwent a full restoration in 2003, funded by Oxford City Council and the Oxford Preservation Trust. Popular rumour is that in the past students have misled foreign tourists about the nature of the Memorial and convinced them it was the spire of an underground church, which could be toured for a modest fee. This would result in the tourists venturing down a nearby flight of stairs which actually led to the public toilets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733004 | 338,696 |
Electrical Engineering Students' European Association The exchange of ideas and experience among Electrical Engineering and Computer Science students is made possible through the activities of the association. EESTEC is also promoting international career and job opportunities for students. Based on Strategic Plan 2018 - 2023, our AIM is: The aim is to promote and develop international contacts and the exchange of ideas among the students of EECS. The Association shall try to achieve its aim through the following principal activities: EESTEC is composed of the following bodies: The general assembly (GA) is the convergence of all congress participants, with the right to make governing decisions regarding EESTEC. It serves as the supreme decision-making body of the association and convenes at least once during the Congress, where each attending LC is granted one vote. The EESTEC Board takes care of the administration of EESTEC throughout the year and is elected by the GA. There are five positions on the board: Chairperson, Treasurer, Vice-Chairperson for External Affairs, Vice-Chairperson for Internal Affairs, and Vice-Chairperson for Administrative Affairs. The concept of an international board was first introduced during the annual congress in 1989, with only a chairperson and a vice-chairperson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12536291 | 373,566 |
CircuitPython A Twitter account dedicated to news was established in 2018. The current stable version is 5.1.0 with support for the Microchip Technology Atmel SAMD21 and SAMD51 microcontrollers and the Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840 microcontroller. Previous versions supported the ESP8266 microcontroller, but support was dropped in version 4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57294217 | 129,933 |
Invention of radio By trial and error experiments he eventually found he could pick up these "aerial waves" as he carried his telephone device down the street out to a range of . On February 20, 1880, he demonstrated his experiment to representatives of the Royal Society including Thomas Henry Huxley, Sir George Gabriel Stokes, and William Spottiswoode, then president of the Society. Stokes was convinced the phenomenon Hughes was demonstrating was merely electromagnetic induction, not a type of conduction through the air. Hughes was not a physicist and seems to have accepted Stokes observations and did not pursue the experiments any further. His work may have been mentioned in William Crookes' 1892 "Fortnightly Review" review of 'Some possibilities of electricity' article as an unnamed individual whose experiment Crookes participate in. In 1890, Édouard Branly demonstrated what he later called the "radio-conductor," which Lodge in 1893 named the coherer, the first sensitive device for detecting radio waves. Shortly after the experiments of Hertz, Branly discovered that loose metal filings, which in a normal state have a high electrical resistance, lose this resistance in the presence of electric oscillations and become practically conductors of electricity. This Branly showed by placing metal filings in a glass box or tube, and making them part of an ordinary electric circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3800477 | 410,703 |
HEC-RAS Some also distribute the software in countries that are not permitted to access US Army web sites. However, the direct download from HEC includes extensive documentation, and scientists and engineers versed in hydraulic analysis should have little difficulty utilizing the software. Users may find numerical instability problems during unsteady analyses, especially in steep and/or highly dynamic rivers and streams. It is often possible to use to overcome instability issues on river problems. The first version of was released in 1995. This 1.0 solves the same numerical equation of the 1968 HEC-2. GeoHECRAS is a 2D/3D visualization and editing data wrapper to the software and used for flood control and flood mitigation engineering studies, including production of Federal Emergency Management Agency flood hazard maps and other river engineering studies. Features related to include: WMS (watershed modeling system) is a hydrology software that provides pre and post-processing tools for use with HEC-RAS. The development of WMS by Aquaveo was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers. Features related to include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6227150 | 331,289 |
Longitudinal static stability In particular, the longitudinal dynamic stability of a statically stable aircraft will determine whether or not it is finally able to return to its original position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14641222 | 196,572 |
Photophone The Centenary commemoration had first been proposed by electronics researcher and writer Forrest M. Mims, who suggested it to Dr. Melville Bell Grosvenor, the inventor's grandson, during a visit to his office at the National Geographic Society. The historic grouping later observed the centennial of the photophone's first successful laboratory transmission by using Mims hand-made demonstration photophone, which functioned similar to Bell and Tainter's model. Mims also built and provided a pair of modern hand-held battery-powered LED transceivers connected by of optical fiber. The Bell Labs' Richard Gundlach and the Smithsonian's Elliot Sivowitch used the device at the commemoration to demonstrate one of the photophone's modern-day descendants. The National Geographic Society also mounted a special educational exhibit in its Explorer's Hall, highlighting the photophone's invention with original items borrowed from the Smithsonian Institution. Footnotes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51160 | 207,761 |
Resource curse A 2008 study argues that the curse vanishes when looking not at the relative importance of resource exports in the economy but rather at a different measure: the relative abundance of natural resources in the ground. Using that variable to compare countries, it reports that resource wealth in the ground correlates with slightly higher economic growth and slightly fewer armed conflicts. That a high dependency on resource exports correlates with bad policies and effects is not caused by the large degree of resource exportation. The causation goes in the opposite direction: conflicts and bad policies created the heavy dependence on exports of natural resources. When a country's chaos and economic policies scare off foreign investors and send local entrepreneurs abroad to look for better opportunities, the economy becomes skewed. Factories may close and businesses may flee, but petroleum and precious metals remain for the taking. Resource extraction becomes the "default sector" that still functions after other industries have come to a halt. A 2008 article by Thad Dunning argues that while resource revenues can promote or strengthen authoritarian regimes, in certain circumstances they can also promote democracy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1531457 | 515,044 |
Bowyer–Watson algorithm Pre-computing the circumcircles can save time at the expense of additional memory usage. And if the points are uniformly distributed, sorting them along a space filling Hilbert curve prior to insertion can also speed point location. function BowyerWatson (pointList) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11454768 | 101,917 |
Strengthening mechanisms of materials This takes advantage of the anisotropic strain hardening of the original network (chain alignment from stretching of the polymer chains) and provides a mechanism whereby the two networks transfer stress to one another due to the imposed strain on the pre-strained network. Many silicate glasses are strong in compression but weak in tension. By introducing compression stress into the structure, the tensile strength of the material can be increased. This is typically done via two mechanisms: thermal treatment (tempering) or chemical bath (via ion exchange). In tempered glasses, air jets are used to rapidly cool the top and bottom surfaces of a softened (hot) slab of glass. Since the surface cools quicker, there is more free volume at the surface than in the bulk melt. The core of the slab then pulls the surface inward, resulting in an internal compressive stress at the surface. This substantially increases the tensile strength of the material as tensile stresses exerted on the glass must now resolve the compressive stresses before yielding. formula_14 Alternately, in chemical treatment, a glass slab treated containing network formers and modifiers is submerged into a molten salt bath containing ions larger than those present in the modifier. Due to a concentration gradient of the ions, mass transport must take place. As the larger cation diffuses from the molten salt into the surface, it replaces the smaller ion from the modifier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14369650 | 307,247 |
Optical fiber The larger the index of refraction, the slower light travels in that medium. From this information, a simple rule of thumb is that a signal using optical fiber for communication will travel at around 200,000 kilometers per second. To put it another way, the signal will take 5 milliseconds to travel 1,000 kilometers in fiber. Thus a phone call carried by fiber between Sydney and New York, a 16,000-kilometer distance, means that there is a minimum delay of 80 milliseconds (about formula_1 of a second) between when one caller speaks and the other hears. (The fiber, in this case, will probably travel a longer route, and there will be additional delays due to communication equipment switching and the process of encoding and decoding the voice onto the fiber). Most modern optical fiber is "weakly guiding", meaning that the difference in refractive index between the core and the cladding is very small (typically less than 1%). When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is completely reflected. This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core. Light travels through the fiber core, bouncing back and forth off the boundary between the core and cladding. Because the light must strike the boundary with an angle greater than the critical angle, only light that enters the fiber within a certain range of angles can travel down the fiber without leaking out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3372377 | 197,401 |
Cryptozoology In a 2011 foreword for "The American Biology Teacher", then National Association of Biology Teachers president Dan Ward uses cryptozoology as an example of "technological pseudoscience" that may confuse students about the scientific method. Ward says that "... is not valid science or even science at all. It is monster hunting." Historian of science Brian Regal includes an entry for cryptozoology in his "Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia" (2009). Regal says that "as an intellectual endeavor, cryptozoology has been studied as much as cryptozoologists have sought hidden animals". In a 1992 issue of "Folklore", folklorist Véronique Campion-Vincent says: Campion-Vincent says that "four currents can be distinguished in the study of mysterious animal appearances": "Forteans" ("compiler[s] of anomalies" such as via publications like the "Fortean Times"), "occultists" (which she describes as related to "Forteans"), "folklorists", and "cryptozoologists". Regarding cryptozoologists, Campion-Vincent says that "this movement seems to deserve the appellation of parascience, like parapsychology: the same corpus is reviewed; many scientists participate, but for those who have an official status of university professor or researcher, the participation is a private hobby" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5828 | 186,037 |
OSL Consulting OSL was initially appointed to supervise the Front End Engineering Design stage of the project in Copenhagen by EKB (a joint venture company formed between BP, Dong Energy, and Gazprom Germania). As the project developed, EKB asked OSL to modify the design. This demand eventually led to the doubling in size of the firm's team of engineers. Nick Jones, a principal director at OSL's head office, commented on this issue by stating, In late 2010, the project's construction and commissioning phase was under the supervision of OSL's technical team. In the meantime, a new design team was formed to finish some of the detailed engineering work. In addition, OSL assisted EKB in shifting the facility from an unmanned operation to a fully staffed operation. OSL is currently providing full engineering support service to EKB. Overall, the facility is connected to the Dutch gas transmission system by a 60 km pipeline. Allowing it access to one of the most important natural gas trading hubs in Europe. In 2012, OSL were awarded their first project in Nigeria. The firm says it is well placed to secure more major contracts in Africa after completing the first stage of a multi-million pound fuel supply development near Lagos. This involved shaping the design and plans for the Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage and distribution facility at Apapa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758349 | 222,142 |
Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve The superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensory ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. It is located within the jugular foramen where the glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull. It is smaller than and above the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The neurons in the superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensory innervation to the middle ear and the internal surface of the tympanic membrane. The axons of these neurons branch from the glossopharyngeal nerve at the level of the inferior ganglion and form the tympanic nerve along with the preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the inferior salivatory nucleus. The tympanic nerve then travels through the inferior tympanic canaliculus to the tympanic cavity forming the tympanic plexus. From here the sensory axons provide innervation of the middle ear and internal surface of the tympanic membrane. The parasympathetic axons branch from the tympanic plexus as the lesser petrosal nerve on their way to the otic ganglion. The central processes of the neurons in the superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4745831 | 143,604 |
Spanish Steps Midway through the animated film "" (2019), the Steps were featured prominently as the site where the main idol group Aqours performed the main musical number of the film, "Hop? Stop? Nonstop!," during their overseas trip from Numazu, Japan to Rome. The progressive rock group Refugee recorded the song "Credo" in 1974, which contains the lyric: "I believe in constant pauses / Like a Roman holiday / And I often stop for air / As I climb the Spanish stairs". The Bob Dylan song "When I Paint My Masterpiece," first recorded in 1971 by The Band and later appearing on the album "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II", mentions both the "Spanish Stairs" and the Colosseum. Norwegian singer/songwriter Morten Harket, from A-ha, released a song called "Spanish Steps" on his album "Wild Seed "in 1995. Marc Cohn's song "Walk Through the World", released in 1993 on the album "The Rainy Season", includes the lyric "From the to the Liberty Bell, I know the angels have seen us." The opening track of Van Morrison's 1986 album "Poetic Champions Compose" is an instrumental titled "Spanish Steps" that features a haunting, evocative saxophone throughout. Singer/songwriter Eric Andersen's album "Ghosts Upon the Road" (1989) includes his song "Spanish Steps", which begins with an invitation to his old love to "Meet me on the / Oh you will not wait long" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=361971 | 309,038 |
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry In recent years, industrial and biological monitoring has presented another major need for metal analysis via ICP-MS. Individuals working in factories where exposure to metals is likely and unavoidable, such as a battery factory, are required by their employer to have their blood or urine analyzed for metal toxicity on a regular basis. This monitoring has become a mandatory practice implemented by OSHA, in an effort to protect workers from their work environment and ensure proper rotation of work duties (i.e. rotating employees from a high exposure position to a low exposure position). ICP-MS is also used widely in the geochemistry field for radiometric dating, in which it is used to analyze relative abundance of different isotopes, in particular uranium and lead. ICP-MS is more suitable for this application than the previously used thermal ionization mass spectrometry, as species with high ionization energy such as osmium and tungsten can be easily ionized. For high precision ratio work, multiple collector instruments are normally used to reduce the effect noise on the calculated ratios. In the field of flow cytometry, a new technique uses ICP-MS to replace the traditional fluorochromes. Briefly, instead of labelling antibodies (or other biological probes) with fluorochromes, each antibody is labelled with a distinct combinations of lanthanides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49503 | 23,470 |
Reinforced concrete Over a period of time (typically decades), the solution causes corrosion of the embedded steel rebars. This was most commonly found in wet areas or areas repeatedly exposed to moisture. This a reaction of amorphous silica (chalcedony, chert, siliceous limestone) sometimes present in the aggregates with the hydroxyl ions (OH) from the cement pore solution. Poorly crystallized silica (SiO) dissolves and dissociates at high pH (12.5 - 13.5) in alkaline water. The soluble dissociated silicic acid reacts in the porewater with the calcium hydroxide (portlandite) present in the cement paste to form an expansive calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). The alkali–silica reaction (ASR) causes localised swelling responsible for tensile stress and cracking. The conditions required for alkali silica reaction are threefold: (1) aggregate containing an alkali-reactive constituent (amorphous silica), (2) sufficient availability of hydroxyl ions (OH), and (3) sufficient moisture, above 75% relative humidity (RH) within the concrete. This phenomenon is sometimes popularly referred to as "concrete cancer". This reaction occurs independently of the presence of rebars; massive concrete structures such as dams can be affected. Resistant to weak acids and especially sulfates, this cement cures quickly and has very high durability and strength. It was frequently used after World War II to make precast concrete objects. However, it can lose strength with heat or time (conversion), especially when not properly cured | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54232 | 207,793 |
International Symposium on Wearable Computers The or ISWC (pronounced "iz-wic") is one of the most prominent academic conferences on wearable computing and ubiquitous computing. Its first edition was held in 1997 in Cambridge, MA, USA. Proceedings from every edition are published by IEEE Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24212401 | 139,041 |
Middlesex Canal Most American rivers were made unnavigable by rapids and waterfalls. Up and down the Atlantic coast, companies were formed to build canals as cheaper ways to move goods between the interior of the country and the coast. Well aware that to stay independent the nation needed to grow strong and develop industries, the news from Europe rekindled a number of previously dropped canal or navigations projects and began discussions leading in the next decades to many others. The year 1790 is credited as the start of the American Canal Age. In Massachusetts several ideas were proposed for bringing goods to the principal port, Boston, and connecting to the interior. For about three years various luminaries were focused on plans to connect the upper reaches of the Connecticut River, above the falls at Enfield Connecticut , to Boston through a canal to the Charles. The Connecticut was believed to rise at similar elevations to the Merrimack River's, which could be reached by a string of streams, ponds, lakes, and manmade canals—if the canals were built. In the first two years, rough surveys sought the best route up to the Connecticut Valley; but no route was obviously best, and nobody championed a specific one. A few true believers, but lesser socialites, needed a champion and pestered the Secretary of War, Henry Knox to ignite the project | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1300709 | 318,464 |
Current transformer For current measurement, phase shift is immaterial as ammeters only display the magnitude of the current. However, in wattmeters, energy meters, and power factor meters, phase shift produces errors. For power and energy measurement, the errors are considered to be negligible at unity power factor but become more significant as the power factor approaches zero. At zero power-factor, any indicated power is entirely due to the current transformer's phase error. The introduction of electronic power and energy meters has allowed current phase error to be calibrated out. Bar-type current transformers have terminals for source and load connections of the primary circuit, and the body of the current transformer provides insulation between the primary circuit and ground. By use of oil insulation and porcelain bushings, such transformers can be applied at the highest transmission voltages. Ring-type current transformers are installed over a bus bar or an insulated cable and have only a low level of insulation on the secondary coil. To obtain non-standard ratios or for other special purposes, more than one turn of the primary cable may be passed through the ring. Where a metal shield is present in the cable jacket, it must be terminated so no net sheath current passes through the ring, to ensure accuracy. Current transformers used to sense ground fault (zero sequence) currents, such as in a three-phase installation, may have three primary conductors passed through the ring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1270187 | 384,094 |
Palexpo is a convention center in Geneva, Switzerland. The buildings are owned by the canton of Geneva while the company is a semi-private foundation. The center is located close to Geneva International Airport. There are seven halls, and 102,000 square metres of exhibition space. The Geneva Motor Show is held at Palexpo. The construction of the began in 1978, and the four first halls with 58,000 m² were inaugurated on 18 December 1981. The was then expanded three times: in 1987 with Hall 5, in 1995 with Hall 7, and in 2003 with Hall 6 built above the A1 motorway. In early 2009, the underwent a renovation project to enhance and improve the convention center's architecture, furnishings, and technology. During this renovation, the Wi-Fi network was upgraded using Xirrus wi-fi arrays to provide wireless internet for all employees and guests. hosts a variety of convention and sporting events, including the 2014 Davis Cup semifinals between Switzerland and Italy. In 2001, the European Automotive Hall of Fame opened and inducted its first class of 13 members. Permanent plaques of honor will be emplaced at Palexpo. This is a European analog to the Automotive Hall of Fame which is now located in Dearborn, Michigan, and which has been in operation since 1936. In 2019, it will host the third edition of the Laver Cup. Depeche Mode performed at the convention centre on November 10, 2009 during their Tour of the Universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1643033 | 319,212 |
Selenium-79 Selenium-80 and selenium-82 have higher fission yields, about 20 times the yield of Se in the case of uranium-235, 6 times in the case of plutonium-239 or uranium-233, and 14 times in the case of plutonium-241. Due to redox-disequilibrium, selenium could be very reluctant to chemical reduction and would be released from the waste (spent fuel or vitrified waste) as soluble selenate, a species not sorbed onto clay minerals. Without solubility limit and retardation for aqueous selenium, the dose of Se is comparable to that of I. Moreover, selenium is an essential micronutrient for many organisms (protection of cell membrane against oxidative damages) and can be easily bioconcentrated in the food chain. In the presence of nitrate, even reduced forms of selenium could be easily oxidised and mobilised. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11091779 | 81,476 |
Design-basis event Beyond-design-basis events can reduce or eliminate the margin of safety of the structures, systems and components, possibly resulting in a catastrophic failure. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was caused by a "beyond-design-basis event," the tsunami and associated earthquakes were more powerful than the plant was designed to accommodate. The plant withstood the earthquake but the tsunami overflowed the seawall. Since then, the possibility of unforeseen beyond design basis events has been a major concern for plant operators. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20193727 | 73,842 |
History of electrical engineering In his classic UHF experiments of 1888, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves (radio waves) leading many inventors and scientists to try to adapt them to commercial applications, such as Guglielmo Marconi (1895) and Alexander Popov (1896). Millimetre wave communication was first investigated by Jagadish Chandra Bose during 18941896, when he reached an extremely high frequency of up to 60GHz in his experiments. He also introduced the use of semiconductor junctions to detect radio waves, when he patented the radio crystal detector in 1901. John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Reginald Fessenden recognized that a continuous wave needed to be generated to make speech transmission possible, and by the end of 1906 he sent the first radio broadcast of voice. Also in 1906, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode. Edwin Howard Armstrong enabling technology for electronic television, in 1931. In the early 1920s, there was a growing interest in the development of domestic applications for electricity. Public interest led to exhibitions such featuring "homes of the future" and in the UK, the Electrical Association for Women was established with Caroline Haslett as its director in 1924 to encourage women to become involved in electrical engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3801913 | 198,051 |
Shear modulus In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by "G", or sometimes "S" or "μ", is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: where The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is MLT, replacing "force" by "mass" times "acceleration". The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise in the generalized Hooke's law: The shear modulus is concerned with the deformation of a solid when it experiences a force parallel to one of its surfaces while its opposite face experiences an opposing force (such as friction). In the case of an object shaped like a rectangular prism, it will deform into a parallelepiped. Anisotropic materials such as wood, paper and also essentially all single crystals exhibit differing material response to stress or strain when tested in different directions. In this case, one may need to use the full tensor-expression of the elastic constants, rather than a single scalar value. One possible definition of a fluid would be a material with zero shear modulus. In homogeneous and isotropic solids, there are two kinds of waves, pressure waves and shear waves. The velocity of a shear wave, formula_11 is controlled by the shear modulus, where The shear modulus of metals is usually observed to decrease with increasing temperature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1575447 | 318,968 |
Tesla coil The above peak voltage is only achieved in coils in which air discharges do not occur; in coils which produce sparks, like entertainment coils, the peak voltage on the terminal is limited to the voltage at which the air breaks down and becomes conductive. As the output voltage increases during each voltage pulse, it reaches the point where the air next to the high voltage terminal ionizes and corona, brush discharges and streamer arcs, break out from the terminal. This happens when the electric field strength exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, about 30 kV per centimeter. Since the electric field is greatest at sharp points and edges, air discharges start at these points on the high voltage terminal. The voltage on the high voltage terminal cannot increase above the air breakdown voltage, because additional electric charge pumped into the terminal from the secondary winding just escapes into the air. The output voltage of open-air Tesla coils is limited to less than one million volts by air breakdown, but higher voltages can be achieved by coils immersed in pressurized tanks of insulating oil. Most designs have a smooth spherical or toroidal shaped metal electrode on the high voltage terminal. The electrode serves as one plate of a capacitor, with the Earth as the other plate, forming the tuned circuit with the secondary winding | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39113 | 381,944 |
Jim Crow economy By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, not only was African American progress halted, it was regressing. Leading up to and following World War I, the agrarian economy of the South was in dire straits, beginning a slow shift to urbanization and limited industrialization; this period also saw the beginning of the Great Migration. The 1930s saw increasing urbanization and industrialization in the South; and, federal policies of the time, such as the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act, attempted to force economic parity between the South and the rest of the nation (Wright 1987:171). By the time of the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the scientific racism that had underlain much of the justification for the Jim Crow era legal racism had been discredited, the South had substantially closed its wealth gap with the rest of the nation, and America was both urbanized and industrialized. However, the African American struggle to earn economic parity, that had made progress during the first half century of the postbellum era, had largely been reversed during the second half. Legally, equality was assured, but that did little to actually promulgate equal conditions in daily life. Some of the gains in the South's economic relation to the rest of the U.S. can be explained by population shifts to other regions; so, it may have had as much to do with spreading poverty around, as spreading wealth around | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27252985 | 510,781 |
Michael Jones (scientist) Michael Jones is a computer vision researcher who currently works at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories. He is the co-inventor with Paul Viola of the Viola-Jones face detection method, an ICCV 2003 Marr Prize and CVPR Longuet-Higgins Prize winner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57340642 | 129,939 |
Artificial muscle Thermal actuator-based artificial muscles offer heat resistance, impact resistance, low density, high fatigue strength, and large force generation during shape changes. In 2012, a new class of electric field-activated, electrolyte-free artificial muscles called "twisted yarn actuators" were demonstrated, based on the thermal expansion of a secondary material within the muscle's conductive twisted structure. It has also been demonstrated that a coiled vanadium dioxide ribbon can twist and untwist at a peak torsional speed of 200,000 rpm. The three types of artificial muscles have different constraints that affect the type of control system they require for actuation. It is important to note, however, that control systems are often designed to meet the specifications of a given experiment, with some experiments calling for the combined use of a variety of different actuators or a hybrid control schema. As such, the following examples should not be treated as an exhaustive list of the variety of control systems that may be employed to actuate a given artificial muscle. The twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) muscles can be modeled by first-order linear time-invariant state spaces when input is electrical voltage, with accuracy more than 85%. Therefore, A TCP muscles can be easily controlled by a digital PID controller. A fuzzy controller can be used to speed up the PID controller. EAPs offer lower weight, faster response, higher power density and quieter operation when compared to traditional actuators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33413026 | 378,583 |
Aura Sonic Aura-Sonic, Ltd. (ASL) is a remote recording company based in Queens, New York that specializes in mobile and location production, audio for video broadcasting, video production, sound reinforcement and on-site automated dialogue replacement. ASL was founded in 1977 by recording engineer and producer Steve Remote. The company owns and utilizes a fleet of adaptable mobile vehicles and portable packages for its audio/production projects. In 1977, recording engineer Steve Remote partnered with Joel Schreiber to create Aura-Sonic, Ltd. Remote had been recording professionally at Max's Kansas City since 1976 while Schreiber, a graduate from the American Academy of the Dramatic Arts, was managing a children’s clothing store in Flushing, Queens. Not content with operating a conventional recording studio, Steve decided to create a studio on wheels so they could go the client instead of the client going to them. From 1977 to 1983, Schreiber was the President of ASL with Remote acting as the Vice President and chief engineer. In 1983, Remote bought out Schreiber’s stake in the company and became the sole owner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38357638 | 392,581 |
Eastern blot muris" is more post-translationally modified than the highly virulent IOE. Most proteins that are translated from mRNA undergo modifications before becoming functional in cells. These modifications are collectively known as post-translational modifications (PTMs). The nascent or folded proteins, which are stable under physiological conditions, are then subjected to a battery of specific enzyme-catalyzed modifications on the side chains or backbones. Post-translational modification of proteins can include: acetylation, acylation (myristoylation, palmitoylation), alkylation, arginylation, ADP-ribosylation, biotinylation, formylation, geranylgeranylation, glutamylation, glycosylation, glycylation, hydroxylation, isoprenylation, lipoylation, methylation, nitroalkylation, phosphopantetheinylation, phosphorylation, prenylation, selenation, S-nitrosylation, succinylation, sulfation, transglutamination and ubiquitination (sumoylation, neddylation). Post-translational modifications occurring at the N-terminus of the amino acid chain play an important role in translocation across biological membranes. These include secretory proteins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and also proteins that are intended to be incorporated in various cellular and organelle membranes such as lysosomes, chloroplast, mitochondria and plasma membrane. Expression of posttranslated proteins is important in several diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21890398 | 141,145 |
Soft error This reduces the range of particle energies to which the logic value of the node can be upset. Radiation hardening is often accomplished by increasing the size of transistors who share a drain/source region at the node. Since the area and power overhead of radiation hardening can be restrictive to design, the technique is often applied selectively to nodes which are predicted to have the highest probability of resulting in soft errors if struck. Tools and models that can predict which nodes are most vulnerable are the subject of past and current research in the area of soft errors. There has been work addressing soft errors in processor and memory resources using both hardware and software techniques. Several research efforts addressed soft errors by proposing error detection and recovery via hardware-based redundant multi-threading. These approaches used special hardware to replicate an application execution to identify errors in the output, which increased hardware design complexity and cost including high performance overhead. Software-based soft error tolerant schemes, on the other hand, are flexible and can be applied on commercial off-the-shelf microprocessors. Many works propose compiler-level instruction replication and result checking for soft error detection. Designers can choose to accept that soft errors will occur, and design systems with appropriate error detection and correction to recover gracefully | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1155599 | 407,147 |
House Flipper The game was nominated for "Game, Simulation" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. "House Flipper" was also awarded Best Polish Indie Game of 2018. Together with the base game, on May 17, 2018, a free "Apocalypse Flipper" DLC was released. The player receives more items and 5 new properties that can be bought. On May 16, 2019, the "Garden Flipper" DLC was released. This allows the player to apply renovations to the gardens of properties. The player can then participate in the garden competitions where their work will be evaluated and given a score. The property can then be sold at a higher price depending on the score that was achieved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57771817 | 489,105 |
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