Split (3)

train · 62.7k rows

original_dataset_id stringlengths 16 16	dataset_name stringclasses 1 value	table stringlengths 3.73k 635k	table_title null	text null	question stringlengths 5 403	answer stringlengths 1 118
0155b312ec382d32	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_collieries_in_Astley_and_Tyldesley', 'title': 'List of collieries in Astley and Tyldesley', 'header': ['Colliery', 'Locality', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Astley Green Colliery 53°29′42″N 2°26′49″W / 53.495°N 2.447°W / 53.495 ; -2.447 ( Astley Green Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astley_Green_Colliery', 'summary': 'Astley Green Colliery was a coal mine in Astley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . It was the last colliery to be sunk in Astley . Sinking commenced in 1908 by the Pilkington Colliery Company , a subsidiary of the Clifton and Kersley Coal Company , at the southern edge of the Manchester Coalfield , working the Middle Coal Measures where they dipped under the Permian age rocks under Chat Moss . The colliery was north of the Bridgewater Canal . In 1929 it became part of Manchester Collieries , and in 1947 was nationalised and integrated into the National Coal Board . It closed in 1970 , and is now Astley Green Colliery Museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Astley Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astley,_Greater_Manchester', 'summary': "Astley is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester , England , which is crossed by the Bridgewater Canal and the A580 East Lancashire Road . Continuous with Tyldesley , it is equidistant from Wigan and Manchester , both 8.3 miles ( 13.4 km ) away . The Astley Mosley Common ward had a population of 11,270 at the 2011 Census . Historically in Lancashire , Astley 's name is Old English , indicating Anglo-Saxon settlement . It means either east Leigh , a reference to its location relative to Leigh , or ēastlēah the eastern wood or clearing . Throughout the Middle Ages , Astley constituted a township within the parish of Leigh and hundred of West Derby . Astley appears in written form as Asteleghe in 1210 , when its lord of the manor granted land to the religious order of Premonstratensian canons at Cockersand Abbey . Medieval and Early Modern Astley is distinguished by the dignitaries who occupied Damhouse , the local manor house around which a settlement expanded . The Bridgewater Canal reached Astley in 1795 , and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 . The Industrial Revolution introduced the factory system when the village 's cotton mill was built in 1833 . Coal mining became an important industry . Mining subsidence coupled with structural and political changes to the mining industry began the decline in Astley 's industrial activities during the mid-20th century ; its cotton mill closed in 1955 , and the last coal was brought to the surface in 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifton and Kersley Coal Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifton_and_Kersley_Coal_Company', 'summary': 'The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company or Clifton and Kearsley Coal Company was a coal mining company that operated in Clifton and Kearsley on the south side of the Irwell Valley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . Its collieries exploited the coal mines ( seams ) of the middle coal measures in the Manchester Coalfield . Pits had been sunk in the 1730s and in the 1740s John Heathcote who owned the pits employed Matthew Fletcher . The Fletchers had extensive interests in coal mining in the area and , by the 1750s , Fletcher owned the collieries . The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company which took over collieries owned by the Fletchers was started by Edward and Alfred Pilkington in 1867 . The company owned Newtown and Wet Earth Collieries in Clifton , Outwood Colliery in Outwood and Little Hey . Manor , Scowcrofts and Spindle Point Collieries in Kearsley . Astley Green Colliery in Astley opened in 1912 . In 1896 the company employed 2,729 workers , 2,146 of them underground while in 1923 it employed 4,300 workers , nearly 2,000 of them at its newest colliery Astley Green . In 1929 the company became part of Manchester Collieries .'}]}, {'value': 'Astley Green Colliery was sunk by a subsidiary of the Clifton and Kersley Coal Company immediately to the north of the Bridgewater Canal to exploit the deep coal seams under Chat Moss where the exposed coalfield dips under the Permian strata . Shaft sinking started in 1908 and the pit opened in 1912 . The colliery was absorbed into Manchester Collieries in 1929 and nationalised in 1947 . The pit closed in 1970 and is now the site of Astley Green Colliery Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifton_and_Kersley_Coal_Company', 'summary': 'The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company or Clifton and Kearsley Coal Company was a coal mining company that operated in Clifton and Kearsley on the south side of the Irwell Valley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . Its collieries exploited the coal mines ( seams ) of the middle coal measures in the Manchester Coalfield . Pits had been sunk in the 1730s and in the 1740s John Heathcote who owned the pits employed Matthew Fletcher . The Fletchers had extensive interests in coal mining in the area and , by the 1750s , Fletcher owned the collieries . The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company which took over collieries owned by the Fletchers was started by Edward and Alfred Pilkington in 1867 . The company owned Newtown and Wet Earth Collieries in Clifton , Outwood Colliery in Outwood and Little Hey . Manor , Scowcrofts and Spindle Point Collieries in Kearsley . Astley Green Colliery in Astley opened in 1912 . In 1896 the company employed 2,729 workers , 2,146 of them underground while in 1923 it employed 4,300 workers , nearly 2,000 of them at its newest colliery Astley Green . In 1929 the company became part of Manchester Collieries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal', 'summary': 'The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn , Manchester and Leigh , in North West England . It was commissioned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater , to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester . It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester , and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn , and then from Worsley to Leigh . The canal is connected to the Manchester Ship Canal via a lock at Cornbrook ; to the Rochdale Canal in Manchester ; to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook , southeast of Runcorn ; and to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh . It once connected with the River Mersey at Runcorn but has since been cut off by a slip road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge . Following the construction of the Sankey Brook Navigation , Bridgewater has been argued to be the first true canal of the Industrial Revolution in England , and it required the construction of an aqueduct to cross the River Irwell , one of the first of its kind . Its success helped inspire a period of intense canal building in Britain , known as Canal Mania . It later faced intense competition from the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Macclesfield Canal . Navigable throughout its history , it is one of the few canals in Britain not to have been nationalised , and remains privately owned . Pleasure craft now use the canal which forms part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chat_Moss', 'summary': 'Chat Moss is a large area of peat bog that makes up 30 per cent of the City of Salford , in Greater Manchester , England . North of the Manchester Ship Canal and River Mersey , five miles ( 8 km ) to the west of Manchester , it occupies an area of about 10.6 square miles ( 27.5 km2 ) . As it might be recognised today , Chat Moss is thought to be about 7,000 years old , but peat development seems to have begun there with the ending of the last ice age , about 10,000 years ago . The depth of peat ranges from 24 to 30 feet ( 7 to 9 m ) . A great deal of reclamation work has been carried out , particularly during the 19th century , but a large-scale network of drainage channels is still required to keep the land from reverting to bog . In 1958 workers extracting peat discovered the severed head of what is believed to be a Romano-British Celt , possibly a sacrificial victim , in the eastern part of the bog near Worsley . Much of Chat Moss is now prime agricultural land , although farming in the area is in decline . A 228-acre ( 92 ha ) area of Chat Moss , notified as Astley and Bedford Mosses , was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989 . Along with nearby Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss , Astley and Bedford Mosses has also been designated as a European Union Special Area of Conservation , known as Manchester Mosses . Chat Moss threatened the completion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , until George Stephenson , with advice from East Anglian marshland specialist Robert Stannard , succeeded in constructing a railway line through it in 1829 ; his solution was to float the line on a bed of bound heather and branches topped with tar and covered with rubble stone . The M62 motorway , completed in 1976 , also crosses the bog , to the north of Irlam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Permian', 'summary': "The Permian ( /ˈpɜːr.mi.ən/ PUR-mee-ən ) is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous period 298.9 million years ago ( Mya ) , to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya . It is the last period of the Paleozoic era ; the following Triassic period belongs to the Mesozoic era . The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison , who named it after the region of Perm in Russia . The Permian witnessed the diversification of the early amniotes into the ancestral groups of the mammals , turtles , lepidosaurs , and archosaurs . The world at the time was dominated by two continents known as Pangaea and Siberia , surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa . The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior . Amniotes , which could better cope with these drier conditions , rose to dominance in place of their amphibian ancestors . The Permian ( along with the Paleozoic ) ended with the Permian-Triassic extinction event , the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history , in which nearly 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species died out . It would take well into the Triassic for life to recover from this catastrophe . Recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event was protracted ; on land , ecosystems took 30 million years to recover ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Collieries', 'summary': 'Manchester Collieries was a coal mining company with headquarters in Walkden formed from a group of independent companies operating on the Manchester Coalfield in 1929 . The Mining Industry Act of 1926 attempted to stem the post-war decline in coal mining and encourage independent companies to merge in order to modernise and better survive the economic conditions of the day . Robert Burrows of the Atherton company Fletcher Burrows proposed a merger of several independent companies operating to the west of Manchester . The merger was agreed and took place in March 1929 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Astley_Green_Colliery_Museum', 'summary': 'The Astley Green Colliery Museum is a museum run by the Red Rose Steam Society in Astley near Tyldesley in Greater Manchester , England . ( grid reference SJ70509996 ) Before becoming a museum , the site was a working colliery that produced coal from 1912 to 1970 ; it is now protected as a Scheduled Monument . The museum occupies a 15-acre ( 6 ha ) site by the Bridgewater Canal which has the only surviving pit headgear and engine house on the Lancashire Coalfield .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaddock Pit 53°30′07″N 2°25′41″W / 53.502°N 2.428°W / 53.502 ; -2.428 ( Chaddock Pit )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , south of Chaddock Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Collieries', 'summary': "Bridgewater Collieries originated from the coal mines on the Manchester Coalfield in Worsley in the historic county of Lancashire owned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater in the second half of the 18th century . After the Duke 's death in 1803 his estate was managed by the Bridgewater Trustees until the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere inherited the estates in 1903 . Bridgewater Collieries was formed in 1921 by the 4th Earl . The company merged with other prominent mining companies to form Manchester Collieries in 1929 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chaddock Pit had two shafts , an engine pit for pumping and a winding shaft . It was sunk around 1820 and was operating in 1837 when it was the biggest coal mine in the Tyldesley township . It was connected to the Bridgewater Canal at Boothstown basin by an underground level . In 1840 the Chaddock Pits employed 54 colliers , 55 boys , 35 girls and 19 boatmen . The mines worked from the Chaddock Level were closed by 1842 . The extent of the navigable level in the Chaddock Pit was 814 yards to the west and 1,178 yards to the east in the four Foot mine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal', 'summary': 'The Bridgewater Canal connects Runcorn , Manchester and Leigh , in North West England . It was commissioned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater , to transport coal from his mines in Worsley to Manchester . It was opened in 1761 from Worsley to Manchester , and later extended from Manchester to Runcorn , and then from Worsley to Leigh . The canal is connected to the Manchester Ship Canal via a lock at Cornbrook ; to the Rochdale Canal in Manchester ; to the Trent and Mersey Canal at Preston Brook , southeast of Runcorn ; and to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Leigh . It once connected with the River Mersey at Runcorn but has since been cut off by a slip road to the Silver Jubilee Bridge . Following the construction of the Sankey Brook Navigation , Bridgewater has been argued to be the first true canal of the Industrial Revolution in England , and it required the construction of an aqueduct to cross the River Irwell , one of the first of its kind . Its success helped inspire a period of intense canal building in Britain , known as Canal Mania . It later faced intense competition from the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Macclesfield Canal . Navigable throughout its history , it is one of the few canals in Britain not to have been nationalised , and remains privately owned . Pleasure craft now use the canal which forms part of the Cheshire Ring network of canals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boothstown', 'summary': 'Boothstown is a Suburban village in Greater Manchester , England . It lies within the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford in the Boothstown and Ellenbrook ward , which had a population at the 2011 Census of 9,599 . The village is in the west of the City of Salford , bordered to the north by the East Lancashire Road A580 and to the south by the Bridgewater Canal . Historically , it was a hamlet partly in Worsley township in the parish of Eccles , and partly in Tyldesley in the parish of Leigh . Bothstown lies 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) northwest of Salford , 6.8 miles ( 10.9 km ) northwest of Manchester and 10 miles ( 16.1 km ) southeast of Wigan . Astley is to the west , to the north is Walkden and to the east is Worsley where there is a transport interchange between the M60 , M62 and M602 motorways . Once known for its mining community , Boothstown is now a mainly residential area .'}]}, {'value': 'Cleworth Hall Colliery 53°31′01″N 2°27′12″W / 53.5169°N 2.4532°W / 53.5169 ; -2.4532 ( Cleworth Hall Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleworth_Hall_Colliery', 'summary': 'Cleworth Hall Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1874 in Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , north of Manchester Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Coal Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyldesley_Coal_Company', 'summary': 'Tyldesley Coal Company was a coal mining company formed in 1870 in Tyldesley , on the Manchester Coalfield in the historic county of Lancashire , England that had its origins in Yew Tree Colliery , the location for a mining disaster that killed 25 men and boys in 1858 .'}]}, {'value': 'The two original shafts at Cleworth Hall were sunk in 1874 . The Crombouke mine was reached at 71 yards , the Rams mine at 115 yards and the Black and White at 220 yards . As reserves from these seams were worked out , a third shaft was sunk to the Trencherbone mine accessing several other seams . At the bottom of No.2 shaft was a furnace , this was the upcast ventilation shaft for the pit . The colliery was owned by the Tyldesley Coal Company until it was nationalised in 1947', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crombouke_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rams_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_and_White_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trencherbone_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Combermere Colliery 53°31′26″N 2°27′11″W / 53.524°N 2.453°W / 53.524 ; -2.453 ( Combermere Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Combermere_Colliery', 'summary': "Combermere Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1867 in Shakerley , Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . Combermere Colliery 's two shafts , one for ventilation , were sunk to the Rams mine at 315 feet and the black and White mine at 600 feet by the Tyldesley Coal Company and opened in 1867 . The colliery had a short life and closed in 1893 . The company built a brickworks using fireclay from the mine at Combermere and the railway to it operated until the mid-1930s ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , Combermere Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Coal Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Combermere Colliery had two shafts to the Rams and Black and White mines . Coal production ceased in 1893 but the pit continued to produce fireclay to supply brickworks that were built on the site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rams_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_and_White_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fireclay', 'summary': 'Fire clay is a range of refractory clays used in the manufacture of ceramics , especially fire brick . The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines fire clay very generally as a mineral aggregate composed of hydrous silicates of aluminium ( Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O ) with or without free silica .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross Hillock Pit 53°29′56″N 2°27′36″W / 53.499°N 2.460°W / 53.499 ; -2.460 ( Cross Hillock )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astley and Tyldesley Collieries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross Hillock Pit was sunk by Astley and Tyldesley Collieries south-east of the junction of Manchester Road and Higher Green Lane . It was liable to flooding and closed by 1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ellenbrook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Manchester', 'summary': "New Manchester or The City was an isolated mining community on the Manchester Coalfield north of Mosley Common in the Tyldesley township , England . It lies west of a boundary stone at Ellenbrook which marks the ancient boundary of the Hundreds of Salford and West Derby , the boundary of Eccles and Leigh ecclesiastical parishes , Tyldesley , Worsley and Little Hulton townships and the metropolitan districts of Wigan and Salford . The route of the Roman road from Manchester to Wigan and the Tyldesley Loopline passed south of the village . The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Manchester to Southport line passed to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Collieries', 'summary': "Bridgewater Collieries originated from the coal mines on the Manchester Coalfield in Worsley in the historic county of Lancashire owned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater in the second half of the 18th century . After the Duke 's death in 1803 his estate was managed by the Bridgewater Trustees until the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere inherited the estates in 1903 . Bridgewater Collieries was formed in 1921 by the 4th Earl . The company merged with other prominent mining companies to form Manchester Collieries in 1929 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ellenbrook Pit had two shafts for winding coal from the Worsley Four Foot mine and was operational by 1870', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worsley_Four_Foot_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Gatley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Manchester', 'summary': "New Manchester or The City was an isolated mining community on the Manchester Coalfield north of Mosley Common in the Tyldesley township , England . It lies west of a boundary stone at Ellenbrook which marks the ancient boundary of the Hundreds of Salford and West Derby , the boundary of Eccles and Leigh ecclesiastical parishes , Tyldesley , Worsley and Little Hulton townships and the metropolitan districts of Wigan and Salford . The route of the Roman road from Manchester to Wigan and the Tyldesley Loopline passed south of the village . The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Manchester to Southport line passed to the north ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Fletcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gatley Pit 's two shafts were sunk to the Worsley Four Foot mine between 1840 and 1850", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worsley_Four_Foot_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Gin Pit Colliery 53°30′12″N 2°28′10″W / 53.5034°N 2.4695°W / 53.5034 ; -2.4695 ( Gin Pit Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gin_Pit_Colliery', 'summary': "Gin Pit was a coal mine operating on the Lancashire Coalfield from the 1840s in Tyldesley , Greater Manchester then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . It exploited the Middle Coal Measures of the Manchester Coalfield and was situated to the south of the Tyldesley Loopline . Gin Pit 's name suggests it , or a predecessor , had horse driven winding gear and was on the site of even older coal workings . The colliery , owned by John Darlington , was isolated from roads resulting in the building of a narrow gauge tramway worked by horses to transport coal from the pit to the Bridgewater Canal at Marsland Green . In 1851 Darlington attempted to sell his colliery , tramroad , cranes and tipplers on the canal to the Bridgewater Trustees but the operation was sold to Samuel Jackson , a salt merchant and owner of a nearby colliery in Bedford . The colliery 's single shaft was deepened to the Rams mine at 375 yards between 1866 and 1872 by Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company . It had a pumping engine built by the Haigh Foundry . In 1896 Gin Pit employed 240 underground and 55 surface workers producing household and steam coal and coal to produce gas . The seams worked were the Crombouke and Six Foot mines . In 1923 the colliery had 237 underground and 57 surface workers . In common with many collieries on the Lancashire Coalfield , women , known as Pit brow lasses were employed on the surface to sort coal on the screens at the pit head . The colliery was linked to St George 's Colliery for ventilation ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , Gin Pit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astley and Tyldesley Salt Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astley_and_Tyldesley_Collieries', 'summary': 'The Astley and Tyldesley Collieries Company formed in 1900 owned coal mines on the Lancashire Coalfield south of the railway in Astley and Tyldesley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The company became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and some of its collieries were nationalised in 1947 .'}]}, {'value': 'The modern colliery was sunk in 1866 in an area where coal had previously been mined . Gin Pit worked the Crombouke and Six Foot mines . When they were worked out the Brassey mine was developed . The colliery closed in 1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crombouke_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rams_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brassey_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Great Boys Colliery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Boys_Colliery', 'summary': "Great Boys Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield in the second half of the 19th century in Tyldesley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . It was sunk on Great Boys farm , which in 1778 was described as a messuage with eight Cheshire acres of land on the north side of Sale Lane west of the Colliers Arms public house . It was owned by William Atkin and sold in 1855 to mineowners , John Fletcher of Bolton and Samuel Scowcroft . By 1869 their partnership was dissolved and the company became John Fletcher and Sons in 1877 . Shafts were sunk for a colliery on Pear Tree Farm on the corner of Mort Lane and Sale Lane which appear in the 1867 Mines Lists and became part of Great Boys Colliery . Fletcher and Schofield were granted permission to construct a mineral railway to join the London and North Western Railway 's Tyldesley Loopline in 1868 but there is no evidence that it was built . The colliery closed before 1885 . The colliery accessed the Brassey mine ( coal seam ) at about 170 yards and the Six Foot mine at 182 yards . The deeper coal seams were accessed by New Lester Colliery . The offices and lamproom for the pit occupied the building that is now the Colliers Arms public house , on Sale Lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , north of Sale Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Atkin 1854 , Thomas Fletcher and Sons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Boys colliery was situated on the north side of Sale Lane in Tyldesley west of the Colliers Arms public house . It was begun by William Atkin and sold in 1855 to John Fletcher and Samuel Scowcroft . The company had become John Fletcher and Sons in 1877 . Shafts were sunk on Pear Tree Farm , near Mort Lane and these became part of Great Boys Colliery which closed before 1885 . The colliery accessed the Brassey mine at about 170 yards and the Six Feet mine at 182 yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brassey_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Henfold Pit , west of Chaddock Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Collieries', 'summary': "Bridgewater Collieries originated from the coal mines on the Manchester Coalfield in Worsley in the historic county of Lancashire owned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater in the second half of the 18th century . After the Duke 's death in 1803 his estate was managed by the Bridgewater Trustees until the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere inherited the estates in 1903 . Bridgewater Collieries was formed in 1921 by the 4th Earl . The company merged with other prominent mining companies to form Manchester Collieries in 1929 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Henfold Pit under the Chaddock Hall estate was sunk to the Worsley Four Foot mine around 1820 and was connected by an underground level to the Chaddock Pit and the Worsley Navigable Levels at Ingles Pit in Worsley . A tunnel eastwards connected it to the Queen Anne Pit near Chaddock Lane . The mines worked from the Chaddock Level were closed by 1842 . The extent the branch of the navigable level at the pit was 1,914 yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worsley_Four_Foot_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Worsley_Navigable_Levels', 'summary': 'The Worsley Navigable Levels are an extensive series of coal mines in Worsley in the City of Salford in Greater Manchester , England . They were worked largely by the use of underground canals ( the navigable levels ) and boats called starvationers .'}]}, {'value': 'Mosley Common Colliery 53°30′29″N 2°25′01″W / 53.508°N 2.417°W / 53.508 ; -2.417 ( Mosley Common Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosley_Common_Colliery', 'summary': 'Mosley Common Colliery was a coal mine originally owned by the Bridgewater Trustees operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1866 in Mosley Common , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The colliery eventually had five shafts and became the largest colliery on the Lancashire Coalfield with access to around 270 million tons of coal under the Permian rocks to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Mosley Common', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosley_Common', 'summary': 'Mosley Common is a suburb of Tyldesley at the far-eastern edge of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , in Greater Manchester , England . Historically part of Lancashire , it was anciently a hamlet in the east of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley , in the ancient parish of Leigh . The area of Mosley Common in 1747 was 34 acres ( 14 ha ) statute s .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Collieries', 'summary': "Bridgewater Collieries originated from the coal mines on the Manchester Coalfield in Worsley in the historic county of Lancashire owned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater in the second half of the 18th century . After the Duke 's death in 1803 his estate was managed by the Bridgewater Trustees until the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere inherited the estates in 1903 . Bridgewater Collieries was formed in 1921 by the 4th Earl . The company merged with other prominent mining companies to form Manchester Collieries in 1929 ."}]}, {'value': "In 1862 work began at Mosley Common to access the deeper seams earlier mining had not reached . Five shafts were sunk . In 1923 the Mosley Common , Nos 1 , 2 and 5 pits employed 1,338 underground and 198 surface workers while Nos 3 and 4 pits employed 951 underground and 143 above ground . Mosley Common was one of the country 's largest and most modern pits after refurbishment and development work in the 1960s when it employed 3000 workers . The colliery closed in 1968 though its coal reserves had not been exhausted . The site was cleared by 1974", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nelson Pit originally Shakerley Colliery ( Ramsdens ) 53°31′19″N 2°27′54″W / 53.522°N 2.465°W / 53.522 ; -2.465 ( Nelson pit )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Pit', 'summary': "Nelson Pit was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield from the 1830s or 1840s in Shakerley , Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . Originally named Shakerley Colliery , the pit was sunk on land leased from Ellis Fletcher and worked by Nathan Eckersley in 1851 . In 1861 the colliery passed to William Ramsden who owned Messhing Trees Colliery half a mile to the south . A shaft was sunk to 840 feet and the pit produced house coal from the Trencherbone mine . The colliery was renamed after 1880 . The shaft was deepened to the Arley mine at 1486 feet . Nelson Pit closed in 1938 . Shakerley Colliery and Messhing Trees were owned by William Ramsden 's Shakerley Collieries . The colliery was isolated from the main roads and railway and access to it was via a toll road , Shakerley Lane , connecting it to the Bolton to Leigh turnpike which continued to charge tolls until 1948 . After the opening of the Tyldesley Loopline in 1864 , William Ramsden built a mineral railway to link his collieries to the main line east of the Tyldesley Coal Company 's sidings . The colliery was the scene of a disaster on 2 October 1883 ; six men died when the cage rope broke . The colliery was sold to Manchester Collieries in 1935 and abandoned in October 1938 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakerley , east of Lancaster Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakerley', 'summary': 'Shakerley is a suburb of Tyldesley in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . It was anciently a hamlet in the northwest of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley , in the ancient parish of Leigh . The boundary between Shakerley and Hindsford is the Hindsford Brook . It remains the boundary between Tyldesley and Atherton . Hyndforth Bridge across the brook , was rebuilt in stone in 1629 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shakerley Collieries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakerley_Collieries', 'summary': "Ramsden 's Shakerley Collieries was a coal mining company operating the Nelson and Wellington Pits from the mid 19th century in Shakerley , Tyldesley in the historic county of Lancashire , England ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakerley Colliery was sunk in the late 1830s north of Shakerley Hall on land owned by Ellis Fletcher . It was renamed Nelson Pit in the early 1880s . The colliery was sold to Manchester Collieries in 1935 and closed in 1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Collieries', 'summary': 'Manchester Collieries was a coal mining company with headquarters in Walkden formed from a group of independent companies operating on the Manchester Coalfield in 1929 . The Mining Industry Act of 1926 attempted to stem the post-war decline in coal mining and encourage independent companies to merge in order to modernise and better survive the economic conditions of the day . Robert Burrows of the Atherton company Fletcher Burrows proposed a merger of several independent companies operating to the west of Manchester . The merger was agreed and took place in March 1929 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Lester Colliery 53°31′08″N 2°26′10″W / 53.519°N 2.436°W / 53.519 ; -2.436 ( New Lester Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Lester_Colliery', 'summary': "New Lester Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield from the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century in Tyldesley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . It was owned by James Roscoe and two shafts were sunk in about 1865 on the east side of Mort Lane on the road to Little Hulton where Roscoe had sunk the Peel Hall and New Watergate pits . At first the colliery was not linked to a railway and coal had to be moved using horses and carts until the London and North Western Railway built the Little Hulton mineral branch line in 1874 . The Little Hulton mine was connected to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Manchester to Southport Line in 1888 at Peel Hall sidings and a private line built to New Lester . James Roscoe and Sons was formed in 1892 remaining in operation until 1938 when Peel Collieries took over . New Lester 's shafts were deepened to access the Arley mine in the early 1890s where 'Arley slack ' , poor quality coal for industrial use was mined . The colliery also won coal from the Yard mine which was known here as the Denner Main , the Four foot , Cannel , Plodder and Three Quarters mines . In 1939 the colliery employed 499 men underground and 169 surface workers and three years later 15 men underground and 13 on the surface . The colliery was completely closed by 1947 . The area of these coal workings was opencasted after the Second World War ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , Mort Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Roscoe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Roscoe', 'summary': 'James Roscoe ( 1820 - 1 August 1890 ) of Little Hulton , Greater Manchester was an English locomotive engineer and colliery owner . He was the son of Roger Roscoe of Farnworth and his wife Eliza Grundy . He started his working life as a miner in Astley , Greater Manchester before moving to Leicester to work in the locomotive department of the Midland Railway . During his time there ( in 1862 ) he developed and patented an automatic locomotive lubricator known as a Roscoe type lubricator ( British Patent 1337 , US Patent 37245 ) . The royalties from this device enable him to invest in coal mines in the Little Hulton area north of Manchester . He lived at nearby Kenyon Peel Hall ( since demolished ) with his wife Mary and several children . During the late 1840s and early 1850s he sank the New Watergate and Peel Hall pits in Little Hulton , delivering the output by horse and cart prior to the arrival of the railway line in 1874 . In 1872 , in partnership with William Roscoe , he began the New Lester Pit at nearby Tyldesley . Management of the collieries was largely in the hands of his sons Thomas and George .'}]}, {'value': 'New Lester Colliery was owned by James Roscoe and two shafts were sunk in about 1865 on the east side of Mort Lane . James Roscoe and Sons was formed in 1892 and operated until 1938 when Peel Collieries took ove . New Lester shafts accessed the Arley mine ( seam ) , the Yard mine , the Four foot , Cannel , Plodder and Three Quarters mines . In 1939 the colliery employed 499 men underground and 169 surface workers . The colliery was closed by 1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nook Colliery 53°30′26″N 2°28′10″W / 53.5073°N 2.4694°W / 53.5073 ; -2.4694 ( Nook Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nook_Colliery', 'summary': "Nook Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1866 in Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The colliery 's first shaft was sunk to the Rams mine at 455 yards in 1866 by Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company to exploit the Middle Coal Measures of the Manchester Coalfield . The colliery expanded and eventually had five shafts and became one of the largest pits on the coalfield . No.2 upcast shaft was sunk in 1873 and deepened to the Arley mine , a hot mine where temperatures reached 100 Fahrenheit , at 935 yards . No.3 shaft was sunk to 707 yards to the Trencherbone mine through water-bearing rock in 1899 . No.4 shaft , sunk in 1913 , intersected every workable coal seam . The colliery had two horizontal winding engines . The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and the National Coal Board in 1947 . In 1954 , 1000 men were employed producing 440,000 tons of coal per annum . After closure most colliery buildings were demolished and the site landscaped . The pithead bath house built by the Miner 's Welfare Committee in the 1930s survived and was converted to other uses . The pit was the subject of a painting by local artist , Roger Hampson ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , Gin Pit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astley_and_Tyldesley_Collieries', 'summary': 'The Astley and Tyldesley Collieries Company formed in 1900 owned coal mines on the Lancashire Coalfield south of the railway in Astley and Tyldesley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The company became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and some of its collieries were nationalised in 1947 .'}]}, {'value': "Nook 's first shaft was sunk to the Rams mine in 1866 by the Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company . The colliery expanded and eventually had five shafts and became one of the largest pits on the coalfield . No.2 upcast shaft was sunk in 1873 and deepened to the Arley mine . No.3 shaft was sunk the Trencherbone mine through water bearing rock in 1899 . No.4 shaft , sunk in 1913 , intersected every workable coal seam . The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and the National Coal Board in 1947", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astley_and_Tyldesley_Collieries', 'summary': 'The Astley and Tyldesley Collieries Company formed in 1900 owned coal mines on the Lancashire Coalfield south of the railway in Astley and Tyldesley , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The company became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 and some of its collieries were nationalised in 1947 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_Collieries', 'summary': 'Manchester Collieries was a coal mining company with headquarters in Walkden formed from a group of independent companies operating on the Manchester Coalfield in 1929 . The Mining Industry Act of 1926 attempted to stem the post-war decline in coal mining and encourage independent companies to merge in order to modernise and better survive the economic conditions of the day . Robert Burrows of the Atherton company Fletcher Burrows proposed a merger of several independent companies operating to the west of Manchester . The merger was agreed and took place in March 1929 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pear Tree', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Coal Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shafts were sunk on Pear Tree Farm , near Mort Lane and these became part of Great Boys Colliery which closed before 1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , accessed from Little Hulton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Hulton', 'summary': 'Little Hulton is an area within the City of Salford , Greater Manchester , England , 3.4 miles ( 5.5 km ) south of Bolton , 7 miles ( 11.3 km ) west-northwest of Salford , and 9 miles ( 14.5 km ) west-northwest of Manchester . Little Hulton is bordered by Farnworth to the north and Walkden to the east . In 2014 , it had a population of 13,469 .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Grundy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Grundy sank Peel Colliery in the north of the township near the border with Little Hulton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peelwood Colliery 53°31′38″N 2°27′53″W / 53.5272°N 2.4646°W / 53.5272 ; -2.4646 ( Peelwood Colliery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peelwood_Colliery', 'summary': "Peelwood Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1883 in Shakerley , Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . Shaft sinking at Peelwood began in 1878 and the colliery opened in 1883 . The colliery , owned by the Tyldesley Coal Company , was situated to the east of Shakerley Lane on the south side of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Manchester to Southport line and where the company had a siding . A fault caused the company to sink another shaft , the Daisy Pit , to win coal from seams close to the surface . The colliery 's two 13 feet diameter shafts north of the Wharton Hall Fault accessed the Trencherbone at 335 yards and Black and White mines at 170 yards . Coal was extracted by room and pillar working in the Black and White mine and longwall mining in the Trencherbone . Coal was wound at both shafts . In 1896 the colliery employed 262 underground and 104 surface workers . By the time the pit closed , coal had been got from the Three Feet , Four Feet , Cannel , Plodder , Haigh Yard and Arley mines . In 1923 the colliery had 319 underground and 72 surface workers and produced gas , household and steam coal . The pit closed in 1929 . The colliery was linked to the company 's other pits , Combermere and Cleworth Hall , by a mineral railway which had exchange sidings with the Tyldesley Loopline ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , off Engine Lane , Shakerley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakerley', 'summary': 'Shakerley is a suburb of Tyldesley in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . It was anciently a hamlet in the northwest of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley , in the ancient parish of Leigh . The boundary between Shakerley and Hindsford is the Hindsford Brook . It remains the boundary between Tyldesley and Atherton . Hyndforth Bridge across the brook , was rebuilt in stone in 1629 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Coal Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyldesley_Coal_Company', 'summary': 'Tyldesley Coal Company was a coal mining company formed in 1870 in Tyldesley , on the Manchester Coalfield in the historic county of Lancashire , England that had its origins in Yew Tree Colliery , the location for a mining disaster that killed 25 men and boys in 1858 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peelwood began producing coal in 1883 . The colliery had two shafts accessing the Trencherbone and Seven Feet mines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trencherbone_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_and_White_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Queen Anne Pit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Chaddock Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyldesley', 'summary': 'Tyldesley ( /ˈtɪlzliː/ or /ˈtɪlsliː/ ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester , England , but historically in Lancashire . It is north of Chat Moss near the foothills of the West Pennine Moors , 7.7 miles ( 12.4 km ) southeast of Wigan and 8.9 miles ( 14.3 km ) northwest of Manchester . At the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the Tyldesley built-up area , excluding Shakerley , had a population of 16,142 . The remains of a Roman road passing through the township on its ancient course between Coccium ( Wigan ) and Mamucium ( Manchester ) were evident during the 19th century . Following the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain , Tyldesley was part of the manor of Warrington , until the Norman conquest of England , when the settlement constituted a township called Tyldesley-with-Shakerley in the ancient parish of Leigh . The factory system and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution triggered population growth and urbanisation , and by the early 20th century it was said that the mill town was eminently characteristic of an industrial district whose natural features have been almost entirely swept away to give place to factories , iron foundries , and collieries . After industrial activity declined in the late 20th century , land reclamation and post-war residential developments have altered the landscape and encouraged economic activity along Elliott Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgewater Trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Collieries', 'summary': "Bridgewater Collieries originated from the coal mines on the Manchester Coalfield in Worsley in the historic county of Lancashire owned by Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater in the second half of the 18th century . After the Duke 's death in 1803 his estate was managed by the Bridgewater Trustees until the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere inherited the estates in 1903 . Bridgewater Collieries was formed in 1921 by the 4th Earl . The company merged with other prominent mining companies to form Manchester Collieries in 1929 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Queen Anne Pit was sunk by 1820 to the Worsley Four Foot mine . It was connected by underground levels to Chaddock Pit and Ingles Pit . A tunnel linked the pit with Henfold Pit to the west . The mines worked from the Chaddock Level were closed by 1842 . The extent of the navigable levels was 902 yards to the west and 506 yards to the east', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worsley_Four_Foot_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': 'Shakerley Colliery ( Greens )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakerley_Colliery_(Greens)', 'summary': 'Shakerley Colliery was a coal mine on the Manchester Coalfield near Shakerley , Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . It was sunk in 1867 and was operating in 1878 . The colliery on Shakerley Common had a single shaft which was sunk to the Rams mine at 300 feet by George Green to exploit the Middle Coal Measures of the Lancashire Coalfield and became part of the Tyldesley Coal Company in 1870 . It had the first iron headgear in the country but closed by 1886 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shakerley Common', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakerley', 'summary': 'Shakerley is a suburb of Tyldesley in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . It was anciently a hamlet in the northwest of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley , in the ancient parish of Leigh . The boundary between Shakerley and Hindsford is the Hindsford Brook . It remains the boundary between Tyldesley and Atherton . Hyndforth Bridge across the brook , was rebuilt in stone in 1629 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley Coal Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyldesley_Coal_Company', 'summary': 'Tyldesley Coal Company was a coal mining company formed in 1870 in Tyldesley , on the Manchester Coalfield in the historic county of Lancashire , England that had its origins in Yew Tree Colliery , the location for a mining disaster that killed 25 men and boys in 1858 .'}]}, {'value': 'The first Shakerley Colliery was sunk in 1867 and operating in 1878 . The colliery on Shakerley Common had a single shaft which was sunk to the Rams mine at 300 feet by George Green . It became part of the Tyldesley Coal Company in 1870 . It had the first iron headgear in the country but closed by 1886', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rams_mine', 'summary': 'The Manchester Coalfield is part of the South Lancashire Coalfield , the coal seams of which were laid down in the Carboniferous Period . Some easily accessible seams were worked on a small scale from the Middle Ages , and extensively from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century until the last quarter of the 20th century . The Coal Measures lie above a bed of Millstone Grit and are interspersed with sandstones , mudstones , shales , and fireclays . The Lower Coal Measures occupy the high ground of the West Pennine Moors above Bolton and are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The most productive of the coal measures are the lower two thirds of the Middle Coal Measures where coal is mined from seams between the Worsley Four Foot and Arley mines . The deepest and most productive collieries were to the south of the coalfield . The coalfield is affected by the northwest to southeast aligned Pendleton Fault along the Irwell Valley and the Rossendale Anticline . The Coal Measures generally dip towards the south and west . Numerous other smaller faults affect the coalfield . The Upper Coal Measures are not worked in the Manchester Coalfield . The early coal pits were dug to the shallow seams where they outcropped , particularly in the Irwell Valley and in Atherton . The early collieries were adits or bell pits exploiting the Worsley Four Foot Mine .'}]}, {'value': "St George 's Colliery ( Back o't ' Church ) 53°30′43″N 2°28′21″W / 53.5119°N 2.4726°W / 53.5119 ; -2.4726 ( St George 's Colliery )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_George's_Colliery", 'summary': "St George 's Colliery , Back o't ' Church , was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield after 1866 in Tyldesley , Greater Manchester , then in the historic county of Lancashire , England . The colliery was situated to the south of Tyldesley Station on the Tyldesley Loopline and named after St George 's Church . The colliery 's two shafts were sunk to the Rams mine commencing in 1866 by Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company to exploit the Middle Coal Measures of the Manchester Coalfield . The colliery was linked to Gin Pit Colliery for ventilation . A third shaft to the Trencherbone mine was sunk in 1884 and was deepened to the Arley mine . The colliery worked the Seven Foot until 1929 . The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929 ceased coal production in 1941 but retained for ventilation purposes until 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyldesley , south of railway line', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St George 's Colliery , Back o't ' Church , opened in 1866 south of Tyldesley Station . Its two shafts were sunk by Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company to the Rams mine . It was linked to Gin Pit Colliery for ventilation . A third shaft to the Trencherbone mine was sunk in 1884 and was deepened to the Arley mine . The colliery worked the Seven Foot mine until 1929 when it became part of Manchester Collieries and ceased coal production in 1941 but was retained for ventilation until 1964", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Collieries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_collieries_in_Astley_and_Tyldesley_0', 'intro': 'Astley and Tyldesley are situated on the Manchester Coalfield, historically in Lancashire, now in Greater Manchester, England.'}	null	null	The Colliery that had a single shaft that was sunk to the Rams mine was owned by a company formed in what year ?	1870
0156188bc778b83b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_country_music', 'title': '2001 in country music', 'header': ['US', 'Album', 'Artist', 'Record Label'], 'data': [{'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 of Hearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_of_Hearts_(album)', 'summary': "3 of Hearts is an eponymous debut studio album by American girl group 3 of Hearts . It was released on March 6 , 2001 , through the record label RCA Nashville . 3 of Hearts is a teen pop and country music album , though according to some music critics , it leans more towards pop music . The album was managed by American producer Byron Gallimore ; its marketing focused on the group 's crossover appeal to target a teenaged and young-adult audience . 3 of Hearts performed on two national tours sponsored by Seventeen magazine and Walmart respectively , and the singers were featured in several marketing campaigns . Reviews of 3 of Hearts were mixed ; some critics praised the group 's vocals and public image , but others criticized the songs as generic and lacking an authentic country sound . The album peaked at number 45 on Billboard 's Top Country Albums chart . Two singles - Love Is Enough and Arizona Rain - were released and made appearances on the Country Airplay Billboard chart . The album 's low sales and lack of appeal to country radio audiences led to RCA dropping the group ."}]}, {'value': '3 of Hearts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_of_Hearts_(band)', 'summary': '3 of Hearts was an American country music trio composed of Blaire Stroud , Katie McNeill , and Deserea Wasdin , all natives of Fort Worth , Texas . Signed to RCA Nashville in 2001 , the trio released its debut album in July of that year . Two of its singles entered the U.S . Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts , as did their rendition of The Christmas Shoes .'}]}, {'value': 'RCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amigo_(David_Ball_album)', 'summary': 'Amigo is the fifth studio album released by American country music singer David Ball . It was released in 2001 on the Dualtone Records label . The album produced a hit single in Riding with Private Malone , which reached number 2 on the Billboard country charts and # 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his first Top 40 hit since Look What Followed Me Home in 1995 . Despite the success of the lead-off single , however , neither of the two follow-ups - She Always Talked About Mexico and Whenever You Come Back to Me - charted . The track Texas Echo is a re-recording of a song which Ball originally recorded on his 1989 self-titled debut .'}]}, {'value': 'David Ball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Ball_(country_singer)', 'summary': "David Ball ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is an American country music singer-songwriter and musician . Active since 1988 , he has recorded a total of seven studio albums on several labels , including his platinum certified debut Thinkin ' Problem . Fourteen of Ball 's singles have entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . His highest-peaking chart entries are 1994 's Thinkin ' Problem and 2001 's Riding With Private Malone , both of which peaked at No . 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dualtone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthology , Vol . 1 : Cowboy Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthology,_Vol._1:_Cowboy_Man', 'summary': "Anthology , Vol . 1 : Cowboy Man is a compilation album of songs by Lyle Lovett , released in 2001 . Two songs ( The Truck Song and San Antonio Girl ) saw their first release on this compilation ; all other tracks were previously released . Both previously unreleased tracks were later included on Lovett 's 2003 studio album My Baby Do n't Tolerate ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyle Lovett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyle_Lovett', 'summary': "Lyle Pearce Lovett ( born November 1 , 1957 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and record producer . Active since 1980 , he has recorded 13 albums and released 25 singles to date , including his highest entry , the number 10 chart hit on the U.S . Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , Cowboy Man . Lovett has won four Grammy Awards , including Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Album . It 's Not Big It 's Large was released in 2007 , where it debuted and peaked at number 2 on the Top Country Albums chart . A new studio album , Natural Forces , was released on October 20 , 2009 by Lost Highway Records . The last studio album on his Curb Records contract , Release Me , was released in February 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Captain_(album)', 'summary': "The Captain is the solo debut album of Australian country music singer Kasey Chambers . The Captain won the 1999 ARIA Music Award for Best Country Album . Prior to releasing this album , Chambers had performed more than a decade with her family 's Dead Ringer Band , a popular Australian country music group . The title track was featured in He Is Risen , an episode of The Sopranos , while The Hard Way was featured in the season 2 episode of Lost , Two for the Road . The album has been certified 3x platinum in Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'Kasey Chambers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kasey_Chambers', 'summary': "Kasey Chambers ( born 4 June 1976 ) is an Australian country singer-songwriter and musician born in Mount Gambier . She is the daughter of fellow musicians , Diane and Bill Chambers , and the younger sister of musician and producer , Nash Chambers . All four were members of a family country music group , Dead Ringer Band , from 1992 to 1998 , with Chambers starting her solo career thereafter . Five of her twelve studio albums have reached No . 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart , Barricades & Brickwalls ( September 2001 ) , Wayward Angel ( May 2004 ) , Carnival ( August 2006 ) Rattlin ' Bones ( with her then-husband , Shane Nicholson ) ( April 2008 ) and Dragonfly ( January 2017 ) . In November 2018 she was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame and has won an additional fourteen ARIA Music Awards with nine for Best Country Album . Her autobiography , A Little Bird Told Me. , which was co-authored with music journalist , Jeff Apter , was released in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Complete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Complete_(Lila_McCann_album)', 'summary': "Complete is the third album by the country music artist Lila McCann . Her final studio album to be released , it produced only one single on the Billboard country music charts in Come a Little Closer . After that single failed to make Top 40 on the country charts , McCann left Warner Bros. Records ' roster . The track Mighty Mighty Love was later recorded by Ty Herndon on his 2006 album Right About Now , from which it was released as a single . Because of You was later recorded by Celine Dion for limited editions of her 2002 album , A New Day Has Come . It is McCann 's only album to not contain any writing credits from McCann herself ."}]}, {'value': 'Lila McCann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lila_McCann', 'summary': "Lila Elaine McCann ( born December 4 , 1981 ) is an American country music singer who made her debut at age 16 with the single Down Came a Blackbird . Reaching a peak of No . 28 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts , the song was the first release from her 1997 album Lila , which became the highest-selling album for a debut country music act in all of 1997 and was certified platinum in the United States . McCann played Kelly Wyman , an aspiring country singer in Walker , Texas Ranger , Eyes of a Ranger 1998 episode . She sang USA national anthem a cappella for an opening to a rodeo sequence in the episode , and serenaded the main character , Walker ( Chuck Norris ) , singing Eyes of a Ranger . McCann followed Lila with two more albums : 1999 's gold-certified Something in the Air and 2001 's Complete , before being dropped by her label in 2001 . She signed to the independent Broken Bow Records label in 2005 , releasing five singles for the label before being dropped in 2008 . Overall , she has charted twelve singles on the Billboard country charts , with the highest-peaking being 1998 's I Wan na Fall in Love at No . 3 . Her second-highest peaking single , 1999 's With You , which reached No . 9 on the country charts and No . 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 , her only entry on the latter chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Asylum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Complete Limelight Sessions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Complete_Limelight_Sessions', 'summary': "The Complete Limelight Sessions is a collection of songs recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain , before she signed a record deal with Mercury Nashville in 1993 . It was released in North America on October 23 , 2001 following the massive success of Come on Over . The album was promoted by remixes of It 's Alright , Twain 's only song to chart on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play chart . The Heart Is Blind was released as a single to country radio , but did not get enough airplay to enter Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart . The tracks on this album were remastered by the original producer , and released with Shania 's blessing ; [ citation needed ] all other versions were released without consent from Shania or the producer . The songs from this album were previously released in July 2000 throughout Europe on the RWP Label as Wild & Wicked and originally came with a free poster . It charted on the UK Albums Chart at number 62 for two weeks . In the following years , the songs were released with varying tracklists ( leaving out some songs and/or adding remixes ) under various names , including Beginnings , On the Way or a song title from the album . None of these releases were official ."}]}, {'value': 'Shania Twain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shania_Twain', 'summary': "Eilleen Regina Edwards , OC ( /ʃəˈnaɪ.ə/ ; born August 28 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Shania Twain , is a Canadian singer , songwriter , actress and television personality . She has sold over 100 million records , making her the best-selling female artist in country music history and among the best-selling music artists of all time . Her success garnered her several honorific titles including the Queen of Country Pop . Raised in Timmins , Ontario , Twain pursued singing and songwriting from a young age before signing with Mercury Nashville Records in the early 1990s . Her self-titled debut studio album saw little commercial success upon release in 1993 . After collaborating with producer and later husband Robert John Mutt Lange , Twain rose to fame with her second studio album , The Woman in Me ( 1995 ) , which brought her widespread success . It sold 20 million copies worldwide , spawned widely successful singles such as Any Man of Mine , and earned her a Grammy Award . Her third studio album , Come On Over ( 1997 ) , became the best-selling studio album of all time by a female act in any genre and the best-selling country album , selling nearly 40 million copies worldwide . Come On Over produced twelve singles , including You 're Still the One , From This Moment On and Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! , and earned Twain four Grammy Awards . Her fourth studio album , Up ! ( 2002 ) , was also certified Diamond in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Limelight', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Country Superstar Christmas 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hip-O', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dancin ' with Thunder : The Official Music of the PBR", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A December to Remember', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_December_to_Remember', 'summary': "A December to Remember is a Christmas album released by country music artist Aaron Tippin . The album is his first Christmas album , and it includes a mix of original songs and covers . Tippin 's rendition of Jingle Bell Rock charted on the Hot Country Songs charts in late 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Tippin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Tippin', 'summary': "Aaron Dupree Tippin ( born July 3 , 1958 ) is an American country music artist and record producer . Initially a songwriter for Acuff-Rose Music , he gained a recording contract with RCA Nashville in 1990 . His debut single , You 've Got to Stand for Something became a popular anthem for American soldiers fighting in the Gulf War and helped to establish him as a neotraditionalist country act with songs that catered primarily to the American working class . Under RCA 's tenure , he recorded five studio albums and a Greatest Hits package . Tippin switched to Lyric Street Records in 1998 , where he recorded four more studio albums , counting a compilation of Christmas music . After leaving Lyric Street in 2006 , he founded a personal label known as Nippit Records , on which he issued the compilation album Now & Then . A concept album , In Overdrive , was released in 2009 . Tippin has released a total of nine studio albums and two compilations , with six gold certifications and one platinum certification among them . In addition , he has charted more than thirty singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , including three Number Ones : There Ai n't Nothin ' Wrong with the Radio ( 1992 ) , That 's as Close as I 'll Get to Loving You ( 1995 ) , and Kiss This ( 2000 ) , as well as the Top Ten hits You 've Got to Stand for Something , I Would n't Have It Any Other Way , My Blue Angel , Working Man 's Ph.D , For You I Will , and Where the Stars and Stripes and the Eagle Fly ."}]}, {'value': 'Lyric Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Del and the Boys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Del McCoury Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Del_McCoury_Band', 'summary': 'The Del McCoury Band is a Grammy award-winning bluegrass band .'}]}, {'value': 'Ceili', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Driven Soundtrack', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Scruggs and Friends', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Scruggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Scruggs', 'summary': "Earl Eugene Scruggs ( January 6 , 1924 - March 28 , 2012 ) was an American musician noted for popularizing a three-finger banjo picking style , now called Scruggs style , which is a defining characteristic of bluegrass music . His three-finger style of playing was radically different from the traditional way the five-string banjo had previously been played . This new style of playing became popular and elevated the banjo from its previous role as a background rhythm instrument to featured solo status . He popularized the instrument across several genres of music . Scruggs ' career began at age 21 when he was hired to play in Bill Monroe 's band , The Blue Grass Boys . The name bluegrass eventually became the eponym for the entire genre of country music now known by that title . Despite considerable success with Monroe , performing on the Grand Ole Opry and recording classic hits like Blue Moon of Kentucky , Scruggs resigned from the group in 1946 due to their exhausting touring schedule . Fellow band member Lester Flatt resigned as well , and he and Scruggs later paired up in a new group they called Flatt and Scruggs and the Foggy Mountain Boys . Scruggs ' banjo instrumental called Foggy Mountain Breakdown , released in 1949 , became an enduring hit , and had a rebirth of popularity to a younger generation when it was featured in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde . The song won two Grammy Awards and , in 2005 , was selected for the Library of Congress ' National Recording Registry of works of unusual merit . Flatt and Scruggs brought bluegrass music into mainstream popularity in the early 1960s with their country hit , The Ballad of Jed Clampett - the theme music for the television sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies - the first Scruggs recording to reach number one on the Billboard charts . Over their 20-year association , Flatt and Scruggs recorded over 50 albums and 75 singles ."}]}, {'value': 'MCA Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Followin ' a Feelin '", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Followin'_a_Feelin'", 'summary': "Followin ' a Feelin ' is the third studio album by Australian country music artist Sherrié Austin . It was released in 2001 by WE Records and peaked at No . 43 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart . The album 's only charted single was a cover of Dolly Parton 's Jolene . Austin 's version of the song reached No . 55 on the Hot Country Songs charts in July 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sherrié Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherrié_Austin', 'summary': 'Sherrie Veronica Krenn ( born 28 August 1970 ) , known professionally as Sherrié Austin , is an Australian actress and country music singer . Active as a singer since her teenage years , Austin initially recorded as one half of the duo Colourhaus , which also featured Phil Radford . After leaving Colourhaus , she recorded one album in her native Australia , before moving to the United States in pursuit of a singing career . There , she recorded four studio albums , and charted several singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . Her highest charting single was the No . 18 Streets of Heaven in 2003 . Her fifth album was released on 15 November 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'WE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From the Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Oak Ridge Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oak_Ridge_Boys', 'summary': 'The Oak Ridge Boys are an American country and gospel vocal quartet . The group was founded in the 1940s as the Oak Ridge Quartet . They became popular in southern gospel during the 1950s . Their name was changed to the Oak Ridge Boys in the early 1960s , and they remained a gospel group until the mid-1970s , when they changed their image and concentrated on country music . The lineup which produced their most well-known country and crossover hits ( such as Elvira ( 1981 ) , Bobbie Sue ( 1982 ) , and American Made ( 1983 ) consists of Duane Allen ( lead ) , Joe Bonsall ( tenor ) , William Lee Golden ( baritone ) , and Richard Sterban ( bass ) . Golden and Allen joined the group in the mid-1960s , and Sterban and Bonsall joined in the early 1970s . Aside from an eight-year gap ( 1987-95 ) when Golden left the group and was replaced , this lineup has been together since 1973 and continues to tour and record .'}]}, {'value': 'Spring Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'God Bless America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/God_Bless_America_(LeAnn_Rimes_album)', 'summary': "God Bless America is the second compilation album from American recording artist LeAnn Rimes . The album was released on October 16 , 2001 . The album comprises patriotic and inspirational songs that were originally recorded on her You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs album ( tracks one , two , eight and ten ) , as well as songs from her commercial album , All That ( tracks five , seven and nine ) , under the independent label , Nor Va Jak , although Why Ca n't We and Middle Man are both re-recordings . Put a Little Holiday in Your Heart was originally released as a bonus single , with the song Unchained Melody , alongside Blue at Target during the 1996 Christmas season . The only two new songs that were released on the album were The Lord 's Prayer and The Sands of Time . The album was released as a patriotic tribute to the events of September 11 , 2001 , with the liner stating These classic recordings were made while America was first discovering LeAnn Rimes ."}]}, {'value': 'LeAnn Rimes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes', 'summary': "Margaret LeAnn Rimes Cibrian ( born August 28 , 1982 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and author . Rimes rose to stardom at age 13 following the release of her version of the Bill Mack song Blue , becoming the youngest country music star since Tanya Tucker in 1972 . Rimes made her breakthrough into country music in 1996 with her debut album , Blue , which reached No . 1 on the Top Country Albums chart and was certified multi-platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album 's eponymous leadoff single , Blue , became a Top 10 hit , and Rimes gained national acclaim for her similarity to Patsy Cline 's vocal style . When she released her second studio album in 1997 , You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs , she moved towards country pop material , which set the trend for a string of albums released into the next decade . Rimes has won many awards , including two Grammys , three ACMs , a CMA , 12 Billboard Music Awards , and one American Music award . She has released ten studio albums and three compilation albums and two greatest hits albums , one released in the U.S. and the other released internationally , through her record label of 13 years , Curb Records , and placed over 40 singles on American and international charts since 1996 . She has sold over 37 million records worldwide , with 20.8 million album sales in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . Billboard ranked her 17th artist [ vague ] of the 1990-2000 decade . Rimes has also written four books : two novels and two children 's books . Her hit song How Do I Live was ranked as the most successful song of the 1990s by Billboard magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Curb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hank Williams : Timeless', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various Artists', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Highway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Greenwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Greenwood', 'summary': "Melvin Lee Greenwood ( born October 27 , 1942 ) is an American country music artist . Active since 1962 , he has released more than 20 major-label albums and has charted more than 35 singles on the Billboard country music charts . Greenwood is known for his patriotic signature song God Bless the U.S.A. , which was originally released and successful in 1984 , and became popular again during the Gulf War in 1991 and after the September 11 , 2001 attacks ( becoming his highest charting pop hit , reaching number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . He also has charted seven number-ones on the US Hot Country Songs list in his career : Somebody 's Gon na Love You , Going , Going , Gone , Dixie Road , I Do n't Mind the Thorns ( If You 're the Rose ) , Do n't Underestimate My Love For You , Hearts Are n't Made to Break ( They 're Made to Love ) , and Mornin ' Ride . His 1983 single I.O.U . was also a top-five hit on the adult contemporary charts , and a number 53 on the Hot 100 ."}]}, {'value': 'Freefalls', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Here Come the Derailers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Derailers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Derailers', 'summary': 'The Derailers are an American country music band based in Austin , Texas . They were founded by Portland , Oregon natives Tony Villanueva and Brian Hofeldt in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucky Dog', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Hillbilly Tribute to AC/DC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Hillbilly_Tribute_to_AC/DC', 'summary': 'A Hillbilly Tribute to AC/DC is the first album by American band Hayseed Dixie , released in 2001 ( see 2001 in music ) . The album consists of cover versions of hard rock AC/DC songs performed in bluegrass style .'}]}, {'value': 'Hayseed Dixie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hayseed_Dixie', 'summary': "Hayseed Dixie is an American band formed in Nashville , Tennessee in 2000 . Their first album was A Hillbilly Tribute to AC/DC . The band performs bluegrass cover versions of hard rock songs and also original songs of a mostly satirical or absurdist nature in a self-created musical genre which the band calls rockgrass . The band 's name is a linguistic play on the name of the band AC/DC ."}]}, {'value': 'Dualtone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'History of the Future', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricky Skaggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs', 'summary': 'Rickie Lee Skaggs ( born July 18 , 1954 ) , known professionally as Ricky Skaggs , is an American country and bluegrass singer , musician , producer , and composer . He primarily plays mandolin ; however , he also plays fiddle , guitar , mandocaster and banjo . Skaggs was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2016 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Skaggs Family', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top new album releases -- Other top albums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_in_country_music_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 2001.'}	null	null	Which record label released an album by an American musician noted for popularizing a three-finger banjo picking style ?	MCA Nashville
0156a9304f3f9e82	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_amusement_parks', 'title': '2014 in amusement parks', 'header': ['Name', 'Park', 'Type', 'Manufacturer', 'Opened'], 'data': [{'value': '1970 Galaxy Rip Tide Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miracle Strip at Pier Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miracle_Strip_at_Pier_Park', 'summary': "Miracle Strip at Pier Park was an amusement park in Panama City Beach , Florida , owned by Miracle Strip Carousel , LLC . The original Miracle Strip closed in 2003 after 41 years of operation , but a new amusement park using the same name was resurrected and began with moving the carousel from its original location to Pier Park in March 2009 . After the success of the carousel , the few remaining rides were purchased and moved as well , opening in March 2010 . This retro park reopened with a few new rides , games and food vendors on a much larger 14-acre tract on April 18 , 2014 . The park closed in 2015 . Many of the rides permanently moved to Lake Winnepesaukah . This site is now occupied by Swampy Jack 's Wongo Adventure ."}]}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'S.D.C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 Ring Roller Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carde Happy World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hebei Zhongye', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aérotrain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parc Saint Paul', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junior roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junior_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The Vekoma Junior Coaster is a model of steel roller coaster built by Vekoma . It is commonly referred to as a Roller Skater due to the roller skate shaped cars found on some of the installations .'}]}, {'value': 'Vekoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vekoma', 'summary': 'Vekoma Rides Manufacturing is a Dutch amusement ride manufacturer . Vekoma is an abbreviation of Veld Koning Machinefabriek ( Veld Koning Machine Factory ) and was established in 1926 by Hendrik op het Veld . They originally manufactured farm equipment and later made steel constructions for the coal mining industry in the 1950s , After the closure of Dutch mines in 1965 , they manufactured steel pipes for the petrochemical industry . Since the 1970s , they have manufactured amusement rides . In 2018 , Vekoma was acquired by Sansei Technologies , the parent company of American ride manufacturer S & S Sansei .'}]}, {'value': 'April 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpina Blitz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigloland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Rides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Rides', 'summary': "Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG , also known simply as Mack Rides , is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides , based in Waldkirch , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the world 's oldest amusement industry suppliers , and builds many types of rides , including flat rides , dark rides , log flumes , tow boat rides and roller coasters . The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park ."}]}, {'value': 'April 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Altair CCW-0204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cinecitta World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur - The Ride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_–_The_Ride', 'summary': 'ARTHUR is an inverted-spinning dark ride roller coaster at Europa-Park in Rust , Germany . The attraction opened in spring 2014 as part of the wider ARTHUR - In the Minimoys Kingdom area themed after the Arthur series of books and films by Luc Besson .'}]}, {'value': 'Europa Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europa_Park', 'summary': "Europa-Park is the largest theme park in Germany , and the second most popular theme park resort in Europe , following Disneyland Paris . Europa-Park is located in Rust , in south-western Germany , between Freiburg im Breisgau and Strasbourg ( in neighboring France ) . The park is home to 13 roller coasters , the oldest being Alpenexpress Enzian , a powered coaster that speeds through a diamond mine , and the newest coaster being the Ba-a-a Express , a small kiddie roller coaster . Europa-Park has very high capacity roller coasters and attractions meaning the park can accommodate approximately 60,000 guests per day . It counted 5.7 million visitors in 2017 . It is also the location of the Euro Dance Festival . Since 2014 , Europa-Park has been named the world 's best amusement park by the Golden Ticket Awards . In November 2019 , Europa-Park 's Rulantica water park opened , along with a new themed hotel Krønasår ."}]}, {'value': 'Suspended roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A suspended roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster in which the car hangs from the bottom of the rolling stock by a pivoting fulcrum or hinge assembly . This allows the car and riders to swing side to side as the train races along the track . Due to the swing designs , these roller coasters can not invert riders .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Rides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Rides', 'summary': "Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG , also known simply as Mack Rides , is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides , based in Waldkirch , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the world 's oldest amusement industry suppliers , and builds many types of rides , including flat rides , dark rides , log flumes , tow boat rides and roller coasters . The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park ."}]}, {'value': 'June 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banshee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banshee_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Banshee is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason , Ohio . Designed and built by Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) , Banshee opened to the public on April 18 , 2014 . The roller coaster features 4,124 feet ( 1,257 m ) of track , making it the longest inverted roller coaster in the world . Banshee is also the first inverted coaster built in the United States since 2006 when Patriot debuted at Worlds of Fun .'}]}, {'value': 'Kings Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kings_Island', 'summary': "Kings Island is a 364-acre ( 147 ha ) amusement park located 24 miles ( 39 km ) northeast of Cincinnati in Mason , Ohio . Owned and operated by Cedar Fair , the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company . It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island , a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding . After more than $ 300 million in capital investments , the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a 33-acre ( 13 ha ) water park . Early in its history , Kings Island has appeared in popular sitcoms and received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions and events . One of the park 's most well-known attractions , The Racer , is often credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s . Others , such as The Beast and Banshee , have set several world records , some of which remain standing . The largest investment in park history is Orion , a giga coaster scheduled to open in 2020 . The park has also suffered through times of negative publicity , particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat and Son of Beast . Kings Island is divided into several themed sections and operates seasonally from early spring through the fall , partially reopening for Winterfest during the holiday season . In 2017 , Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point , with an estimated 3.47 million visitors . It was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America , which was led by Canada 's Wonderland ."}]}, {'value': 'Inverted roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage . This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster , which runs under the track , but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage . The coaster type 's inverted orientation , where the passengers ' legs are exposed , distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster , where the passengers ' arms are instead exposed ."}]}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'April 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bowl Flyer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sochi Park Adventureland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wild Mouse roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_Mouse_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A Wild Mouse roller coaster ( also Mad Mouse or Crazy Mouse ) is a type of roller coaster characterized by small cars that seat four people or fewer and ride on top of the track , taking tight , flat turns ( without banking ) at modest speeds , yet producing high lateral G-forces . The track work is characterized by many turns and bunny hops , the latter producing abrupt negative vertical G forces . When approaching a turn from a straight section , the intended impression is that one will simply continue straight , and thus plunge off of the device , this since there are no transition sections as are in a conventional high speed roller coaster track and the turn itself is obscured upon close approach . Almost all Wild Mice feature switchback sections , consisting of several of these unbanked turns , separated by straight sections . Usually the turns on the switchback section are 180° , but some coasters feature 90° turns as well as more rarely steep runs with loops ( for example Crazy Mouse at Tobu Zoo in Japan , which is no longer operating ) . Some riders , usually among taller people , report sustaining whiplash after being subjected to these turns . [ citation needed ] The feeling of a Wild Mouse coaster is amplified by using cars that are wider than the track itself , giving the impression that the riders are hanging off the side or that they might fly out , thus giving it the name wild . Some may include trick-track - a straight piece of track banked slightly side to side designed to throw the rider left to right . Some wild mouse coasters , such as Primeval Whirl , also have spinning cars . The modern Wild Mouse was invented by German designer Franz Mack . In the original wooden Wild Mouse coasters of the 1960s and 1970s , the cars were so small that they could only fit two adults in close contact . While the low capacity of these rides led to long lines , the cars were small by design .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Rides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Rides', 'summary': "Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG , also known simply as Mack Rides , is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides , based in Waldkirch , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the world 's oldest amusement industry suppliers , and builds many types of rides , including flat rides , dark rides , log flumes , tow boat rides and roller coasters . The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclon Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Didi'Land", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'SBF Visa Group', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darkmare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cinecitta World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enclosed roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enclosed_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An indoor roller coaster or enclosed roller coaster is a roller coaster built inside a structure . The structure may be unrelated to the ride , or it may be intended solely or primarily for the ride . Many indoor coasters are custom made and placed in amusement parks or shopping malls . LaMarcus Adna Thompson , who pioneered the construction of the first simple roller coasters , initially built scenic railway rides including indoor tableaux , panoramas , and biblical scenes illumined by car-tripped switches and flood lamps . A completely enclosed roller coaster called the Twister was built as early as 1925 . Walt Disney 's Space Mountain was one of the first rides considered to be an indoor roller coaster , and was the first indoor roller coaster where riders were in total darkness for the length of the ride so they could n't tell where the drops or turns would occur ."}]}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dragon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sochi Park Adventureland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Launched roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster which has increased in use in the last two decades . In place of a traditional chain lift , the launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors ( LIM ) , linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) , catapults , or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power . This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest rollercoasters in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Rides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Rides', 'summary': "Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG , also known simply as Mack Rides , is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides , based in Waldkirch , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the world 's oldest amusement industry suppliers , and builds many types of rides , including flat rides , dark rides , log flumes , tow boat rides and roller coasters . The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Loco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Loco_(Adventuredome)', 'summary': 'El Loco is a steel roller coaster in the Adventuredome amusement park at the Circus Circus Las Vegas resort . The coaster shares its name with the El Loco roller coaster model which is built by S & S Worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventuredome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventuredome', 'summary': 'Adventuredome ( formerly Grand Slam Canyon ) is a 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) indoor amusement park located at Circus Circus in Las Vegas , Nevada on the Las Vegas Strip . It is owned and operated by Phil Ruffin . The park is connected to the hotel inside a large glass dome , and currently offers 25 rides and attractions including the Canyon Blaster roller coaster , rock climbing wall , 18-hole miniature golf course , a video game arcade , clown shows , Xtreme Zone , Pikes Pass , Virtual Reality Zone , Midway Games , and carnival-type games . Because the park is enclosed , it is not affected by cold , rainy , or windy weather , unlike most theme parks , and is open year-round . Every October from 2003 until 2017 , the Adventuredome was changed to Fright Dome as a Halloween-themed theme park . The Adventuredome opened on August 23 , 1993 , in the west parking lot of the hotel . It sits on a reinforced 18 thick deck elevated 18 feet ( 5 m ) above ground . The dome itself consists of over 350,000 sq ft ( 33,000 m2 ) of pink tinted , insulated glass over a teal green space frame ( to minimize structural poles inside ) . Each pane of glass weighs approximately 300 lb ( 140 kg ) . Previous owners of Adventuredome were Mandalay Resort Group ( formerly known as Circus Circus Enterprises ) ( 1993-2005 ) and MGM Resorts International ( formerly known as MGM Mirage ) ( 2005-2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'El Loco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Loco_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'El Loco is a model of steel roller coaster manufactured by S & S Worldwide . The rides are characterised by a vertical or beyond-vertical drop , tight corners and abnormal banking . As of November 2013 , there are six El Locos operating around the world .'}]}, {'value': 'S & S Worldwide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S&S_Worldwide', 'summary': 'S & S - Sansei Technologies , formerly S & S Worldwide , is an American company known for its pneumatically powered amusement rides and roller coaster designing .'}]}, {'value': 'February 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Inverted Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Happy Valley Shanghai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy_Valley_Shanghai', 'summary': 'Happy Valley Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海欢乐谷 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Huānlè Gǔ ) is an amusement park in Shanghai , China . The park is located in Songjiang District , approximately 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) from downtown Shanghai . It covers an area of 863,500 square metres ( 213.4 acres ) . Opened on 16 August 2009 , it is the fourth installation of the Happy Valley theme park chain .'}]}, {'value': 'Inverted roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage . This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster , which runs under the track , but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage . The coaster type 's inverted orientation , where the passengers ' legs are exposed , distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster , where the passengers ' arms are instead exposed ."}]}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'July 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family Roller Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carde Happy World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel . Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world . Incorporating tubular steel track and polyurethane-coated wheels , the steel roller coasters can provide a taller , smoother , and faster ride with more inversions than a traditional wooden roller coaster . Arrow Dynamics first introduced the steel roller coaster to feature tubular track to the thrill industry with their creations of the Matterhorn Bobsleds ( Disneyland ) in 1959 and the Runaway Mine Train ( Six Flags Over Texas ) in 1966 . As of 2006 , the oldest operating steel roller coaster in North America is Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn , Ohio and has been operating since April 1952 . The oldest operating steel rollercoaster in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo ( Spain ) . It has been operating since 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'Golden Horse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FireChaser Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FireChaser_Express', 'summary': "FireChaser Express is a steel family launched roller coaster at the Dollywood amusement park located in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . The ride 's revealing was part of a large announcement made on August 21 , 2013 . The roller coaster opened on March 22 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dollywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dollywood', 'summary': "Dollywood is a theme park jointly owned by entertainer Dolly Parton and Herschend Family Entertainment . It is located in the Knoxville-Smoky Mountains metroplex in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee . Hosting nearly 3 million guests in a typical season - mid-March to the Christmas holidays - Dollywood is the biggest ticketed tourist attraction in Tennessee . In addition to standard amusement park thrill rides , Dollywood features traditional crafts and music of the Smoky Mountain area . The park hosts a number of concerts and musical events each year , including appearances by Dolly Parton and her family as well as other national and local musical acts . It is also the site of the Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame . The theme park is the anchor of Parton 's 150-acre ( 61 ha ) Dollywood amusement destination , which also includes the 35-acre ( 14 ha ) sister water park Dollywood 's Splash Country , the 20-acre ( 8.1 ha ) Dollywood 's DreamMore Resort and Spa , and the 5-acre ( 2.0 ha ) Dolly Parton 's Stampede Dinner Attraction ."}]}, {'value': 'Launched roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster which has increased in use in the last two decades . In place of a traditional chain lift , the launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors ( LIM ) , linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) , catapults , or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power . This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest rollercoasters in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerstlauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerstlauer', 'summary': 'Gerstlauer Amusement Rides GmbH is a German manufacturer of stationary and transportable amusement rides and roller coasters , located in Münsterhausen , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'March 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flug der Dämonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flug_der_Dämonen', 'summary': 'Flug der Dämonen ( German for Flight of the Demons ) is a Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster at the Heide Park Resort amusement park located in Soltau , Lower Saxony , Germany . The attraction officially opened to the public on March 29 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heide Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heide_Park', 'summary': 'Heide Park is a theme park in Soltau , Lower Saxony , Germany . With an overall area of over 850,000 m² ( 210 acres ) , it is the largest amusement park in Northern Germany and among the largest in the country . It is part of the British-based Merlin Entertainments which operates 123 attractions in 24 countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Wing Coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wing_Coaster', 'summary': 'A wing coaster is a type of steel roller coaster with a seat configuration that places riders in open air outside the edges of the track , in which nothing sits above or below the rider . Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) manufacturers the most common form that places all riders to the side of the track , with rows of four that seat two on each side of the track . Their model , called Wing Coaster , made its debut in 2011 when Raptor opened at Gardaland amusement park . There are 13 installations around the world . Another manufacturer , Intamin , has two model variants of wing coasters and has three installations of them in operation . Their most recent model , also titled Wing Coaster , uses a different seat layout that places only the two outer seats of every four-person row in a wing configuration .'}]}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'March 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goliath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goliath_(Six_Flags_Great_America)', 'summary': "Goliath is a wooden roller coaster located at Six Flags Great America amusement park in Gurnee , Illinois . Manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction ( RMC ) and designed by Alan Schilke , the roller coaster features RMC 's Topper Track design and opened to the public on June 19 , 2014 . Goliath initially set three world records among wooden coasters , having the longest drop at 180 feet ( 55 m ) , the steepest angle of 85 degrees , and the fastest speed of 72 mph ( 116 km/h ) . It still holds the record for the longest drop . In addition , the ride also features two inversions and a maximum descent that reaches 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) below ground level . Goliath was constructed over a nine-month period on the site previously occupied by Iron Wolf , a steel roller coaster removed in 2011 and relocated to Six Flags America . Goliath 's opening allowed Great America to claim the title of having the most wooden track in one park , a recognition that was later claimed by Kings Island . Following its record-breaking debut , the coaster was well-received by the media and enthusiasts , and it has consistently ranked in the top 25 among wooden coasters in the annual Golden Ticket Awards publication from Amusement Today ."}]}, {'value': 'Six Flags Great America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Six_Flags_Great_America', 'summary': "Six Flags Great America is an amusement park located in Gurnee , Illinois in the Chicago metropolitan area . The park was created by the Marriott Corporation , who operated it as Marriott 's Great America from its original opening in 1976 until it was acquired by Six Flags in 1984 . The park features nine themed areas and sixteen roller coasters , as well as a 20-acre ( 81,000 m2 ) water park called Hurricane Harbor . Over 3 million guests visited the park in 2017 , ranking it among the top 20 amusement parks in North America for attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Wooden roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wooden_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A wooden roller coaster is most often classified as a roller coaster with running rails made of flattened steel strips mounted on laminated wooden track . Occasionally , the support structure may be made out of a steel lattice or truss , but the ride remains classified as a wooden roller coaster due to the track design . The type of wood typically used in the construction of wooden coasters is Southern Yellow Pine , usually grown in the US and the rest of North America . Because of the limits of wood , wooden roller coasters , in general , do not have inversions ( when the coaster goes upside down ) , steep drops , or extremely banked turns ( overbanked turns ) . However , there are exceptions , such as the original loop on Son of Beast at Kings Island ; a corkscrew and 90-degree banked turn at Hades 360 at Mount Olympus Water and Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin ; a steel structure at The Voyage at Holiday World ; and banked turns at Ravine Flyer II at Waldameer Park and Outlaw Run at Silver Dollar City .'}]}, {'value': 'Rocky Mountain Construction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Construction', 'summary': 'Rocky Mountain Construction ( also abbreviated as RMC ) is a manufacturing and construction company based in Hayden , Idaho , United States . The company is best known for its I-Box track and Topper Track for wooden roller coasters .'}]}, {'value': 'June 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanging Roller Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carde Happy World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverted roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage . This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster , which runs under the track , but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage . The coaster type 's inverted orientation , where the passengers ' legs are exposed , distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster , where the passengers ' arms are instead exposed ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden Horse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Escape_from_Gringotts', 'summary': 'Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts is an indoor steel roller coaster designed by Universal Creative and built by Intamin at Universal Studios Florida , a theme park located within the Universal Orlando Resort . Similar to dark rides , the roller coaster utilizes special effects in a controlled-lighting environment and also employs motion-based 3-D projection of both animation and live-action sequences to enhance the experience . The ride , which is themed to the Gringotts Wizarding Bank , became the flagship attraction for the expanded Wizarding World of Harry Potter when it opened on July 8 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Universal Studios Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida', 'summary': "Universal Studios Florida is a theme park and production studio located in Orlando , Florida , United States . Opened on June 7 , 1990 , the park 's theme is the entertainment industry , in particular movies and television . Universal Studios Florida inspires its guests to ride the movies , and it features numerous attractions and live shows . The park is one component of the larger Universal Orlando Resort . In 2017 , the park hosted an estimated 10,198,000 visitors , ranking as the sixth most attended theme park in the United States , as well as the ninth most attended theme park worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Enclosed roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enclosed_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An indoor roller coaster or enclosed roller coaster is a roller coaster built inside a structure . The structure may be unrelated to the ride , or it may be intended solely or primarily for the ride . Many indoor coasters are custom made and placed in amusement parks or shopping malls . LaMarcus Adna Thompson , who pioneered the construction of the first simple roller coasters , initially built scenic railway rides including indoor tableaux , panoramas , and biblical scenes illumined by car-tripped switches and flood lamps . A completely enclosed roller coaster called the Twister was built as early as 1925 . Walt Disney 's Space Mountain was one of the first rides considered to be an indoor roller coaster , and was the first indoor roller coaster where riders were in total darkness for the length of the ride so they could n't tell where the drops or turns would occur ."}]}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'July 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helix_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': "Helix is a steel roller coaster located at Liseberg in Gothenburg , Sweden . The ride , built by Mack Rides , features two linear synchronous motor launches and has a top speed of 100 km/h ( 62 mph ) . It features a 41-metre-tall ( 135 ft ) dual-launch helix . The ride opened on 26 April 2014 , Liseberg 's opening date for the 2014 season . Helix is the first roller coaster in the world that has a 1-on-1 replica virtual reality experience . This experience is created by ArchiVision , a Dutch 3D studio . During the first two weeks after the premiere visitors could experience the virtual reality replica next to the roller coaster 's entrance . [ citation needed ] The roller coaster 's station building is located where the 3D cinema Maxxima used to be , by the foot of the tower AtmosFear . The 1,381-metre-long ( 4,531 ft ) track follows the hillside in a custom-made track design . The elements during the ride include two corkscrews , a pretzel knot , a top hat , a zero-g roll , and a rare Norwegian loop . The estimated cost for the project is about 239,000,000 Swedish kronor ."}]}, {'value': 'Liseberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liseberg', 'summary': 'Liseberg is an amusement park located in Gothenburg , Sweden , that opened in 1923 . It is one of the most visited amusement parks in Scandinavia , attracting about three million visitors annually . Among the noteworthy attractions is the wooden roller coaster Balder , twice ( 2003 and 2005 ) voted as the Best Wooden Tracked Roller Coaster in the world in a major international poll . The park itself has also been chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world ( 2005 ) by Forbes magazine . Additional to the summer season , the park is also open during November and December , albeit with fewer rides operating , hosting a Halloween season with various house of horrors and a Christmas market with traditional Swedish cuisine such as mulled wine and specialties such as döner kebab made from reindeer meat . The official colors of Liseberg are pink and green as can be seen on the entrance and the older houses in the park , the colors were also adopted for the logo , which was introduced in the 1980s , but changed in 2013 to the current logo .'}]}, {'value': 'Launched roller coaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launched_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster which has increased in use in the last two decades . In place of a traditional chain lift , the launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors ( LIM ) , linear synchronous motors ( LSM ) , catapults , or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power . This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest rollercoasters in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Mack Rides', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mack_Rides', 'summary': "Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG , also known simply as Mack Rides , is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides , based in Waldkirch , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is one of the world 's oldest amusement industry suppliers , and builds many types of rides , including flat rides , dark rides , log flumes , tow boat rides and roller coasters . The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Additions -- Roller coasters', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2014_in_amusement_parks_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of events and openings related to amusement parks that occurred in 2014. These various lists are not exhaustive.'}	null	null	What other park is owned by the same family as the park that contains Helix ?	Europa-Park
01580720dfbb0703	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wizards_draft_history', 'title': 'Washington Wizards draft history', 'header': ['Year', 'Round', 'Pick', 'Name', 'From'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2019 NBA draft was held on June 20 , 2019 . It took place at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally on ESPN . State Farm was the presenting sponsor of the NBA draft for the eighth consecutive year . This draft was the first to feature a new weighted lottery system in which the three worst teams each had a 14 percent chance of winning the lottery ; these teams were the New York Knicks , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Phoenix Suns . The lottery took place on May 14 , during the NBA playoffs . Three of the four teams who held the top four picks of the draft this year rose up from at least six spots in the lottery , including the New Orleans Pelicans , who won the first pick with 6 percent odds .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rui Hachimura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rui_Hachimura', 'summary': "Rui Hachimura ( 八村塁 , Hachimura Rui , born February 8 , 1998 ) is a Japanese professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs and is a member of the Japanese national team . Listed at 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) and 230 lbs ( 104 kg ) , he plays both the small forward and power forward positions . He was considered one of the top prospects for the 2019 NBA draft , and he was selected 9th overall in the first round by the Wizards . Born in Toyama Prefecture , Hachimura achieved success at the youth level in Japan , leading Meisei High School to three straight All-Japan High School Tournament titles and being a top player for the Japanese under-17 and under-19 national teams in FIBA competition . He joined Gonzaga in 2016 as the fifth Japanese-born men 's NCAA Division I player and became the first Japanese national in 2017 to play in the NCAA Division I men 's tournament . As a sophomore , he earned first-team All-WCC honors . He was named a finalist for the Naismith Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Gonzaga University', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Gonzaga Bulldogs are an intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing Gonzaga University . The school competes in the West Coast Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Gonzaga Bulldogs play home basketball games at the McCarthey Athletic Center in Spokane , Washington on the university campus . Gonzaga has had 15 of its players receive the WCC Player of the Year award , and two players , Frank Burgess in 1961 with 32.4 points per game , and Adam Morrison in 2006 with 28.1 points per game , have led the nation in scoring . Adam Morrison was named the Co-National Player of the year for the 2005-06 season . Since the mid-1990s , Gonzaga has established itself as a major basketball power in a mid-major conference . They have been to every NCAA Tournament since 1999 , a year in which they made a Cinderella run to the Elite Eight , and have appeared in every final AP poll since the 2008-09 season , as well as being ranked in the past 71 polls ( Since Preseason 2016 ) which is good for the 39th longest streak in Mens Basketball history . They have also appeared in all but one WCC conference title game since 1995 , and in every conference title game since 1998 , winning 16 of them . This culminated in 2016-17 , when the Bulldogs went to their first Final Four in school history , advancing all the way to the national championship game ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2018 NBA draft was held on June 21 , 2018 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally by ESPN . State Farm was the presenting sponsor of the NBA draft for the seventh consecutive year . This draft was the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gave teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . It was also considered the final year where undrafted college underclassmen were forced to begin their professional careers early ; on August 8 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that players who declared for the NBA draft and were not selected would have the opportunity to return to their school for at least another year . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection was their first No . 1 overall selection in franchise history . They used the selection on the Bahamian center Deandre Ayton from the nearby University of Arizona . This draft was also notable for its lack of draft-day trades involving NBA veterans . An average of more than five veterans per year were traded on the day of the last three drafts , but this draft was the first since 2003 in which no such trades were announced ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Troy Brown Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Brown_Jr.', 'summary': "Troy Randall Brown Jr. ( born July 28 , 1999 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . In his senior year of high school , Brown was named a 2017 McDonald 's All-American . He played college basketball for the Oregon Ducks ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks men 's basketball team is an intercollegiate basketball program that competes in the NCAA Division I and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference , representing the University of Oregon . The Ducks play their home games at Matthew Knight Arena , which has a capacity of 12,364 . Then coached by Howard Hobson , Oregon won the first NCAA men 's basketball national championship in 1939 . They again reached the Final Four in 2017 under head coach Dana Altman , marking the longest span between appearances in NCAA history ( 78 years ) . The Ducks have made the NCAA tournament sixteeen times , and have won six conference championships ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2018 NBA draft was held on June 21 , 2018 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur United States college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . It was televised nationally by ESPN . State Farm was the presenting sponsor of the NBA draft for the seventh consecutive year . This draft was the last to use the original weighted lottery system that gave teams near the bottom of the NBA draft better odds at the top three picks of the draft while teams higher up had worse odds in the process ; the rule was agreed upon by the NBA on September 28 , 2017 , but would not be implemented until the 2019 draft . It was also considered the final year where undrafted college underclassmen were forced to begin their professional careers early ; on August 8 , 2018 , the NCAA announced that players who declared for the NBA draft and were not selected would have the opportunity to return to their school for at least another year . With the last year of what was , at the time , the most recent lottery system ( with the NBA draft lottery being held in Chicago instead of in New York ) , the Phoenix Suns won the first overall pick on May 15 , 2018 , with the Sacramento Kings at the second overall pick and the Atlanta Hawks at third overall pick . The Suns ' selection was their first No . 1 overall selection in franchise history . They used the selection on the Bahamian center Deandre Ayton from the nearby University of Arizona . This draft was also notable for its lack of draft-day trades involving NBA veterans . An average of more than five veterans per year were traded on the day of the last three drafts , but this draft was the first since 2003 in which no such trades were announced ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Issuf Sanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Issuf_Sanon', 'summary': 'Issuf Vladlen Sanon ( Ukrainian : Іссуф Санон ; born October 30 , 1999 ) , also spelled Yusuf Sanon , is a Ukrainian professional basketball player for Dnipro of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague . Standing 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) , the combo guard has experience with the Ukraine under-18 national team . He began his career with the Ukrainian club Dnipro , and was one of the top players on its reserve team .'}]}, {'value': 'Olimpija Ljubljana ( Slovenia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KK_Olimpija', 'summary': "Košarkarski klub Olimpija Ljubljana ( English : Olimpija Ljubljana Basketball Club ) was a men 's professional basketball club based in Ljubljana , Slovenia . Olimpija has won 23 National League championships , including eight consecutive titles between 1992 and 1999 . They have played in two different National Leagues since 1946 , the Yugoslav Federal League ( 1946-1991 ) and the Slovenian League ( 1991-2019 ) . Olimpija has won three regional league championships , one in the Adriatic League and two championships in the Central European League . They have also won 20 National Cup tournaments , 8 National Supercup titles , and one FIBA Saporta Cup . The club was a founding member and shareholder of the Adriatic Basketball Association . In July 2019 , the team merged with Cedevita , forming a new club Cedevita Olimpija ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Premier_A_Slovenian_Basketball_League', 'summary': "The Premier A Slovenian Basketball League ( Slovene : 1. slovenska košarkarska liga ) , abbreviated as the 1 . SKL , is the top-level professional men 's basketball league in Slovenia . The league , operated by the Basketball Federation of Slovenia , consists of 10 clubs . The most successful team is Olimpija with 17 titles ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2015 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2015 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn . It was televised nationally in the U.S. by ESPN . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The draft lottery took place on May 19 , 2015 . The Minnesota Timberwolves won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft . It marked the first time in Timberwolves history that they would receive the first overall pick through the lottery . The player selected would also be the third consecutive number one pick on the Timberwolves roster , joining Andrew Wiggins ( 2014 ) and Anthony Bennett ( 2013 ) - who were traded to Minnesota for forward Kevin Love . This draft also gave the Los Angeles Lakers the second overall pick after jumping over the Philadelphia 76ers and the New York Knicks within the draft lottery . Highlights from the draft include the first Dominican to be the first overall pick ( Karl-Anthony Towns ) , the highest number of Kentucky Wildcats selected in the draft lottery ( four with Karl-Anthony Towns , Willie Cauley-Stein , Trey Lyles , and Devin Booker ) , which tied the North Carolina Tar Heels in 2005 for most players selected in the lottery by one school ; the tied record for most Kentucky players selected in the draft ( six with Towns , Cauley-Stein , Lyles , Booker , Andrew Harrison , and Dakari Johnson ) , the second Latvian to have been drafted in the first round ( Kristaps Porziņģis ) , the first former high school player to have skipped college to play in China that was selected in the draft ( Emmanuel Mudiay ) , and the first Indian to have been selected in the NBA ( Satnam Singh Bhamara ) , who was also the first player since 2005 to have been drafted directly from high school ( albeit as a postgraduate ) . Other noteworthy announcements that came out of the draft included the official announcement of the passing of the last pioneer of the original NBA , Harvey Pollack , around the third pick and the resignation of the league 's president of basketball operations Rod Thorn that became official in August after the end of the first round ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerian Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerian_Grant', 'summary': 'Holdyn Jerian Grant ( born October 9 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Capital City Go-Go of the NBA G League . He played college basketball with the University of Notre Dame and was considered one of the top college players in the nation for the 2014-15 season . After being selected with the 19th overall pick by the Washington Wizards in the 2015 NBA draft , his rights were sent to the Atlanta Hawks and then moved again to the New York Knicks on draft night .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame , Indiana , United States . The program competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference of NCAA Division I . On September 12 , 2012 , Notre Dame announced they would be moving to the Atlantic Coast Conference ; they joined the conference on July 1 , 2013 . The school holds two retroactively awarded national championships in basketball from the Helms Foundation : for the 1927 ( 19-1 overall record ) and 1936 ( 22-2-1 overall record ) seasons . They have also played in the NCAA Tournament 36 times , good for 9th all time , and reached the Final Four in 1978 . The Irish hold the record for most Tournament appearances without a championship or championship game appearance , one of five teams ( along with Texas , Temple , Illinois and Oklahoma ) to have 30 or more appearances without a title and one of three teams ( along with Texas and Temple ) to have more than 30 appearances without either . They are also the first Big East team to go undefeated at home two straight seasons . They play their home games in the Purcell Pavilion at the Edmund P. Joyce Center . Since moving to the Purcell Pavilion in 1968 , they have had 44 winning seasons at the Purcell Pavilion , including 5 undefeated seasons at home ( 1973 , 1985 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2010 ) and have had only 4 losing seasons at the Purcell Pavilion ( 1971 , 1981 , 1992 , and 1995 ) . Jeff Sagarin and ESPN listed the program 12th in the college basketball all-time rankings in the ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia . The Fighting Irish are currently coached by Mike Brey ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2015 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2015 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn . It was televised nationally in the U.S. by ESPN . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The draft lottery took place on May 19 , 2015 . The Minnesota Timberwolves won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft . It marked the first time in Timberwolves history that they would receive the first overall pick through the lottery . The player selected would also be the third consecutive number one pick on the Timberwolves roster , joining Andrew Wiggins ( 2014 ) and Anthony Bennett ( 2013 ) - who were traded to Minnesota for forward Kevin Love . This draft also gave the Los Angeles Lakers the second overall pick after jumping over the Philadelphia 76ers and the New York Knicks within the draft lottery . Highlights from the draft include the first Dominican to be the first overall pick ( Karl-Anthony Towns ) , the highest number of Kentucky Wildcats selected in the draft lottery ( four with Karl-Anthony Towns , Willie Cauley-Stein , Trey Lyles , and Devin Booker ) , which tied the North Carolina Tar Heels in 2005 for most players selected in the lottery by one school ; the tied record for most Kentucky players selected in the draft ( six with Towns , Cauley-Stein , Lyles , Booker , Andrew Harrison , and Dakari Johnson ) , the second Latvian to have been drafted in the first round ( Kristaps Porziņģis ) , the first former high school player to have skipped college to play in China that was selected in the draft ( Emmanuel Mudiay ) , and the first Indian to have been selected in the NBA ( Satnam Singh Bhamara ) , who was also the first player since 2005 to have been drafted directly from high school ( albeit as a postgraduate ) . Other noteworthy announcements that came out of the draft included the official announcement of the passing of the last pioneer of the original NBA , Harvey Pollack , around the third pick and the resignation of the league 's president of basketball operations Rod Thorn that became official in August after the end of the first round ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_White_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Aaron White ( born September 10 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for Iberostar Tenerife of the Spanish Liga ACB and the FIBA Basketball Champions League . He played college basketball for the University of Iowa .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball team represents the University of Iowa in Iowa City , Iowa , as a member of the Big Ten Conference and the National Collegiate Athletic Association . Coach Fran McCaffery is the current head coach , and has been at Iowa since 2010 . The Hawkeyes have played in 26 NCAA Tournaments , eight NIT Tournaments , won eight Big Ten regular-season conference championships and won the Big Ten tournament twice . Iowa has played in the Final Four on three occasions , reaching the semifinals in 1955 and 1980 and playing in the championship game against the University of San Francisco in 1956 . Iowa basketball was widely successful in the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s with a program resurgence under Lute Olson and the tenures of George Raveling and Tom Davis . Under Olson , the Hawkeyes won their last Big Ten regular season championship and went to the 1980 Final Four . They currently play in 15,400-seat Carver-Hawkeye Arena , along with Iowa women 's basketball , wrestling , and volleyball teams . Prior to playing in Carver-Hawkeye Arena , which opened in 1983 , the Hawkeyes played in the Iowa Armory and the Iowa Field House , which is still used today by the school 's gymnastics teams . In 2006 , the Hawkeyes accumulated a school-record 21 consecutive wins at home before losing to in-state rival Northern Iowa . Four Iowa coaches have been inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame : Sam Barry , Ralph Miller , Lute Olson and George Raveling ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2014 NBA draft was held on June 26 , 2014 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The draft lottery took place on May 20 , 2014 . The Cleveland Cavaliers won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft ; this is the fourth number-one pick for Cleveland since 2003 and third number-one pick over a four-year span from 2011-2014 . This draft would also be the first for the reborn Charlotte Hornets , who played as the Bobcats from 2004-2014 , since 2001 , when the original Charlotte Hornets last selected as the Charlotte Hornets before moving to New Orleans and eventually becoming the current New Orleans Pelicans . Television rights in the United States belonged to ESPN . It was tipped by many to be one of the deepest and most hyped draft classes in recent years , with several players touted as future stars . State Farm was the presenting sponsor of the draft . College underclassmen that were highly touted by NBA scouts and executives included : Andrew Wiggins , Jabari Parker , Joel Embiid , Aaron Gordon , Julius Randle , Zach LaVine , T. J. Warren , and Gary Harris . Other highly sought after talents included Australian player Dante Exum and Croatian player Dario Šarić , who both declared for the draft , and Doug McDermott , who was automatically eligible as a graduating college senior . However , this draft class appeared to fail to live up to their expectations , with only two players ( Embiid and Nikola Jokić ) making an All-Star game so far in their careers . Highlights from the draft included the first selections made by Adam Silver as commissioner and Mark Tatum as deputy commissioner , the second Canadian to be the first overall pick ( Andrew Wiggins ) , the first pair of Canadian top 10 picks and second pair of Canadian lottery picks ( Wiggins and Nik Stauskas ) , three top 20 Canadian selections ( Wiggins , Stauskas , and Tyler Ennis ) , the first NBA Development League player to be selected in the first round ( P. J. Hairston ) , the first time multiple NBA Development League players were selected in the same draft ( Hairston and Thanasis Antetokounmpo ) , and the first Cape Verdean player to be selected in the draft ( Walter Tavares ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Clarkson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Clarkson', 'summary': 'Jordan Taylor Clarkson ( born June 7 , 1992 ) is a Filipino-American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for two seasons with Tulsa before transferring to Missouri , where he earned second-team all-conference honors in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . After foregoing his senior year in college to enter the 2014 NBA draft , Clarkson was selected by the Washington Wizards in the second round with the 46th overall pick and was immediately traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . In his first year , he was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team , a rarity for a second-round pick . Clarkson was traded to the Cavaliers in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Missouri Tigers men 's basketball team represents the University of Missouri in the SEC . Prior to the 2012-2013 season , the basketball team represented the school in the Big 12 Conference . They are located in Columbia , Missouri , playing home games at Mizzou Arena ( 15,061 ) . The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 2018 . The past Tigers ' season in 2017-18 was their first under new head coach Cuonzo Martin , who was hired away from California to replace the fired Kim Anderson . The Missouri men 's basketball program was a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , formed from the Big Eight Conference in 1996 . Following the 2016-17 season , the Tigers had an all-time record of 1,593-1,133 and a winning percentage of .584 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27 , 2013 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . State Farm was the presenting sponsor . The lottery took place on May 21 , 2013 . This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously . It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name , as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in 2002 once the 2013-14 NBA season was over . Anthony Bennett , the first pick , bounced around the league , and then was finally released by the Brooklyn Nets after averaging just 5.2 PPG . He is considered the most recent candidate of being named the worst # 1 draft pick in recent memory , with next to no major media outlets even considering him a potential # 1 pick up until the day of the draft . Highlights of the draft included the first Canadian number one selection ( Anthony Bennett ) . The draft also included the first Canadian pair of lottery picks ( Bennett and Kelly Olynyk ) , the first Iranian draft choice ( Arsalan Kazemi ) , the first New Zealander first round pick ( Steven Adams ) and the last first round draft selections announced by then-NBA commissioner David Stern , the very last of which included a visit by Hakeem Olajuwon , Stern 's first pick he ever announced back in 1984 . He was replaced by current commissioner Adam Silver beginning with the 2014 NBA draft ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otto Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otto_Porter', 'summary': 'Otto Porter Jr. ( born June 3 , 1993 ) is a professional American basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Georgetown Hoyas and was selected with the third overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft by the Washington Wizards . He was considered one of the top college basketball players before entering the NBA .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgetown University', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgetown_men's_basketball", 'summary': 'The Georgetown College Tigers are the sports teams of Georgetown College located in Georgetown , Kentucky . They participate in the NAIA and in the Mid-South Conference ( MSC ) . On April 28 , 2012 , the college officially announced that after a year-long study , it had decided to transfer its athletics program to NCAA Division II . It is presumed they will join the newly formed Great Midwest Athletic Conference . However , on July 24 , 2012 , the college announced that its application to join the NCAA was denied . The membership committee had notified them on July 12 that it felt that Georgetown College was not ready to enter the process at this time .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27 , 2013 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . State Farm was the presenting sponsor . The lottery took place on May 21 , 2013 . This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously . It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name , as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in 2002 once the 2013-14 NBA season was over . Anthony Bennett , the first pick , bounced around the league , and then was finally released by the Brooklyn Nets after averaging just 5.2 PPG . He is considered the most recent candidate of being named the worst # 1 draft pick in recent memory , with next to no major media outlets even considering him a potential # 1 pick up until the day of the draft . Highlights of the draft included the first Canadian number one selection ( Anthony Bennett ) . The draft also included the first Canadian pair of lottery picks ( Bennett and Kelly Olynyk ) , the first Iranian draft choice ( Arsalan Kazemi ) , the first New Zealander first round pick ( Steven Adams ) and the last first round draft selections announced by then-NBA commissioner David Stern , the very last of which included a visit by Hakeem Olajuwon , Stern 's first pick he ever announced back in 1984 . He was replaced by current commissioner Adam Silver beginning with the 2014 NBA draft ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsalan Kazemi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsalan_Kazemi', 'summary': 'Arsalan Kazemi Naeini ( Persian : ارسلان کاظمی ; born 22 April 1990 ) is an Iranian professional basketball player for Mahram Tehran of the Iranian Basketball Super League . He played college basketball for the Oregon Ducks and the Rice Owls basketball teams . He was the 54th overall pick in the 2013 NBA draft by the Washington Wizards , becoming the first Iranian to be drafted into the league . His rights were later traded to the Philadelphia 76ers . He was the captain of the Iranian under-18 national basketball team and has previously played for Zob Ahan Isfahan in the Iranian Basketball Super League at the age of 17 before travelling to the United States in February 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The University of Oregon ( also referred to as UO , U of O or Oregon ) is a public flagship research university in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in 1876 , the institution 's 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River . Since July 2014 , UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon . The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 19 research centers and institutes . UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969 . The University of Oregon is organized into five colleges ( Arts and Sciences , Business , Design , Education , and Honors ) and seven professional schools ( Accounting , Architecture and Environment , Art and Design , Journalism and Communication , Law , Music and Dance , and Planning , Public Policy and Management ) and a graduate school . Furthermore , UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate degree programs . Most academic programs follow the 10 week Quarter System . UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . With eighteen varsity teams , the Oregon Ducks are best known for their football team and track and field program ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2012 NBA Draft was held on June 28 , 2012 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft marked the first time that the first two players selected were from the same school ( Anthony Davis and Michael Kidd-Gilchrist were teammates at Kentucky ) . It also set a record of having six players from one school ( Kentucky ) being selected in the two rounds of the draft and was the first draft to have the first three selections be college freshmen all from the same conference , the Southeastern Conference . Not only that , but it also featured the oldest player to ever get selected in an NBA draft , with Bernard James being 27 years old at the time of the draft . Of the players drafted , 30 are forwards , 21 are guards , and 9 are centers . The 2012 NBA draft marked the first appearance of the Brooklyn Nets . This draft also marks the last draft appearance for the New Orleans Hornets . After the 2012-13 season , the franchise was renamed as the New Orleans Pelicans . New Orleans made their first draft appearance as the Pelicans in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley Beal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_Beal', 'summary': 'Bradley Emmanuel Beal ( born June 28 , 1993 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators before being selected by the Wizards with the third overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft . He was selected in the 2013 NBA All-Rookie First Team , and is a two time All-Star .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Florida', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Florida_Gators_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Florida Gators men 's basketball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of basketball . The Gators compete in NCAA Division I 's Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Home games are played in the Exactech Arena at the Stephen C. O'Connell Center on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus . The University of Florida 's first basketball team took the court in 1915 , but success was scarce for many years . The program did not have an adequate gymnasium until the Florida Gymnasium in 1950 , did not hire a full-time basketball coach until Norm Sloan in 1960 , and did not play in a modern arena until the O'Connell Center opened in 1980 . Florida made its first postseason tournament appearance in the 1969 National Invitation Tournament and first appeared in the NCAA tournament in 1987 , but consistent success was elusive , and the Gators often found themselves in the bottom half of the conference standings . Florida 's basketball program finally found consistent success under head coach Billy Donovan , who was hired in 1996 . In nineteen years as Florida 's coach , Donovan led the program to seven of its eight Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) regular season championships , all four SEC tournament championships , fourteen of twenty-two NCAA Tournament appearances , four out of five Final Four appearances , and back-to-back national championships in 2006 and 2007 . Florida 's head coach since 2015 has been Mike White , who has led the Gators to three NCAA Tournament bids in his first four seasons at the school ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2012 NBA Draft was held on June 28 , 2012 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft marked the first time that the first two players selected were from the same school ( Anthony Davis and Michael Kidd-Gilchrist were teammates at Kentucky ) . It also set a record of having six players from one school ( Kentucky ) being selected in the two rounds of the draft and was the first draft to have the first three selections be college freshmen all from the same conference , the Southeastern Conference . Not only that , but it also featured the oldest player to ever get selected in an NBA draft , with Bernard James being 27 years old at the time of the draft . Of the players drafted , 30 are forwards , 21 are guards , and 9 are centers . The 2012 NBA draft marked the first appearance of the Brooklyn Nets . This draft also marks the last draft appearance for the New Orleans Hornets . After the 2012-13 season , the franchise was renamed as the New Orleans Pelicans . New Orleans made their first draft appearance as the Pelicans in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomáš Satoranský', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomáš_Satoranský', 'summary': 'Tomáš Satoranský ( born October 30 , 1991 ) is a Czech professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Standing at 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) , he primarily plays at the point guard position , but he also plays shooting guard and small forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Banca Cívica ( Spain )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CB_Sevilla', 'summary': 'Real Betis Baloncesto S.A.D. , also known as Coosur Real Betis for sponsorship reasons , is a professional basketball team based in Seville , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB . It plays its home games at San Pablo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liga_ACB', 'summary': "The Liga ACB , [ N 1 ] known as Liga Endesa [ N 2 ] for sponsorship reasons , is the top professional basketball division of the Spanish basketball league system . Administrated by the Asociación de Clubs de Baloncesto ( ACB ) , Liga ACB is contested by 18 teams , with the two lowest-placed teams relegated to the LEB Oro and replaced by the top team in that division plus the winner of the playoffs . A total of 49 teams have competed in Liga ACB since its inception . Seven teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 35 times and FC Barcelona 18 times . Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through the 1970s when was organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation . From the 1980s onwards when the ACB took control over the league , FC Barcelona ( 15 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 12 titles ) both dominated , though Liga ACB also saw other champions , including Baskonia , Joventut Badalona , Baloncesto Málaga , Bàsquet Manresa , and Valencia Basket . In more recent years , Baskonia has joined a coalition of now three teams dominating Liga ACB alongside Real Madrid and FC Barcelona . Liga ACB is one of the most popular professional indoor sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 6,236 for league matches in the 2018-19 season . This is the ninth-highest of any domestic professional indoor sports league in the world and the fourth-highest of any professional basketball league in the world , behind the National Basketball Association , the EuroLeague , and the Women 's National Basketball Association ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2011 NBA draft was held on June 23 , 2011 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time ( 23:00 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . Kia Motors was the presenting sponsor of the 2011 NBA draft . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Cleveland Cavaliers had the first pick due to a previous trade they had involving the Los Angeles Clippers , choosing point guard Kyrie Irving of Duke . Of the 60 players drafted , 7 were freshmen , 7 were sophomores , 14 were juniors , 19 were seniors , 12 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience ( including the first-ever Qatari-selected player ) , and 1 was a D-League player . The 2011 NBA draft marked the final time the New Jersey Nets made an NBA draft appearance . After the end of the Nets ' 2011-12 season , the franchise relocated to Brooklyn , New York and was renamed to the Brooklyn Nets . The Nets made their first draft appearance with the Brooklyn moniker in 2012 . Four of the first-round picks , including three of the top four picks , Kyrie Irving , Derrick Williams , Tristan Thompson , and Iman Shumpert would all eventually become teammates on the Cleveland Cavaliers . This is considered one of the most loaded drafts in NBA history . Seven players in the draft would play in at least one All-Star game , including the final pick of the draft , Isaiah Thomas ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Veselý', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Veselý', 'summary': 'Jan Veselý ( born 24 April 1990 ) is a Czech professional basketball player for Fenerbahçe of the Turkish Basketball Super League and the EuroLeague . Standing at 2.13 m ( 7 ft 0 in ) , he can play both the power forward and center positions . He was selected sixth overall in the 2011 NBA draft by the Washington Wizards . Veselý is a two-time All-EuroLeague First Team selection .'}]}, {'value': 'Partizan ( Serbia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KK_Partizan', 'summary': "Košarkaški klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Кошаркашки клуб Партизан , English : Partizan Basketball Club ) , commonly referred to as KK Partizan or simply Partizan , is a men 's professional basketball club based in Belgrade , Serbia . It is part of the multi-sports Belgrade-based club Partizan . The club is a founding member and shareholder of the Adriatic Basketball Association , and competes in the ABA League , the EuroCup and in the Basketball League of Serbia . Since 1945 , Partizan has won 48 trophies and is the holder of the 21 national champion titles . They have also won 16 national basketball cups , 6 Adriatic championships and 1 ABA League Supercup , and most notably the European Champion trophy at the Final Four of the EuroLeague in Istanbul in 1992 . The final game was notable for the buzzer-beater by Aleksandar Đorđević which ranks among the most famous shots in basketball history . They also won 3 Korać Cups in 1978 , 1979 and 1989 and participated in four Euroleague Final Fours . In September 2009 , Partizan became the first and to this day the only Serbian team to play an official game against an NBA team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia', 'summary': "The Basketball League of Serbia ( Serbian : Кошаркашка лига Србије , romanized : Košarkaška liga Srbije ; abbr . КЛС or KLS ) , is a top-tier men 's professional basketball league in Serbia . Founded in 2006 , it is run by the Basketball Federation of Serbia ( KSS ) ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2011 NBA draft was held on June 23 , 2011 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time ( 23:00 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . Kia Motors was the presenting sponsor of the 2011 NBA draft . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Cleveland Cavaliers had the first pick due to a previous trade they had involving the Los Angeles Clippers , choosing point guard Kyrie Irving of Duke . Of the 60 players drafted , 7 were freshmen , 7 were sophomores , 14 were juniors , 19 were seniors , 12 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience ( including the first-ever Qatari-selected player ) , and 1 was a D-League player . The 2011 NBA draft marked the final time the New Jersey Nets made an NBA draft appearance . After the end of the Nets ' 2011-12 season , the franchise relocated to Brooklyn , New York and was renamed to the Brooklyn Nets . The Nets made their first draft appearance with the Brooklyn moniker in 2012 . Four of the first-round picks , including three of the top four picks , Kyrie Irving , Derrick Williams , Tristan Thompson , and Iman Shumpert would all eventually become teammates on the Cleveland Cavaliers . This is considered one of the most loaded drafts in NBA history . Seven players in the draft would play in at least one All-Star game , including the final pick of the draft , Isaiah Thomas ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Singleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Singleton_(basketball)', 'summary': "Christopher Carl Singleton Jr. ( born November 21 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for Anadolu Efes of the Turkish Super League and the EuroLeague . Listed at 6 ' 9 ( 2.06 m ) , he plays as a power forward and small ball center . He played college basketball for the Florida State Seminoles ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2011 NBA draft was held on June 23 , 2011 , at Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The draft started at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time ( 23:00 UTC ) , and was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . Kia Motors was the presenting sponsor of the 2011 NBA draft . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Cleveland Cavaliers had the first pick due to a previous trade they had involving the Los Angeles Clippers , choosing point guard Kyrie Irving of Duke . Of the 60 players drafted , 7 were freshmen , 7 were sophomores , 14 were juniors , 19 were seniors , 12 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience ( including the first-ever Qatari-selected player ) , and 1 was a D-League player . The 2011 NBA draft marked the final time the New Jersey Nets made an NBA draft appearance . After the end of the Nets ' 2011-12 season , the franchise relocated to Brooklyn , New York and was renamed to the Brooklyn Nets . The Nets made their first draft appearance with the Brooklyn moniker in 2012 . Four of the first-round picks , including three of the top four picks , Kyrie Irving , Derrick Williams , Tristan Thompson , and Iman Shumpert would all eventually become teammates on the Cleveland Cavaliers . This is considered one of the most loaded drafts in NBA history . Seven players in the draft would play in at least one All-Star game , including the final pick of the draft , Isaiah Thomas ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelvin Mack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelvin_Mack', 'summary': 'Shelvin Bernard Mack Jr. ( born April 22 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Premier League and the FIBA Champions League . He played college basketball for Butler University .'}]}, {'value': 'Butler University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_University', 'summary': 'Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study in six colleges : Lacy School of Business , College of Communication , College of Education , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , and Jordan College of the Arts . It comprises a 295-acre ( 119 ha ) campus located approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from downtown Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2010 NBA draft was held on June 24 , 2010 , at the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The draft , which started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft set a record with five players being drafted from the same school in the first round . The players were John Wall ( first ) , DeMarcus Cousins ( fifth ) , Patrick Patterson ( fourteenth ) , Eric Bledsoe ( eighteenth ) , and Daniel Orton ( twenty-ninth ) , all from the University of Kentucky . This draft also marked the second time that an NBA D-League player was drafted , with the first case coming in 2008 . The Washington Wizards , who won the draft lottery on May 18 , 2010 , used their first overall draft pick to draft John Wall from the University of Kentucky . The Philadelphia 76ers , who also beat the odds in the draft lottery to obtain the second pick , selected Evan Turner from Ohio State University . The New Jersey Nets , who had the worst win-loss record in the previous season , used the third pick to select Derrick Favors from Georgia Tech . The 2010 NBA draft is the last draft conducted at Madison Square Garden . The 2011 and 2012 NBA drafts were temporarily moved to Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey , while the 2013 NBA draft would be held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York as the Garden underwent renovations during those summers of 2011-2013 . After 2014 , the draft would continue being hosted at the Barclays Center despite the renovations being done by the 2014 deadline .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wall_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Johnathan Hildred Wall Jr. ( born September 6 , 1990 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . A Raleigh , North Carolina native , Wall was chosen with the first overall pick of the 2010 NBA draft by the Wizards after playing one year of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats . Wall plays the point guard position and is a five-time NBA All-Star . He was named to his first All-NBA Team in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kentucky', 'summary': "The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is a public university in Lexington , Kentucky . Founded in 1865 by John Bryan Bowman as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky , the university is one of the state 's two land-grant universities ( the other being Kentucky State University ) and the institution with the highest enrollment in the state , with 30,720 students as of Fall 2015 . The institution comprises 16 colleges , a graduate school , 93 undergraduate programs , 99 master programs , 66 doctoral programs , and four professional programs . [ needs update ] The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus . The largest is the William T. Young Library , a federal depository , hosting subjects related to social sciences , humanities , and life sciences collections . In recent years , the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research , following a compact formed by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1997 . The directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution , in terms of an overall ranking , to be determined by the university itself , by the year 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2010 NBA draft was held on June 24 , 2010 , at the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The draft , which started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft set a record with five players being drafted from the same school in the first round . The players were John Wall ( first ) , DeMarcus Cousins ( fifth ) , Patrick Patterson ( fourteenth ) , Eric Bledsoe ( eighteenth ) , and Daniel Orton ( twenty-ninth ) , all from the University of Kentucky . This draft also marked the second time that an NBA D-League player was drafted , with the first case coming in 2008 . The Washington Wizards , who won the draft lottery on May 18 , 2010 , used their first overall draft pick to draft John Wall from the University of Kentucky . The Philadelphia 76ers , who also beat the odds in the draft lottery to obtain the second pick , selected Evan Turner from Ohio State University . The New Jersey Nets , who had the worst win-loss record in the previous season , used the third pick to select Derrick Favors from Georgia Tech . The 2010 NBA draft is the last draft conducted at Madison Square Garden . The 2011 and 2012 NBA drafts were temporarily moved to Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey , while the 2013 NBA draft would be held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York as the Garden underwent renovations during those summers of 2011-2013 . After 2014 , the draft would continue being hosted at the Barclays Center despite the renovations being done by the 2014 deadline .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lazar Hayward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazar_Hayward', 'summary': 'Lazar Miller Hayward ( born November 26 , 1986 ) is an American former professional basketball who last played for the Guaros de Lara of the Liga Profesional de Baloncesto ( LPB ) . He was a college standout for Marquette University .'}]}, {'value': 'Marquette University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquette_University', 'summary': "Marquette University ( /mɑːrˈkɛt/ ) is a private Jesuit research university in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Established by the Society of Jesus as Marquette College on August 28 , 1881 , it was founded by John Martin Henni , the first Bishop of Milwaukee . The university was named after 17th-century missionary and explorer Father Jacques Marquette , SJ , with the intention to provide an affordable Catholic education to the area 's emerging German immigrant population . Initially an all-male institution , Marquette became the first coeducational Catholic university in the world in 1909 when it began admitting its first female students . Marquette is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities . The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and currently has a student body of about 12,000 . Marquette is one of the largest Jesuit universities in the United States , and the largest private university in Wisconsin . Marquette is organized into 11 schools and colleges at its main Milwaukee campus , offering programs in the liberal arts , business , communications , education , engineering , law and various health sciences disciplines . The university also administers classes in suburbs around the Milwaukee area and in Washington , DC . While most students are pursuing undergraduate degrees , the university has over 68 doctoral and master 's degree programs , a law school , a dental school ( only one in the state ) , and 22 graduate certificate programs . The university 's varsity athletic teams , known as the Golden Eagles , are members of the Big East Conference and compete in the NCAA 's Division I in all sports ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2010 NBA draft was held on June 24 , 2010 , at the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The draft , which started at 7:00 pm Eastern Daylight Time ( 2300 UTC ) , was broadcast in the United States on ESPN . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . This draft set a record with five players being drafted from the same school in the first round . The players were John Wall ( first ) , DeMarcus Cousins ( fifth ) , Patrick Patterson ( fourteenth ) , Eric Bledsoe ( eighteenth ) , and Daniel Orton ( twenty-ninth ) , all from the University of Kentucky . This draft also marked the second time that an NBA D-League player was drafted , with the first case coming in 2008 . The Washington Wizards , who won the draft lottery on May 18 , 2010 , used their first overall draft pick to draft John Wall from the University of Kentucky . The Philadelphia 76ers , who also beat the odds in the draft lottery to obtain the second pick , selected Evan Turner from Ohio State University . The New Jersey Nets , who had the worst win-loss record in the previous season , used the third pick to select Derrick Favors from Georgia Tech . The 2010 NBA draft is the last draft conducted at Madison Square Garden . The 2011 and 2012 NBA drafts were temporarily moved to Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey , while the 2013 NBA draft would be held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , New York as the Garden underwent renovations during those summers of 2011-2013 . After 2014 , the draft would continue being hosted at the Barclays Center despite the renovations being done by the 2014 deadline .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemanja Bjelica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nemanja_Bjelica', 'summary': 'Nemanja Bjelica ( Serbian Cyrillic : Немања Бјелица , pronounced [ němaɲa bjělitsa ] , born May 9 , 1988 ) is a Serbian professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He also represents the senior Serbian national basketball team internationally . Bjelica was an All-Euroleague First Team selection as well as the Euroleague MVP in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Star Belgrade ( Serbia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KK_Crvena_zvezda', 'summary': "Košarkaški klub Crvena zvezda ( Serbian Cyrillic : Кошаркашки клуб Црвена звезда , English : Red Star Basketball Club ) , commonly referred to as KK Crvena zvezda mts for sponsorship reasons or simply Crvena zvezda , is a men 's professional basketball club based in Belgrade , Serbia , the major part of the Red Star multi-sports club . The club is a founding member and shareholder of the Adriatic Basketball Association , and competes in the ABA League , the EuroLeague and in the Basketball League of Serbia . The Crvena zvezda squads have won 20 National League championships , including in 10-in-a-row and current 5-in-a-row sequences . They have played in three different National Leagues since 1945 , including the Yugoslav First Federal League ( 1945-1992 ) , the First League of Serbia and Montenegro ( 1992-2006 ) and the Serbian League ( 2006 onward ) . They have also won 9 National Cup titles , 4 Adriatic League Championships , one Adriatic Supercup and one FIBA Saporta Cup . The club plays domestic home matches in the Aleksandar Nikolić Hall . Zvezda 's supporters are known as Delije . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Aleksandar Gec , Nebojša Popović , Aleksandar Nikolić , Borislav Stanković , Srđan Kalember , Ratomir Vićentić , Sreten Dragojlović , Vladimir Cvetković , Ljubodrag Simonović , Zoran Slavnić , Dragan Kapičić , Dragiša Vučinić , Žarko Koprivica , Rajko Žižić , Slobodan Nikolić , Predrag Bogosavljev , Zoran Radović , Boban Janković , Saša Obradović , Nebojša Ilić , Aleksandar Trifunović , Milenko Topić , Zlatko Bolić , Igor Rakočević , Milan Gurović , Nemanja Bjelica , Boban Marjanović , Stefan Jović and Marko Simonović ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2009 , at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City . In this draft , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Los Angeles Clippers , who won the draft lottery on May 19 , 2009 , used their first overall draft pick to draft Blake Griffin from University of Oklahoma . However , he missed the entire 2009-10 season due to surgery on his broken left kneecap , which he injured during the pre-season . Tanzanian-born Hasheem Thabeet from University of Connecticut was drafted second by the Memphis Grizzlies . Thabeet became the first player born in Tanzania to be drafted by an NBA team . James Harden was drafted 3rd by the Oklahoma City Thunder . This made him the first player to be drafted by the franchise as the Oklahoma City Thunder ; the franchise moved from Seattle to OKC in 2008 . The Sacramento Kings drafted Tyreke Evans 4th ; he was named 2009-10 NBA Rookie of the Year , after he became the fourth NBA player in history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds and 5 assists in his rookie season , joining the elite club of Oscar Robertson ( 1960 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2003 ) . Spanish teenager Ricky Rubio was drafted 5th by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Rubio became the fifth-highest-drafted international player who never played U.S. college basketball to be drafted in the NBA , tied with Nikoloz Tskitishvili ( 5th in 2002 ) , and behind Yao Ming ( 1st in 2002 ) , Andrea Bargnani ( 1st in 2006 ) , Darko Miličić ( 2nd in 2003 ) and Pau Gasol ( 3rd in 2001 ) . Twenty-third pick Omri Casspi became the first Israeli player to be drafted in the first round , and later he became the first Israeli to play in the NBA .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jermaine Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jermaine_Taylor_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Jermaine Taylor ( born December 8 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player . Taylor was a starting guard for the University of Central Florida basketball team before being selected with the 32nd overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Washington Wizards , and soon after traded to the Houston Rockets .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Central Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida', 'summary': "The University of Central Florida ( UCF ) is a public research university in Orlando , Florida . It has more students enrolled on campus than any other U.S. university . Founded in 1963 by the Florida Legislature , UCF opened in 1968 as Florida Technological University , with the mission of providing personnel to support the growing U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida 's Space Coast . As the school 's academic scope expanded beyond engineering and technology , Florida Tech was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978 . UCF 's space roots continue , as it leads the NASA Florida Space Grant Consortium . Initial enrollment was 1,948 students ; enrollment today exceeds 66,000 students from 157 countries , all 50 states and Washington , D.C . Most of the student population is on the university 's main campus , 13 miles ( 21 km ) east of downtown Orlando and 35 miles ( 56 km ) west of Cape Canaveral . The university offers more than 200 degrees through 13 colleges at 10 regional campuses in Central Florida , the Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona , the Rosen College of Hospitality Management in south Orlando and the Center for Emerging Media in downtown Orlando . Since its founding , UCF has awarded more than 290,000 degrees , including over 50,000 graduate and professional degrees , to over 260,000 alumni worldwide . UCF is a space-grant university . Its official colors are black and gold , and the university logo is Pegasus , which symbolizes the university 's vision of limitless possibilities . The university 's intercollegiate sports teams , known as the UCF Knights and represented by mascot Knightro , compete in NCAA Division I and the American Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2008 NBA Draft was held on June 26 , 2008 at the Washington Mutual Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players , including international players from non-North American professional leagues . According to the NBA , 44 players , 39 collegiate players and five international players , filed as early-entry candidates for the 2008 NBA Draft . These numbers do not include players who are automatically eligible for the draft . The Chicago Bulls , who had a 1.7 percent probability of obtaining the first selection , won the NBA Draft Lottery on May 22 . The Bulls ' winning of the lottery was the second-largest upset in NBA Draft Lottery history behind the Orlando Magic , who won it in 1993 with just a 1.5% chance . The Miami Heat and the Minnesota Timberwolves obtained the second and third picks respectively . For the first time in draft history the first three draft picks were all freshmen . The Chicago Bulls used the first overall pick to draft Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis , who later went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award , making him the first player to be drafted first overall and to win Rookie of the Year since LeBron James in 2003 . The Miami Heat used the second pick to draft Michael Beasley from Kansas State University , and the Minnesota Timberwolves used the third pick to draft O. J. Mayo from University of Southern California . With five players taken in the draft , the University of Kansas tied University of Connecticut ( 2006 ) and University of Florida ( 2007 ) for the record with the most players selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft . Another record was set when twelve freshmen were drafted , ten of whom were drafted in the first round ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JaVale McGee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JaVale_McGee', 'summary': 'JaVale Lindy McGee ( born January 19 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected 18th overall by the Washington Wizards in the 2008 NBA draft . He is a two-time NBA champion , having won consecutive titles with the Golden State Warriors in 2017 and 2018 before signing with the Lakers .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Nevada , Reno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno', 'summary': "The University of Nevada , Reno ( Nevada , the University of Nevada , or UNR ) is a public research university in Reno , Nevada . Founded on October 12 , 1874 in Elko , Nevada is the sole land grant institution for the state of Nevada . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The campus is home to the large-scale structures laboratory in the College of Engineering , which has put Nevada researchers at the forefront nationally in a wide range of civil engineering , earthquake and large-scale structures testing and modeling . The Nevada Terawatt Facility , located on a satellite campus of the university , includes a terawatt-level Z-pinch machine and terawatt-class high-intensity laser system - one of the most powerful such lasers on any college campus in the country . It is home to the School of Medicine , with a campus in Nevada 's major urban center in Reno and a health network that extends to much of rural Nevada . The school includes 16 clinical departments and five nationally recognized basic science departments . It is also home to the School of Journalism , which has produced six Pulitzer Prize winners ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NBA_draft', 'summary': "The 2008 NBA Draft was held on June 26 , 2008 at the Washington Mutual Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players , including international players from non-North American professional leagues . According to the NBA , 44 players , 39 collegiate players and five international players , filed as early-entry candidates for the 2008 NBA Draft . These numbers do not include players who are automatically eligible for the draft . The Chicago Bulls , who had a 1.7 percent probability of obtaining the first selection , won the NBA Draft Lottery on May 22 . The Bulls ' winning of the lottery was the second-largest upset in NBA Draft Lottery history behind the Orlando Magic , who won it in 1993 with just a 1.5% chance . The Miami Heat and the Minnesota Timberwolves obtained the second and third picks respectively . For the first time in draft history the first three draft picks were all freshmen . The Chicago Bulls used the first overall pick to draft Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis , who later went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award , making him the first player to be drafted first overall and to win Rookie of the Year since LeBron James in 2003 . The Miami Heat used the second pick to draft Michael Beasley from Kansas State University , and the Minnesota Timberwolves used the third pick to draft O. J. Mayo from University of Southern California . With five players taken in the draft , the University of Kansas tied University of Connecticut ( 2006 ) and University of Florida ( 2007 ) for the record with the most players selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft . Another record was set when twelve freshmen were drafted , ten of whom were drafted in the first round ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Walker_(basketball)', 'summary': 'William Henry Walker ( born October 9 , 1987 ) is an American professional basketball player who plays for the Shiga Lakestars of the B.League . Previously known as Bill Walker , the 6-foot-6-inch-tall ( 1.98 m ) player was selected out of Kansas State University by the Washington Wizards with the 47th overall pick in the second round of the 2008 NBA draft and traded shortly thereafter to the Boston Celtics in exchange for cash considerations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_State_University', 'summary': "Kansas State University ( KSU ) , commonly shortened to Kansas State or K-State , is a public research university with its main campus in Manhattan , Kansas . It was opened as the state 's land-grant college in 1863 and was the first public institution of higher learning in the state of Kansas . It had a record high enrollment of 24,766 students for the Fall 2014 semester . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Kansas State 's academic offerings are administered through nine colleges , including the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Technology and Aviation in Salina . Graduate degrees offered include 65 master 's degree programs and 45 doctoral degrees . Branch campuses are in Salina and Olathe . The Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus in Salina is home to the College of Technology and Aviation . The Olathe Innovation Campus has a focus on graduate work in research bioenergy , animal health , plant science and food safety and security ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NBA_draft', 'summary': 'The 2007 NBA draft was held on June 28 , 2007 at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . It was broadcast on television in 115 countries . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . Freshman Greg Oden from Ohio State University was drafted first overall by the Portland Trail Blazers , who won the draft lottery . However , he missed the 2007-08 season due to microfracture surgery on his right knee during the pre-season . Another freshman , Kevin Durant , was drafted second overall from the University of Texas by the Seattle SuperSonics , and went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award for the 2007-08 season . Oden and Durant became the first freshmen to be selected with the top two picks in the draft . Al Horford , the son of former NBA player Tito Horford , was drafted third by the Atlanta Hawks . Of the three top picks , Durant has been a League MVP , a two-time finals MVP and perennial All-Star whilst Horford has enjoyed a solid All-Star career . Oden , however , was beset by numerous microfracture surgeries on both knees that limited him to only 82 games from 2008 to 2010 . On the night after the draft , the Seattle Supersonics traded seven-time All-Star Ray Allen along with the draft rights of the 35th pick Glen Davis to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Delonte West , Wally Szczerbiak , and the draft rights to the 5th pick , Jeff Green . The Portland Trail Blazers and the New York Knicks were also involved in a multi-player trade that sent Zach Randolph to the Knicks and Steve Francis to the Blazers .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Young_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Nicholas Aaron Young ( born June 1 , 1985 ) , nicknamed Swaggy P , is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He plays both shooting guard and small forward positions . Young played college basketball for the USC Trojans and was a two-time first-team all-conference selection in the Pac-10 . He was selected by the Washington Wizards in the first round of the 2007 NBA draft with the 16th overall pick . He won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'As Washington Wizards ( 1997–present )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Washington_Wizards_draft_history_0', 'intro': 'The Washington Wizards (formerly known as the Chicago Packers, the Chicago Zephyrs, the Baltimore Bullets, the Capital Bullets, and the Washington Bullets) have selected the following players in the National Basketball Association Draft.'}	null	null	Which 2nd round draft pick was traded to the Boston Celtics for cash ?	Henry Walker
0158e35a96b34660	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Championship', 'title': 'Scottish Championship', 'header': ['Team', 'Position in 2018-19', 'First season in second tier', 'First season of current spell in second tier', 'Last second tier title'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alloa Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alloa_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': "Alloa Athletic Football Club is a Scottish association football semi-professional club based in the town of Alloa , Clackmannanshire . Founded as Clackmannan County in 1878 , the club changed its name to Alloa a year later and to Alloa Athletic in 1883 . The club won promotion via the Championship Playoffs in 2018 and compete in the Scottish Championship in season 2019-20 , as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League . The club was elected to the second tier of the Scottish Football League in 1921-22 , earning promotion to the top flight in its first season after winning the Second Division . Below the top two tiers , Alloa Athletic has finished runners-up in the third tier a record nine times without ever winning , the most recent coming in 2016-17 , when they failed to gain promotion to the Championship via the play-offs . Alloa Athletic first entered in the Scottish Cup in 1883 , its best result reaching the quarter-finals on three occasions , the last in 1988 . The club 's best result in a national cup competition was reaching the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup thrice ; winning in 1999 and finishing runners-up in 2001 and 2015 . The club 's nickname is 'The Wasps ' , referring to its home colours of black and gold hoops . Alloa Athletic has been based at Recreation Park in Alloa since 1895 ."}]}, {'value': '8th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1921-22 season was the 49th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 32nd season of the Scottish Football League . Division Two was reintroduced after having been abandoned due to World War I . Automatic promotion and relegation was introduced this season , as well as goal difference to divide teams who are level on points . Between next season and the 1974-75 season , goal average became the decider between teams equal on points .'}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 season was the 122nd season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 14 July 2018 , with the first round of matches in the 2018-19 Scottish League Cup . The 2018-19 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 4 August .'}]}, {'value': '1921-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1921-22 season was the 49th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 32nd season of the Scottish Football League . Division Two was reintroduced after having been abandoned due to World War I . Automatic promotion and relegation was introduced this season , as well as goal difference to divide teams who are level on points . Between next season and the 1974-75 season , goal average became the decider between teams equal on points .'}]}, {'value': 'Arbroath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbroath_F.C.', 'summary': "Arbroath Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the town of Arbroath , Angus . They currently play in the Scottish Championship . The Club was founded in 1878 and plays home matches at Gayfield Park . They play in maroon strips and are nicknamed The Red Lichties due to the red light that used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the Burgh 's harbour . The Red Lichties share a long-standing and fierce rivalry with local neighbours Montrose ."}]}, {'value': '1st , Scottish League One ( promoted )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1921-22 season was the 49th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 32nd season of the Scottish Football League . Division Two was reintroduced after having been abandoned due to World War I . Automatic promotion and relegation was introduced this season , as well as goal difference to divide teams who are level on points . Between next season and the 1974-75 season , goal average became the decider between teams equal on points .'}]}, {'value': '2019-20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019–20_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2019-20 season will be the 123rd season of competitive football in Scotland . The 2019-20 Scottish Professional Football League season started on 2 August 2019 , and is due to end on 17 May 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayr United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Ayr United Football Club are a football club in Ayr , Scotland , that plays in the Scottish Championship , the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League . Formed in 1910 by the merger of Ayr Parkhouse and Ayr F.C. , their nickname is The Honest Men , from a line in the Robert Burns poem Tam o ' Shanter . They play at Somerset Park . The club are currently managed by Mark Kerr , who was appointed on 22 October 2019 . The club have spent 34 seasons in Scotland 's top division , the last being 1977-78 , and have been the champions of the second tier of Scottish football on six occasions , and of the third tier on three occasions . The club 's most successful manager , Ally MacLeod , went on to manage the Scottish national football team . In 2018 , Ayr United secured promotion to the Scottish Championship as champions of League One ."}]}, {'value': '4th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1910–11_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1910-11 season was the 38th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 21st season of the Scottish Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 season was the 122nd season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 14 July 2018 , with the first round of matches in the 2018-19 Scottish League Cup . The 2018-19 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 4 August .'}]}, {'value': '1965-66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965–66_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1965-66 season was the 93rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 69th season of Scottish league football .'}]}, {'value': 'Dundee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundee Football Club is a professional football club based in the city of Dundee , Scotland . Founded in 1893 , they are nicknamed The Dark Blues or The Dee . The club plays its home matches at Dens Park . The club 's most successful era was in the 1960s when , under the management of Bob Shankly , Dundee won the Scottish Football League title in 1962 , before reaching the semi-finals of the 1962-63 European Cup . Dundee has won the Scottish Cup once , and won the Scottish League Cup three times ."}]}, {'value': '12th , Scottish Premiership ( relegated )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938-39', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1938–39_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1938-39 season was the 66th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 49th season of the Scottish Football League . Due to the World War II the league was not officially competed for again until the 1946-47 season .'}]}, {'value': '2019-20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019–20_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2019-20 season will be the 123rd season of competitive football in Scotland . The 2019-20 Scottish Professional Football League season started on 2 August 2019 , and is due to end on 17 May 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 season was the 117th season of competitive football in Scotland . The season began on 13 July 2013 , with the start of the Challenge Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Dundee United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundee United Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in the city of Dundee . Formed in 1909. originally as Dundee Hibernian , the club changed to the present name in 1923 . United are nicknamed The Terrors or The Tangerines and the supporters are known as Arabs . The club has played in tangerine kits since the 1960s and have played at the present ground , Tannadice Park , since their foundation in 1909 . United were founder members of the Scottish Premier League ( SPL ) in 1998 and were ever-present in the competition until it was abolished in 2013 to make way for the SPFL structure . United were relegated in 2016 to the Scottish Championship , which is the second tier of the SPFL . Domestically , the club has won the Scottish Premier Division on one occasion ( 1982-83 ) , the Scottish Cup twice ( 1994 and 2010 ) and the Scottish League Cup twice ( 1979 and 1980 ) . United appeared in European competition for the first time in the 1966-67 season , going on to appear in Europe in 14 successive seasons from 1976 . They also reached the European Cup semi-finals in 1983-84 season and the UEFA Cup final in 1987 . The club has a 100% record in four matches against Barcelona in competitive European ties . The club 's main rivals are Dundee . The two teams contest the Dundee derby , with the local rivals ' Dens Park stadium being located virtually next door to Tannadice Park ."}]}, {'value': '2nd , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923-24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1923-24 season was the 51st season of competitive football in Scotland and the 34th season of the Scottish Football League . A Third Division was introduced adding to Division One and Division Two .'}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 season was the 120th season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 16 July 2016 , with the first round of the 2016-17 Scottish League Cup . The 2016-17 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 6 August .'}]}, {'value': '1928-29', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1928–29_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1928-29 season was the 56th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 39th season of the Scottish Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunfermline Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': "Dunfermline Athletic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Dunfermline , Fife . Founded in 1885 , the club currently play in the Scottish Championship . Dunfermline play at East End Park , are nicknamed The Pars and are currently managed by former striker Stevie Crawford . The Pars ' most successful period was in the 1960s , when the side won the Scottish Cup twice , in 1961 and 1968 under the management of Jock Stein and George Farm respectively . The club regularly played European football in this period , reaching the semi-finals of the 1968-69 European Cup Winners ' Cup under Farm . The club have played at East End Park since their formation in 1885 , however , the pitch they initially played at - also known as East End Park - was slightly west of the present stadium . After a period of relative success in the 2000s marked by appearances in three major finals ( the 2004 Scottish Cup Final , the 2006 Scottish League Cup Final and the 2007 Scottish Cup Final ) , all of which were lost against Celtic . Dunfermline were relegated to the First Division in 2007 . The club then encountered financial problems and , in April 2013 , applied for and was granted full administration at the Court of Session in Edinburgh , and in October 2013 , the fan group Pars United assumed control of the club ."}]}, {'value': '7th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912–13_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1912-13 season was the 40th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 23rd season of the Scottish Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 season was the 120th season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 16 July 2016 , with the first round of the 2016-17 Scottish League Cup . The 2016-17 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 6 August .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 season was the 114th season of competitive football in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenock Morton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C.', 'summary': 'Greenock Morton Football Club is a Scottish professional football club , which plays in the Scottish Championship . The club was founded as Morton Football Club in 1874 , making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs . Morton was renamed Greenock Morton in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock . Morton won the Scottish Cup in 1922 , and achieved its highest league finish in 1916-17 , as runners-up to champions Celtic . Morton holds the record for the most promotions to and relegations from the top flight ( 10 promotions and 10 relegations ) , but has not competed in the top flight of the Scottish football league system since 1988 . In 2014-15 , Morton won its tenth league title in all divisions by winning the Scottish League One championship on the final day .'}]}, {'value': '5th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893–94_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': '1893-94 in Scottish football was the 21st season of competitive football in Scotland and the fourth season of Scottish league football . For the first time there were two divisions in the Scottish Football League , there was no automatic promotion and relegation but the bottom three clubs in Division One and the top three clubs in Division Two were subject to a vote of the remaining First Division clubs . This season also saw the introduction of the Highland Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 season was the 119th season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 25 July 2015 , with the first round of the 2015-16 Scottish Challenge Cup . The 2015-16 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 1 August .'}]}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986–87_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': "The 1986-87 season was the 90th season of competitive football in Scotland . In the first full season under the management of player-manager Graeme Souness , Rangers won their first league title since 1978 , and also won the League Cup . The title winning side featured two English players enjoying their first season north of the border - defender Terry Butcher and goalkeeper Chris Woods . Celtic manager David Hay paid the price for a trophyless season and was sacked after four years , paving the way for the return of Billy McNeill , the man he had succeeded in 1983 . Aberdeen manager Alex Ferguson moved south of the border on 6 November to manage Manchester United . He was succeeded at Pittodrie by Ian Porterfield . At the end of the season , Ferguson brought Celtic 's top scorer Brian McClair to United , while McClair 's strike-partner Mo Johnston moved to France to sign for Nantes . St Mirren won the Scottish Cup with a 1-0 win over Dundee United in the final . Dundee United also lost to IFK Goteborg of Sweden in the UEFA Cup final ."}]}, {'value': 'Inverness Caledonian Thistle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C.', 'summary': 'Inverness Caledonian Thistle Football Club , commonly known as Inverness CT or Inverness , is a professional football club based in Inverness , Scotland . The team currently competes in the Scottish Championship , the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League , and hosts home games at Caledonian Stadium . Inverness Caledonian Thistle won the Scottish Cup in 2015 and was runner-up in the Scottish League Cup a year earlier . They have also won the Scottish Challenge Cup twice and the Scottish Football League First Division twice . Its highest Premiership position is 3rd in 2014-15 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–00_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 season was the 103rd season of competitive football in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 season was the 121st season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 15 July 2017 , with the first round of matches in the 2017-18 Scottish League Cup . The 2017-18 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 5 August .'}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 season was the 113th season of competitive football in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Partick Thistle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C.', 'summary': "Partick Thistle Football Club ( nicknamed the Jags ) are a professional football club from Glasgow , Scotland . Despite their name , the club are based at Firhill Stadium in the Maryhill area of the city , and have not played in Partick since 1908 . The club have been members of the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) since its formation in 2013 . Thistle currently compete in the Scottish Championship , the second tier of the SPFL structure , following relegation via play-offs from the Scottish Premiership in the 2017-18 season . Since 1936 , Thistle have played in their distinctive red-and-yellow jerseys of varying designs , with hoops , stripes and predominantly yellow tops with red trims having been used , although in 2009 a centenary kit was launched in the original navy-blue style to commemorate 100 years at Firhill . Since 1908 the club have won the Scottish Second Division once and the Scottish First Division ( second tier , now the Scottish Championship ) six times , most recently in 2013 . Thistle have won the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup in 1921 and 1971 respectively . The club are currently managed by Ian McCall in his second spell in charge . Under Alan Archibald 's management , the club achieved promotion to the newly formed Scottish Premiership in 2013 , and remained there for five consecutive seasons . During this spell Thistle secured major investment and in 2017 finished in the top six of Scottish football for the first time in over three decades . Key players such as club legend Kris Doolan broke numerous records and became one of the clubs top goal scorers . Despite relegation in the 2017-18 Scottish Premiership season , Archibald remained as Thistle 's manager ."}]}, {'value': '6th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893–94_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': '1893-94 in Scottish football was the 21st season of competitive football in Scotland and the fourth season of Scottish league football . For the first time there were two divisions in the Scottish Football League , there was no automatic promotion and relegation but the bottom three clubs in Division One and the top three clubs in Division Two were subject to a vote of the remaining First Division clubs . This season also saw the introduction of the Highland Football League .'}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 season was the 122nd season of competitive football in Scotland . The domestic season began on 14 July 2018 , with the first round of matches in the 2018-19 Scottish League Cup . The 2018-19 Scottish Professional Football League season commenced on 4 August .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 season was the 116th season of competitive football in Scotland . The season began on 28 July 2012 , with the start of the Challenge Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Queen of the South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C.', 'summary': "Queen of the South Football Club are a Scottish professional football club formed in March 1919 and located in Dumfries . The club plays in the Scottish Championship , the second tier of Scottish football . They are officially nicknamed The Doonhamers but are usually referred to as Queens or QoS . Their home ground since their formation has been Palmerston Park . The club 's national honours include winning the Division B Championship in season 1950-51 , the Second Division Championship in season 2001-02 and in season 2012-13 , and also the Scottish Challenge Cup in seasons 2002-03 and 2012-13 . Queens led Scotland 's top division until New Year during the 1953-54 season and the club 's highest finish in Scotland 's top division was fourth in the 1933-34 season . The club reached their first major cup final in 2008 when they reached the final of the Scottish Cup , where they were runners-up to Rangers . The club 's current manager is Allan Johnston , in his second spell in charge on a two-year contract alongside assistant manager Sandy Clark ."}]}, {'value': '9th , Scottish Championship', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923-24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1923-24 season was the 51st season of competitive football in Scotland and the 34th season of the Scottish Football League . A Third Division was introduced adding to Division One and Division Two .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 season was the 116th season of competitive football in Scotland . The season began on 28 July 2012 , with the start of the Challenge Cup .'}]}, {'value': '1950-51', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1950–51_in_Scottish_football', 'summary': 'The 1950-51 season was the 78th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 54th season of the Scottish Football League .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'Listed below are all the teams competing in the 2019–20 Scottish Championship season , with details of the first season they entered the second tier ; the first season of their current spell in the second tier ; and the last time they won the second tier .', 'uid': 'Scottish_Championship_0', 'intro': "The Scottish Championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the Ladbrokes Championship, is the second tier of the Scottish Professional Football League, the league competition for men's professional football clubs in Scotland. The Scottish Championship was established in July 2013, after the Scottish Professional Football League was formed by a merger of the Scottish Premier League and Scottish Football League."}	null	null	Who coaches the club that finished seventh in the Scottish Championship season that ended in 2019 ?	Stevie Crawford
0159fb882a9508e6	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Asahara', 'title': 'Akira Asahara', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2002–03', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo . It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin . The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours , held in Boston , Houston , Chicago , Venice , Yokohama , and Berlin . Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours . At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyoto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 March 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Okayama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24-25 January 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-21 November 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Matsuyama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14-15 May 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Niigata ( city )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23-24 July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-6 November 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Yokohama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 November-4 December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hamamatsu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2007', 'summary': 'The 2007 Pro Tour season was the twelfth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 9 February 2007 the season began with Pro Tour Geneva . It ended on 9 December 2007 with the conclusion of the 2007 World Championship in New York . The season consisted of 16 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Geneva , Yokohama , San Diego , Valencia , and New York . At the end of the season Tomoharu Saitou from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in New York the third class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Kai Budde , Zvi Mowshowitz , Tsuyoshi Fujita , Nicolai Herzog , and Randy Buehler .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kitakyushu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-11 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Shizuoka City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-9 March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Worlds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship', 'summary': "The Magic : The Gathering World Championships ( Worlds ) have been held annually since 1994 . It is the most important tournament in the game of Magic : The Gathering , offering cash prizes of up to $ 100,000 to the winners . With the exception of the first edition , Worlds is an invitation-only event , and from 1996 to 2011 World was the last event of each Pro Tour season . The invitees were mostly top finishers from the National championships , the top-ranked players of the DCI and high-level pro players . Since 2012 the World Championships are held after the season and the most successful 16 or 24 players have been invited to the tournament . After the first five World Championships were all held in the United States , Worlds have since been held in Japan , Australia and various countries in Europe . Besides the main event Worlds were always a huge gathering of Magic players , who came to watch the pros and compete in side events . After the 2011 season , the World Championship was briefly replaced by the Magic Players Championship . The top 16 pro players selected due to various criteria were invited to the Players Championship . In 2013 the tournament was renamed to 'World Championship ' once again . From 2014 to 2018 the tournament was expanded to 24 competitors , but is going back to 16 players for the 2019 Worlds . The large World Championships , held until 2011 , also included a national team portion where the top players from each National Championship engaged in a separate competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis , Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Special', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11-14 December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2011', 'summary': 'The 2011 Pro Tour season was the sixteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 22 January 2011 with Grand Prix Atlanta , and ended on 20 November 2011 with the conclusion of the 2011 World Championship in San Francisco . The season consisted of twenty Grands Prix , and four Pro Tours , located in Paris , Nagoya , Philadelphia , and San Francisco .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiroshima', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-30 October 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Akira_Asahara_0', 'intro': 'Akira Asahara (浅原晃) is a Japanese Magic: The Gathering player. His successes include two Pro Tour top eights, two Grand Prix wins, and eight other Grand Prix top eights. He has been referred to as a rogue deck designer.'}	null	null	Who were the inductees to the first class of the Hall of Fame the same year Akira Asahara attended an event in Niigata ( city ) ?	Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde
015ac6f9d778eb56	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_North_Coast_(California)', 'title': 'List of museums in the North Coast (California)', 'header': ['Name', 'Town/City', 'County', 'Type', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Anderson Marsh State Historic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Marsh_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Anderson Marsh State Historic Park is a California State Historic Park and nature reserve preserving a tule marsh , archaeological sites of the Pomo people , and historic ranch structures . It is located in Lake County , California , USA . Anderson Marsh is located at the head of Cache Creek on the southeast corner of Clear Lake , the largest natural lake completely within the borders of California . The park is between the cities of Lower Lake and Clearlake on State Route 53 , north of Calistoga in the wine country . The park is open year-round .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Lower Lake ( formerly Grantville ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the southern Clear Lake region of Lake County , in northern California . Lower Lake is also an Indian rancheria of the Koi Nation people .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_County,_California', 'summary': "Lake County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 64,665 . The county seat is Lakeport . The county takes its name from Clear Lake , the dominant geographic feature in the county and the largest natural lake wholly within California ( Lake Tahoe is partially in Nevada ; the Salton Sea was formed by flooding ) . Lake County forms the Clearlake , California micropolitan statistical area . It is directly north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Lake County is part of California 's Wine Country , which also includes Napa , Sonoma and Mendocino counties . It includes five American Viticultural Areas and over 35 wineries ."}]}, {'value': 'Historic house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Contains Ranch House , an example of early California living', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anderson Valley Historical Society Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boonville,_California', 'summary': "Boonville ( formerly The Corners and Kendall 's City ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Mendocino County , California , United States . It is located 12.5 miles ( 20 km ) southwest of Ukiah , at an elevation of 381 feet ( 116 m ) . The population was 1,035 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino County is a county located on the North Coast of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 87,841 . The county seat is Ukiah . Mendocino County consists wholly of the Ukiah , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area ( μSA ) for the purposes of the U.S. Census Bureau . It is located approximately equidistant from the San Francisco Bay Area and California/Oregon border , separated from the Sacramento Valley to the east by the California Coast Ranges . While smaller areas of redwood forest are found further south , it is the southernmost California county to be included in the World Wildlife Fund 's Pacific temperate rainforests ecoregion , the largest temperate rainforest ecoregion on the planet . The county is noted for its distinctive Pacific Ocean coastline , its location along California 's Lost Coast , Redwood forests , wine production , microbrews , and liberal views about the use of cannabis and support for its legalization . In 2009 it was estimated that roughly one-third of the economy was based on the cultivation of marijuana . The notable historic and recreational attraction of the Skunk Train connects Fort Bragg with Willits in Mendocino County via a steam-locomotive engine , along with other vehicles ."}]}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata Marsh Interpretive Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_and_Wildlife_Sanctuary', 'summary': 'Arcata Wastewater Treatment Plant and Wildlife Sanctuary is an innovative sewer management system employed by the city of Arcata , California . A series of oxidation ponds , treatment wetlands and enhancement marshes are used to filter sewage waste . The marshes also serve as a wildlife refuge , and are on the Pacific Flyway . The Arcata Marsh is a popular destination for birders . The marsh has been awarded the Innovations in Government award from the Ford Foundation/Harvard University Kennedy School of Government . Numerous holding pools in the marsh , called lakes , are named after donors and citizens who helped start the marsh project , including Humboldt State University professors George Allen and Robert A. Gearheart who were instrumental in the creation of the Arcata Marsh . In 1969 Allen also started an aquaculture project at the marsh to raise salmonids in mixtures of sea water and partially treated wastewater . Despite being effectively a sewer , the series of open-air lakes do smell , and are a popular destination for birdwatching , cycling and jogging .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California', 'summary': "Humboldt County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 132,646 . The county seat is Eureka . Humboldt County comprises the Eureka-Arcata-Fortuna , California Micropolitan Statistical Area . It is located on the far North Coast , about 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco . Its primary population centers of Eureka , the site of College of the Redwoods main campus , and the smaller college town of Arcata , site of Humboldt State University , are located adjacent to Humboldt Bay , California 's second largest natural bay . Area cities and towns are known for hundreds of ornate examples of Victorian architecture . Humboldt County is a densely forested mountainous and rural county with about 110 miles ( 180 km ) of coastline ( more than any other county in the state ) , situated along the Pacific coast in Northern California 's rugged Coast ( Mountain ) Ranges . With nearly 1,500,000 acres ( 6,100 km2 ) of combined public and private forest in production , Humboldt County alone produces twenty percent of total volume and thirty percent of the total value of all forest products produced in California . The county contains over forty percent of all remaining old growth Coast Redwood forests , the vast majority of which is protected or strictly conserved within dozens of national , state , and local forests and parks , totaling approximately 680,000 acres ( 1,060 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exhibits about the natural history and importance of the marsh and the operations of the waste water treatment plant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battery Point Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battery_Point_Light', 'summary': 'Battery Point Light is a lighthouse in Crescent City , California , United States . It is registered as a California Historical Landmark , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Crescent City Lighthouse .'}]}, {'value': 'Crescent City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crescent_City,_California', 'summary': "Crescent City ( Chetco-Tolowa : Taa-at-dvn , Yurok : Kohpey , Wiyot : Daluwagh ) is the county seat of , and the only incorporated city in , Del Norte County , California . Named for the crescent-shaped stretch of sandy beach south of the city , Crescent City had a total population of 7,643 in the 2010 census , up from 4,006 in the 2000 census . The population includes inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison , also within the city limits , and the former census-designated place Crescent City North annexed to the city . The city is also the site of the Redwood National Park headquarters , as well as the historic Battery Point Light . Due to the richness of the local Pacific Ocean waters and the related catch , and ease of access , Crescent City Harbor serves as home port for numerous commercial fishing vessels . The city is located on the Pacific coast in the upper northwestern part of California , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of the Oregon border . Crescent City 's offshore geography makes it unusually susceptible to tsunamis . Much of the city was destroyed by four tsunami waves generated by the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage , Alaska in 1964 . More recently , the city 's harbor suffered extensive damage and destruction from tsunamis generated by the March 11 , 2011 earthquake off Sendai , Japan . Several dozen vessels and many of the docks they were moored to were destroyed as wave cycles related to the tsunamis exceeded 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . Climate of the Crescent City is moderate , with cool summers for its latitude as a result of intense maritime moderation . Nearby inland areas behind the mountains have significantly warmer summer temperatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California', 'summary': 'Del Norte County ( /dɛl nɔɹt/ ) is a county at the far northwest corner of the U.S. state of California , along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Oregon border . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,610 . The county seat and only incorporated city is Crescent City . Del Norte was pioneered and settled by Azorean Portuguese explorers and dairy farmers , which may account for the local pronunciation of the county name . Residents pronounce the county name as Del Nort , not Del Nor-teh as would be expected in Spanish . Del Norte County comprises the Crescent City , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area . The rural county is notable for forests containing giant Coast Redwoods , with some attaining heights over 350 feet ( 110 m ) . This northernmost county on the California coast also has scores of unique plants and flowers , dozens of species of coastal birds and fish , rocky primitive beaches and sea stacks , pristine rivers , and historic lighthouses . Del Norte is also known among Bigfoot enthusiasts as the location of the famous Patterson-Gimlin film , as well as being the location of some of the forest scenes used in Return of the Jedi .'}]}, {'value': 'Lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lighthouse and museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Lake Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lake_Museum', 'summary': 'The Blue Lake Museum , located in the former Arcata and Mad River Railroad depot at Railroad and G Streets , Blue Lake , California , has photos and artifacts of Blue Lake pioneer , local Indian , logging and railroad history .'}]}, {'value': 'Blue Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lake,_California', 'summary': 'Blue Lake ( formerly , Scottsville ) is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Blue Lake is located on the Mad River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) northeast of Eureka , at an elevation of 131 feet ( 40 m ) . The population was 1,253 at the 2010 census , up from 1,135 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Photos and artifacts of Blue Lake pioneers , local Indian , logging and railroad history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Ox Millworks and Historic Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': "website , historic park with working craftsmen 's areas and a current-day mill and woodworking operation", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarke Historical Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarke_Historical_Museum', 'summary': "The Clarke Historical Museum ( formerly the Clarke Memorial Museum ) in Eureka , California contains the area 's premier collection of California North Coast regional and cultural history . The facility has an entire Native American wing , Nealis Hall , which features an extensive internationally recognized collection of basketry , regalia , stoneware , implements , and other objects indicative of the culture and creativity of local and regional Native American groups including the Wiyot ( whose ancestral territory the Clarke resides ) , Yurok , Karuk and Hupa Tribes . The Eureka Visitors Center is located in the main hall of the museum . The Clarke Museum is a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit ."}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formerly the Clarke Memorial Museum , history of Humboldt County with emphasis on the late 19th century , includes furniture , glassware , clothing and Native American wing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Del Norte County Historical Society Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crescent City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crescent_City,_California', 'summary': "Crescent City ( Chetco-Tolowa : Taa-at-dvn , Yurok : Kohpey , Wiyot : Daluwagh ) is the county seat of , and the only incorporated city in , Del Norte County , California . Named for the crescent-shaped stretch of sandy beach south of the city , Crescent City had a total population of 7,643 in the 2010 census , up from 4,006 in the 2000 census . The population includes inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison , also within the city limits , and the former census-designated place Crescent City North annexed to the city . The city is also the site of the Redwood National Park headquarters , as well as the historic Battery Point Light . Due to the richness of the local Pacific Ocean waters and the related catch , and ease of access , Crescent City Harbor serves as home port for numerous commercial fishing vessels . The city is located on the Pacific coast in the upper northwestern part of California , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of the Oregon border . Crescent City 's offshore geography makes it unusually susceptible to tsunamis . Much of the city was destroyed by four tsunami waves generated by the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage , Alaska in 1964 . More recently , the city 's harbor suffered extensive damage and destruction from tsunamis generated by the March 11 , 2011 earthquake off Sendai , Japan . Several dozen vessels and many of the docks they were moored to were destroyed as wave cycles related to the tsunamis exceeded 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . Climate of the Crescent City is moderate , with cool summers for its latitude as a result of intense maritime moderation . Nearby inland areas behind the mountains have significantly warmer summer temperatures ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Norte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , includes Native American baskets , Tolowa and Yurok artifacts , musical instruments , old radio , phonographic and photographic equipment , needlework , logging and mining tools and equipment , fashions and furniture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tolowa', 'summary': 'The Tolowa people or Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni are a Native American people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethno-linguistic group . Two rancherias ( Smith River and Elk Valley ) still reside in their traditional territory in northwestern California . Those removed to the Siletz Reservation in Oregon are located there . Related to current locations , Tolowa people are members of several federally recognized tribes : Tolowa Dee-ni Nation , Elk Valley Rancheria , Confederated Tribes of Siletz , Trinidad Rancheria , as well as the unrecognized Tolowa Nation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yurok_tribe', 'summary': "The Yurok ( from Yuh'ára , or Yurúkvaarar in the neighboring Karuk language ) or as the called themselves Pueleekla and Puliklah ( from pulik 'downstream ' + -la 'people of ' ) both means downriver people are Native Americans who live in northwestern California near the Klamath River and Pacific coast . Today they live on the Yurok Indian Reservation and the surrounding communities in Humboldt , Del Norte and Trinity counties in Northern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Discovery Museum of Eureka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Children 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'non-profit childrens museum website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ely Stage Stop and Country Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelseyville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelseyville,_California', 'summary': 'Kelseyville is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Lake County , California , United States . Kelseyville is located 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) southeast of Lakeport , at an elevation of 1,384 feet ( 422 m ) . The population was 3,353 at the 2010 census , up from 2,928 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Lake County Historical Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fern Cottage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Historic house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , 19th-century cottage house', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferndale Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale_Museum', 'summary': 'Permanent displays in the main building include a Magneto switchboard , a Pacific Telephone toll board , working crank telephones , historical rooms and furnishings , doll houses of interesting local buildings , and a display of Seth Kinman items . Tools , dairy , logging and farm equipment and a working blacksmith forge are in the museum Annex .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferndale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferndale,_California', 'summary': "Ferndale is a city in Humboldt County , California , United States . Its population was 1,371 at the 2010 census , down from 1,382 at the 2000 census . The city contains dozens of well-preserved Victorian storefronts and homes . Ferndale is the northern gateway to California 's Lost Coast and the city , which is sited on the edge of a wide plain near the mouth of the Eel River , is also located near the extensive preserves of coast redwood forests ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Period rooms , antiques , dollhouses , switchboard , telephones , farm equipment and oldest working Bosch-Omori seismograph , research collections include family histories , photographs and books', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Street Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSU_First_Street_Gallery', 'summary': 'HSU First Street Gallery ( later known as the HSU Third Street Gallery ) was a contemporary , fine arts gallery located in the E. Janssen Building at 422 1st Street ( later moved to 416 3rd Street ) in the historic Old Town district of Eureka , California . The gallery , which supported the Exhibition Programs of Humboldt State University , was an off-campus , non-profit student-oriented public outreach program and gallery which showcased regional , national and international artists , as well as art by faculty , staff , students , and alumni of the university . In September 2018 , the university closed the gallery during a round of budget cuts .'}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by Humboldt State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_State_University', 'summary': "Humboldt State University ( HSU , Humboldt State , or Humboldt ) is a public university in Arcata , California . It is the northernmost campus of the 23-school California State University ( CSU ) system . The main campus , situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest , has commanding views overlooking Arcata , much of Humboldt Bay , and the Pacific Ocean . The college town setting on the California North Coast , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Eureka , 279 miles ( 449 km ) north of San Francisco , and 654 miles ( 1052.51 km ) north of Los Angeles is notable for its natural beauty . The university is divided into three colleges : the College of Arts , Humanities , and Social Sciences ; the College of Natural Resources and Sciences ; and the College of Professional Studies . It offers 48 types of bachelor 's degrees , 12 different master 's degrees , 61 minors , and 13 credential programs . HSU does not offer doctoral degrees . In addition to the main campus , HSU has multiple off-campus facilities and education-related properties , including an ocean-side marine biology research center , a wildlife care facility , a public natural history museum , a public art gallery , a bay-side aquatics facility , a mountain-top astronomy observatory , an ocean-going marine research and teaching vessel ( Coral Sea ) , and a demonstration forest ( Arcata Community Forest ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford House Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park', 'summary': 'Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino , California . It consists of 347 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino , two beaches ( Big River Beach and Portuguese Beach ) , and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles ( 13 km ) along both banks of the nearby Big River . The park began operation in 1974 , after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development . The Big River Unit was added in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino,_California', 'summary': "Mendocino ( formerly , Big River , Meiggstown , and Mendocino City ) is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County , California , United States . Mendocino is located 9.5 miles ( 15 km ) south of Fort Bragg , at an elevation of 154 feet ( 47 m ) . The population of the census-designated place ( CDP ) was 894 at the 2010 census , up from 824 at the 2000 census . The town 's name comes from Cape Mendocino , named by early Spanish navigators in honor of Antonio de Mendoza , Viceroy of New Spain . In turn , the etymology of Mendoza is cold mountain . Despite its small size , the town 's scenic location on a headland surrounded by the Pacific Ocean has made it extremely popular as an artist colony and with vacationers ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Visitor and interpretive center for Mendocino Headlands State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park', 'summary': 'Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino , California . It consists of 347 acres ( 1.4 km2 ) of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino , two beaches ( Big River Beach and Portuguese Beach ) , and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles ( 13 km ) along both banks of the nearby Big River . The park began operation in 1974 , after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development . The Big River Unit was added in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Humboldt State Historic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Humboldt_State_Historic_Park', 'summary': 'Fort Humboldt State Historic Park is a California state park , located in Eureka , California , United States . Displays interpret the former U.S. Army fort , which was staffed from 1853-1870 , the interactions between European Americans and Native Americans in roughly the same period , and both logging equipment and local narrow gauge railroad history of the region . Within the collection , there are trains , logging equipment , including a fully functional Steam Donkey engine , and an authentic Native American dug-out canoe . The Fort overlooks Humboldt Bay from a commanding position atop a bluff . The North Coast regional headquarters of the California State Parks system is located onsite .'}]}, {'value': 'Eureka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eureka,_California', 'summary': "Eureka ( Hupa : do'-wi-lotl-ding , Karuk : uuth ) is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California . The city is located on U.S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay , 270 miles ( 430 km ) north of San Francisco and 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Oregon border . At the 2010 census , the population of the city was 27,191 , and the population of Greater Eureka was 45,034 . Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states . It is the regional center for government , health care , trade , and the arts on the North Coast north of the San Francisco Bay Area . Greater Eureka , one of California 's major commercial fishing ports , is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , a stretch of about 500 miles ( 800 km ) . The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka . As entrepôt for hundreds of lumber mills that once existed in the area , the city played a leading role in the historic West Coast lumber trade . The entire city is a state historic landmark , which has hundreds of significant Victorian homes , including the nationally recognized Carson Mansion , and the city has retained its original 19th-century commercial core as a nationally recognized Old Town Historic District . Eureka is home to California 's oldest zoo , the Sequoia Park Zoo ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'History of the mid 19th century fort , interactions between European Americans and Native Americans , logging equipment and local narrow gauge railroad history of the region', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortuna Depot Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortuna,_California', 'summary': "Fortuna ( formerly , Slide , Springville ) ( Wiyot : Vutsuwitk Da ' l , ashes stay ) is a city on the northeast shore of the Eel River ( approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) from where it enters the Pacific Ocean ) , and is on U.S. Route 101 in west-central Humboldt County , California , United States . The population was 11,926 at the 2010 census , up from 10,497 at the 2000 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , history of the Eel River Valley , includes memorabilia from railroad , farm and war eras , including large locks , spark plugs , and barbed wire displays , a doll collection and many types of fishing gear and lures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grace Hudson Museum and Sun House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grace_Hudson_Museum_and_Sun_House', 'summary': 'The Grace Hudson Museum in Ukiah , California is adjacent to the Sun House where artist Grace Hudson and her husband resided until their deaths . The house and museum are owned and operated by the city of Ukiah .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukiah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukiah,_California', 'summary': 'Ukiah ( /juːˈkaɪə/ yoo-KY-ə ; formerly Ukiah City ) is the county seat and largest city of Mendocino County , California . With its accessible location ( along the U.S. Route 101 corridor several miles south of CA 20 ) , Ukiah serves as the city center for Mendocino County and much of neighboring Lake County .'}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multiple', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art , history , and anthropology museum focusing on the lifeworks of artist Grace Carpenter Hudson ( 1865-1937 ) and her ethnologist husband , Dr. John W. Hudson ( 1857-1936 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guest House Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Bragg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California', 'summary': "Fort Bragg is a coastal city along California 's Shoreline Highway in Mendocino County . It is 24 mi ( 39 km ) west of Willits , at an elevation of 85 feet ( 26 m ) . A California Historical Landmark , the city was founded , prior to the American Civil War , as a military garrison rather than a fortification . Fort Bragg is a tourist destination because of its picturesque views of the Pacific Ocean . Its population was 7,273 at the 2010 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Mendocino', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local history', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Fort Bragg - Mendocino Coast Historical Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoopa Tribal Museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoopa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoopa,_California', 'summary': 'Hoopa ( formerly , Hupa , Ho-pah , Hoo-pah , Hupo , and Up-pa ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Humboldt County , California . It is located 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Weitchpec , at an elevation of 328 feet ( 100 m ) . The ZIP Code is 95546 . Hoopa is a rural town located entirely on the reservation of the Hupa . The federal designation of the area is the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation . Hoopa is on the Trinity River . Hoopa is in the area code of 530 . The Hoopa Valley post office opened in 1861 , the name was changed to Hoopa in 1895 , to Hupa in 1900 , and back to Hoopa in 1902 .'}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Native American', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HSU Art Galleries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arcata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcata,_California', 'summary': "Arcata ( meaning where there is a lagoon ) in Yurok or Oket'oh , originally Union Town or Union , is a city adjacent to the Arcata Bay ( northern ) portion of Humboldt Bay in Humboldt County , California , United States . At the 2010 census , Arcata 's population was 17,231 . Arcata , located 280 miles ( 450 km ) north of San Francisco ( via Highway 101 ) , is home to Humboldt State University . Arcata is also the location of the Arcata Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Land Management , which is responsible for the administration of natural resources , lands and mineral programs , including the Headwaters Forest , on approximately 200,000 acres of public land in Northwestern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Humboldt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , includes the Reese Bullen Gallery in the Humboldt State University Art Building , the Native American Arts Gallery in the Behavioral & Social Science Building and the First Street Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Humboldt_State_University', 'summary': "Humboldt State University ( HSU , Humboldt State , or Humboldt ) is a public university in Arcata , California . It is the northernmost campus of the 23-school California State University ( CSU ) system . The main campus , situated hillside at the edge of a coast redwood forest , has commanding views overlooking Arcata , much of Humboldt Bay , and the Pacific Ocean . The college town setting on the California North Coast , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Eureka , 279 miles ( 449 km ) north of San Francisco , and 654 miles ( 1052.51 km ) north of Los Angeles is notable for its natural beauty . The university is divided into three colleges : the College of Arts , Humanities , and Social Sciences ; the College of Natural Resources and Sciences ; and the College of Professional Studies . It offers 48 types of bachelor 's degrees , 12 different master 's degrees , 61 minors , and 13 credential programs . HSU does not offer doctoral degrees . In addition to the main campus , HSU has multiple off-campus facilities and education-related properties , including an ocean-side marine biology research center , a wildlife care facility , a public natural history museum , a public art gallery , a bay-side aquatics facility , a mountain-top astronomy observatory , an ocean-going marine research and teaching vessel ( Coral Sea ) , and a demonstration forest ( Arcata Community Forest ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HSU_First_Street_Gallery', 'summary': 'HSU First Street Gallery ( later known as the HSU Third Street Gallery ) was a contemporary , fine arts gallery located in the E. Janssen Building at 422 1st Street ( later moved to 416 3rd Street ) in the historic Old Town district of Eureka , California . The gallery , which supported the Exhibition Programs of Humboldt State University , was an off-campus , non-profit student-oriented public outreach program and gallery which showcased regional , national and international artists , as well as art by faculty , staff , students , and alumni of the university . In September 2018 , the university closed the gallery during a round of budget cuts .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Museums', 'section_text': 'See also : List of museums in California', 'uid': 'List_of_museums_in_the_North_Coast_(California)_0', 'intro': 'The North Coast of California is located on the Pacific coast in between the San Francisco Bay and the Oregon border and includes Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, and Mendocino counties. This list of North Coast, California museums, defined for this context as institutions (in nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing can include non-profit and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included. To use the sortable tables: click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.'}	null	null	What is the population of the city containing Guest House Museum ?	7,273
015bedf1b7dcefaf	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._records_and_statistics', 'title': 'List of West Bromwich Albion F.C. records and statistics', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Fee', 'Paid to', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oliver Burke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_Burke', 'summary': 'Oliver Jasen Burke ( born 7 April 1997 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Deportivo Alavés , on loan from West Bromwich Albion , and the Scotland national team . He came through the academy at Nottingham Forest , signing a professional contract in September 2014 and making his debut the following February . In August 2016 , Burke signed for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig for a reported fee of £13 million , a record fee for a Scottish player . A year later , having helped Leipzig to runners-up position in the league , he returned to England by signing for West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £15 million .'}]}, {'value': '£15 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RB Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RB_Leipzig', 'summary': "RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V. , commonly known as RB Leipzig , is a German professional football club based in Leipzig , Saxony . The club was founded in 2009 by initiative of the company Red Bull GmbH , which purchased the playing rights of fifth-tier side SSV Markranstädt with the intent of advancing the new club to the top-flight Bundesliga within eight years . Men 's professional football is run by the spin-off organization RasenBallsport Leipzig GmbH . RB Leipzig plays its home matches at the Red Bull Arena . In its inaugural season in 2009-10 , RB Leipzig dominated the NOFV-Oberliga Süd ( V ) and was promoted as champions to the Regionalliga Nord ( IV ) . RB Leipzig won the 2012-13 Regionalliga Nordost season without a single defeat and was promoted to the 3 . Liga ( III ) , then finished the 2013-14 3 . Liga season as runners-up and was promoted to the 2 . Bundesliga ( II ) as the first team since the introduction of the 3 . Liga to win promotion after only one season . On 8 May 2016 , RB Leipzig ensured promotion to the Bundesliga for the 2016-17 season with a 2-0 win over Karlsruher SC . One year later , RB Leipzig captured a place in the 2017-18 UEFA Champions League by finishing as runners-up in the Bundesliga ."}]}, {'value': '25 August 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nacer Chadli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nacer_Chadli', 'summary': 'Nacer Chadli ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ nɑsɛʁ ʃadli ] ; born 2 August 1989 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Anderlecht , on loan from Monaco , and the Belgium national team . He began his career in the Eerste Divisie with AGOVV Apeldoorn , and in 2010 , he was transferred to top-flight FC Twente , where he won the KNVB Cup in his first season . In 2013 , Chadli joined Tottenham Hotspur , and three years later he signed for West Bromwich Albion for a club record £13 million . Chadli played internationally for Morocco in 2010 as his father is of Moroccan descent , but switched allegiance to Belgium the following year . He has earned over 50 caps for Belgium and represented the nation at the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '£13 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottenham Hotspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}]}, {'value': '29 August 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Salomón Rondón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Salomón_Rondón', 'summary': "José Salomón Rondón Giménez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ saloˈmon ronˈdon ] ; born 16 September 1989 ) is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Chinese Super League club Dalian Professional and the Venezuela national team . After starting out at Aragua , he went on to spend most of his career in Europe , appearing in La Liga with Málaga , the Russian Premier League with Rubin Kazan and Zenit Saint Petersburg ( winning the 2015 national championship with the latter club ) and the Premier League with West Bromwich Albion and Newcastle United . A Venezuela international since 2008 , Rondón is the country 's all-time top goalscorer with 30 goals , and he represented his country in four Copa América tournaments ."}]}, {'value': '£12 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenit Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenit_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Football Club Zenit ( Russian : Футбольный клуб « Зенит » [ fʊdˈbolʲnɨj ˈkɫup zʲɪˈnʲit ] ) , also known as Zenit Saint Petersburg or simply Zenit , is a Russian professional football club based in the city of Saint Petersburg . Founded in 1925 ( or in 1914 , according to some Russian sources ) , the club plays in the Russian Premier League . Zenit are the reigning champions of the Russian Premier League . Previously they won the 2007 , 2010 , 2011-12 , 2014-15 and 2018-19 seasons of the Russian Premier League , as well as the 2007-08 UEFA Cup and the 2008 UEFA Super Cup . The club is owned and sponsored by the Russian state-owned energy giant Gazprom , The team play it 's home matches at the Gazprom Arena ."}]}, {'value': '10 August 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jay Rodriguez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Rodriguez', 'summary': 'Jay Enrique Rodriguez ( born 29 July 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Burnley . He began his career with his hometown club Burnley , for whom he scored 41 goals in 128 appearances across all competitions from his debut in 2007 . In 2012 , he joined Southampton for around £7 million , where his form earned him his only England cap , but missed over a year with injury .'}]}, {'value': '£12 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton_F.C.', 'summary': "Southampton Football Club ( /saʊθˈ ( h ) æmptən/ ( listen ) ) is a professional association football club based in Southampton , Hampshire , England , which plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . Their home ground since 2001 has been St Mary 's Stadium , before which they were based at The Dell . The club has been nicknamed The Saints since its inception in 1885 due to its history as a church football team , founded as St. Mary 's Church of England Young Men 's Association , and play in red and white shirts . Southampton has a long-standing rivalry with Portsmouth due to its proximity and both cities ' respective maritime history . Matches between the two sides are known as the South Coast derby ."}]}, {'value': '2 July 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown Ideye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brown_Ideye', 'summary': 'Aide Brown Ideye ( born 10 October 1988 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Greek club Aris and the Nigeria national team .'}]}, {'value': '£10 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynamo Kiev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Kiev', 'summary': "Football Club Dynamo Kyiv ( Ukrainian : Футбольний клуб « Динамо » Київ , pronounced [ dɪˈnɑmo ˈkɪjiu̯ ] ) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Kiev . Founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dynamo Sports Society , the club plays in the Ukrainian Premier League , and has never been relegated to a lower division . Their home is the 70,050 capacity Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex . Since 1936 , Dynamo has spent its entire history in the top league of Soviet and later Ukrainian football . Its most successful periods are associated with Valeriy Lobanovskyi , who coached the team during three stints , leading them to numerous domestic and European titles . In 1961 , the club became first ever in the history of Soviet football that managed to overcome the total hegemony of Moscow-based clubs in the Soviet Top League . The Spartak Moscow-Dynamo Kyiv rivalry that began in the mid 1970s , is widely considered to have been one of the most exciting football rivalries in the Soviet Union . Since the late 1960s , the club has participated in the UEFA continental competitions almost every year . It was the first Soviet football club to participate in the UEFA European competitions , starting to do so in 1965 . Over its history , Dynamo Kyiv has won 15 Ukrainian national titles , 13 Soviet national titles , 11 Ukrainian national cup competitions , 9 Soviet national cup competitions , and three continental titles ( including two UEFA Cup Winners ' Cups ) . Along with Dinamo Tbilisi , they were the only two Soviet clubs that succeeded in the UEFA competitions . The first team of Dynamo became a base team for the Soviet Union national football team in the 1970-1980s and the Ukraine national football team in the 1990-2000s ."}]}, {'value': '18 July 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jake Livermore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Livermore', 'summary': 'Jake Cyril Livermore ( born 14 November 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Championship club West Bromwich Albion and the English national team . He began his career at Tottenham Hotspur , spending most of his tenure out on loan at clubs in all three divisions of the English Football League . In 2013 , he moved to Hull City , initially on a temporary basis , becoming permanent at the end of the season . After amassing 144 appearances for the Tigers in all competitions , he joined West Bromwich Albion in January 2017 . Livermore earned his first cap for the England national team in August 2012 in a friendly win against Italy .'}]}, {'value': '£10 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hull City F.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hull_City_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hull City Association Football Club is a professional football club in Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England . Founded in 1904 , the club plays in the Championship , the second tier of English football . In 2007-08 , they achieved promotion to the top flight of English football for the first time in their history by winning the Championship play-off Final at Wembley Stadium . Their highest league finish was in 2013-14 , when they finished 16th in the table , a season in which they also reached the final of the FA Cup . Hull City play home games at the KCOM Stadium , having moved there in 2002 after 56 seasons at Boothferry Park . Hull traditionally play in black and amber , often with a striped shirt design , hence their nickname , The Tigers .'}]}, {'value': '20 January 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stéphane Sessègnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Sessègnon', 'summary': "Stéphane Sessègnon ( born 1 June 1984 ) is a Beninese professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Gençlerbirliği . He is a Benin international having starred for the nation at both the 2008 and 2010 editions of the Africa Cup of Nations . Sessègnon plays a variety of positions as a forward , a winger and as a midfield offensive playmaker . He is Benin 's all-time top scorer and appearance maker with 24 international goals in 82 matches ."}]}, {'value': '£6.6 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunderland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Sunderland Association Football Club ( /ˈsʌndərlənd/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈsʊndlən/ ) is an English professional football club based in the city of Sunderland , Tyne and Wear . Sunderland play in League One , the third tier of English football . Since its formation in 1879 , the club has won six top-flight ( First Division , now the Premier League ) titles ( 1892 , 1893 , 1895 , 1902 , 1913 and 1936 ) , a total only bettered by five other clubs , and has finished runners-up five times . The club has also won the FA Cup twice ( 1937 and 1973 ) and been runners-up twice ( 1913 and 1992 ) , as well as winning the FA Charity Shield in 1936 and being finalists the following year . Sunderland have also been Football League Cup finalists in 1985 and 2014 . Sunderland play their home games at the 49,000-capacity all-seater Stadium of Light having moved from Roker Park in 1997 . The original ground capacity was 42,000 which was increased to 49,000 following expansion in 2000 . Sunderland have a long-standing rivalry with their neighbouring club Newcastle United , with whom they have contested the Tyne-Wear derby since 1898 .'}]}, {'value': '2 September 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victor Anichebe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Anichebe', 'summary': 'Victor Chinedu Anichebe ( born 23 April 1988 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who played as a striker . He is currently a free agent , having played most recently for Beijing Enterprises .'}]}, {'value': '£6 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everton_F.C.', 'summary': "Everton Football Club ( /ˈɛvərtən/ ) is an English professional football club based in Liverpool that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has competed in the top division for a record 116 seasons and has missed the top division only four times ( 1930-31 , 1951-52 , 1952-53 , and 1953-54 ) since the creation of the Football League , of which it is a founding member . The club has won nine League Championships , five FA Cups , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Formed in 1878 , Everton won its first League Championship during the 1890-91 season . After winning four more League Championships and two FA Cups , the club experienced a post-World War II lull until a revival in the 1960s . A period of sustained success came in the mid-1980s , when Everton won a further two League Championships , one FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup . The club 's supporters are colloquially known as Evertonians or Blues . Everton has a rivalry with Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club has been based at Goodison Park in Walton since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a disagreement over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': '2 September 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shane Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shane_Long', 'summary': "Shane Patrick Long ( born 22 January 1987 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Southampton and the Republic of Ireland national team . He also played hurling for Tipperary in his early life . Long began his football career at Cork City . He later moved to Reading where , among other achievements , he scored three goals in ten substitute appearances during his team 's Championship-winning 2005-06 campaign , guided his team into the Fourth round of the FA Cup by defeating Liverpool in a third round replay match in 2010 , and later won a player of the season award . He signed for Premier League side West Bromwich Albion in 2011 for a fee of £6 million , and joined Hull City in January 2014 , then Southampton in August 2014 . On 23 April 2019 , he scored the fastest goal in Premier League history . Long made his senior debut for the Republic of Ireland in 2007 , and has since earned 80 international caps ."}]}, {'value': '£5 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_F.C.', 'summary': "Reading Football Club ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Mark Bowen . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006-07 season . The club competed in the 2012-13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011-12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's former co-chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985-86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005-06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006-07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club . During the 2014-15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi finals , reaching the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016-17 EFL Championship season ."}]}, {'value': '9 August 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borja Valero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borja_Valero', 'summary': 'Borja Valero Iglesias ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈboɾxa βaˈleɾo ] ; born 12 January 1985 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Italian club Inter Milan . He began his career with Real Madrid but did not have any impact with its first team , and played for Mallorca and in England for West Bromwich Albion before joining Villarreal in 2010 . He also spent several years in Serie A , with Fiorentina and Inter Milan . Over five seasons , Valero amassed La Liga totals of 139 games and 16 goals .'}]}, {'value': '£4.7 million', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RCD Mallorca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RCD_Mallorca', 'summary': 'Real Club Deportivo Mallorca , S.A.D . ( Spanish : [ reˈal ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo maˈʎoɾka ] , Catalan : Reial Club Deportiu Mallorca [ rəˈjal ˈklub dəpuɾˈtiw məˈʎɔɾkə ] , Royal Sporting Club Mallorca ) is a Spanish football club based in Palma , in the Balearic Islands . Founded on 5 March 1916 it currently plays in La Liga , holding home games at the Estadi de Son Moix with a 23,142-seat capacity . Team colours are red shirts with black shorts and black socks .'}]}, {'value': '22 August 2008', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Transfers -- Highest transfer fees paid', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C._records_and_statistics_2', 'intro': "West Bromwich Albion are an English professional association football club based in West Bromwich, West Midlands. The club was founded in 1878 as West Bromwich Strollers, by workers from George Salter's Spring Works and turned professional in 1885. The team has spent the majority of its history in the top division of English football and is currently in its longest spell in the Premier League. This list encompasses records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Albion players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at The Hawthorns, the club's home ground since 1900, are also included in the list. Records generally refer only to first team, competitive matches in national or European competitions. Reserve matches, youth matches, friendlies, testimonials, war-time matches and regional competitions are not considered, except where indicated."}	null	null	How many seasons did the player with a fee of £4.7 million play ?	five
015c1ca44ed487db	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_Football_League', 'title': 'Northern Territory Football League', 'header': ['Club', 'Total Wooden Spoons', 'Years of Wooden Spoon'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wanderers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanderers_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Wanderers Football Club , nicknamed , Eagles , is an Australian rules football club , currently playing in the Northern Territory Football League ( NTFL ) . The club was formed in 1916 as a founding member of the NTFL . It has produced Australian Football League ( AFL ) players such as Shannon , Daniel and Marlon Motlop , Russell Jeffrey , Mark West , Troy Taylor , Relton Roberts , Steven Motlop and Liam Patrick .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930/31 , 1931/32 , 1932/33 , 1933/34 , 1935/36 , 1946/47 , 1953/54 , 1954/55 , 1955/56 , 1956/57 , 1963/64 , 1964/65 , 1965/66 , 1966/67 , 1967/68 , 1968/69 , 1969/70 , 1970/71 , 1971/72 , 1976/77 , 1979/80 , 1989/90 , 1997/98 , 1998/99 , 1999/00 , 2000/01 , 2001/02 , 2007/08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waratah_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Waratah Football Club , nicknamed , Warriors or Tahs , is a member club of the Northern Territory Football League .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919/20 , 1921/22 , 1924/25 , 1926/27 , 1936/37 , 1949/50 , 1951/52 , 1957/58 , 1958/59 , 1959/60 , 1961/62 , 1962/63 , 1975/76 , 1977/78 , 1978/79 , 1980/81 , 1982/83 , 1983/84 , 1984/85 , 1988/89 , 1993/94 , 2014/15 , 2015/16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Darwin Football Club , nicknamed , Buffaloes , is an Australian rules football club , playing in the Northern Territory Football League .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916/17 , 1917/18 , 1918/19 , 1920/21 , 1922/23 , 1923/24 , 1927/28 , 1928/29 , 1960/61 , 1996/97 , 2006/07 , 2008/09 , 2009/10 , 2011/12 , 2012/13 , 2013/14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palmerston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmerston_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Palmerston Football Club , nicknamed , Magpies , is an Australian rules football club , currently playing in the Northern Territory Football League . They were first called Internationals before entering the NTFL , then they were called North Darwin from the 1972/73 to 1995/96 season .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972/73 , 1973/74 , 1981/82 , 1985/86 , 1986/87 , 1990/91 , 1994/95 , 2004/05 , 2017/18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nightcliff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nightcliff_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Nightcliff Football Club , nicknamed , Tigers , is a member club of the Northern Territory Football League , and is based in the Darwin suburb of Nightcliff .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950/51 , 1952/53 , 1992/93 , 1995/96 , 2010/11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern Districts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Districts_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Southern Districts Football Club , nicknamed the Crocs , is an Australian rules football club established in 1981 . The club plays in the Northern Territory Football League at semi-professional level and represent the rural area of Litchfield . Premier League ( ' A ' Grade ) The club won their first ever ' A ' Grade Premiership under Coach Mark Motlop in the 1997/98 season defeating St Mary 's . Michael Magic McLean coached for a number of seasons commencing with the 2006/07 Premiership season . Shannon Rusca became Senior Coach in the 2012/13 season . Shannon who played as the youngest Premier League premiership player as a 17-year-old in the club 's first ' A ' grade Premiership in the 1997/98 season was Captain in the 2006/07 season Premiership winning team playing as a Player / Assistant Coach under Magic . Then in the 2017/18 season coached the team to the club 's third Premier League premiership ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991/92 , 2002/03 , 2003/04 , 2005/06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiwi Bombers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiwi_Bombers_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The Tiwi Bombers Football Club is an Australian rules football club , currently competing in the Northern Territory Football League . The club is notable as being the first all-Aboriginal team to play in a major competition . The team is affiliated with the Essendon Football Club , where two famous Tiwi Island products Michael Long and Dean Rioli played their football in the national Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Essendon provided jumpers for the team and the team adopted the Bombers moniker . AFL players Austin Wonaeamirri , Dean Rioli , Willie Rioli and Anthony McDonald-Tipungwuti have played for the club .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016/17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Marys', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary's_Football_Club_(NTFL)", 'summary': 'The St Marys Football Club , nicknamed , Saints , formed in 1952 , is an Australian rules football club , affiliated to the Northern Territory Football League . It is famous for its record of success , with 32 NTFL premierships in 49 Grand Finals and 63 out of 66 possible final appearances . To the end of season 2018/19 St Marys have played 1233 games for 887 Wins 336 Losses and 10 Draws . Nicknamed the Saints , St Marys play their home games at Football Park in Marrara . St Marys has produced many talented players , particularly Indigenous Australian players for leagues such as the Australian Football League . Many players from the Tiwi Bombers Football Club also played for the club . St Marys have only missed the NTFL finals three times in their proud history , the seasons they missed were in 1979/80 ( 5th ) , 2000/01 ( 5th ) and 2018/19 ( 8th ) . They manage to collect their first wooden spoon in 2018/19 . The longest wooden spoon drought in NTFL history ( 67 years ) . Second is Nightcliff Football Club from 1952/53 - 1992/93 ( 40 Years ) .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018/19', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Wooden Spoon tally', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Northern_Territory_Football_League_4', 'intro': "The Northern Territory Football League (NTFL) is an Australian rules football semi-professional league operating in Darwin in the Northern Territory. The league is one of the only, and the highest level, Australian Rules competitions played during the Australian Summer with the season beginning in October and ending in March, because cricket cannot be played during the wet season, due to high levels of rain, resulting in the football and cricket seasons being swapped. The league regularly attracts high-profile semi-professional players from interstate leagues due to its lack of salary cap and the timing of the season, which allows players to play extra matches during the rest of Australia's off-season."}	null	null	What is the total amount of wooden spoons for the club that notable became the first all-Aboriginal team ?	1
015c74b222fe9ba6	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_Park', 'title': 'Brush Park', 'header': ['Name', 'Year', 'Location', 'Style', 'Architect', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': '293 Eliot St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Foursquare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Foursquare', 'summary': 'The American Foursquare or American Four Square is an American house style popular from the mid-1890s to the late 1930s . A reaction to the ornate and mass-produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century , the American Foursquare was plain , often incorporating handcrafted honest woodwork ( unless purchased from a mail-order catalog ) . This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles . It is also sometimes called Transitional Period . The hallmarks of the style include a basically square , boxy design , two-and-one-half stories high , usually with four large , boxy rooms to a floor , a center dormer , and a large front porch with wide stairs . The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space , to use a small city lot to best advantage . Other common features included a hipped roof , arched entries between common rooms , built-in cabinetry , and Craftsman-style woodwork . A typical design would be as follows : first floor , from front to back , on one side , the living room and dining room ; while on the other side , the entry room or foyer , stairway and kitchen . Sometimes a bathroom was also included . Second floor , front to back , on one side , bedroom , bathroom and bedroom ; while on the other side , bedroom , stairway and bedroom . The bedrooms had a slightly longer dimension along the front and back of the house with side-by-side closets between the bedrooms . This gave a very efficient layout , with a bedroom in each corner and a centralized bathroom and stairway .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Since May 15 , 1939 , this building houses Gamma Lambda Chapter , a local chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha African-American Greek-lettered fraternity . Detroit 's Gamma Lambda Chapter , founded in 1919 , served as a focal point for black social , cultural , educational , and community service activities in an era when there were few other outlets . The house , built around 1918 , was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on August 30 , 1977", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha', 'summary': "Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity , Inc. ( ΑΦΑ ) is the first African-American , intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity . It was initially a literary and social studies club organized in the 1905-1906 school year at Cornell University but later evolved into a fraternity with a founding date of December 4 , 1906 , at Cornell . It employs an icon from Ancient Egypt , the Great Sphinx of Giza , as its symbol . Its aims are Manly Deeds , Scholarship , and Love For All Mankind , and its motto is First of All , Servants of All , We Shall Transcend All . Its archives are preserved at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center . Chapters were chartered at Howard University and Virginia Union University in 1907 . The fraternity has over 290,000 members and has been open to men of all races since 1945 . Currently , there are more than 730 active chapters in the Americas , Africa , Europe , the Caribbean , and Asia . It is the largest predominately African-American intercollegiate fraternity and one of the ten largest intercollegiate fraternities in the nation . Alpha Phi Alpha is a social organization with a service organization mission and provided leadership and service during the Great Depression , World Wars , and Civil Rights Movement . The fraternity addresses social issues such as apartheid , AIDS , urban housing , and other economic , cultural , and political issues of interest to people of color . National programs and initiatives of the fraternity include A Voteless People Is a Hopeless People , My Brother 's Keeper , Go To High School , Go To College , Project Alpha , and the World Policy Council ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greek_alphabet', 'summary': 'The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late ninth or early eighth century BC . It is derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet , and was the first alphabetic script in history to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants . In Archaic and early Classical times , the Greek alphabet existed in many different local variants , but , by the end of the fourth century BC , the Euclidean alphabet , with twenty-four letters , ordered from alpha to omega , had become standard and it is this version that is still used to write Greek today . These twenty-four letters ( each in uppercase and lowercase forms ) are : Α α , Β β , Γ γ , Δ δ , Ε ε , Ζ ζ , Η η , Θ θ , Ι ι , Κ κ , Λ λ , Μ μ , Ν ν , Ξ ξ , Ο ο , Π π , Ρ ρ , Σ σ/ς , Τ τ , Υ υ , Φ φ , Χ χ , Ψ ψ , and Ω ω . The Greek alphabet is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Like Latin and Cyrillic , Greek originally had only a single form of each letter ; it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase in parallel with Latin during the modern era . Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient and Modern Greek usage , because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the fifth century BC and today . Modern and Ancient Greek also use different diacritics . Apart from its use in writing the Greek language , in both its ancient and its modern forms , the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics , science and other fields .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities', 'summary': 'Fraternities and sororities , or Greek letter organizations ( GLOs ) ( collectively referred to as Greek life ) , are social organizations at colleges and universities . A form of the social fraternity , they are prominent in the United States , Canada , and the Philippines , with much smaller numbers existing in France and elsewhere . Similar organizations exist in other countries as well , including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries or the Goliardia in Italy . Similar , but much less common , organizations also exist for secondary school students , as do fraternal orders for other adults . In modern usage , Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority . Two additional types of fraternities , professional fraternities and honor societies , incorporate some limited elements of traditional fraternity organization , but are generally considered a different type of association . Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities . Generally , membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained as an undergraduate student but continues , thereafter , for life . Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates , per constitutional provisions . Individual fraternities and sororities vary in organization and purpose , but most share five common elements :'}]}, {'value': 'Bonstelle Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonstelle_Theatre', 'summary': 'The Bonstelle Theatre is a theater operated by Wayne State University , and located at 3424 Woodward Avenue ( the southeast corner of Woodward and Eliot ) in the Midtown Woodward Historic District of Detroit , Michigan . It was originally built in 1902 as the Temple Beth-El , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . As of 2019 , the University plans to decommission the theatre and lease it to a private developer for inclusion in a boutique hotel .'}]}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3424 Woodward Ave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaux-Arts , Greek Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}, {'url': '/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States . It revived the style of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple , with varying degrees of thoroughness and consistency . A product of Hellenism , it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which had for long mainly drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts , London in 1842 . With a newfound access to Greece , or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites , archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders . In each country it touched , the style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism and civic virtue , and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that was thought to characterize the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took hold . This was especially the case in Britain , Germany and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design , sometimes called Neo-Grec , was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century , when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire , and Regency architecture in Britain . Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries , lasting until the Civil War in America ( 1860s ) and even later in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Albert Kahn ; C. Howard Crane ( remodeling )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}, {'url': '/wiki/C._Howard_Crane', 'summary': "Charles Howard Crane ( August 13 , 1885 - August 14 , 1952 ) was an American architect who was primarily active in Detroit , Michigan . His designs include Detroit 's Fox Theatre and Olympia Stadium , as well as LeVeque Tower in Columbus , Ohio , which remains that city 's second tallest building ."}]}, {'value': "In accordance with the wishes of rabbi Leo M. Franklin , Albert Kahn designed this neoclassical temple on Woodward Avenue for Detroit 's Jewish community . Groundbreaking began on November 25 , 1901 , with the ceremonial cornerstone laid on April 23 , 1902 . After the construction of a new synagogue at 8801 Woodward , in 1925 the Temple Beth El was converted into a theater by C. Howard Crane ; the façade was later strongly altered with the 1936 Woodward widening . The structure - the oldest synagogue building in Detroit - is listed on the National Register of Historic Places", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_M._Franklin', 'summary': "Leo Morris Franklin ( March 5 , 1870 - August 8 , 1948 ) was an influential Reform rabbi from Detroit , who headed that city 's Temple Beth El from 1899 to 1941 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Temple_Beth-El_(Lighthouse_Cathedral)', 'summary': 'The former Temple Beth-El is a historic building located at 8801 Woodward Avenue ( Woodward at Gladstone ) in Detroit , Michigan . It was built in 1921 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Broock House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': '233 Erskine St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwardian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwardian_architecture', 'summary': 'Edwardian architecture is an architectural style popular during the reign of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom ( 1901 to 1910 ) . Architecture up to the year 1914 may also be included in this style . Edwardian architecture is generally less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture , apart from a subset - used for major buildings - known as Edwardian Baroque architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Mueller & Mildner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This house ( pictured left ) was built in 1905 for Max Broock , a real estate and insurance broker whose offices were located in the Breitmeyer-Tobin Building . Designed by the Detroit firm of Mueller & Mildner , the structure reflects strongly the transitional character of many houses of the Edwardian period - part Victorian , and part twentieth century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmonie_Centre', 'summary': "The Harmonie Centre , also known as the Breitmeyer-Tobin Building , is an eight-story commercial building located at 1308 Broadway Street ( at the corner of Broadway and Gratiot ) in Downtown Detroit , Michigan . It is part of the Broadway Avenue Historic District . It is also known as the Tobin Building . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . The east necklace of downtown links Grand Circus and the stadium area to Greektown along Broadway . The east necklace contains a sub-district sometimes called the Harmonie Park District , which has taken on the renowned legacy of Detroit 's music from the 1930s through the 1950s and into the present ."}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Butler House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '291 Edmund Pl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French Renaissance Revival , Second Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}]}, {'value': 'William Scott & Co', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built in 1882 , the Frederick Butler House is a French Renaissance Second Empire style mansion containing 8,400 sq ft ( 780 m ) ; the original owner , Frederick Butler , was a banker . It was restored and converted to condos in 2006 . The house , located within the Woodward East Historic District , is presently now as Edmund Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}]}, {'value': 'James V. Campbell House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': []}, {'value': '261 Alfred St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italianate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Valentine Campbell ( 1823-1890 ) was secretary of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan , justice of the Michigan Supreme Court , and Marshall Professor of Law at the University of Michigan . The house was occupied by the Campbell family from 1877 to 1891 . The building is within the Woodward East Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_V._Campbell', 'summary': 'James Valentine Campbell ( February 25 , 1823 - March 26 , 1890 ) was a member of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1858-1890 . Campbell was born in Buffalo , New York but was brought to Detroit at a very young age . Campbell served as a law professor at the University of Michigan for much of the time he was on the Michigan Supreme Court . One biography of Campbell summed his life up as follows :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Michigan', 'summary': 'The Regents of the University of Michigan , sometimes referred to as the Board of Regents , are constitutional officers of the U.S. state of Michigan who collectively form the governing body of the University of Michigan , comprising the campuses at Ann Arbor , Flint , and Dearborn . The Board of Regents was first created by legislative act in 1837 , and the Regents as a body corporate have been defined in the Constitution of Michigan since 1850 . There are eight regents , two of whom are elected to an eight-year term by statewide ballot every two years , plus the President of the University of Michigan , who serves ex officio but does not vote . Michigan is one of four states with public university governing boards elected directly by the people ( along with Colorado , Nebraska , and Nevada ) . The Board of Regents is one of three elected university governing boards - along with the Michigan State University Board of Trustees and the Wayne State University Board of Governors - defined by the constitution of Michigan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court', 'summary': "The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is Michigan 's court of last resort and consists of seven justices . The Court is located in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing , the state capital ."}]}, {'value': 'The Carlton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2915 John R. St. at Edmund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beaux-Arts , Chicago School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)', 'summary': "Chicago 's architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School . Much of its early work is also known as Commercial style . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century . They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings , and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with , and then came to influence , parallel developments in European Modernism . A Second Chicago School with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s , which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems such as the tube-frame structure ."}]}, {'value': 'Louis Kamper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Kamper', 'summary': 'Louis Kamper ( March 11 , 1861 - February 24 , 1953 ) was an American architect , active in and around Detroit and Wayne County , Michigan , in the United States .'}]}, {'value': "The Carlton Plaza Hotel opened on May 31 , 1924 ; designed by famed Detroit architect Louis Kamper , it was his 12th major commission , and his firm 's first documented hotel project . During the Jazz Age , the hotel became a popular gathering place for wealthy and affluent African-Americans , including some of the biggest names in jazz . In 1950 , Ebony magazine described the Carlton as the most beautifully decorated and most elaborately furnished hotel for Negroes anywhere in the U.S. ; in May 1960 , Jet heralded it as the premier destination for the discriminating negro . By the 1980s , the hotel had progressively fell into decay ; taken over by the City of Detroit and shuttered in the 1990s , it was bought by private investors and renovated as condominiums in 2005", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz_Age', 'summary': "The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s and 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity in the United States . The Jazz Age 's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States , the birthplace of jazz . Originating in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music , jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period , and its influence on popular culture continued long afterward . The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties , and in the United States it overlapped in significant cross-cultural ways with the Prohibition Era . The movement was largely affected by the introduction of radios nationwide . During this time , the Jazz Age was intertwined with the developing cultures of young people . The movement also helped start the beginning of the European Jazz movement . American author F. Scott Fitzgerald is widely credited with coining the term , first using it in his 1922 short story collection titled Tales of the Jazz Age ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)', 'summary': 'Ebony magazine is a monthly publication that focuses on news , culture , and entertainment . Its target audience is the African-American community , and its coverage includes the lifestyles and accomplishments of influential black people , fashion , beauty , and politics . This magazine was founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson , who sought to address African-American issues , personalities and interests in a positive and self-affirming manner . Its cover photography typically showcases prominent African American public figures , including entertainers and politicians , such as Dorothy Dandridge , Lena Horne , Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , former U.S . Senator Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois , U.S. First lady Michelle Obama , Beyoncé Knowles , Tyrese Gibson , and Tyler Perry . Each year , Ebony selects the 100 Most Influential Blacks in America . A digest-sized sister magazine , Jet , was also founded by Johnson and his business , the Johnson Publishing Company , in 1951 . After 71 years , in June 2016 , Johnson Publishing sold both Jet and Ebony to private equity firm Clear View Group . The new publisher is known as Ebony Media Corporation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jet_(magazine)', 'summary': "Jet is an American weekly magazine that publishes general interest topics that are relevant to African-American readers . It was founded on November 1 , 1951 by John H. Johnson of the Johnson Publishing Company in Chicago , Illinois . Initially billed as The Weekly Negro News Magazine , Jet chronicled the Civil Rights Movement from its earliest years , including the murder of Emmett Till , the Montgomery bus boycott , and the activities of Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr . Published in small digest-sized format from its inception in 1951 , Jet printed in all or mostly black-and-white until its December 27 , 1999 issue . In 2009 , Jet 's publishing format was changed ; it was published every week with a double issue published once each month . Johnson Publishing Company published the final print issue on June 23 , 2014 , continuing solely as a digital magazine app . In 2016 , Johnson Publishing sold Jet and its sister publication Ebony to private equity firm Clear View Group . The publishing company is now known as Ebony Media Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Carola Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78 Watson St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renaissance Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renovated as condominiums', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyman Cochrane House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': '216 Winder St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italianate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This house is a relatively rare example of residential Italianate architecture in Detroit . It was originally built for eye doctor John F. Terry , but in 1871 was sold to Lyman Cochrane . Cochrane was a state senator and Superior Court Judge , serving in this capacity until his death in 1879', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Crystal lofts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3100 Woodward Ave. at Watson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Deco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally constructed as a ballroom ( the Crystal Palace ) , the building was recently renovated as condominiums . The Art Deco façade was added in 1936', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': 'J.P. Donaldson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82 Alfred St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen Anne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture', 'summary': 'The Queen Anne style in British architecture refers to either the English Baroque architectural style approximately of the reign of Queen Anne ( reigned 1702-1714 ) , or a revived form that was popular in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century ( when it is also known as Queen Anne revival ) . In other English-speaking parts of the world , Queen Anne style refers to entirely different styles . In British architecture the term is mostly used of domestic buildings up to the size of a manor house , and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects , rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates . Contrary to the American usage of the term , it is characterised by strongly bilateral symmetry with an Italianate or Palladian-derived pediment on the front formal elevation . The architectural historian Marcus Binney , writing in The Times in 2006 , describes Poulton House built in 1706 , during the reign of Queen Anne , as .Queen Anne at its most delightful . Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the style :'}]}, {'value': 'Mason & Rice ; Gordon W. Lloyd ( remodeling )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_D._Mason', 'summary': 'George DeWitt Mason ( July 4 , 1856 - June 3 , 1948 ) was an American architect who practiced in Detroit , Michigan in the latter part of the 19th and early decades of the 20th centuries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordon_W._Lloyd', 'summary': 'Gordon W. Lloyd was an architect of English origin , whose work was primarily in the American Midwest . After being taught by his uncle , Ewan Christian , at the Royal Academy , Lloyd moved to Detroit in 1858 . There he established himself as a popular architect of Episcopal churches and cathedrals in the region , mostly in the states of Michigan , Ohio and Pennsylvania . In addition to churches , Lloyd designed several secular works , such as commercial buildings , residences and an insane asylum . Though his office was in Detroit , Lloyd lived across the river in Windsor , Ontario , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'This house was built in 1879 for James P. Donaldson , a ship chandler . In 1892 , David Charles Whitney ( son of David Whitney Jr. ) acquired the home , which was completely renovated by Gordon W. Lloyd . At the time it was said to be one of the most substantial homes in Detroit and valued at $ 30,000 ( today $ 750,000± ) . The home had several other owners before becoming a rooming house ; in 2012 the building was sold to a private buyer for $ 110,000 . In the same year the mansion has been a movie set for the vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive , directed by Jim Jarmusch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Whitney_House', 'summary': 'The David Whitney House is a historic mansion located at 4421 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . The building was constructed during the 1890s as a private residence . It was restored in 1986 and is now a restaurant . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gordon_W._Lloyd', 'summary': 'Gordon W. Lloyd was an architect of English origin , whose work was primarily in the American Midwest . After being taught by his uncle , Ewan Christian , at the Royal Academy , Lloyd moved to Detroit in 1858 . There he established himself as a popular architect of Episcopal churches and cathedrals in the region , mostly in the states of Michigan , Ohio and Pennsylvania . In addition to churches , Lloyd designed several secular works , such as commercial buildings , residences and an insane asylum . Though his office was in Detroit , Lloyd lived across the river in Windsor , Ontario , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Only_Lovers_Left_Alive', 'summary': "Only Lovers Left Alive is a 2013 comedy-drama film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch , starring Tilda Swinton , Tom Hiddleston , Mia Wasikowska , Anton Yelchin , Jeffrey Wright , Slimane Dazi and John Hurt . An international co-production of the United Kingdom and Germany , the film focuses on the romance between two vampires , and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . In 2016 , the film was ranked among the 100 greatest films since 2000 in an international critics poll by 177 critics around the world . In late 2019 , it was named the fourth greatest film of the 2010s by The Hollywood Reporter 's chief film critic Todd McCarthy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch', 'summary': 'James Robert Jarmusch ( /ˈdʒɑːrməʃ/ ; born January 22 , 1953 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , actor , producer , editor , and composer . He has been a major proponent of independent cinema since the 1980s , directing films as Stranger Than Paradise ( 1984 ) , Down by Law ( 1986 ) , Mystery Train ( 1989 ) , Dead Man ( 1995 ) , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai ( 1999 ) , Coffee and Cigarettes ( 2003 ) , Broken Flowers ( 2005 ) , Only Lovers Left Alive ( 2013 ) , and Paterson ( 2016 ) . Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002 . As a musician , Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem .'}]}, {'value': 'Clifford Elliot House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': '305 Eliot St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victorian , Edwardian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwardian_architecture', 'summary': 'Edwardian architecture is an architectural style popular during the reign of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom ( 1901 to 1910 ) . Architecture up to the year 1914 may also be included in this style . Edwardian architecture is generally less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture , apart from a subset - used for major buildings - known as Edwardian Baroque architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'M.A . Edwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Built in 1899 for Clifford Elliot , a wholesale grocery executive , this turn-of-the-century house exemplifies the transition from the Victorian design to the Edwardian style of architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwardian_architecture', 'summary': 'Edwardian architecture is an architectural style popular during the reign of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom ( 1901 to 1910 ) . Architecture up to the year 1914 may also be included in this style . Edwardian architecture is generally less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture , apart from a subset - used for major buildings - known as Edwardian Baroque architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Ecumenical Theological Seminary is a Christian theological institution in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1980 as the Ecumenical Theological Center , the seminary offers graduate degrees and certificates in religious studies . It is housed in a building built in 1889 to house the First Presbyterian Church ; the seminary began leasing the building in 1992 and was donated the building , lands , and endowment in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2930 Woodward Ave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richardsonian Romanesque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque', 'summary': 'Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1838-1886 ) . The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French , Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics . Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo , New York , designed in 1870 . Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 1800s ; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well .'}]}, {'value': 'George D. Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_D._Mason', 'summary': 'George DeWitt Mason ( July 4 , 1856 - June 3 , 1948 ) was an American architect who practiced in Detroit , Michigan in the latter part of the 19th and early decades of the 20th centuries .'}]}, {'value': "George D. Mason modeled the First Presbyterian Church after Henry Hobson Richardson 's Trinity Church in Boston . When Woodward was widened in 1936 , the elaborately-carved entrance porch was moved from the Woodward façade to the Edmund Place side . The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_D._Mason', 'summary': 'George DeWitt Mason ( July 4 , 1856 - June 3 , 1948 ) was an American architect who practiced in Detroit , Michigan in the latter part of the 19th and early decades of the 20th centuries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson', 'summary': 'Henry Hobson Richardson ( September 29 , 1838 - April 27 , 1886 ) was a prominent American architect , best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque . Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright , Richardson is one of the recognized trinity of American architecture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Boston)', 'summary': 'Trinity Church in the City of Boston , located in the Back Bay of Boston , Massachusetts , is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts . The congregation , currently standing at approximately 4,000 households , was founded in 1733 . Five services are offered each Sunday , and weekday services are offered three times a week from September through June . Within the spectrum of worship styles in the Anglican tradition , Trinity Church has historically been considered a Broad Church parish . In addition to worship , the parish is actively involved in service to the community , pastoral care , programs for children and teenagers , and Christian education for all ages . The church is home to several high-level choirs , including the Trinity Choir , Trinity Schola , Trinity Choristers , and Trinity Chamber Choir . The building is currently under study for becoming a Boston Landmark .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'John P. Fiske House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '261 Edmund Pl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Empire , French Renaissance Revival , Victorian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John P. Fiske was a Detroit merchant of china and crockery . The house , located within the Woodward East Historic District , was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on August 18 , 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ransom Gillis House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ransom_Gillis_House', 'summary': 'The Ransom Gillis House is a historic home located at 205 Alfred Street ( formerly 63 Alfred prior to renumbering ) in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Brush Park district . It was designed by Henry T. Brush and George D. Mason and built between 1876 and 1878 . The structure , unoccupied since the mid-1960s , was mothballed by the City of Detroit in 2005/2006 , in hopes of restoration in the future . On November 1 , 2015 , the completely refurbished home opened its doors to the public after a thorough renovation in a joint project between HGTV , Rehab Addict Nicole Curtis and Detroit-based mortgage lender Quicken Loans . The project resulted in an eight-part special that aired on HGTV .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '205 Alfred St. at John R', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venetian Gothic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture', 'summary': "Venetian Gothic is the local variant architectural style for Venice of Italian Gothic architecture , with a confluence of influences from local building requirements , some influence from Byzantine architecture , and some from Islamic architecture , reflecting Venice 's trading network . Very unusually for medieval architecture , the style is both at its most characteristic in secular buildings , and the great majority of survivals are secular . The best-known examples are the Doge 's Palace and the Ca ' d'Oro . Both feature loggias of closely spaced small columns , with heavy tracery with quatrefoil openings above , decoration along the roofline , and some coloured patterning to plain wall surfaces . Together with the ogee arch , capped with a relief ornament , and ropework reliefs , these are the most iconic characteristics of the style . Ecclesiastical Gothic architecture tended to be less distinctively Venetian , and closer to that in the rest of Italy . The beginning of the style probably goes back no further than the 13th century , although the dates of early Gothic palaces , and especially features such as windows in them , are largely uncertain . It dominated the 14th century and because of the city 's conservatism Venetian Gothic buildings , especially smaller palaces , continued to be built well into the second half of the 15th century , and Venetian Renaissance architecture very often retained reminiscences of its Gothic predecessor ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry T. Brush & George D. Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_T._Brush', 'summary': "Henry T. Brush ( August 9 , 1849 - July 15 , 1879 ) was an American architect who practiced in Detroit , Michigan in the latter part of the 19th century . Brush was born in Detroit , the son of Amanda Brush . Henry 's father was from Canada and died by the time he was 11 . Amanda remarried William Cicero Grant , who was instrumental in the early education of Henry and his older brother James . William was a mathematical instrument maker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_D._Mason', 'summary': 'George DeWitt Mason ( July 4 , 1856 - June 3 , 1948 ) was an American architect who practiced in Detroit , Michigan in the latter part of the 19th and early decades of the 20th centuries .'}]}, {'value': 'This building has been heavily documented by John Kossik and photographed by documentarian Camilo José Vergara . The house , built between 1876 and 1878 for Ransom Gillis , a wholesale dry goods merchant , is within the Woodward East Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camilo_José_Vergara', 'summary': 'Camilo José Vergara ( born 1944 in Santiago , Chile ) is a Chilean-born , New York-based writer , photographer and documentarian . Vergara has been compared to Jacob Riis for his photographic documentation of American slums and decaying urban environments . Beginning in the 1980s , Vergara applied the technique of rephotography to a series of American cities , photographing the same buildings and neighborhoods from the exact vantage point at regular intervals over many years to capture changes over time . Trained as a sociologist with a specialty in urbanism , Vergara turned to his systematic documentation at a moment of urban decay , and he chose locales where that stress seemed highest : the housing projects of Chicago ; the South Bronx of New York City ; Camden , New Jersey ; and Detroit , Michigan , among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dry_goods', 'summary': "Dry goods is a historic term describing the type of product line a store carries , which differs by region . The term comes from the textile trade , and the shops appear to have spread with the mercantile trade across the British colonial territories ( and former territories ) as a means of bringing supplies and manufactured goods to far-flung settlements and homesteads that were spreading globally . Starting in the mid-1700s , these stores began by selling supplies and textile goods to remote communities , and many customized the products they carried to the area 's needs . This continued to be the trend well into the early 1900s . With the rise of department stores and catalog sales , the decline of dry goods stores began , and the term has largely fallen out of use ."}]}, {'value': 'Bernard Ginsburg House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Ginsburg_House', 'summary': 'The Bernard Ginsburg House is a single family private residence located at 236 Adelaide Street in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Brush Park district . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '236 Adelaide St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tudor Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Tudor Revival architecture ( also known as mock Tudor in the UK ) first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century . Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period . The style later became an influence elsewhere , especially the British colonies . For example , in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate . In Singapore , then a British colony , architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was thought Neo-Tudor design . Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favor of more domestic styles of Merrie England , which were cosier and quaint . It was associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement .'}]}, {'value': 'George W. Nettleton & Albert Kahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}]}, {'value': "Bernard Ginsburg was an important figure in philanthropy , civic service , and the Jewish community in Detroit during the late 19th and early 20th century . He commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design this house , one of Kahn 's earliest works . Kahn went on to become well known in industrial and commercial architecture ; the Ginsburg house and its English Renaissance style exhibited is typical of Kahn 's early work . The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'John Harvey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inn_at_97_Winder_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Inn at 97 Winder is a luxurious historic Inn located at 97 Winder Street in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Brush Park district . Originally known as the John Harvey House , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 . The Detroit hotel is two blocks from Comerica Park and three blocks from Ford Field .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97 Winder St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}]}, {'value': 'John V. Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Harvey was a pharmacist and philanthropist . The house contains 11,000 square feet ( 1,000 m ) , eight marble fireplaces , and three-story staircase . Developers purchased the John Harvey House in 1986 , renovated the structure , and , in 2005 , opened it as the Inn at 97 Winder , a bed and breakfast . The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast', 'summary': "A bed and breakfast ( typically shortened to B & B or BnB ) is a small lodging establishment that offers overnight accommodation and breakfast . Bed and breakfasts are often private family homes and typically have between four and eleven rooms , with six being the average . In addition , a B & B usually has the hosts living in the house . Bed and breakfast is also used to describe the level of catering included in a hotel 's room prices , as opposed to room only , half-board or full-board ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson-Evans House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson–Evans_House', 'summary': 'The Hudson-Evans House ( also known as the Joseph Lothian Hudson House or the Grace Whitney Evans House ) is a private , single-family home located at 79 Alfred Street in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Brush Park district .'}]}, {'value': '1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79 Alfred St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second Empire , French Renaissance Revival , Italianate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture', 'summary': "The Napoleon III style , also known as the Second Empire style , was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts , which used elements of many different historical styles , and also made innovative use of modern materials , such as iron frameworks and glass skylights . It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France ( 1852-1871 ) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States . Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier ( 1862-1871 ) in Paris by Charles Garnier , the Bibliothèque nationale de France , and the Church of Saint Augustine ( 1860-1871 ) . The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann 's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire ; the new buildings , such as the opera , were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Also known as the Joseph Lothian Hudson House or the Grace Whitney Evans House . Built in 1874 for shipowner Philo Wright , the house was a gift from David Whitney Jr. to his daughter Grace upon her marriage to John Evans in 1882 . It later became the Joseph L. Hudson family residence . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Whitney_House', 'summary': 'The David Whitney House is a historic mansion located at 4421 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . The building was constructed during the 1890s as a private residence . It was restored in 1986 and is now a restaurant . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Lowthian_Hudson', 'summary': "Joseph Lowthian Hudson ( October 17 , 1846 - July 5 , 1912 ) , a.k.a . J. L. Hudson , was the merchant who founded the Hudson 's department store in Detroit , Michigan . Hudson also supplied the seed capital for the establishment , in 1909 , of Roy D. Chapin 's automotive venture , which Chapin named the Hudson Motor Car Company in honor of J.L . Hudson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Albert Kahn House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_House', 'summary': 'The Albert Kahn House is located at 208 Mack Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Brush Park district . It is currently the headquarters of the Detroit Urban League . The house was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208 Mack Ave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English Renaissance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}]}, {'value': 'Albert Kahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}]}, {'value': 'In 1906 , architect Albert Kahn built a home for his personal use . He lived in this mansion fronting Mack Avenue from 1906 until his death in 1942 ; the structure was later obtained by the Detroit Urban League , which still uses it today . The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'George Ladve House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '269 Edmund Pl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastlake Victorian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture', 'summary': 'The Queen Anne style in British architecture refers to either the English Baroque architectural style approximately of the reign of Queen Anne ( reigned 1702-1714 ) , or a revived form that was popular in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century ( when it is also known as Queen Anne revival ) . In other English-speaking parts of the world , Queen Anne style refers to entirely different styles . In British architecture the term is mostly used of domestic buildings up to the size of a manor house , and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects , rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates . Contrary to the American usage of the term , it is characterised by strongly bilateral symmetry with an Italianate or Palladian-derived pediment on the front formal elevation . The architectural historian Marcus Binney , writing in The Times in 2006 , describes Poulton House built in 1706 , during the reign of Queen Anne , as .Queen Anne at its most delightful . Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the style :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally owned by George Ladve , 269 Edmund Pl. , an Eastlake Victorian style mansion built in 1882 and restored in 2008 , contains 7,400 sq ft ( 690 m ) . Ladve had owned a carpet and upholstery company . In the late 1890s , the Frohlich family added a music room . Edward P. Frohlich was among the original philanthropists to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra . The house is within the Woodward East Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Symphony_Orchestra', 'summary': "The Detroit Symphony Orchestra ( DSO ) is an American orchestra based in Detroit , Michigan . Its primary performance venue is Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center in Detroit 's Midtown neighborhood . The orchestra 's current president and chief executive officer is Anne Parsons , since 2004 . The orchestra 's most recent music director , Leonard Slatkin , is its music director laureate . Jader Bignamini is the designated next music director of the orchestra , effective with the 2020-2021 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucien S. Moore House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104 Edmund Pl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French Renaissance Revival , Gothic Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Originally owned by lumber baron Lucien S. Moore , 104 Edmund Place , built around 1885 in a French Renaissance Gothic Revival style and restored in 2006 , has 7,000 sq ft ( 650 m ) . The Lucien Moore House restoration was featured December 27 , 2005 by HGTV 's restore America Initiative in partnership with the National Trust for Historic Preservation . It may also be known as the Moorie Town House or The Edmund", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation', 'summary': 'The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded , nonprofit organization based in Washington , D.C. , that works in the field of historic preservation in the United States . The member-supported organization was founded in 1949 by congressional charter to support the preservation of Americas diverse historic buildings , neighborhoods , and heritage through its programs , resources , and advocacy .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable buildings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Brush_Park_0', 'intro': "The Brush Park Historic District, frequently referred to as simply Brush Park, is a 22-block neighborhood located within Midtown Detroit, Michigan and designated by the city. It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north, Woodward Avenue on the west, Beaubien Street on the east, and the Fisher Freeway on the south. The Woodward East Historic District, a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood, is located on Alfred, Edmund, and Watson Streets, from Brush Street to John R. Street, and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places. Originally part of a French ribbon farm, Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroit's elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush. Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century, and Brush Park was nicknamed Little Paris due to its elegant architecture. The neighborhood's heyday didn't last long, however: by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern, quieter districts, and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroit's fast-growing working class. Severely affected by depopulation, blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s, the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents."}	null	null	What is the location of the place that was founded in 1980 ?	2930 Woodward Ave
015ec1e92d7614c2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes_Churches_Trail', 'title': 'Sykes Churches Trail', 'header': ['Dedication', 'Location', 'Notes', 'OS Grid square'], 'data': [{'value': 'St Andrew', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Andrew's_Church,_East_Heslerton", 'summary': "St Andrew 's Church is a redundant Anglican church at the south end of the village of East Heslerton , North Yorkshire , England . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust ."}]}, {'value': 'East Heslerton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Heslerton', 'summary': 'East Heslerton is a village , near Malton in North Yorkshire , England . It lies between the villages of West Heslerton and Sherburn , at the interface between the Vale of Pickering to the north and the Yorkshire Wolds to the south . With West Heslerton it forms part of the civil parish of Heslerton which had a population of 409 at the 2011 census . East Heslerton forms the westernmost part of the Sherburn ward of Ryedale District Council . The ward extends eastwards as far as Staxton . The Yorkshire Wolds Way and Centenary Way pass approximately one mile to the south of the village .'}]}, {'value': 'Newly built in 1877 to a design by G.E.Street and is now a Grade I listed building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grade_I_listed', 'summary': "A listed building , or listed structure , is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland . The term has also been used in Ireland , where buildings are surveyed for the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage in accordance with the country 's obligations under the Granada Convention . However , the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure . A listed building may not be demolished , extended , or altered without special permission from the local planning authority , which typically consults the relevant central government agency , particularly for significant alterations to the more notable listed buildings . In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition . Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship , but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure . Owners of listed buildings are , in some circumstances , compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations . When alterations are permitted , or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained , the owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques . Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings , other structures such as bridges , monuments , sculptures , war memorials , and even milestones and mileposts and The Beatles ' Abbey Road pedestrian crossing are also listed . Ancient , military , and uninhabited structures , such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and protected by much older legislation , whilst cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently listed on a non-statutory basis ."}]}, {'value': 'SE927767', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Hilda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherburn , North Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sherburn,_North_Yorkshire', 'summary': 'Sherburn is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England . It was historically part of the East Riding of Yorkshire until 1974 . It is situated on the south side of the Vale of Pickering , immediately north of the Yorkshire Wolds . Sherburn lies 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Weaverthorpe , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of Brompton , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) east of East Heslerton and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) west of Ganton .'}]}, {'value': 'A Grade I listed building restored by the architect C. Hodgson Fowler between 1909 and 1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SE959774', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Andrew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby Grindalythe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_Grindalythe', 'summary': "Kirby Grindalythe is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England . It is situated about 8 miles ( 13 km ) south-east of Malton . The village lies in the Great Wold Valley and the course of the winterbourne stream the Gypsey Race passes through it . The civil parish of Kirby Grindalythe , which includes the village of Duggleby , had a population of 247 people living in 92 households at the time of the 2001 Census . The population at the 2011 Census had risen to 295 . The name of the village is derived from Old Norse . Kirby kirkiubỹr means village with a church , the Grindal element is a distortion of Cranedale , meaning valley with cranes and lythe is from Old Norse hlíõ meaning slope . Until 1974 the village lay in the historic county boundaries of the East Riding of Yorkshire . In 1823 Kirby Grindalythe was a civil parish with a population of 178 in the Wapentake of Buckrose . Kirby Grindalythe village has a resident population of roughly fifty . There are no shops , pubs or other services and the nearest town is Malton . The church of St Andrew 's at Kirby Grindalythe is on the Sykes Churches Trail having been restored by Sir Tatton Sykes in 1872-5 and again more recently after a grant of about £175,000 from English Heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Restored in 1872-5 to a design by G.E.Street and after a recent grant of about £175,000 from English Heritage the church is now a Grade II* listed building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_restoration', 'summary': 'The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .'}]}, {'value': 'SE903675', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Mary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Lutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lutton', 'summary': "West Lutton is a village in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England . It is situated approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) east from Malton , and within the Yorkshire Wolds . It was historically part of the East Riding of Yorkshire until 1974 . The hamlet of East Lutton is 0.5 miles ( 0.8 km ) to the east . The village lies in the Great Wold Valley and the course of the winterbourne stream the Gypsey Race passes through it . They are recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as one location , and were home to at least five families . In common with other villages at the time , the Luttons suffered during William the Conqueror 's Harrying of the North , during which many farms and homesteads were laid waste , evidenced by the dramatic drop in their annual contribution to the local landowner : from £14 in 1066 to less than £1 in 1086 . West Lutton forms part of the civil parish of Luttons . The village church , St Mary 's , is designated a Grade II* listed building . The church contains a sculpture by the Derbyshire sculptor James Redfern . In 1823 West Lutton was in the parish of Weaverthorpe , the Wapentake of Buckrose , and the Liberty of St Peter 's in the East Riding of Yorkshire . Population , including East Lutton was 311 ."}]}, {'value': 'Set in the Great Wold Valley and has an atmosphere of peace and wide open spaces . The architect was G. E. Street and the stained glass is by Burlinson and Grylls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Wold_Valley', 'summary': 'The Great Wold Valley is the largest and broadest of the valleys cutting into the Yorkshire Wolds . It carries the Gypsey Race , an intermittent stream , which runs from its source Wharram-le-Street eastwards along and through the northern Yorkshire Wolds to reach the sea at Bridlington . It is known that the Great Wold Valley was an important place of worship during Neolithic times and there are a number of scheduled monuments in the valley . There are two dramatic right angle bends in the course of the Gypsey Race , one turning to the south at Burton Fleming then another turning eastwards again at Rudston . This intermittent and irregular watercourse is believed to be affected by a siphoning action in underground reservoirs and can come into flood apparently regardless of recent rainfall in the local vicinity . This seemingly magical property is thought to be responsible for the number of significant neolithic sites along its course , including the Rudston Monolith and the ancient burial mounds at Willy Howe , Duggleby Howe and Wold Newton . Howe , in this case a topographic name from Middle English , originated with the Old Norse word haugr meaning a small hill or a man-made mound or barrow .'}]}, {'value': 'SE930692', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Peter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helperthorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helperthorpe', 'summary': 'Helperthorpe is a village in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England . The village lies in the Great Wold Valley and the course of the winterbourne stream the Gypsey Race passes through it .'}]}, {'value': 'Stands above the village . The original wooden church was pulled down in 1872 and replaced in 1875 . The church and vicarage were designed by architect G.E.Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SE952704', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Andrew', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weaverthorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weaverthorpe', 'summary': 'Weaverthorpe is a village and civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire , England . It is 13 miles ( 21 km ) south-west of Scarborough .'}]}, {'value': 'A stone built church with a Norman tower and unusual round staircase which protrudes on the exterior of the tower . It was restored by G.E.Street in 1870-72 and is Grade I listed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_restoration', 'summary': 'The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .'}]}, {'value': 'SE966711', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Peter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Langtoft , East Riding of Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Langtoft,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire', 'summary': 'Langtoft is a small village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . It is situated 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of Driffield town centre , and on the B1249 road between Driffield and Foxholes . According to the 2011 UK census , Langtoft parish had a population of 492 , an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 457 .'}]}, {'value': 'This was a restoration , by C. Hodgson Fowler , in 1900-03 when the north aisle was added', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_restoration', 'summary': 'The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .'}]}, {'value': 'TA007670', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Margaret', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hilston', 'summary': 'Hilston is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England , near the North Sea coast in an area known as Holderness . It is situated approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Kingston upon Hull city centre and 5 miles ( 8 km ) north-west of Withernsea . It lies to the east of the B1242 road .'}]}, {'value': 'Probably of 12th-century origin , it was demolished and rebuilt to designs by J. L. Pearson in 1861-2 . This new church suffered extensive bomb damage in 1941 and was rebuilt in 1956-7 to designs by Mr. Francis Johnson of Bridlington , reusing a Norman doorway from the original church and some 19th-century stained glass windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Johnson_(architect)', 'summary': 'See Francis Johnston ( architect ) for Irish architect with a similar name .'}]}, {'value': 'TA289335', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Other Sykes churches', 'section_text': 'These include several churches previously in the East Riding which , after boundary changes , are now in North Yorkshire . [ 3 ] Other Sykes churches Key EHSKWHWeLHi EH = East Heslerton H = Helperthorpe Hi = Hilston K = Kirby Grindalythe L = Langtoft S = Sherburn W = West Lutton WE = Weaverthorpe', 'uid': 'Sykes_Churches_Trail_1', 'intro': "The Sykes Churches Trail is a tour of East Yorkshire churches which were built, rebuilt or restored by the Sykes family of Sledmere House in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The tour was devised by the East Yorkshire Historic Churches Group and is divided into a southern circuit and a planned northern circuit. Work on the churches was financed by Sir Tatton Sykes, 4th Baronet (1772-1863) and his son Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet (1826-1913). The 4th Baronet engaged John Loughborough Pearson to work on churches at Garton on the Wolds, Kirkburn, Bishop Wilton and Hilston in Holderness. The 5th Baronet worked with the architects C. Hodgson Fowler, G.E.Street and Temple Moore. His achievements were far greater than his father's, and unparalleled elsewhere in Britain. He financed work on 17 rural churches between 1866 and 1913."}	null	null	What ethic was there a reaction to that occurs at a dedication located 13 miles ( 21 km ) south-west of Scarborough ?	Puritan
015f62569545a65f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui', 'title': 'Ding Junhui', 'header': ['Outcome', 'No', 'Year', 'Championship', 'Opponent in the final', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': "The 2007 SAGA Insurance Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place from 14 to 21 January 2007 at the Wembley Arena in London , England . It was the 33rd edition of the tournament . In a slight change for 2007 , there were 19 competitors , as opposed to 18 up until 2006 . The top 16 seeds for ranking events were automatically invited , while the other players entered a qualifying tournament for the right to one of three wild-card places . The two remaining places were granted by the game 's governing body at their discretion to Jimmy White and Ding Junhui . Stuart Bingham won the qualifying tournament . Ronnie O'Sullivan won his third Masters title by defeating Ding Junhui 10-3 in the final . With a noticeably partisan crowd , a visibly upset Ding went to shake O'Sullivan 's hand after the latter won the 12th frame to go 9-3 in front , apparently believing that the match was over . The two walked arm-in-arm out of the arena . After O'Sullivan clinched the match in the following frame , it later transpired that Ding had indeed believed the match was best-of-17 frames ."}]}, {'value': 'The Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': "The Masters is a professional invitational snooker tournament . Held every year since 1975 , it is the second-longest running tournament behind the World Championship . It is one of the Triple Crown events , and although not a ranking event , it is regarded as one of the most prestigious tournaments on the circuit . The reigning champion is Stuart Bingham . The Masters began as an invitational event for 10 top players . The field was expanded to 12 competitors in 1981 , and 16 in 1983 . Since 1984 , the standard invitees have been the top 16 players in the world rankings , with the addition of two or three wild-card places in tournaments held between 1990 and 2010 . Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record for the most Masters titles , having won the tournament seven times . Stephen Hendry has won six titles , Cliff Thorburn , Steve Davis , Mark Selby , and Paul Hunter three , and Alex Higgins , Mark Williams and John Higgins two . In 2016 , the Masters trophy was renamed the Paul Hunter Trophy in honour of the three-time champion , who died in 2006 , aged 27 . The oldest champion in Masters history is the reigning champion Stuart Bingham , who was aged 43 years and 243 days in 2020 . The youngest champion is O'Sullivan , who won his first title in 1995 aged 19 years and 69 days ."}]}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '3-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Jiangsu_Classic', 'summary': 'The 2008 Guolian Securities Jiangsu Classic was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 4 and 8 June 2008 in two cities in the Jiangsu Province , China . The round-robin stage consisted of two groups of six players , eight top 16 players and four Chinese wild cards . The final was staged at the Wuxi Sports Center in Wuxi , while the rest of the tournament had been held at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium in Nanjing . Ding Junhui , the only player to have won all his matches , delighted his home crowd by taking the title with a tense final frame decider defeat of Mark Selby .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiangsu Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuxi_Classic', 'summary': 'The Wuxi Classic was a professional snooker tournament held from 2008 to 2014 . It was a ranking event from 2012 through 2014 . For the 2015/16 season , World Snooker reduced the number of ranking events held in China , which saw the tournament replaced by the snooker World Cup , also held in the city of Wuxi . The last champion was Neil Robertson , who won the event in 2013 and retained his title in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Selby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Selby', 'summary': "Mark Anthony Selby ( born 19 June 1983 ) is an English professional snooker player . He has been World Snooker Champion three times and was number one in the world rankings for over four years continuously . He has won 17 ranking titles , which puts him in seventh place by ranking tournament wins in history . Selby joined the main professional snooker tour in 1999 at the age of 16 , after competing on the UK Challenge Tour in 1998 . [ citation needed ] He was runner-up to John Higgins at the 2007 World Snooker Championship . Having won three Masters titles ( 2008 , 2010 , and 2013 ) , two UK Championships ( 2012 and 2016 ) , and three World Championships ( 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 ) , he was the sixth player to win all of snooker 's Triple Crown events at least twice . His other ranking titles include the Welsh Open in 2008 , the Shanghai Masters in 2011 , the German Masters in 2015 , the China Open in 2015 , 2017 , and 2018 , the Paul Hunter Classic in 2016 , the International Championship in 2016 and 2017 , the China Championship in 2018 , the English Open in 2019 , and the Scottish Open also in 2019 . Known as a patient , tough competitor with strong safety play , Selby is also a prolific break-builder and has compiled over 600 century breaks in his professional career . His nickname , The Jester from Leicester , was given to him by snooker compere Richard Beare . Selby is also a pool player . He was the 2006 WEPF eight-ball pool world champion and was the 2015 Chinese Pool World Championship runner-up ."}]}, {'value': '6-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Series_of_Snooker_2008/2009', 'summary': 'The World Series of Snooker was played for the first time in the 2008/2009 season . Although there was a previous incarnation of the event organised by Matchroom Sport , that ran in the 1987/88 season , and from 1990/91 until 1992/93 . It was a series of five non-ranking tournaments spread over Europe , where top professional players performed against regional wildcard players . The series consisted of four tournaments plus a Grand Final for which the winner earned €50,000 . The winner of each tournament received five points , the runner-up three and losing semi-finalists one each . These points determined the seeding positions for the Grand Final , with the top four getting a bye to quarter-finals and fifth and sixth getting a bye to the second round . In the final Shaun Murphy defeated John Higgins 6-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'World Series of Snooker Warsaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Series_of_Snooker_2008/2009', 'summary': 'The World Series of Snooker was played for the first time in the 2008/2009 season . Although there was a previous incarnation of the event organised by Matchroom Sport , that ran in the 1987/88 season , and from 1990/91 until 1992/93 . It was a series of five non-ranking tournaments spread over Europe , where top professional players performed against regional wildcard players . The series consisted of four tournaments plus a Grand Final for which the winner earned €50,000 . The winner of each tournament received five points , the runner-up three and losing semi-finalists one each . These points determined the seeding positions for the Grand Final , with the top four getting a bye to quarter-finals and fifth and sixth getting a bye to the second round . In the final Shaun Murphy defeated John Higgins 6-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Doherty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Doherty', 'summary': "Ken Doherty ( born 17 September 1969 ) is an Irish professional snooker player , commentator and radio presenter . As an amateur , Doherty won the Irish Amateur Championship twice , the World Under-21 Amateur Championship and the World Amateur Championship . Having turned professional in 1990 , Doherty has won a total of six ranking tournaments , including the 1997 World Snooker Championship in which he defeated Stephen Hendry , inflicting Hendry 's first loss in a world final . This made him the first player , and so far one of only two ( the other being Stuart Bingham ) to have been world amateur and professional champion . The following year , he came very close to breaking the Crucible curse , reaching the 1998 final where he lost out to John Higgins . He reached a third final in 2003 , in which he was defeated by Mark Williams . In other triple crown events , he is a three-time UK Championship runner-up and a two-time Masters runner-up . An intelligent tactician and prolific break-builder , Doherty has compiled more than 300 century breaks in professional competition . Since 2009 , he has combined his playing career with commentating and punditry work ."}]}, {'value': '6-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Series_of_Snooker_2008/2009', 'summary': 'The World Series of Snooker was played for the first time in the 2008/2009 season . Although there was a previous incarnation of the event organised by Matchroom Sport , that ran in the 1987/88 season , and from 1990/91 until 1992/93 . It was a series of five non-ranking tournaments spread over Europe , where top professional players performed against regional wildcard players . The series consisted of four tournaments plus a Grand Final for which the winner earned €50,000 . The winner of each tournament received five points , the runner-up three and losing semi-finalists one each . These points determined the seeding positions for the Grand Final , with the top four getting a bye to quarter-finals and fifth and sixth getting a bye to the second round . In the final Shaun Murphy defeated John Higgins 6-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'World Series of Snooker Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Series_of_Snooker_2008/2009', 'summary': 'The World Series of Snooker was played for the first time in the 2008/2009 season . Although there was a previous incarnation of the event organised by Matchroom Sport , that ran in the 1987/88 season , and from 1990/91 until 1992/93 . It was a series of five non-ranking tournaments spread over Europe , where top professional players performed against regional wildcard players . The series consisted of four tournaments plus a Grand Final for which the winner earned €50,000 . The winner of each tournament received five points , the runner-up three and losing semi-finalists one each . These points determined the seeding positions for the Grand Final , with the top four getting a bye to quarter-finals and fifth and sixth getting a bye to the second round . In the final Shaun Murphy defeated John Higgins 6-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Higgins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Higgins_(snooker_player)', 'summary': "John Higgins , MBE ( born 18 May 1975 ) is a Scottish professional snooker player . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won 30 ranking titles , including four World Championships and three UK Championships , as well as two Masters titles , making him one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . In terms of world titles in the modern era , Higgins is fifth behind Stephen Hendry ( 7 ) , Steve Davis ( 6 ) , Ray Reardon ( 6 ) and Ronnie O'Sullivan ( 5 ) . His 30 career ranking titles puts him in third place behind Hendry ( 36 ) and O'Sullivan ( 36 ) . Known as a prolific break-builder , he has compiled more than 750 century breaks in professional tournament play , second only to O'Sullivan . He has also compiled 9 competitive maximum breaks , placing him third behind O'Sullivan ( 15 ) and Hendry ( 11 ) . For 16 consecutive full seasons from 1996/1997 to 2011/2012 , Higgins never fell below 6th in the world rankings , and was world number 1 on four occasions . In 2010 , the News of the World tabloid newspaper carried out a sting operation in a hotel room in Ukraine , which claimed to show Higgins and his then-manager arranging to lose specific frames in future matches for money . Although an investigation cleared Higgins of match-fixing allegations , it found that he had brought the sport into disrepute by failing to report , and giving the impression of agreeing with , an invitation to breach the sport 's betting rules . The WPBSA banned Higgins from professional competition for six months and fined him £75,000 . He returned to the tour midway through the 2010/2011 season . After his return to snooker , Higgins added a third UK Championship title and claimed his fourth world title in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '0-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Jiangsu_Classic', 'summary': "The 2009 Wuzhou International Group Jiangsu Classic was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 4-7 June 2009 at the Wuxi Sports Center in Wuxi , China . The round-robin stage consisted of two groups of six players , ten top 16 players . The tournament was renamed the following year to Wuxi Classic . Mark Selby made the 69th official maximum break during his last round robin match against Joe Perry . This was Selby 's first official 147 break . Mark Allen won his first professional title by defeating defending champion Ding Junhui 6-0 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiangsu Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuxi_Classic', 'summary': 'The Wuxi Classic was a professional snooker tournament held from 2008 to 2014 . It was a ranking event from 2012 through 2014 . For the 2015/16 season , World Snooker reduced the number of ranking events held in China , which saw the tournament replaced by the snooker World Cup , also held in the city of Wuxi . The last champion was Neil Robertson , who won the event in 2013 and retained his title in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Allen_(snooker_player)', 'summary': "Mark Allen ( born 22 February 1986 ) is a Northern Irish professional snooker player . He won the World Amateur Championship in 2004 . The following year he entered the Main Tour and took only three seasons to reach the elite top 16 . As a prolific break-builder , Allen has compiled more than 425 century breaks in professional competition . Allen reached his first ranking event final at the 2011 UK Championship . He has to date won five ranking tournaments - 2012 World Open , 2013 World Open , 2016 Players Tour Championship Finals , 2018 International Championship , and 2018 Scottish Open . In 2018 , Allen won his first Triple Crown title at the 2018 Masters tournament . Allen 's highest break is 147 , which he achieved in the 2016 UK Championship ."}]}, {'value': '0-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Wuxi_Classic', 'summary': 'The 2010 Rundili Wuxi Classic was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament held between 3-6 June 2010 at the Wuxi Sports Center in Wuxi , China . The event was known as Jiangsu Classic in 2009 . Mark Allen was the defending champion , but he lost 1-6 in the semi-finals against Shaun Murphy . Murphy then won in the final 9-8 against Ding Junhui , winning the last seven frames from 2-8 down .'}]}, {'value': 'Wuxi Classic ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuxi_Classic', 'summary': 'The Wuxi Classic was a professional snooker tournament held from 2008 to 2014 . It was a ranking event from 2012 through 2014 . For the 2015/16 season , World Snooker reduced the number of ranking events held in China , which saw the tournament replaced by the snooker World Cup , also held in the city of Wuxi . The last champion was Neil Robertson , who won the event in 2013 and retained his title in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shaun Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shaun_Murphy_(snooker_player)', 'summary': "Shaun Peter Murphy ( born 10 August 1982 ) is an English professional snooker player , who won the 2005 World Championship . Nicknamed The Magician , Murphy is noted for his straight cue action and his long potting . Born in Harlow and raised in Irthlingborough , Murphy turned professional in 1998 . His victory at the World Championship was considered a major surprise as he was only the third qualifier to lift the title . His other ranking tournament victories came in the 2007 Malta Cup , the 2008 UK Championship , the Players Tour Championship 2010/2011 - Finals and the 2014 World Open , while he reached a second World Championship final in 2009 and a third in 2015 . He has also won seven non-ranking tournaments , including the 2015 Masters , which completed his career Triple Crown . Murphy has won over £3 million in prize money and has compiled more than 500 century breaks in his professional career . His highest world ranking was number three , which he maintained for three seasons following 2007/2008 . On 12 November 2017 , Murphy won the Champion of Champions title beating Ronnie O'Sullivan in the final . At the 2019 World Snooker Championship , Murphy became only the second person to perform a whitewash at the world championships . He defeated Luo Honghao 10-0 in the opening round ."}]}, {'value': '8-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The 2011 Ladbrokes Mobile Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament held between 9-16 January 2011 at the Wembley Arena in London , England . This was the first time that the Masters was sponsored by Ladbrokes . Mark Selby was the defending champion , but he lost in the first round 4-6 against Mark King . The tournament made history , as it was the first to feature two Asian players in the final . Ding Junhui won in the final 10-4 against Marco Fu .'}]}, {'value': 'The Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': "The Masters is a professional invitational snooker tournament . Held every year since 1975 , it is the second-longest running tournament behind the World Championship . It is one of the Triple Crown events , and although not a ranking event , it is regarded as one of the most prestigious tournaments on the circuit . The reigning champion is Stuart Bingham . The Masters began as an invitational event for 10 top players . The field was expanded to 12 competitors in 1981 , and 16 in 1983 . Since 1984 , the standard invitees have been the top 16 players in the world rankings , with the addition of two or three wild-card places in tournaments held between 1990 and 2010 . Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record for the most Masters titles , having won the tournament seven times . Stephen Hendry has won six titles , Cliff Thorburn , Steve Davis , Mark Selby , and Paul Hunter three , and Alex Higgins , Mark Williams and John Higgins two . In 2016 , the Masters trophy was renamed the Paul Hunter Trophy in honour of the three-time champion , who died in 2006 , aged 27 . The oldest champion in Masters history is the reigning champion Stuart Bingham , who was aged 43 years and 243 days in 2020 . The youngest champion is O'Sullivan , who won his first title in 1995 aged 19 years and 69 days ."}]}, {'value': 'Marco Fu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Fu', 'summary': "Marco Fu Ka-chun , MH , JP ( Chinese : 傅家俊 , born 8 January 1978 ) is a Hong Kong professional snooker player . He won the 2007 Grand Prix , beating Ronnie O'Sullivan in the final , and was the runner-up in the 2008 UK Championship and the 2011 Masters . He also won the 2013 Australian Goldfields Open and the 2016 Scottish Open and was runner-up in the 2013 German Masters and 2013 International Championship . In addition , Fu reached the semi-finals of the World Championship twice - in 2006 and in 2016 . Fu 's career high world ranking is fifth , achieved in 2017 . As a prolific break-builder , Fu has compiled 500 century breaks in professional competition , including four maximum 147 breaks . He currently resides in London ."}]}, {'value': '10-4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Premier_League_Snooker', 'summary': "The 2011 PartyPoker.com Premier League was a professional non-ranking tournament that was played under a variation of the standard rules of snooker . It was played from 18 August to 27 November 2011 . Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion , and he won his 10th Premier League Snooker title by defeating Ding Junhui 7-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Premier_League_Snooker', 'summary': 'The Premier League Snooker was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament . It was held from 1987 until 2012 . The tournament was played in a round-robin format over a number of weeks , normally from mid-September to early-December , around the other World Snooker events in various locations .'}]}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '1-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Championship_League', 'summary': 'The 2012 Championship League was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that was played from 9 January to 22 March 2012 at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock , England . Matthew Stevens was the defending champion , but he was eliminated in group four . Ding Junhui won in the final 3-1 against Judd Trump and earned a place in the 2012 Premier League Snooker .'}]}, {'value': 'Championship League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Championship_League', 'summary': 'Championship League is a non-ranking snooker tournament , devised by Matchroom Sport . The tournament was originally held at the Crondon Park Golf Club in Stock , Essex , from its debut in 2008 until 2016 . From 2017 , it has been held at the Ricoh Arena in Coventry . Martin Gould is the reigning champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Judd Trump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judd_Trump', 'summary': "Judd Trump ( born 20 August 1989 ) is an English professional snooker player from Bristol and the reigning World Champion . He enjoyed considerable success in youth tournaments before turning professional in 2005 . On 3 April 2011 , he won his first ranking title , beating Mark Selby 10-8 in the final of the China Open . Following his success in China , he reached the final of the 2011 World Championship where he finished runner-up to John Higgins . He then won the 2011 UK Championship , defeating Mark Allen 10-8 in the final to claim his first Triple Crown title . In November 2012 , Trump won the inaugural International Championship and in doing so he became world number one , a position he held for five weeks ; he reclaimed the top spot on 18 February 2013 . He won his fourth ranking title at the Australian Goldfields Open in July 2014 , defeating Neil Robertson 9-5 in the final . He won the inaugural 2015 World Grand Prix with a 10-7 final victory over Ronnie O'Sullivan . He has accrued three Championship League titles ( 2009 , 2014 , 2016 ) as well as a second win at the China Open in April 2016 . He achieved two consecutive wins at the European Masters ; in October 2016 , he defeated O'Sullivan 9-8 to claim the title , which he successfully defended the following season by defeating Stuart Bingham 9-7 . Trump claimed the Masters title in January 2019 , again defeating O'Sullivan 10-4 in the final . In May 2019 , he completed his career Triple Crown by winning the World Snooker Championship for the first time , beating Higgins 18-9 in what was described by some commentators as the highest-quality final ever played ."}]}, {'value': '3-1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Career finals -- Non-ranking finals : 9 ( 4 titles , 5 runners-up )', 'section_text': 'Legend The Masters ( 1–1 ) Premier League ( 0–1 ) Other ( 3–3 )', 'uid': 'Ding_Junhui_2', 'intro': "Ding Junhui (Chinese: 丁俊晖; born 1 April 1987) is a Chinese professional snooker player who has been considered the most successful Asian player in the history of the sport. Throughout his career, he has won 14 major ranking titles, including three UK Championships in 2005, 2009, and 2019; two Shanghai Masters titles in 2013 and 2016; and one German Masters title in 2014. He has also twice reached the final of the Masters, winning once in 2011. Representing China at the Asian Games, Ding has won five gold medals in individual and team events. In 2016, he became the first Asian player to reach the final of the World Championship. The same year, he won his first Six-red World Championship. Ding began playing snooker at age nine and rose to international prominence in 2002 after winning the Asian Under-21 Championship, the Asian Championship. At age 15, he became the youngest winner of the IBSF World Under-21 Championship. In 2003, Ding turned professional at the age of 16. His first major professional successes came in 2005 when he won the China Open and the UK Championship, becoming the first player from outside Great Britain and Ireland to win the title. In the 2013/2014 season, Ding tied Stephen Hendry's record of winning five ranking titles in a single season. During his career, Ding - who is known as a prolific break-builder - has compiled more than 500 century breaks, including six maximum breaks, in professional play."}	null	null	What was the name of the Championship the year the opponent in the final was the player nicknamed The Magician ?	Wuxi Classic
0161063c840bf453	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_LPGA_Tour', 'title': '2009 LPGA Tour', 'header': ['Dates', 'Tournament', 'Location', 'Winner', '1st prize ( $ )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jan 24-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HSBC LPGA Brasil Cup *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSBC_LPGA_Brasil_Cup', 'summary': "The HSBC Brazil Cup was an international golf exhibition tournament , sanctioned by the LPGA Tour and first played in 2009 . The tournament took place over two days and 36 holes at the Itanhanga Golf Club in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The money earned did not count on the official LPGA money list , making the event an unofficial part of the LPGA Tour . The field for the inaugural event in January 2009 included only 15 players : 14 LPGA Tour members and a Brazilian amateur . In 2010 , the field was expanded to 27 players , which included two amateurs , and was moved to late May . The 2011 tournament included thirty players , all professionals . The tournament title sponsor was HSBC , the world 's largest banking group , with headquarters in London . Tournament names through the years :"}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Catriona Matthew ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catriona_Matthew', 'summary': 'Catriona Isobel Matthew OBE ( née Lambert ; born 25 August 1969 ) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays mainly on the US-based LPGA Tour and is also a member of the Ladies European Tour .'}]}, {'value': '100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feb 12-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SBS Open at Turtle Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBS_Open_at_Turtle_Bay', 'summary': 'The SBS Open at Turtle Bay was a golf tournament for professional female golfers , played on the LPGA Tour that took place between 2005 and 2009 on the Palmer Course at Turtle Bay Resort in Oahu , Hawaii , USA . The tournament title sponsor was SBS , formerly the Seoul Broadcasting System , one of four major national South Korean television and radio networks . SBS discontinued its sponsorship after the 2009 tournament and the LPGA failed to secure another sponsor .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'Angela Stanford ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Stanford', 'summary': 'Angela Gwen Stanford ( born November 28 , 1977 ) is an American professional golfer who currently competes on the LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '180,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feb 26 - Mar 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honda LPGA Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honda_LPGA_Thailand', 'summary': "The Honda LPGA Thailand is a women 's professional golf tournament in Thailand on the LPGA Tour . First played in 2006 at the Amata Spring Country Club , the tournament moved to the Siam Country Club in 2007 , on its Pattaya Old Course . It was the first LPGA Tour event held in Thailand and it increased the number of countries on the 2006 LPGA schedule to eight , including the United States . The tournament was not held in 2008 , but returned to the LPGA schedule in 2009 . It was held at the newer Plantation Course for this year only , then returned to the Old Course in 2010 . The tournament is a limited-field event with no cut ; in 2011 , 60 players were in the tournament ( 57 professionals and 3 amateurs ) ; a full-field LPGA tournament has about 144 players . The 2012 event included a field of 70 players , with top-ranked Yani Tseng successfully defending her title , one stroke ahead of runner-up Ai Miyazato , the 2010 champion . The title sponsor is Honda , a Japanese-based manufacturer of automobiles , trucks , motorcycles , scooters , and robots ."}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Lorena Ochoa ( 25 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorena_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Lorena Ochoa Reyes ( Spanish : [ loˈɾena oˈt͡ʃoa ] ( listen ) ; born 15 November 1981 ) is a former Mexican professional golfer who played on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour from 2003 to 2010 . She was the top-ranked female golfer in the world for 158 consecutive and total weeks ( both are LPGA Tour records ) , from 23 April 2007 to her retirement in 2 May 2010 , at the age of 28 years old . As the first Mexican golfer of either gender to be ranked number one in the world , she is considered the best Mexican golfer and the best Latin American female golfer of all time . Ochoa was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '217,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "HSBC Women 's Champions", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/HSBC_Women's_Champions", 'summary': "The HSBC Women 's World Championship is a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour first held in 2008 . It was played on the Garden Course of the Tanah Merah Country Club in eastern Singapore , adjacent to Singapore Changi Airport from 2008 to 2012 . It is now played at the Sentosa Golf Club in Sentosa ( Serapong Course from 2013 to 2016 , Tanjong Course since 2017 ) . In 2008 and 2009 , entrance in the tournament was open to 78 of the world 's top golfers , based on world rankings , recent tour wins , and other criteria . The total purse in the first two years was US $ 2 million , with the winner 's share at $ 300,000 . In 2010 , the field was reduced to 63 players and the purse reduced to $ 1.3 million . The purse increased to $ 1.4 million in 2011 . As a limited field tournament , there is no cut and all players in the field play all four rounds . Hong Kong-based financial services company HSBC is the title sponsor of the tournament . HSBC also sponsors several events like the WGC-HSBC Champions , Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the former HSBC Women 's World Match Play Championship and HSBC Brazil Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiyai Shin ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiyai_Shin', 'summary': "Jiyai Shin ( Korean : 신지애 Shin Ji-ae , [ ɕin dʑi.ɛː ] ; born 28 April 1988 ) is a former world No . 1 ranked South Korean professional golfer who primarily plays on the LPGA of Japan Tour as of the 2019 golf season . Shin previously played primarily on the LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Korea Tour ( KLPGA ) . She has broken existing KLPGA records , winning 10 events in 19 starts on the KLPGA Tour in 2007 . In 2008 , playing only 10 tournaments on the LPGA Tour as a non-member , she won three events , including the Women 's British Open and the ADT Championship . She has been ranked No . 1 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings for 25 weeks and was the first Asian to be ranked No . 1 ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 20-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MasterCard Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MasterCard_Classic', 'summary': 'The MasterCard Classic Honoring Alejo Peralta was a golf tournament for professional female golfers , played on the LPGA Tour . It was played each year between 2005 and 2009 at Bosque Real Country Club in Mexico City , Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Pat Hurst ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Hurst', 'summary': "Pat Hurst ( born May 23 , 1969 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . Hurst 's mother is originally from Japan and her father is an American of German heritage . She was born in San Leandro , California and raised in the Bay Area ."}]}, {'value': '195,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 26-29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J Golf Phoenix LPGA International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J_Golf_Phoenix_LPGA_International', 'summary': "The J Golf Phoenix LPGA International , in full the J Golf Phoenix LPGA International Presented by Mirassou Winery , was a women 's professional golf tournament in Arizona on the LPGA Tour . Founded as the Sun City Classic in 1980 , it was held annually in the Phoenix area through 2009 , making it one of the longest-lasting events on the LPGA Tour . Tournament Golf Foundation managed the tournament since its start and continues to manage the Safeway Classic tournament on the LPGA Tour . Proceeds from the event were donated to local medical charities ; over $ 12 million was raised during the course of the tournament The tournament had a variety of sponsors during its history , including Safeway Inc. , a California-based supermarket chain . It was at this tournament that Annika Sörenstam shot 59 in the second round in 2001 , which stands as the record for the lowest scoring round ever shot for 18 holes in an LPGA Tour event . With thirteen birdies and no bogeys , she began the round with eight birdies , added four more over the next five holes , but managed only one over the final five . Sörenstam won the event with 261 ( -27 ) , two strokes ahead of runner-up Se Ri Pak . The LPGA Tour returned to the Phoenix area in 2011 with the Founders Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'Karrie Webb ( 36 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karrie_Webb', 'summary': 'Karrie Ann Webb AO ( born 21 December 1974 ) is an Australian professional golfer . She plays mainly on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and also turns out once or twice a year on the ALPG Tour in her home country . She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame . She has 41 wins on the LPGA Tour , more than any other active player .'}]}, {'value': '225,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apr 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kraft Nabisco Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kraft_Nabisco_Championship', 'summary': "The ANA Inspiration ( formerly known most recently as the Kraft Nabisco Championship , and still sometimes referred to as the Dinah Shore ) is one of the five major championships of professional women 's golf . An event of the LPGA Tour , it is held yearly at the Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage , California . Currently , in the United States , it is the only one of the five women 's major golf tournaments not to have broadcast network exposure on the weekend ; all four rounds are currently televised by the Golf Channel cable television network ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Brittany Lincicome ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brittany_Lincicome', 'summary': "Brittany Grace Lincicome ( born September 19 , 1985 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . She currently resides in Gulfport , Florida . Lincicome is one of the longest drivers in women 's golf . In her rookie year , 2005 , she led the LPGA in driving distance with an average of 270.3 yards ( 247.2 m ) . In 2006 , her driving average increased to 278.6 yards ( 254.8 m ) , second among all LPGA players . Her prodigious length off the tee has earned her the nickname Bam-Bam . Lincicome has won two major championships : the 2009 Kraft Nabisco Championship and the 2015 ANA Inspiration ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apr 23-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corona Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corona_Championship', 'summary': "The Tres Marias Championship was a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour , played from 2005 to 2010 , at Tres Marias Residential Golf Club in Morelia , Michoacan , Mexico . From 2005 through 2009 the title sponsor of the tournament was Mexican beer Corona . Lorena Ochoa of Mexico won the event three times : 2006 , 2008 , and 2009 . The 2011 tournament was originally scheduled for April 21-24 . On February 2 , the LPGA announced that the tournament had been canceled because of concerns about violence in the Mexican state of Michoacan . The tournament was not scheduled in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Lorena Ochoa ( 26 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorena_Ochoa', 'summary': 'Lorena Ochoa Reyes ( Spanish : [ loˈɾena oˈt͡ʃoa ] ( listen ) ; born 15 November 1981 ) is a former Mexican professional golfer who played on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour from 2003 to 2010 . She was the top-ranked female golfer in the world for 158 consecutive and total weeks ( both are LPGA Tour records ) , from 23 April 2007 to her retirement in 2 May 2010 , at the age of 28 years old . As the first Mexican golfer of either gender to be ranked number one in the world , she is considered the best Mexican golfer and the best Latin American female golfer of all time . Ochoa was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '195,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 7-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelob_ULTRA_Open_at_Kingsmill', 'summary': "The Pure Silk Championship is a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour , played in Williamsburg , Virginia . The 72-hole tournament is held on the par-71 River Course at Kingsmill Resort , set at 6,340 yards ( 5,797 m ) in 2013 . Previously known as the Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill , the tournament was founded seventeen years ago in 2003 and played for seven seasons . Absent in 2010 and 2011 , it returned for the 2012 season in early September , and switched to early May in 2013 . The LPGA event succeeded the Michelob Championship at Kingsmill , an annual PGA Tour event held for 22 years , from 1981 through 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'Cristie Kerr ( 12 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristie_Kerr', 'summary': "Cristie Kerr ( born October 12 , 1977 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . She has 20 wins on the LPGA Tour , including two major championships , and over $ 19 million in career earnings . Kerr was the number one-ranked golfer in the Women 's World Golf Rankings for three time periods in 2010 . She is naturally left handed but plays golf right handed ."}]}, {'value': '330,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 14-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sybase Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sybase_Classic', 'summary': "The Sybase Classic was a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour for twenty years , from 1990 to 2009 . The event was originally known as the Big Apple Classic , but the name was dropped in 2007 when the tournament relocated from the New York City area to New Jersey . From 1992 through 2006 , ShopRite sponsored the ShopRite LPGA Classic in Atlantic City . For its first seventeen years , the event was held at the Wykagyl Country Club in the Wykagyl section of New Rochelle , New York . In 2007 the venue was changed to the Upper Montclair Country Club in Clifton , New Jersey . The tournament was last played in 2009 , as Sybase switched its sponsorship to the Sybase Match Play Championship in 2010 , also played in New Jersey . ShopRite revived its sponsorship of the ShopRite LPGA Classic in Atlantic City in 2010 . Over the years , proceeds from the event went to benefit charities such as St. Joseph 's Healthcare System , Inc. and the Boys & Girls Club of Clifton . Tournament names through the years :"}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ji Young Oh ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ji_Young_Oh', 'summary': 'Ji-Young Oh ( Korean : 오지영 , born 3 July 1988 ) is a South Korean professional golfer currently playing on the LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 21-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LPGA Corning Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LPGA_Corning_Classic', 'summary': "The LPGA Corning Classic was an annual golf tournament for professional female golfers on the LPGA Tour . It took place every year from 1979 through 2009 at the Corning Country Club in Corning , New York . It was one of the longest running tournaments on the LPGA Tour and the longest with a single sponsor . The title sponsor since the beginning was Corning Incorporated , an American manufacturer of glass , ceramics and related materials , primarily for industrial and scientific applications . Production and operation of the tournament was a large community effort by the citizens of Corning . As with most tournaments on the LPGA Tour , proceeds went to charity . Beneficiaries of the Corning Classic were local hospitals and camps for disabled children . Net charitable proceeds since 1979 exceeded $ 5 million . On April 20 , 2009 , the Classic 's title sponsor , Corning Incorporated , announced it would not be able to sponsor the tournament after the 2009 tournament . The tournament 's executives confirmed that efforts to secure additional sponsors had been unsuccessful and that the tournament would not continue after 2009 . Tournament names through the years :"}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Yani Tseng ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yani_Tseng', 'summary': "Yani Tseng ( Chinese : 曾雅妮 Zēng Yǎní ; born 23 January 1989 ) is a Taiwanese professional golfer playing on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour . She is the youngest player ever , male or female , to win five major championships and was ranked number 1 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '225,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LPGA State Farm Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LPGA_State_Farm_Classic', 'summary': "The LPGA State Farm Classic was a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour . It was played annually from 1976 to 2011 in the Springfield , Illinois metropolitan area . From 1976 through 2006 , the tournament was held at The Rail Golf Course . In 2007 it moved to Panther Creek Country Club . Originally known as the Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Golf Classic , the tournament was underwritten solely by the owners of The Rail Golf Course for its first two years . A community-based not-for-profit organization took over the tournament in 1978 . State Farm Insurance became the title sponsor in 1993 . From 1980 until cancellation in 2011 , over $ 2.5 million was contributed from tournament proceeds to medical and children 's charities . On December 9 , 2011 , it was announced the tournament was being cancelled due to organizers failing to find a new sponsor . It had been announced earlier in the year that State Farm would be dropping its sponsorship after 2011 . Tournament names through the years :"}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'In-Kyung Kim ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In-Kyung_Kim', 'summary': 'In-Kyung Kim , also called I. K. Kim ( born 13 June 1988 ) , is a South Korean female professional golfer currently playing on the LPGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '255,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 11-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "McDonald 's LPGA Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/McDonald's_LPGA_Championship", 'summary': "The Women 's PGA Championship is a women 's professional golf tournament . First held in 1955 , it is one of five majors on the LPGA Tour . It is not recognized as a major by the Ladies European Tour , which does not recognize any of the three majors played in the United States . Formerly known as the LPGA Championship , the LPGA announced in 2014 that the PGA of America would become a partner of the event , and that it would be renamed the Women 's PGA Championship beginning in 2015 - becoming a sister event to the men 's PGA Championship ( in a similar manner to the U.S. Women 's Open being a sister event to the men 's U.S. Open ) . The partnership included a new title sponsorship agreement with KPMG , an increase in purse , and a commitment by NBC to provide network television coverage of the weekend rounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Nordqvist ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Nordqvist', 'summary': 'Anna Maria Nordqvist ( born 10 June 1987 ) is a Swedish professional golfer who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour . She has won two major championships : the 2009 LPGA Championship and the 2017 Evian Championship .'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 25-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wegmans LPGA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wegmans_LPGA', 'summary': "Wegmans LPGA was women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour . It was played from 1977 to 2009 at the Locust Hill Country Club in Pittsford , New York ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Jiyai Shin ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiyai_Shin', 'summary': "Jiyai Shin ( Korean : 신지애 Shin Ji-ae , [ ɕin dʑi.ɛː ] ; born 28 April 1988 ) is a former world No . 1 ranked South Korean professional golfer who primarily plays on the LPGA of Japan Tour as of the 2019 golf season . Shin previously played primarily on the LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Korea Tour ( KLPGA ) . She has broken existing KLPGA records , winning 10 events in 19 starts on the KLPGA Tour in 2007 . In 2008 , playing only 10 tournaments on the LPGA Tour as a non-member , she won three events , including the Women 's British Open and the ADT Championship . She has been ranked No . 1 in the Women 's World Golf Rankings for 25 weeks and was the first Asian to be ranked No . 1 ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jul 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Farr Owens Corning Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Farr_Owens_Corning_Classic', 'summary': "The Marathon Classic , in full the Marathon Classic Presented by Dana , is a women 's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour . It was founded 36 years ago in 1984 and has been played yearly , except in 1986 and 2011 , in Sylvania , Ohio , a suburb northwest of Toledo . The tournament is televised by Golf Channel ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': 'Eunjung Yi ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eunjung_Yi', 'summary': 'Yi Eun-jung ( Korean : 이은정 , born 11 January 1988 ) is a Korean professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour . Yi was born in Uijeongbu , South Korea . She turned professional in 2006 and joined the Duramed Futures Tour . She qualified for the LPGA Tour via the Qualifying Tournament at the end of 2007 . Her first LPGA Tour victory came at the 2009 Jamie Farr Owens Corning Classic .'}]}, {'value': '210,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jul 9-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "U.S. Women 's Open", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/U.S._Women's_Open", 'summary': "The United States Women 's Open Golf Championship , one of thirteen national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is the oldest of the LPGA Tour 's five major championships , which includes the ANA Inspiration , Women 's PGA Championship , Women 's British Open , and The Evian Championship . Established 74 years ago in 1946 , the U.S. Women 's Open is the only event to have been recognized as a major by the LPGA since the group 's founding in 1950 . Originally operated by the Women 's Professional Golfers Association ( WPGA ) for its first three years and the LPGA for the next four , it became a USGA event in 1953 . Now held in late May/early June . the U.S. Women 's Open is the second major of the LPGA season and has the highest purse in women 's golf , at $ 5.5 million in 2019 . Unlike the U.S. Open , the U.S. Women 's Open is not globally recognized as a major championship . The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the three majors held in the United States , and the LPGA of Japan Tour has its own set of majors . The significance of this is limited , as the LPGA Tour is the dominant tour in women 's golf . In 2007 , international players outnumbered Americans for the first time . The 2008 tournament was won by 19-year-old South Korean Inbee Park , who became the event 's youngest winner ever . The 2012 championship , won by Choi Na-yeon , was played July 5-8 at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , Wisconsin , which previously hosted the event in 1998 , won by Pak Se-ri in a Monday playoff that extended to 20 holes . The Original Championship Course for 2012 played just under 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) , over 500 yards ( 460 m ) longer than in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Eun-Hee Ji ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eun-Hee_Ji', 'summary': 'Ji Eun-hee ( Korean : 지은희 ; RR : Ji Eun-heui ; MR : Chi Ŭnhŭi ; pronounced [ dʑi ɯn hɯi ] ; born 13 May 1986 in Gapyeong , South Korea ) , also known as Eun-Hee Ji , is a South Korean professional golfer who plays on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour . She is also a member of the South Korean KLPGA .'}]}, {'value': '585,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jul 23-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evian Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evian_Masters', 'summary': "The Evian Championship is a women 's professional golf tournament in France , played at the Evian Resort Golf Club in Évian-les-Bains . It was originally held in June , moved to July in 2003 , and moved again to September in 2013 . It will return to a July date in 2019 . Founded 26 years ago in 1994 on the Ladies European Tour ( LET ) as the Evian Masters , it is one of two major championships on the LET . Not originally a major on the LPGA Tour , it became an LPGA co-sanctioned event in 2000 , which included a significant increase in purse size . Its current purse of US $ 3.85 million is the second-richest in women 's golf , after the U.S. Women 's Open ( $ 5 million in 2017 ) . The purse will increase to $ 4.1 million in 2019 . Originally a mid-June event , it was played in late July from 2003 to 2012 , then moved to mid-September in 2013 when it became the final major for both tours . The average elevation of the course is approximately 480 metres ( 1,575 ft ) above sea level and overlooks nearby Lake Geneva to the north . In July 2011 it was announced that beginning in 2013 , the Evian Masters would be renamed The Evian Championship and would become the fifth major on the LPGA Tour schedule and move to September . After the 2017 Evian Championship was reduced to 54 holes , LPGA commissioner Mike Whan admitted it was a mistake to move the major to a September date and vowed to move it back to summer by 2019 . Furthermore , major changes in 2019 for the majors in men 's golf , which will now be held in consecutive months - April , May , June , July - means the Evian can be held in August and be the final major in professional golf , men 's or women 's ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ai Miyazato ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ai_Miyazato', 'summary': "Ai Miyazato ( 宮里藍 , Miyazato Ai , born 19 June 1985 ) is a former Japanese professional golfer who competed on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Japan Tour ( JLPGA ) . She was the top-ranked golfer in the Women 's World Golf Rankings on three occasions in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '487,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jul 30 - Aug 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ricoh Women 's British Open", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ricoh_Women's_British_Open", 'summary': "The Women 's British Open is a major championship in women 's professional golf . It is recognised by both the LPGA Tour and the Ladies European Tour as a major . The reigning champion is Hinako Shibuno , who won by one stroke at Woburn Golf and Country Club in 2019 . Since it became an LPGA major in 2001 it has generally been played in late July or early August . The 2012 edition was scheduled for mid-September , due to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , while the 2014 event was played in mid-July , the week prior to the Open Championship . In 2019 it was known as the AIG Women 's British Open . From 2007 to 2018 , it was called the Ricoh Women 's British Open while the previous twenty editions ( 1987-2006 ) were sponsored by Weetabix , a breakfast cereal ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Catriona Matthew ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catriona_Matthew', 'summary': 'Catriona Isobel Matthew OBE ( née Lambert ; born 25 August 1969 ) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays mainly on the US-based LPGA Tour and is also a member of the Ladies European Tour .'}]}, {'value': '335,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug 21-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solheim Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solheim_Cup', 'summary': "The Solheim Cup is a biennial golf tournament for professional women golfers contested by teams representing Europe and the United States . It is named after the Norwegian-American golf club manufacturer Karsten Solheim , who was a driving force behind its creation . The inaugural Cup was held in 1990 , and the event was staged in even number years until 2002 , alternating years with the Ryder Cup ( the equivalent men 's event ) . As part of the general reshuffling of team golf events after the one-year postponement of the 2001 Ryder Cup following the September 11 attacks , the Solheim Cup switched to odd numbered years beginning in 2003 . The current holders are Europe , who won at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire , Scotland in 2019 . The next contest will be at the Inverness Club in Toledo , Ohio in 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'n/a', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug 28-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safeway Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safeway_Classic', 'summary': "The Portland Classic is a women 's professional golf tournament in Oregon on the LPGA Tour . Founded 48 years ago in 1972 , the annual event in the Portland area is the oldest continuous event on the LPGA Tour . Tournament Golf Foundation has owned the tournament since its beginning and also managed the Safeway International tournament on the LPGA Tour . It became a 72-hole event in 2013 , after decades at 54 holes . In 2018 , IMG was hired to oversee event management . Proceeds from the tournament are donated to local children 's charities ; over $ 19 million has been donated since 1972 . The tournament has had a variety of sponsors during its history ."}]}, {'value': 'Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon', 'summary': "Oregon ( /ˈɒrɪɡən/ ( listen ) ORR-ih-gən ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States . The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon 's northern boundary with Washington , while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho . The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada . Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before European traders , explorers , and settlers arrived . An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 . Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 . Today , at 98,000 square miles ( 250,000 km2 ) , Oregon is the ninth largest and , with a population of 4 million , 27th most populous U.S. state . The capital , Salem , is the second most populous city in Oregon , with 169,798 residents . Portland , with 647,805 , ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities . The Portland metropolitan area , which also includes the city of Vancouver , Washington , to the north , ranks the 25th largest metro area in the nation , with a population of 2,453,168 . Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S. , marked by volcanoes , abundant bodies of water , dense evergreen and mixed forests , as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands . At 11,249 feet ( 3,429 m ) , Mount Hood , a stratovolcano , is the state 's highest point ."}]}, {'value': 'M. J. Hur ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._J._Hur', 'summary': "Mi Jung M.J. Hur ( Korean : 허미정 , born 5 December 1989 ) is a South Korean female professional golfer . Hur played most of her amateur career in South Korea . In 2006 , she received a sponsors exemption to play in the Hana Bank-KOLON Championship and made the most of it by finishing T6 . It was late in 2007 that Hur turned professional . She played the Futures Tour and notched one victory at the Louisiana Pelican Classic . Hur 's 4th-place finish on the 2008 Futures Tour money list earned her a LPGA Tour card . Hur 's first win on the LPGA Tour was at the 2009 Safeway Classic . She defeated Suzann Pettersen and Michele Redman in a playoff ."}]}, {'value': '255,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tournament schedule and results', 'section_text': "The number in parentheses after winners ' names show the player 's total number wins in official money individual events on the LPGA Tour , including that event .", 'uid': '2009_LPGA_Tour_0', 'intro': "The 2009 LPGA Tour was a series of weekly golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world that took place from February through November 2009. The tournaments were sanctioned by the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). 2009 saw a reduction in both the number of tournaments and the total prize money on the Tour. Official prize money was $47.6 million, the lowest total in since 2005. There were 28 official tournaments, the lowest number since at least 2004. Rookie Jiyai Shin topped the money list, earning $1,807,334. In addition Shin took Rookie of the Year honors. Shin and Lorena Ochoa each won three tournaments during the season. Ochoa also won the Player of the Year trophy for the fourth consecutive year and the Vare Trophy for the lowest scoring average, also for the fourth consecutive year. Anna Nordqvist was runner-up in the Rookie of the Year race, topping off a season that began with her having only conditional status on the LPGA Tour. She won the fifth tournament in which she played in 2009, the McDonald's LPGA Championship, a major, and also won the season-ending LPGA Tour Championship, ending the season 15th on the official money list. The four major championships were won by: Brittany Lincicome (Kraft Nabisco Championship), Anna Nordqvist (LPGA Championship), Eun-Hee Ji (U.S. Women's Open), and Catriona Matthew (Women's British Open)."}	null	null	Who was the winner of the oldest continuous event on the LPGA Tour in their 2009 edition ?	M. J. Hur
0164214d8de8225c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_masked_wrestlers', 'title': 'List of masked wrestlers', 'header': ['Name', 'Promotion', 'Years Active', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abismo Negro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abismo_Negro', 'summary': 'Andrés Alejandro Palomeque González ( July 1 , 1971 - March 22 , 2009 ) was a Mexican luchador ( Spanish for masked professional wrestler ) . He is best known for appearing under the stage name Abismo Negro , which is Spanish for Black Abyss , in the Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) promotion . Before appearing under the ring name Abismo Negro , Palomeque worked for five years under the alias [ the ] Winners and before that also wrestled as the characters Alex Dinamo , Pequeño Samurai , and Furor for short periods . Palomeque owned and operated the Gimnasio Abismo Negro , a wrestling school where individuals were trained to become professional wrestlers . In his professional wrestling career , Palomeque worked for the two most prominent professional wrestling promotions in Mexico : Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) and AAA . He also worked for the North American-based promotions the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) due to talent exchange programs between AAA and WWF in 1997 and TNA in 2004 , as well as making appearances for the Michinoku Pro and Pro Wrestling Noah promotions in Japan . On March 22 , 2009 , Palomeque was found dead in a river near El Rosario , Sinaloa ; the official cause of death was listed as drowning . On the night before , a wrestler using the Abismo Negro outfit worked an AAA show pretending to be Palomeque ; this incident caused the promoter to be barred from promoting shows for two years . Palomeque was inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame in June 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'AAA , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide', 'summary': 'Antonio Peña Promotions , S.A de CV d/b/a Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide is a Mexican Lucha Libre ( professional wrestling ) promotion based in Mexico City , Mexico . Commonly referred to as simply AAA ( pronounced triple A ; an abbreviation of its original name Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , Spanish for Assistance , Assessment , and Administration ) , the promotion was founded in 1992 when Antonio Peña broke away from Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) to set up a promotion , which allowed him more creative freedom . AAA has held a number of pay-per-views ( PPV ) over the years and has promoted shows not just in Mexico but in the United States and Japan as well . In addition to the conventional squared circle , the promotion occasionally uses a hexagonal wrestling ring and has a reputation for its outlandish gimmicks and characters as well as having developed a more extreme match style in recent years . Over the years AAA has worked together with several North American promotions such as the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) and World Championship Wrestling , while currently having working relationships with the Japanese Pro Wrestling Noah , Canadian International Wrestling Syndicate ( IWS ) , and the American Impact Wrestling , All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) , and Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) promotions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre', 'summary': 'Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Co. , Ltd. ( CMLL ; Spanish pronunciation : [ konˈsexo munˈdjal de ˈlutʃa ˈliβɾe ] , World Wrestling Council ) is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City . The promotion was previously known as Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) ( Mexican Wrestling Enterprise ) . Founded in 1933 , it is the oldest professional wrestling promotion still in existence . CMLL has been nicknamed The serious and the stable , referencing their very conservative booking style and their traditional structure to how wrestlers are used and allowed to express themselves . Outside live television broadcasts , CMLL has not shown matches where one of the competitors bleeds . They have a few steel cage matches and on occasion have Super Libre matches where there are no disqualifications , but otherwise do not promote any variety of matches that would be considered hardcore wrestling , nor match types such as Ladder matches . CMLL has on occasion fired wrestlers for excessive violence , like the use of chairs , during a match or for using profanity while addressing the crowd during a show . CMLL currently recognizes and promotes twelve World Championships for various weight divisions and classifications , six national level and six regional level championships . The CMLL Anniversary Show series is the longest running annual major show , starting in 1934 , with the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show being the most recent . CMLL also regularly promotes major events under the names Homenaje a Dos Leyendas ( Homage to two legends ) , Sin Piedad ( No Mercy ) , Sin Salida ( No Escape ) , Infierno en el Ring ( Inferno in the Ring ) during the year . CMLL has promoted their regular weekly Super Viernes ( Super Friday ) on a regular basis since the 1930s . Founder Salvador Lutteroth funded the building of Arena Coliseo in 1943 , making it the first building in Mexico built specifically for professional wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '1997-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Abyss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abyss_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Christopher Joseph Park ( born October 4 , 1973 ) is an American professional wrestler , best known for his time with Impact Wrestling ( originally Total Nonstop Action ( TNA ) Wrestling ) under the ring name Abyss . He is currently signed to WWE as a producer . He became a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion , being the first of only two men to hold the title while competing under a mask . He is the heaviest wrestler to hold the X Division Championship and was the longest reigning Television Champion . In the tag team division , he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with A.J . Styles , and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , once with James Storm as The Revolution , and once with Crazzy Steve as Decay . Having won all the required championships , he was the fourth man to complete the Triple Crown Championship and the second to complete the Grand Slam Championship . He also wrestled in Impact Wrestling as Abyss ' storyline brother/split personality , Joseph Park . He was also the longest-tenured member of the Impact Wrestling roster , having remained with the company from 2002 to 2019 . In 2018 , he was inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame by his longtime manager , James Mitchell ."}]}, {'value': 'Total Nonstop Action Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling', 'summary': "Impact Wrestling ( stylized as IMPACT ! Wrestling ) is an American professional wrestling promotion founded in Nashville , Tennessee . The promotion operates via its parent company Anthem Wrestling Exhibitions , LLC , a subsidiary of Anthem Sports & Entertainment . Founded by Jeff and Jerry Jarrett in 2002 , the promotion was initially known as NWA : Total Nonstop Action ( NWA-TNA ) and was associated with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . It withdrew from the NWA in 2004 and became known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , but it continued to use the NWA World Heavyweight and Tag Team championships as part of an agreement with the NWA . After the agreement ended in 2007 , the company created its own TNA World Heavyweight and TNA World Tag Team championships . The promotion was purchased by Anthem at the beginning of 2017 and , in March of that year , was fully rebranded under its current name after its main television series . From its inception , the promotion had been considered the second-largest in the United States behind WWE . Impact was viewed by some to have fallen behind longtime rival Ring of Honor in 2017 , with the loss of their U.S. television contract with Spike in 2014 , as well as monetary and personnel issues , being noted as factors to their decline . Since 2019 , however , Impact has been thought by many to have recovered , through its sustained international television distribution , and the purchase by its parent company of AXS TV , which subsequently began carrying Impact programming . Though , with the formation of All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) that year , and that promotion 's high-profile U.S television deal with TNT ( which is seen in more households than AXS ) , Impact is still viewed as a smaller promotion by comparison ."}]}, {'value': '2002-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Agent Orange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent circuit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_circuit', 'summary': 'In professional wrestling , the independent circuit or indie circuit is the collective name of independent professional wrestling promotions which are smaller than major televised promotions . It is roughly analogous to a minor league for pro wrestling , or community or regional theatre . Specific promotions on the independent circuit are referred to as indie promotions or indies . A wrestler is said to be in the indies or working the indies if he or she is wrestling in one of the independent promotions , or working the indie circuit if he or she is performing in different independent promotions .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Aldo Montoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Credible', 'summary': "Peter Joseph PJ Polaco ( born October 16 , 1973 ) is a semi-retired American professional wrestler , best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) under the ring name Justin Credible . He is also known for his earlier stint with the WWF under the ring name Aldo Montoya . Polaco is a one-time world champion , having won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once . His first major stint was in the WWF as Aldo Montoya , where he competed as a mid-carder between 1994 and 1997 . He got his biggest exposure when he joined ECW in 1997 as Justin Credible and enjoyed a successful career . He began a two-month winning streak before feuding with the company 's top wrestlers for the next two years . He formed Impact Players with Lance Storm in 1999 and the duo won the World Tag Team Championship twice in 2000 . Later that year , he won the World Heavyweight Championship at CyberSlam and held it for five months . He remained in the title contention until the company folded in 2001 and competed in the last ever match of ECW . He headlined the company 's flagship event November to Remember twice . He then returned to WWF as a member of X-Factor and later The Alliance during the Invasion angle . He later won the Hardcore Championship eight times before departing in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'World Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1994-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'American Dragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Danielson', 'summary': "Bryan Lloyd Danielson ( born May 22 , 1981 ) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Daniel Bryan . In WWE , Bryan held the WWE Championship [ Note 1 ] four times and WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship once , in addition to being a one-time United States Champion , a one-time Intercontinental Champion , a one-time WWE Tag Team Champion as part of Team Hell No ( with Kane ) , and a one-time SmackDown Tag Team Champion ( with Rowan ) . He was also the 2011 SmackDown Money in the Bank winner , the 2013 Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner and the SmackDown General Manager from July 18 , 2016 to April 10 , 2018 . Bryan is the 26th Triple Crown Champion and the 6th Grand Slam Champion in WWE history and headlined several major pay-per-view events , including WrestleMania XXX . Danielson was previously signed to WWE , then known as the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , for an 18-month period from 2000-2001 , and made additional uncontracted appearances for the promotion until 2003 . Prior to joining WWE for his third stint in 2009 , Danielson wrestled for various companies internationally using both his real name and the ring name American Dragon , which later became his nickname . David Shoemaker of ESPN 's Grantland noted that Danielson was widely regarded as the best wrestler in the world before he got the call-up from WWE . He wrestled for Ring of Honor ( ROH ) from 2002 to 2009 , being recognized as a Founding Father of the promotion , where he was a one-time ROH World Champion and one-time Pure Wrestling Champion , at some point unifying both titles . He was the first winner of ROH 's annual Survival of the Fittest tournament in 2004 . Danielson also wrestled extensively in Japan , winning the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship in Pro Wrestling Noah and the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship ( with Curry Man ) in New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) . Between WWE , ROH and Japanese promotions , he held a dozen total championships . Danielson also won numerous titles on the independent circuit , including two PWG World Championships , the FIP Heavyweight Championship and the wXw World Heavyweight Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'New Japan Pro Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Japan_Pro_Wrestling', 'summary': "New Japan Pro-Wrestling Co. , Ltd. ( 新日本プロレスリング株式会社 , Shin Nihon Puroresuringu Kabushiki-kaisha ) ( NJPW ) is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion based in Nakano , Tokyo . Founded in January 1972 by Antonio Inoki , the promotion was sold to Yuke 's , who later sold it to Bushiroad in 2012 . TV Asahi and Amuse , Inc. own minority shares of the company . Naoki Sugabayashi has served as the promotion 's Chairman since September 2013 , while Harold Meij has served as the President of the promotion since May 2018 . Owing to its TV program aired on TV Asahi , NJPW is the largest professional wrestling promotion in Japan . It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at various points in its history . NJPW has had agreements with various MMA and professional wrestling promotions around the world , including WWE , World Championship Wrestling , American Wrestling Association , World Class Championship Wrestling , Impact Wrestling , WAR , UWFi , Ring of Honor , Pride Fighting Championships , and Jersey All Pro Wrestling . NJPW 's biggest event is the January 4 Tokyo Dome Show , held each year since 1992 and currently promoted under the Wrestle Kingdom banner . The promotion is currently owned by Japanese card game company Bushiroad , which parlayed its entry to the world of professional wrestling into a best-selling trading card game , King of Pro Wrestling , and appearances from NJPW stars in its various franchises ."}]}, {'value': '2003-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Apocalypse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippine Wrestling Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippine_Wrestling_Revolution', 'summary': 'Philippine Wrestling Revolution ( PWR ) is an independent professional wrestling promotion based in the Philippines . PWR was founded in December 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '2014-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'Arachnaman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Armstrong_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Robert Bradley Brad James ( June 15 , 1962 - November 1 , 2012 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Brad Armstrong . He is best known for his appearances with the promotion World Championship Wrestling in the 1990s . He was the son of wrestler Bullet Bob Armstrong and brother to professional wrestlers Steve , Scott and Brian .'}]}, {'value': 'World Championship Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '1991-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Australian Suicide', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide', 'summary': 'Antonio Peña Promotions , S.A de CV d/b/a Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide is a Mexican Lucha Libre ( professional wrestling ) promotion based in Mexico City , Mexico . Commonly referred to as simply AAA ( pronounced triple A ; an abbreviation of its original name Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , Spanish for Assistance , Assessment , and Administration ) , the promotion was founded in 1992 when Antonio Peña broke away from Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) to set up a promotion , which allowed him more creative freedom . AAA has held a number of pay-per-views ( PPV ) over the years and has promoted shows not just in Mexico but in the United States and Japan as well . In addition to the conventional squared circle , the promotion occasionally uses a hexagonal wrestling ring and has a reputation for its outlandish gimmicks and characters as well as having developed a more extreme match style in recent years . Over the years AAA has worked together with several North American promotions such as the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) and World Championship Wrestling , while currently having working relationships with the Japanese Pro Wrestling Noah , Canadian International Wrestling Syndicate ( IWS ) , and the American Impact Wrestling , All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) , and Major League Wrestling ( MLW ) promotions .'}]}, {'value': '2013-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantis_(wrestler)', 'summary': "Atlantis ( born September 28 , 1962 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) , working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) where he performs as a Técnico ( face or good guy character ) . Atlantis was trained by Diablo Velasco , made his in-ring debut in 1983 and has always wrestled under the ring name Atlantis , named after the sunken city of Atlantis . Atlantis has held a large number of professional wrestling championships over the years , both in Mexico and in Japan , both individually and as a tag team . He has also won the mask of several prominent wrestlers through his career including Kung Fu , Villano III , Último Guerrero and La Sombra . Atlantis earned the nickname El idolo de los Niños ( the childrens idol ) as he was always a favorite with the younger fans . He even retained the nickname when he worked as a Rudo ( a wrestler who portrays the bad guy ) for several years . Atlantis ' real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . In the 1990s Atlantis starred in a couple of Lucha films , including one where he teamed up with Octagón called Octagón y Atlantis , la revancha ( Octagón and Atlantis , the rematch ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre', 'summary': 'Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Co. , Ltd. ( CMLL ; Spanish pronunciation : [ konˈsexo munˈdjal de ˈlutʃa ˈliβɾe ] , World Wrestling Council ) is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City . The promotion was previously known as Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) ( Mexican Wrestling Enterprise ) . Founded in 1933 , it is the oldest professional wrestling promotion still in existence . CMLL has been nicknamed The serious and the stable , referencing their very conservative booking style and their traditional structure to how wrestlers are used and allowed to express themselves . Outside live television broadcasts , CMLL has not shown matches where one of the competitors bleeds . They have a few steel cage matches and on occasion have Super Libre matches where there are no disqualifications , but otherwise do not promote any variety of matches that would be considered hardcore wrestling , nor match types such as Ladder matches . CMLL has on occasion fired wrestlers for excessive violence , like the use of chairs , during a match or for using profanity while addressing the crowd during a show . CMLL currently recognizes and promotes twelve World Championships for various weight divisions and classifications , six national level and six regional level championships . The CMLL Anniversary Show series is the longest running annual major show , starting in 1934 , with the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show being the most recent . CMLL also regularly promotes major events under the names Homenaje a Dos Leyendas ( Homage to two legends ) , Sin Piedad ( No Mercy ) , Sin Salida ( No Escape ) , Infierno en el Ring ( Inferno in the Ring ) during the year . CMLL has promoted their regular weekly Super Viernes ( Super Friday ) on a regular basis since the 1930s . Founder Salvador Lutteroth funded the building of Arena Coliseo in 1943 , making it the first building in Mexico built specifically for professional wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '1983-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Avatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Snow', 'summary': 'Allen Ray Sarven ( born July 18 , 1963 ) is an American professional wrestler , actor , and professional wrestling trainer and promoter better known by his ring name Al Snow . He is best known for his in-ring work in Smoky Mountain Wrestling , Extreme Championship Wrestling , and World Wrestling Entertainment . Snow has also held various backstage positions for professional wrestling promotions . Snow worked as a road agent for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA , later Impact Wrestling ) from 2010 to 2017 and has owned Ohio Valley Wrestling since 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'World Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Avenger ( original )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Crockett Promotions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions', 'summary': 'Jim Crockett Promotions Inc. was a family-owned professional wrestling promotion headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States . Founded in 1931 , the promotion emerged as a cornerstone of the National Wrestling Alliance . By the 1980s , Jim Crockett Promotions was , along with the World Wrestling Federation , one of the two largest promotions in the United States . The Crockett family sold a majority interest in the promotion to Turner Broadcasting System in 1988 , resulting in the creation of World Championship Wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '1968-1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'The Avenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Hart', 'summary': "Owen James Hart ( May 7 , 1965 - May 23 , 1999 ) was a Canadian-American professional and amateur wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He received most of his success in the WWF , where he wrestled under both his own name and the ring name The Blue Blazer . A member of the Hart wrestling family , he was born in Calgary , Alberta , the youngest of 12 children of Stampede Wrestling promoters Stu and Helen Hart . Among other accolades , Owen was a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , a one-time WWF European Champion , and a four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , as well as the 1994 WWF King of the Ring . He headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , and was widely regarded as one of the company 's best in-ring performers . Hart died on May 23 , 1999 , due to injuries suffered following an equipment malfunction and subsequent fall from the rafters of Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri , United States , during his ring entrance at the WWF 's Over the Edge pay-per-view event ."}]}, {'value': 'Stampede Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling', 'summary': "Stampede Wrestling was a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary , Alberta . For nearly 50 years , it was one of the main promotions in western Canada and the Canadian Prairies . Originally established by Stu Hart in 1948 , the promotion competed with other promotions such as NWA All-Star Wrestling and Pacific Northwest Wrestling and regularly ran events in Calgary 's Victoria Pavilion , Ogden Auditorium and the Stampede Corral between 1948 and 1984 . Bought out by promoter Vince McMahon , the company was briefly run by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) before being sold back to the Hart family the following year . Run by Bruce Hart until January 1990 , he and Ross Hart reopened the promotion in 1999 and began running events in the Alberta area . Along with its wrestling school known as The Dungeon , many of the promotion 's former alumni becoming some of the most popular stars in the World Wrestling Federation and other American promotions during the 1980s and 1990s , the promotion produced one of the earliest televised professional wrestling programs ( today considered the forerunner of today 's WWE ) that remained one of Calgary 's most popular sports programs eventually airing in over 50 countries ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Badstreet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Armstrong_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Robert Bradley Brad James ( June 15 , 1962 - November 1 , 2012 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Brad Armstrong . He is best known for his appearances with the promotion World Championship Wrestling in the 1990s . He was the son of wrestler Bullet Bob Armstrong and brother to professional wrestlers Steve , Scott and Brian .'}]}, {'value': 'World Championship Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Battle Kat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Peters', 'summary': 'Dean R. Peters ( August 22 , 1958 - December 15 , 1998 ) was an American professional wrestler and referee . He was perhaps best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation under the ring names Brady Boone and Battle Kat .'}]}, {'value': 'World Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Battman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Marino', 'summary': 'Tony Silipini ( born April 20 , 1931 ) is an American retired professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , Tony Marino .'}]}, {'value': 'World Wide Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1966-1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Beetlejuice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Barr', 'summary': "Arthur Leon Barr ( October 8 , 1966 - November 23 , 1994 ) was an American professional wrestler . While he wrestled briefly for World Championship Wrestling , he found his greatest success in Mexico 's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion ."}]}, {'value': 'Pacific Northwest Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Wrestling', 'summary': "Pacific Northwest Wrestling ( PNW ) ( also known as Big Time Wrestling and Portland Wrestling ) is the common name used to refer to several different professional wrestling companies , both past and present , based in Portland , Oregon , United States . The first such company ( that would later become Portland Wrestling ) was founded by Herb Owen in 1925 . It was the Northwest territory of the National Wrestling Alliance from the Alliance 's inception in 1948 until 1992 . The area was brought to its prime by Herb 's son , Don Owen , and this version of Pacific Northwest Wrestling saw many of the top names in the business come through on a regular basis . The Pacific Northwest was considered one of the main pro wrestling territories from the 1960s to the 1980s . Portland Wrestling was forced to close its doors in July 1992 . The closure came as a result of a slowdown in the wrestling business during the early 1990s , a declaration of bankruptcy by Portland Wrestling 's main television sponsor , and negative fallout from a shift in regulatory emphasis by the Oregon Athletic Commission . The telecasts , which originated on Portland station KPTV , ended in December 1991 and were replaced on KPTV by syndicated WWF programming . Portland Wrestling 's referee Sandy Barr purchased the company from the Owen family in 1992 and continued the tradition of professional wrestling in the Pacific Northwest under the name Championship Wrestling USA . A new wrestling promotion emerged in 2000 , calling itself Portland Wrestling and claiming to be a restart of the original Pacific Northwest/Portland Wrestling . It stressed a title lineage ( through Len Denton ) to the old NWA PNW Championships . Unlike the Don Owen promotion , the new incarnation of Portland Wrestling was not an NWA member ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '1988-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Van Vader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Van_Vader', 'summary': 'Leon Allen White ( May 14 , 1955 - June 18 , 2018 ) , better known by his ring names Big Van Vader or simply Vader , was an American professional wrestler and professional football player . Throughout his career , he performed for New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , and All Japan Pro Wrestling ( AJPW ) during the 1990s and 2000s . According to CBS Sports , White is widely regarded as one of the greatest super-heavyweight pro wrestlers of all time . White performed as a monstrous wrestler capable of aerial maneuvers : his diving moonsault was voted the Best Wrestling Maneuver of 1993 by Wrestling Observer Newsletter ( WON ) readers . Among other accolades in WCW and Japan , he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the WCW World Heavyweight Championship three times each , the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship twice , the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship once , and won the battle royal main event of the 1993 Battlebowl pay-per-view . Vader was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'All Japan Pro Wrestling , New Japan Pro Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling , World Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling', 'summary': "All Japan Pro Wrestling ( オールジャパン・プロレスリング , Ōru Japan Puroresuringu , originally 全日本プロレス Zen Nihon Puroresu ) ( AJPW/AJP ) or simply All Japan is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion established on October 21 , 1972 when Giant Baba split away from the Japanese Wrestling Association and created his own promotion . Many wrestlers had left with Baba , with many more joining the following year when JWA folded . From the mid-1970s , All Japan was firmly established as the largest promotion in Japan . As the 90s began , aging stars gave way to a younger generation including Mitsuharu Misawa , Kenta Kobashi , Toshiaki Kawada and Akira Taue , leading to perhaps AJPW 's most profitable period in the 1990s . In 1999 , Giant Baba died and the promotion was ran by Motoko Baba . Misawa was named President but left in 2000 after disagreements with Motoko . Misawa created Pro Wrestling NOAH and every single native wrestler besides Masanobu Fuchi and Toshiaki Kawada left All Japan . This led to a loss of All Japan 's TV deal and a period of hardship for the company . In 2001 , they entered a cross-promotion agreement with New Japan Pro-Wrestling which proved very successful , allowing All Japan to remain one of the larger promotions in the country , although now firmly behind NJPW . In January 2002 , Misawa left . By mid-2005 , All Japan 's attendance had dropped and the promotion seemed to be in trouble again but by 2007 had new sponsors and seemed to have recovered . After Misawa and most of the other wrestlers left the promotion , there was a lull in developing new stars until the likes of KAI , Suwama , Hama and T28 debuted from the mid-2000s onward and helped restrengthen the company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Japan_Pro_Wrestling', 'summary': "New Japan Pro-Wrestling Co. , Ltd. ( 新日本プロレスリング株式会社 , Shin Nihon Puroresuringu Kabushiki-kaisha ) ( NJPW ) is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion based in Nakano , Tokyo . Founded in January 1972 by Antonio Inoki , the promotion was sold to Yuke 's , who later sold it to Bushiroad in 2012 . TV Asahi and Amuse , Inc. own minority shares of the company . Naoki Sugabayashi has served as the promotion 's Chairman since September 2013 , while Harold Meij has served as the President of the promotion since May 2018 . Owing to its TV program aired on TV Asahi , NJPW is the largest professional wrestling promotion in Japan . It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at various points in its history . NJPW has had agreements with various MMA and professional wrestling promotions around the world , including WWE , World Championship Wrestling , American Wrestling Association , World Class Championship Wrestling , Impact Wrestling , WAR , UWFi , Ring of Honor , Pride Fighting Championships , and Jersey All Pro Wrestling . NJPW 's biggest event is the January 4 Tokyo Dome Show , held each year since 1992 and currently promoted under the Wrestle Kingdom banner . The promotion is currently owned by Japanese card game company Bushiroad , which parlayed its entry to the world of professional wrestling into a best-selling trading card game , King of Pro Wrestling , and appearances from NJPW stars in its various franchises ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1987-2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Blood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Billy_Jack_Haynes', 'summary': 'William Albert Haynes III ( born July 10 , 1953 ) is a retired American professional wrestler better known as Billy Jack Haynes .'}]}, {'value': 'World Championship Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Blitzkrieg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Ross', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Jay Ross ( born August 2 , 1975 ) is an American former professional wrestler . He is best known under his ring name Fabulous Blitzkrieg ( later shortened to Blitzkrieg ) and for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) .'}]}, {'value': 'All Pro Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Pro_Wrestling', 'summary': 'All Pro Wrestling is an American professional wrestling promotion and training school , based in Hayward , California , USA . The company was founded by Roland Alexander and managed by him until his death on November 5 , 2013 . It is located 45 miles southeast of San Francisco , 15 miles south of Oakland , and 35 miles north of San Jose .'}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling', 'summary': "World Championship Wrestling Inc. ( WCW ) is a defunct American professional wrestling promotion . For much of its existence , WCW was one of the top professional wrestling promotions in the United States , and was a significant competitor to the dominant World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) . WCW was founded by Ted Turner in 1988 , after Turner Broadcasting System , through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation , purchased the assets of the nearly bankrupt major wrestling territory Jim Crockett Promotions ( JCP ) , which had aired on TBS . After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s , the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993 . Under Bischoff 's leadership , the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines , and notable hirings of former WWF talent . WCW also promoted multiple live events a year , and gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division , which showcased an acrobatic , fast-paced , lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling . In 1995 , WCW debuted the live television flagship program WCW Monday Nitro , and subsequently developed a ratings competition now known as the Monday Night Wars against the flagship program of the WWF , Monday Night Raw . From 1996-1998 , WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks , threatening to severely undercut their rival and disrupting the American wrestling hierarchy . However , WCW then endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps in the late 1990s , and suffered from the fallout from the merger of Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner and AOL . Soon thereafter , WCW went out of business , and the WWF purchased selected WCW assets in 2001 , including its video library , some wrestler contracts , and selected intellectual property , including the WCW name and championships . The corporate subsidiary , which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name , officially became defunct in 2017 . Its headquarters were located in Atlanta , Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '1994-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Blazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Hart', 'summary': "Owen James Hart ( May 7 , 1965 - May 23 , 1999 ) was a Canadian-American professional and amateur wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling , New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , and the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He received most of his success in the WWF , where he wrestled under both his own name and the ring name The Blue Blazer . A member of the Hart wrestling family , he was born in Calgary , Alberta , the youngest of 12 children of Stampede Wrestling promoters Stu and Helen Hart . Among other accolades , Owen was a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , a one-time WWF European Champion , and a four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion , as well as the 1994 WWF King of the Ring . He headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , and was widely regarded as one of the company 's best in-ring performers . Hart died on May 23 , 1999 , due to injuries suffered following an equipment malfunction and subsequent fall from the rafters of Kemper Arena in Kansas City , Missouri , United States , during his ring entrance at the WWF 's Over the Edge pay-per-view event ."}]}, {'value': 'World Wrestling Federation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWE', 'summary': "World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. , d/b/a WWE , is an American integrated media and entertainment company that is primarily known for professional wrestling . WWE has also branched out into other fields , including movies , football , and various other business ventures . The WWE name also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself , founded in the 1950s as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation . As of 2019 , it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world , holding over 500 events a year , with the roster divided up into various globally traveling brands , and is available to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries . The company 's global headquarters is located in Stamford , Connecticut , with offices in major cities around the world . As in other professional wrestling promotions , WWE shows are not legitimate contests , but purely entertainment-based , featuring storyline-driven , scripted , and choreographed matches , though matches often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury , even death , if not performed correctly . This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE 's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions . Since the 1980s , WWE publicly has branded its product as sports entertainment , acknowledging the product 's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater . The company 's majority owner is its chairman and CEO , Vince McMahon , who retains a 42% ownership of the company 's outstanding stock and 83% of the voting power . The current entity , incorporated on February 21 , 1980 , was previously known as Titan Sports , Inc. , which was founded that same year in South Yarmouth , Massachusetts . It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. , the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation , in 1982 . Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation , Inc. in 1998 , then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment , Inc. in 1999 , and finally the current World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc. in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': '1988-1991 ; 1998-1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List -- Single wrestlers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_masked_wrestlers_0', 'intro': "This is a list of masked wrestlers. The earliest known masked wrestler in the United States was The Masked Marvel who famously crashed the international tournament, which featured many of the top stars of the Farmer Burns-Frank Gotch era, held at the Manhattan Opera House in 1915. In North America, many professional wrestlers have traditionally worn masks after they had been used in an area, or territory, that their popularity and drawing ability diminished, it would be an easy way for a wrestler to begin working in a new area as a fresh face. Sometimes workers wore masks in one territory and unmasked in another territory in order to keep their two identities separate. Several wrestlers used one or two personas for their entire career such as The Destroyer (1962-1984), Mr. Wrestling (1965-1983) and Masked Superstar (1976-1986). Wrestling masks also have a significant cultural importance in lucha libre, and puroresu to a lesser extent; famed luchadores such as Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras and El Santo have achieved an almost iconic status in Mexico. In Japan, masked wrestlers are also very popular. Many are heavily influenced by anime and manga characters such as Tiger Mask and Black Tiger during the 1980s, and Jushin Thunder Liger in the 90s. Many of these stars would appear in World Championship Wrestling during the Monday Night Wars period. In recent years, World Wrestling Entertainment has re-used masked characters for comedic purposes. Edge and Christian donned the masks worn by the WWF's original Los Conquistadores in their feud with World Tag Team Champions The Hardy Boyz in 2000. Under the guise of El Gran Luchadore, Paul London, Shannon Moore, Eddie Guerrero and Kurt Angle each challenged JBL for the WWE Championship in 2004."}	null	null	Christopher Joseph Park portrayed a masked wrestler for a promotion that was founded by who ?	Jeff and Jerry Jarrett
0164b9eb91e49f27	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukui)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mimuro Site 三室遺跡 Mimuro iseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katsuyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsuyama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Katsuyama ( 勝山市 , Katsuyama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2018 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 23,527 , with 7,973 households , and a population density of 93 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 253.88 square kilometres ( 98.02 sq mi ) . Katsuyama was the ninth-best ranking city in a ranking that compared health and sanitation in cities around the world published in April 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chausuyama Kofun Cluster 茶臼山古墳群 Chausuyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asuwayama Kofun Cluster 足羽山古墳群 Asuwayama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitabori Shell Mound 北堀貝塚 Kitabori kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hikida Castle Site 疋壇城跡 Hikida-jō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsuruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Tsuruga ( 敦賀市 , Tsuruga-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 29 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 251.39 square kilometres ( 97.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asahiyama Kofun Cluster 朝日山古墳群 Asahiyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasugayama Kofun 春日山古墳附泰遠寺山古墳出土石棺 Kasugayama kofun tsuketari Taionjiyama kofun shutsudo sekkan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eiheiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiheiji,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Eiheiji ( 永平寺町 , Eiheiji-chō ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 March 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 18,746 in 6,262 households and the population density of 200 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 94.43 square kilometres ( 36.46 sq mi ) . The town is named for the famous temple of Eihei-ji .'}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obama Castle Site 小浜城跡 Obama-jō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama_Castle_(Wakasa_Province)', 'summary': 'Obama Castle ( 小浜城 , Obama-jō ) was a seaside-style castle located in what is now the city of Obama , Fukui Prefecture , Japan . During the Edo period , it was the headquarters of a junior branch of the Sakai clan , who were hereditary daimyō of Obama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate . The castle was also known by the name of Unpin Castle ( 雲浜城 , Unpin-jō ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Komaru Castle Site 小丸城跡（附野々宮廃寺跡） Komaru-jō ( tsuketari Nonomiya Haiji ato )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komaru_Castle', 'summary': 'Komaru Castle ( 小丸城 , Komaru-jō ) was a Japanese castle located in what is now the city of Echizen Fukui Prefecture , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . Built in the Sengoku period by Sassa Narimasa , the ruins are now a Fukui Prefectural Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsuchimikado Family Graves 土御門家墓所 Tsuchimikado-ke bosho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōi,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Ōi ( おおい町 , Ōi-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 8,102 and a population density of 63 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 212.19 square kilometres ( 81.93 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana towns in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen Ōno Castle Site 越前大野城跡 Echizen Ōno-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen_Ōno_Castle', 'summary': 'Ōno Castle ( 大野城 , Ōno-jō ) was a Japanese castle located in the city of Ōno Fukui Prefecture , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . Built in the Sengoku period , it was occupied by a succession of daimyō of Ōno Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōno,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Ōno ( おおのし , Ōno-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 33,640 in 11,747 households and the population density of 39 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 872.43 square kilometres ( 336.85 sq mi ) . The town is encircled by a ring of mountains and the only way in or out is via tunnels or mountain roads .'}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiyohara Bukata Grave 清原宜賢卿墓所 Kiyohara Bukata-kyō bosho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nitta Yoshisada Public Grave 新田義貞公墓所 Nitta Yoshisada kō-bosho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada', 'summary': "Nitta Yoshisada ( 新田義貞 , 1301 - August 17 , 1338 [ citation needed ] ) was the head of the Nitta clan in the early fourteenth century , and supported the Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the Nanboku-chō period . He famously marched on Kamakura , besieging and capturing it from the Hōjō clan in 1333 . Later he fought the Takauji brothers on the Emperor 's behalf in a see-saw campaign which saw the capital change hands several times . After a compromise peace was agreed , Yoshisada was entrusted with two royal princes . At the siege of Kanegasaki both were killed , along with Yoshisada 's son , although Yoshisada was able to escape . He died when his horse was killed at the siege of Kuromaru . Pinned under it , he committed seppuku ."}]}, {'value': 'Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 坂井市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 10 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and the population density of 550 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 209.67 square kilometres ( 80.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokoyama Kofun Cluster 横山古墳群 Yokoyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara / Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 坂井市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 10 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and the population density of 550 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 209.67 square kilometres ( 80.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamo Kofun 加茂古墳 Kamo kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinmeigatani Sue Ware Kiln Site 神明ヶ谷の須恵器窯跡 Shinmeigatani no Sue-ki kama ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 17 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōmushi Haiji Pagoda Site 大虫廃寺塔跡 Ōmushi Haiji tō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 18 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funazu Shell Mound 舟津貝塚 Funazu kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '[ 19 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ochi-san Sacred Mountain Site 越知山山岳信仰跡 Ochi-san sangaku-shinkō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 20 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunugi Kofun 椚古墳（石室） Kunugi kofun ( sekishitsu )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '[ 21 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Prefectural Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 May 2019 , twenty-nine Sites have been designated as being of prefectural importance . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)_1', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Fukui.'}	null	null	What is the population density for the town of Sakai , the location of Nitta Yoshisada , Public Grave in km² ?	550 persons per km²
01662d36bd0fad7b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Regional_League_Division_2_Southern_Region', 'title': '2011 Regional League Division 2 Southern Region', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chumphon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chumphon_F.C.', 'summary': 'Chumphon Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดชุมพร ) is a Thai professional football club based in Chumphon Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Chumphon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chumphon', 'summary': 'Chumphon ( Thai : ชุมพร , pronounced [ t͡ɕʰūm.pʰɔ̄ːn ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand , capital of the Chumphon Province and Mueang Chumphon District . The city is about 463 kilometers ( 288 miles ) from Bangkok . As of 2005 it had a population of 33,522 . [ citation needed ] The town covers the commune ( tambon ) Tha Taphao completely and parts of tambons Bang Mak , Wang Phai , Na Thung , Tak Daet , and Khun Krathing . Its main economic activity is agriculture .'}]}, {'value': 'Institute of Physical Education Chumphon Campus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Institute_of_Physical_Education_Chumphon_Campus_Stadium', 'summary': 'Institute of Physical Education Chumphon Campus Stadium ( Thai : สนามสถาบันการพลศึกษา วิทยาเขตชุมพร ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Chumphon , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Chumphon F.C . The stadium holds 3,000 people . Coordinates : 10°27′23″N 99°07′44″E / 10.456525°N 99.128756°E / 10.456525 ; 99.128756'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hat Yai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hat_Yai_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hatyai Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลหาดใหญ่ ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Hat Yai , Songkhla Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Songkhla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songkhla_Province', 'summary': 'Songkhla ( Thai : สงขลา , pronounced [ sǒŋ.kʰlǎː ] , Southern Thai : สงขลา , pronounced [ soŋ.kʰlaː ] , Malay : Singgora ) is one of the southern provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are ( from east clockwise ) Satun , Phatthalung , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pattani , and Yala . To the south it borders Kedah and Perlis of Malaysia . In contrast to most other provinces , the capital Songkhla is not the largest city in the province . The much newer city of Hat Yai , with a population of 359,813 , is considerably larger , with twice the population of Songkhla ( 163,072 ) . This often leads to the misconception that Hat Yai is the provincial capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiranakorn Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiranakorn_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krabi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krabi_FC', 'summary': 'Krabi Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลกระบี่ ) is a Thai professional Association football club based in Krabi Province . The club currently plays in the Thai League 3 lower region .'}]}, {'value': 'Krabi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krabi', 'summary': 'Krabi ( Thai : กระบี่ , pronounced [ krā.bìː ] ) is the main town in the province of Krabi ( thesaban mueang ) on the west coast of southern Thailand at the mouth of the Krabi River where it empties in Phang Nga Bay . As of 2010 the town had a population of 52,867 . The town is the capital of Krabi Province and Krabi District . Tourism is an important industry . Krabi is 783 km south of Bangkok by road .'}]}, {'value': 'Krabi Province Stadium Institute of Physical Education Krabi Campus Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krabi_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Krabi Provincial Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬากลางจังหวัดกระบี่ ) is a stadium in Krabi , Thailand . It is currently used for football matches and is the home stadium of Krabi F.C . The stadium holds 8,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '3,590 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_FC', 'summary': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช ) is a Thai professional football club based in Nakhon Si Thammarat , Nakhon Si Thammarat Province . They currently play in Thailand Amateur League .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat', 'summary': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat ( Thai : นครศรีธรรมราช , pronounced [ ná ( ʔ ) .kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː tʰām.má.râːt ] ; from Pali Nagara Sri Dhammaraja ) is a city ( thesaban nakhon ) in southern Thailand , capital of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and the Nakhon Si Thammarat District . It is about 610 km ( 380 mi ) south of Bangkok , on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula . The city was the administrative center of southern Thailand during most of its history . Originally a coastal city , silting moved the coastline away from the city . The city has a much larger north to south extension than west to east , which dates back to its original location on a flood-save dune . The modern city centre on the train station is north of Old Town . As of 2005 , the city had a population of 105,417 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬากลางจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nakhon Si Thammarat province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nakhon Si Thammarat F.C . The stadium holds 5,000 people . Coordinates : 8°27′17″N 99°57′29″E / 8.454633°N 99.958086°E / 8.454633 ; 99.958086'}]}, {'value': '4,744', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nara United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narathiwat_F.C.', 'summary': 'Nara United Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลนรา ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand professional football club based in Narathiwat Province . They currently play in the division 2 in Thai football , the Thai League 3 Southern region.The team lifted the league division 2 southern zone and Super Champion Cup title in 2009 and 2010 which became one of the most successful season in their history . Nara United were founded in 2010 and their rivalries are Satun United and Yala F.C . which also based in Thailand southern border . The team is widely known by their nickname The Kolek Boet warriors which can be seen in the club logo .'}]}, {'value': 'Narathiwat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narathiwat', 'summary': 'Narathiwat ( Thai : นราธิวาส , pronounced [ nā.rāː.tʰí.wâːt ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand and capital of Narathiwat Province . The town is in the Mueang Narathiwat District and was established in 1936 . As of 2008 , the population was 40,521 . It lies 1,141 km south of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Narathiwat Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narathiwat_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Narathiwat Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.นราธิวาส หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดนราธิวาส ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Narathiwat Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Nara United F.C . The stadium holds 7,000 people . Coordinates : 6°25′31″N 101°48′21″E / 6.425162°N 101.805964°E / 6.425162 ; 101.805964'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pattani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pattani_FC', 'summary': 'Pattani Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดปัตตานี ) is a Thailand semi professional Association football club based in Pattani Province . They currently play in Thai League 3 Lower Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Pattani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pattani', 'summary': 'Pattani ( Thai : ปัตตานี , pronounced [ pàt.tāː.nīː ] ; Jawi : ڤطاني , ตานิง , pronounced [ t āː.niŋ ] ) is one of the southern provinces of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are ( from southeast clockwise ) Narathiwat , Yala , and Songkhla .'}]}, {'value': 'Rainbow Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainbow_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pattani Province Stadium or Pattani Municipality Stadium or Rainbow Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดปัตตานี หรือ สนามกีฬาเทศบาลเมืองปัตตานี หรือ สนามกีฬาเรนโบว์ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pattani Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Pattani FC . The stadium holds 8,000 people . Coordinates : 6°53′20″N 101°14′39″E / 6.888911°N 101.244239°E / 6.888911 ; 101.244239'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phang Nga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phang_Nga_F.C.', 'summary': 'Phang Nga Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดพังงา ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Phang Nga Province . They currently play in Regional League Division 2 Southern .'}]}, {'value': 'Phang Nga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phang_Nga', 'summary': 'Phang Nga ( Thai : พังงา , RTGS : Phangnga , pronounced [ pʰāŋ.ŋāː ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand , capital of Phang Nga Province . The town covers the whole tambon Thai Chang of Mueang Phang Nga district . As of 2005 it had a population of 9,559 and covered an area of 6.75 km² . Phang Nga is 764 km from Bangkok by road . The municipal administration was created on 11 February 1937 . The town is subdivided into nine wards ( chumchon ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Phang Nga Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phang_Nga_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phang Nga Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดจังหวัดพังงา หรือ สนาม อบจ.พังงา หรือ สนามเทศบาลเมืองพังงา ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Phang Nga , Phang Nga Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Phang Nga F.C . The stadium holds 3,000 people . Coordinates : 8°26′59″N 98°32′08″E / 8.449861°N 98.535472°E / 8.449861 ; 98.535472'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phattalung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phattalung_FC', 'summary': 'Phatthalung Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดพัทลุง ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Phatthalung Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Phattalung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phattalung', 'summary': 'Phatthalung ( Thai : พัทลุง , pronounced [ pʰát.tʰā.lūŋ ] ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand , capital of Phatthalung Province . The town covers tambon Khuhu Sawan , and small parts of tambon Khao Chiak , Tha Mi Ram , Prang Mu , Lampam , Tamnan , and Khuan Maphrao , all in Mueang Phatthalung District . In 2005 it had a population of 38,576 . Phatthalung is 851 km by road south of Bangkok .'}]}, {'value': 'Phattalung Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phattalung_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Phatthalung Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาจังหวัดพัทลุง or สนาม อบจ พัทลุง ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Phatthalung Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Phatthalung F.C . Coordinates : 7°37′00″N 100°02′53″E / 7.616625°N 100.048096°E / 7.616625 ; 100.048096'}]}, {'value': '4,021', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ranong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranong_F.C.', 'summary': 'Ranong United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลระนอง ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai semi-professional Association football club based in Ranong Province . The club currently play in Thai League 2 . This football Club change name to Ranong United at 2015 because the club was changes their chairman .'}]}, {'value': 'Ranong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranong', 'summary': 'Ranong ( Thai : ระนอง ( Pronunciation ) ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand , former capital of the Ranong Province and the Mueang Ranong District . The town covers completely the area of the tambon Khao Niwet ( เขานิเวศน์ ) . As of 2005 , it had a population of 16,163 . Ranong lies 586 kilometres ( 364 mi ) south-southwest of Bangkok by road .'}]}, {'value': 'Ranong Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranong_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ranong United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลระนอง ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai semi-professional Association football club based in Ranong Province . The club currently play in Thai League 2 . This football Club change name to Ranong United at 2015 because the club was changes their chairman .'}]}, {'value': '7,212', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Satun United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satun_FC', 'summary': 'Satun United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลสตูล ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thai semi professional football club based in Satun Province , a city located near to the border of Malaysia . They currently play in Thai League 4 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Satun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satun', 'summary': 'Satun ( Thai : สตูล , pronounced [ sā.tūːn ] , Malay : Setul ) is a town ( thesaban mueang ) in southern Thailand , capital of the Satun Province . It covers the whole tambon Phiman of Mueang Satun . Satun lies 985 km south of Bangkok . As of 2005 it has a population of 21,498 .'}]}, {'value': 'Satun Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Satun_Provincial_Administrative_Organization_Stadium', 'summary': 'Satun Provincial Administrative Organization Stadium ( Thai : สนาม อบจ.สตูล หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดสตูล ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Satun Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Satun F.C . The stadium holds 5,000 people . Coordinates : 6°39′05″N 100°04′43″E / 6.651364°N 100.078651°E / 6.651364 ; 100.078651'}]}, {'value': '4,671', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surat_Thani_F.C.', 'summary': 'Surat Thani Football Club ( Thai : สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดสุราษฎร์ธานี ) is a Thailand football club , nicknamed The Roosters and based in Surat Thani Province located in the south of Thailand . The club currently plays in the Thai League 4 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Surat Thani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surat_Thani', 'summary': "Surat Thani ( Thai : สุราษฎร์ธานี , pronounced [ sù.râːt tʰāː.nīː ] ) is a city in Amphoe Mueang Surat Thani , Surat Thani Province , southern Thailand . It lies 651 km south of Bangkok . It is the capital of Surat Thani Province . The city has a population of 128,179 ( 2009 ) , and an area of 68.97 square kilometers . The city 's population density is 1,858.47 inhabitants per km² . Surat Thani is near the mouth of the Tapi River on the Gulf of Thailand . The city offers no major tourist attractions in itself , and is mainly known to tourists as the jumping-off point to Ko Samui , Ko Tao , and Ko Pha Ngan . It is the regional commercial center , with a seaport dealing in the main products of the province , rubber and coconuts ."}]}, {'value': 'Surat Thani Province Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province_Stadium', 'summary': 'Surat Thani Province Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬากลางจังหวัดสุราษฎร์ธานี ) is a football stadium in Surat Thani , Thailand . It is the home stadium of Surat Thani F.C . The stadium holds 10,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '10,175', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trang_F.C.', 'summary': 'Trang Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดตรัง ) is a Thai semi-professional football club based in Trang Province . The club currently play in Thai League 3 Southern Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Trang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trang_Province', 'summary': 'Trang ( Thai : ตรัง , pronounced [ trāŋ ] ) , also called Mueang Thap Thiang , is one of the southern provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand , on the west side of the Malay Peninsula facing the Strait of Malacca . Neighboring provinces are ( from north clockwise ) Krabi , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Phatthalung , and Satun . Trang was formerly a port involved in foreign trade . It was the first place where rubber was planted in Thailand . Phraya Ratsadanupradit Mahison Phakdi brought rubber saplings from Malaya and planted them here in 1899 , and rubber is now an important export of the country . The Trang River flows through the province from its origin in the Khao Luang mountain range , and the Palian River flows from the Banthat mountains . The province of Trang has an area of approximately 5,000 square km and 199 km of Strait of Malacca shoreline .'}]}, {'value': 'Trang Municipality Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trang_Municipality_Stadium', 'summary': 'Trang Municipality Stadium or Trang Provincial Stadium ( Thai : สนามกีฬาเทศบาลนครตรัง หรือ สนามกีฬาจังหวัดตรัง ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Trang Province , Thailand . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Trang F.C . Coordinates : 7°33′12″N 99°36′55″E / 7.553333°N 99.615273°E / 7.553333 ; 99.615273'}]}, {'value': '4,789', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yala_FC', 'summary': "Yala United Football Club ( Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลยะลา ยูไนเต็ด ) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Yala Province . They currently play in Thai League 4 Southern Region . This football Club changes name to Yala United in 2015 In 2018 , Club-licensing football club of this team did n't pass to play 2018 Thai League 4 Southern Region . This team is banned 2 years and Relegated to 2020 Thailand Amateur League Southern Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Yala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yala_Province', 'summary': 'Yala ( Thai : ยะลา , pronounced [ já ( ʔ ) .lāː ] ) is the southernmost province ( changwat ) of Thailand . Neighboring provinces are ( from northwest clockwise ) Songkhla , Pattani , and Narathiwat . Yala is one of two landlocked provinces in southern Thailand , the other being Phatthalung . Its southern part borders Kedah and Perak of Malaysia .'}]}, {'value': 'Institute of Physical Education Yala Campus Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadia and locations', 'section_text': 'ChumphonHat YaiKrabiNakhon Si ThammaratNara UnitedPattaniPhang NgaPhattalungRanongSatun UnitedSuratTrangYala Locations of the Regional League South Teams', 'uid': '2011_Thai_Division_2_League_Southern_Region_0', 'intro': '2011 Regional League Division 2 League Southern Region is the 3rd season of the League competition since its establishment in 2009. It is in the third tier of the Thai football league system.'}	null	null	What is the name of the club playing on a stadium also known as Provincial Stadium ?	Trang
0166b81462a0815c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library_100_Best_Novels', 'title': 'Modern Library 100 Best Novels', 'header': ['#', 'Year', 'Title', 'Author'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas Shrugged', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged', 'summary': "Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel by Ayn Rand . Rand 's fourth and final novel , it was also her longest , and the one she considered to be her magnum opus in the realm of fiction writing . Atlas Shrugged includes elements of science fiction , mystery , and romance , and it contains Rand 's most extensive statement of Objectivism in any of her works of fiction . The book depicts a dystopian United States in which private businesses suffer under increasingly burdensome laws and regulations . Railroad executive Dagny Taggart and her lover , steel magnate Hank Rearden , struggle against looters who want to exploit their productivity . Dagny and Hank discover that a mysterious figure called John Galt is persuading other business leaders to abandon their companies and disappear as a strike of productive individuals against the looters . The novel ends with the strikers planning to build a new capitalist society based on Galt 's philosophy of reason and individualism . The theme of Atlas Shrugged , as Rand described it , is the role of man 's mind in existence . The book explores a number of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop Objectivism . In doing so , it expresses the advocacy of reason , individualism , and capitalism , and depicts what Rand saw to be the failures of governmental coercion . Atlas Shrugged received largely negative reviews after its 1957 publication , but achieved enduring popularity and ongoing sales in the following decades . After several unsuccessful attempts to adapt the novel for film or television , a film trilogy based on it was released from 2011 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayn Rand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayn_Rand', 'summary': 'Ayn Rand ( /aɪn/ ; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum ; [ a ] February 2 [ O.S . January 20 ] 1905 - March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead . In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights , including property rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fountainhead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fountainhead', 'summary': "The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Russian-American author Ayn Rand , her first major literary success . The novel 's protagonist , Howard Roark , is an individualistic young architect who designs modernist buildings and refuses to compromise with an architectural establishment unwilling to accept innovation . Roark embodies what Rand believed to be the ideal man , and his struggle reflects Rand 's belief that individualism is superior to collectivism . Roark is opposed by what he calls second-handers , who value conformity over independence and integrity . These include Roark 's former classmate , Peter Keating , who succeeds by following popular styles but turns to Roark for help with design problems . Ellsworth Toohey , a socialist architecture critic who uses his influence to promote his political and social agenda , tries to destroy Roark 's career . Tabloid newspaper publisher Gail Wynand seeks to shape popular opinion ; he befriends Roark , then betrays him when public opinion turns in a direction he can not control . The novel 's most controversial character is Roark 's lover , Dominique Francon . She believes that non-conformity has no chance of winning , so she alternates between helping Roark and working to undermine him . Feminist critics have condemned Roark and Dominique 's first sexual encounter , accusing Rand of endorsing rape . Twelve publishers rejected the manuscript before an editor at the Bobbs-Merrill Company risked his job to get it published . Contemporary reviewers ' opinions were polarized ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayn Rand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayn_Rand', 'summary': 'Ayn Rand ( /aɪn/ ; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum ; [ a ] February 2 [ O.S . January 20 ] 1905 - March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead . In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights , including property rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battlefield Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(novel)', 'summary': 'Battlefield Earth : A Saga of the Year 3000 is a 1982 science fiction novel written by L. Ron Hubbard , founder of Scientology . He also composed a soundtrack to the book called Space Jazz .'}]}, {'value': 'L. Ron Hubbard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard', 'summary': 'Lafayette Ronald Hubbard ( March 13 , 1911 - January 24 , 1986 ) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy stories , and the founder of the Church of Scientology . In 1950 , Hubbard authored Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health and established a series of organizations to promote Dianetics . In 1952 , Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings , and he subsequently founded Scientology . Thereafter Hubbard oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization . Born in Tilden , Nebraska , in 1911 , Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena , Montana . After his father was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam , Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s . In 1930 , Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year . He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Polly Grubb , who shared his interest in aviation . Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II , where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times . The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital , being treated for a variety of complaints . Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media , government and legal pressure in a number of countries . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as Commodore of the Sea Organization , an elite quasi-paramilitary group of Scientologists .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954-55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lord of the Rings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings', 'summary': "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien . The story began as a sequel to Tolkien 's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit , but eventually developed into a much larger work . Written in stages between 1937 and 1949 , The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling novels ever written , with over 150 million copies sold . The title of the novel refers to the story 's main antagonist , the Dark Lord Sauron , [ a ] who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth . From quiet beginnings in the Shire , a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside , the story ranges across Middle-earth , following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters , most notably the hobbits Frodo , Sam , Merry and Pippin . Although generally known to readers as a trilogy , the work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set , the other to be The Silmarillion , but this idea was dismissed by his publisher . For economic reasons , The Lord of the Rings was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955 . The three volumes were titled The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers and The Return of the King . Structurally , the novel is divided internally into six books , two per volume , with several appendices of background material included at the end . Some editions combine the entire work into a single volume . The Lord of the Rings has since been reprinted numerous times and translated into 38 languages . Tolkien 's work has been the subject of extensive analysis of its themes and origins ."}]}, {'value': 'J. R. R. Tolkien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien', 'summary': "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE FRSL ( /ruːl ˈtɒlkiːn/ ; [ a ] 3 January 1892 - 2 September 1973 ) was an English writer , poet , philologist , and academic , who authored the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and The Silmarillion . He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College , Oxford , from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College , Oxford , from 1945 to 1959 . He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis - they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings . Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972 . After Tolkien 's death , his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father 's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts , including The Silmarillion . These , together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , form a connected body of tales , poems , fictional histories , invented languages , and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and Middle-earth [ b ] within it . Between 1951 and 1955 , Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings . While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien , the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre . This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the father of modern fantasy literature - or , more precisely , of high fantasy . In 2008 , The Times ranked him sixth on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Forbes ranked him the fifth top-earning dead celebrity in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To Kill a Mockingbird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird', 'summary': "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . Instantly successful , widely read in high schools and middle schools in the United States , it has become a classic of modern American literature , winning the Pulitzer Prize . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was ten . Despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality , the novel is renowned for its warmth and humor . Atticus Finch , the narrator 's father , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . The historian J. Crespino explains , In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its main character , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . As a Southern Gothic and Bildungsroman novel , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse ."}]}, {'value': 'Harper Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harper_Lee', 'summary': "Nelle Harper Lee ( April 28 , 1926 - February 19 , 2016 ) was an American novelist best known for her 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird . It won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature . Lee only published two books , yet she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007 for her contribution to literature . She also received numerous honorary degrees , though she declined to speak on those occasions . She assisted her close friend Truman Capote in his research for the book In Cold Blood ( 1966 ) . Capote was the basis for the character Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird . The plot and characters of To Kill a Mockingbird are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family and neighbors , as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936 when she was 10 . The novel deals with the irrationality of adult attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s , as depicted through the eyes of two children . It was inspired by racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama . She also wrote the novel Go Set a Watchman in the mid-1950s and published it in July 2015 as a sequel to Mockingbird , but it was later confirmed to be merely her first draft of Mockingbird ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nineteen Eighty-Four', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four', 'summary': "Nineteen Eighty-Four : A Novel , often published as 1984 , is a dystopian novel by English novelist George Orwell . It was published in June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell 's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime . The story was mostly written at Barnhill , a farmhouse on the Scottish island of Jura , at times while Orwell suffered from severe tuberculosis . Thematically , Nineteen Eighty-Four centres on the consequences of government over-reach , totalitarianism , mass surveillance , and repressive regimentation of all persons and behaviours within society . The story takes place in an imagined future , the year 1984 , when much of the world has fallen victim to perpetual war , omnipresent government surveillance , historical negationism , and propaganda . Great Britain , known as Airstrip One , has become a province of a superstate named Oceania that is ruled by the Party who employ the Thought Police to persecute individuality and independent thinking . Big Brother , the leader of the Party , enjoys an intense cult of personality despite the fact that he may not exist . The protagonist , Winston Smith , is a diligent and skillful rank-and-file worker and Party member who secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion . He enters a forbidden relationship with a co-worker , Julia . Nineteen Eighty-Four has become a classic literary example of political and dystopian fiction . Many terms used in the novel have entered common usage , including Big Brother , doublethink , thoughtcrime , Newspeak , Room 101 , telescreen , 2 + 2 = 5 , prole , and memory hole . Nineteen Eighty-Four also popularised the adjective Orwellian , connoting things such as official deception , secret surveillance , brazenly misleading terminology , and manipulation of recorded history by a totalitarian or authoritarian state ."}]}, {'value': 'George Orwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Orwell', 'summary': "Eric Arthur Blair ( 25 June 1903 - 21 January 1950 ) , better known by his pen name George Orwell , was an English novelist and essayist , journalist and critic . His work is characterised by lucid prose , awareness of social injustice , opposition to totalitarianism , and outspoken support of democratic socialism . As a writer , Orwell produced literary criticism and poetry , fiction and polemical journalism ; and is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm ( 1945 ) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ( 1949 ) . His non-fiction works , including The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) , documenting his experience of working-class life in the north of England , and Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) , an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War ( 1936-1939 ) , are as critically respected as his essays on politics and literature , language and culture . In 2008 , The Times ranked George Orwell second among The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . Orwell 's work remains influential in popular culture and in political culture , and the adjective Orwellian - describing totalitarian and authoritarian social practices - is part of the English language , like many of his neologisms , such as Big Brother , Thought Police , and Hate week , Room 101 , the memory hole , and Newspeak , doublethink and proles , unperson and thoughtcrime ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthem_(novella)', 'summary': "Anthem is a dystopian fiction novella by Russian-American writer Ayn Rand , written in 1937 and first published in 1938 in the United Kingdom . The story takes place at an unspecified future date when mankind has entered another Dark Age . Technological advancement is now carefully planned and the concept of individuality has been eliminated . A young man known as Equality 7-2521 rebels by doing secret scientific research . When his activity is discovered , he flees into the wilderness with the girl he loves . Together they plan to establish a new society based on rediscovered individualism . Rand originally conceived of the story as a play , then decided to write for magazine publication . At her agent 's suggestion , she submitted it to book publishers . The novella was first published by Cassell in England . It was published in the United States only after Rand 's next novel , The Fountainhead , became a best seller . Rand revised the text for the US edition , which was published in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayn Rand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayn_Rand', 'summary': 'Ayn Rand ( /aɪn/ ; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum ; [ a ] February 2 [ O.S . January 20 ] 1905 - March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead . In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights , including property rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'We the Living', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/We_the_Living', 'summary': "We the Living is the debut novel of the Russian American novelist Ayn Rand . It is a story of life in post-revolutionary Russia and was Rand 's first statement against communism . Rand observes in the foreword that We the Living was the closest she would ever come to writing an autobiography . Rand finished writing the novel in 1934 , but it was rejected by several publishers before being released by Macmillan Publishing in 1936 . It has since sold more than three million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayn Rand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayn_Rand', 'summary': 'Ayn Rand ( /aɪn/ ; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum ; [ a ] February 2 [ O.S . January 20 ] 1905 - March 6 , 1982 ) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher . She is known for her two best-selling novels , The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged , and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism . Educated in Russia , she moved to the United States in 1926 . She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936 . After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful , she achieved fame with her 1943 novel , The Fountainhead . In 1957 , Rand published her best-known work , the novel Atlas Shrugged . Afterward , she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy , publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982 . Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion . She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism . In politics , she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism , instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism , which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights , including property rights . In art , Rand promoted romantic realism .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission Earth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Earth_(novel)', 'summary': "Mission Earth is a ten-volume science fiction novel series by L. Ron Hubbard . Hubbard died three months after the publication of volume 1 , and other volumes were published posthumously . The series ' initial publisher , Bridge Publications coined the word dekalogy , meaning a series of ten books , to describe and promote the novel . Made up of about 1.2 million words , the epic is a satirical science fiction adventure set in the far future . Each volume in the series topped numerous bestseller lists . The second volume , Black Genesis , was nominated for the 1987 Hugo Award in the Best Novel category , but of the five finalists , it was voted in sixth place , after No Award ."}]}, {'value': 'L. Ron Hubbard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard', 'summary': 'Lafayette Ronald Hubbard ( March 13 , 1911 - January 24 , 1986 ) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy stories , and the founder of the Church of Scientology . In 1950 , Hubbard authored Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health and established a series of organizations to promote Dianetics . In 1952 , Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings , and he subsequently founded Scientology . Thereafter Hubbard oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization . Born in Tilden , Nebraska , in 1911 , Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena , Montana . After his father was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam , Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s . In 1930 , Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year . He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Polly Grubb , who shared his interest in aviation . Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II , where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times . The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital , being treated for a variety of complaints . Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media , government and legal pressure in a number of countries . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as Commodore of the Sea Organization , an elite quasi-paramilitary group of Scientologists .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fear', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fear_(Hubbard_novella)', 'summary': "Fear is a psychological thriller-horror novella by American writer L. Ron Hubbard , which first appeared in the magazine Unknown Fantasy Fiction in July 1940 . While previous editions followed the magazine text , the 1991 Bridge edition reportedly restores the author 's original manuscript text . The novella is ranked 10th on Modern Library 100 Best Novels - The Reader 's List ."}]}, {'value': 'L. Ron Hubbard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard', 'summary': 'Lafayette Ronald Hubbard ( March 13 , 1911 - January 24 , 1986 ) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy stories , and the founder of the Church of Scientology . In 1950 , Hubbard authored Dianetics : The Modern Science of Mental Health and established a series of organizations to promote Dianetics . In 1952 , Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings , and he subsequently founded Scientology . Thereafter Hubbard oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization . Born in Tilden , Nebraska , in 1911 , Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena , Montana . After his father was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam , Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific in the late 1920s . In 1930 , Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year . He began his career as a prolific writer of pulp fiction stories and married Margaret Polly Grubb , who shared his interest in aviation . Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II , where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times . The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital , being treated for a variety of complaints . Scientology became increasingly controversial during the 1960s and came under intense media , government and legal pressure in a number of countries . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , Hubbard spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as Commodore of the Sea Organization , an elite quasi-paramilitary group of Scientologists .'}]}], 'section_title': "Readers ' list", 'section_text': "The top ten books in the Readers ' List : [ citation needed ]", 'uid': 'Modern_Library_100_Best_Novels_1', 'intro': "Modern Library's 100 Best Novels is a 1998 list of the best English-language novels published in the 20th century,[a] as selected by Modern Library from among 400 novels published by Random House, which owns Modern Library. The purpose of the list was to to bring the Modern Library to public attention and stimulate sales of its books. A separate Modern Library 100 Best Nonfiction list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the 20th century was created the same year."}	null	null	What was the year of birth of the author of Battlefield Earth ?	1911
0168bf077b06c63a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix', 'title': 'Dansk Melodi Grand Prix', 'header': ['Year', 'Song', 'Artist', 'Position in the Eurovision Song Contest'], 'data': [{'value': '1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1957', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Frankfurt-am-Main , West Germany and was held at the Großer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks on Sunday 3 March 1957 . The show was hosted by German actress Anaid Iplicjian . Like the first edition of the contest , this one was still mainly a radio programme , but there was a noticeable increase in the number of people with televisions . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Net als toen , performed by Corry Brokken , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Guus Jansen . This was the Netherlands ' first victory in the contest . For some time , a rumour had existed that the privilege of hosting the 1957 contest was given to Germany because they had come in second place in 1956 with Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück by Walter Andreas Schwarz . In fact , not only were the official 1956 scores withheld , but the rule stating that the winning nation hosts the next year 's Eurovision Song Contest had not yet been conceived . It was planned at the time that each participating country would take it in turns to host the event . However , as more countries wished to participate , this became impractical ."}]}, {'value': 'Skibet skal sejle i nat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skibet_skal_sejle_i_nat', 'summary': "Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler and consequently the first time Danish was heard in the Eurovision . The song was performed ninth on the night , following France 's Paule Desjardins with La belle amour and preceding Switzerland 's Lys Assia with L'enfant que j'étais . At the close of voting , it had received 10 points , placing 3rd in a field of 10 . The song is a love duet , with the singers parting before one of them takes a sea voyage on the ship of the title . Additionally , the song is famous for the kiss the duo exchanged at the end of the performance - the longest stage kiss in Contest history , made so by a stagehand omitting to signal for it to end . While the Contest was still predominantly a radio show at the time , the conservative social mores ensured that this event has entered Eurovision folklore . Indeed , at the late 2005 Congratulations special , hosts Katrina Leskanich and Renars Kaupers pretended to re-enact it , only to have Wilke herself appear between them . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1958 Contest by Raquel Rastenni with Jeg rev et blad ud af min dagbog ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gustav_Winckler', 'summary': 'Gustav Frands Wilzeck Winckler ( 13 October 1925 - 20 January 1979 ) was a popular Danish singer , composer and music publisher . He grew up in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen and started his career as a decorator . In 1948 as a young man he won a talent competition at National Scala Theatre in Copenhagen , as well as many others in Copenhagen . He was often compared to Bing Crosby . He finally broke through in 1950 with engagements , regular appearances on Danmarks Radio and his first professional recording . Through the 1950s he recorded and toured in Denmark , Germany ( under the name Gunnar Winkler ) and England ( under the name Sam Payne ) . In 1957 after qualifying in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix to represent Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest , he participated in Eurovision Song Contest 1957 , where he sang Skibet skal sejle i nat ( The ship is leaving tonight ) with Birthe Wilke . They ranked number 3 , and stunned television audiences with a 13-second-long kiss at the end of their performance . He participated in the Danish Melodi Grand Prix twice afterwards - in 1964 with Ugler i mosen , and then in 1966 with Salami . He died in a car crash in 1979 . His brother Jørgen Winckler also recorded songs in the 1950s and early 1960s .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following André Claveau 's win at the 1958 contest in Hilversum , Netherlands with the song Dors , mon amour . It was the first time France hosted the event . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on Wednesday 11 March 1959 , and was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Eleven countries participated in the contest . Monaco made its début this year , while Luxembourg decided to withdraw . The United Kingdom returned after their absence from the previous edition . The winner was the Netherlands with the song Een beetje , performed by Teddy Scholten , written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Dick Schallies . This was the Netherlands ' second victory in the contest , following their win in 1957 - marking the first time a country had won more than once . Willy van Hemert also wrote the first Dutch winner that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uh,_jeg_ville_ønske_jeg_var_dig', 'summary': "Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig ( Oh , I 'd wish I were you ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 , performed in Danish by Birthe Wilke . The song was performed second on the night , following France 's Jean Philippe with Oui , oui , oui , oui and preceding Italy 's Domenico Modugno with Piove ( Ciao , ciao bambina ) . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 11 . The song is a love ballad , in which Wilke sings about how much she wishes she were her lover . She then describes how she would love herself in this situation , including asking for her own hand in marriage . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1960 Contest by Katy Bødtger with Det var en yndig tid ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Wilke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Wilke', 'summary': "Birthe Wilke ( born 19 March 1936 ) is a popular Danish singer . She grew up in a musical family in Copenhagen 's Vesterbro area ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the 6th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Cannes , France , following Jacqueline Boyer 's win at the 1960 contest in London , United Kingdom with the song Tom Pillibi . It was the second time that France had hosted the contest ; the first being in 1959 - also in Cannes . The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on 18 March 1961 and was the first to take place on a Saturday night , a tradition that has continued into modern times . The show was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert . Sixteen countries participated in the contest - three more than in the previous edition ; Finland , Spain and Yugoslavia all made their début this year . The winner was Luxembourg with the song Nous les amoureux , performed by Jean-Claude Pascal , written by Maurice Vidalin , and composed by Jacques Datin . This was Luxembourg 's first victory in the contest , with the United Kingdom finishing in second place for the third consecutive year . As the contest overran its allocated time , and the show was being broadcast live , the winning song 's reprise was not shown in the UK ."}]}, {'value': 'Angelique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelique_(song)', 'summary': "Angelique was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 , performed in Danish by Dario Campeotto . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Norway 's Nora Brockstedt with Sommer i Palma and preceding Luxembourg 's Jean-Claude Pascal with Nous les amoureux . At the close of voting , it had received 12 points , placing 5th in a field of 16 . The song is a love ballad directed towards the title character , with Campeotto singing about the various things he would do for her if he had the skill - such as writing poetry if he were William Shakespeare or playing the violin if he were Yehudi Menuhin . He explains , however , that the Muses said no to his attempts to master the arts ( including singing , unusually for a professional singer ) , so he is simply dreaming about her . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1962 contest by Ellen Winther with Vuggevise ."}]}, {'value': 'Dario Campeotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dario_Campeotto', 'summary': 'Dario Campeotto ( born 1 February 1939 ) is a Danish singer , actor , and entertainer . He was born in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen to Italian parents , Emma and Ernesto Campeotto . He started performing at the age of ten , but his breakthrough was a victory in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1961 with the song Angelique , which went on to finish fifth in the Eurovision Song Contest . Following Angelique , Dario Campeotto released a number of records , starred in theatrical play , operettas , revues , and movies .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1963', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1963 was the eighth annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest was held in London , United Kingdom , after the British broadcaster BBC stepped in to organise the event . France had won the 1962 edition with the right to host this following one but were unable to , due to financial shortcomings . The contest was won by Denmark with the song Dansevise , performed by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann . Denmark 's win was their first . Four countries got nul points , with Finland , Norway and Sweden failing to score any points for the first time and The Netherlands for the second time , becoming the first country to go two years in a row without scoring a single point ."}]}, {'value': 'Dansevise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dansevise', 'summary': "Dansevise ( English title : I loved you ; English translation : Dance song ) was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 performed in Danish by Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann representing Denmark . This was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . The song was performed eighth on the night , following Finland 's Laila Halme with Muistojeni laulu and preceding Yugoslavia 's Vice Vukov with Brodovi . At the close of voting , it had received 42 points , thus winning from a field of 16 . The song is a moderately up-tempo tune in which the singer hymns the praises of dancing , specifically with her beloved friend . The song was succeeded as contest winner in 1964 by Gigliola Cinquetti performing Non ho l'età for Italy . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1964 Contest by Bjørn Tidmand with Sangen om dig . The Danish band Outlandish has made a cover of the song called Kom igen which is featured in the game FIFA 07 . DR decided to include Dansevise in the opening sequence of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 Grand Final . Jörgen Ingmann died on 23 March 2015 in Denmark at the age of 89 , after he separated from his wife Grethe in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grethe_Ingmann', 'summary': "Grethe Ingmann ( née Clemmensen ; 17 June 1938 - 18 August 1990 ) was a Danish singer . She started her career at 17 , when she temporarily performed as a singer of the Malihini Hawaiians pop quartet . Soon after she sang with the Danish guitarist Jørn Grauengaard and his trio . In 1955 she met her future husband , guitarist Jørgen Ingmann . The couple married in 1956 and performed as the duet Grethe og Jørgen Ingmann . Together they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 representing Denmark with the jazz waltz Dansevise ( Dancing tune ) with music by Otto Francker and lyrics by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen . It was the first entry performed by a duo to win the Contest and also the first Scandinavian winner . In 1965 she entered the German Schlager Contest with the song Sommerwind . She dropped out in the preliminaries , but the song 's English version , written by Johnny Mercer in 1966 and sung by Frank Sinatra , became an international hit . Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann continued their musical career until they divorced in 1975 . As a solo singer , Grethe participated in several Danish preselections for the Eurovision Song Contest , unsuccessfully . She died of cancer on August 18 , 1990 , age 52 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jørgen_Ingmann', 'summary': 'Jørgen Ingmann ( born Jørgen Ingmann Pedersen ; 26 April 1925 - 21 March 2015 ) was a Danish jazz and pop guitarist from Copenhagen . He was popular in Europe , and had a wider international hit in 1961 with his version of Apache . He and his wife Grethe Ingmann won the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Dansevise .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , the 29th event of its kind , was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg . The presenter , Désirée Nosbusch , only 19 years old at the time , hosted the show in a lax manner , which was quite unusual for the show at the time . She manifested her fluency in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English , French , German and Luxembourgish in the course of talking , often in the same sentence . Sweden 's the Herreys were the winners of this contest with the song , Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley . This was the Nordic country 's second win , and the first one in Swedish , as ABBA performed Waterloo in English when they won in 1974 . Richard and Luis Herrey became the first teenage males to win Eurovision and remain the youngest ever male winners , being 19 years and 260 days and 18 years and 184 days of age respectively . Israel withdrew from the contest due to Yom Hazikaron ( Day of Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel and Victims of Terrorism ) being commemorated on the same date . Iceland was going to participate but withdrew due to lack of financial support . 1984 is also a notable for the audible booing that could be heard from the audience , particularly at the end of the UK 's performance . It was said that the booing was due to English football hooligans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983 after being knocked out of the UEFA European Football Championship . However , the song itself managed a pretty good showing , reaching seventh place ."}]}, {'value': "Det ' lige det", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Det'_lige_det", 'summary': "Det ' lige det ( That 's just it ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , performed in Danish by Hot Eyes . The song was performed tenth on the night , following Ireland 's Linda Martin with Terminal 3 and preceding the Netherlands ' Maribelle with Ik hou van jou . At the close of voting , it had received 101 points , placing 4th in a field of 19 . The song is sung from the perspective of a woman waiting for her lover to come to her . She tells him that his presence brightens the day considerably and that he should n't be afraid of loving her , as he appears to be . As part of their performance of this song in the Danish national selection , the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) , pushed the male half ( Søren Bundgaard ) into a swimming pool . This act , while unable to be repeated at the Contest itself , earned the song the Danish nickname The Swimming Pool Song . An English version of Det ' lige det , entitled Waiting in the Rain , was released as the B-side of the 45 rpm single . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1985 contest by Hot Eyes again , this time with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1987', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels , Belgium after Sandra Kim 's win the previous year . The presenter was Viktor Lazlo . She agreed to present the Eurovision Song Contest , on the condition she was allowed to open with a song of her own , Breathless . Johnny Logan was the winner for Ireland with his own composition Hold Me Now . That made him the first ( and as of 2019 only ) performer to win the contest twice , as he had won also in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'En lille melodi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/En_lille_melodi', 'summary': "En lille melodi ( A little tune ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987 , performed in Danish by Anne-Cathrine Herdorf & Bandjo . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Finland 's Vicki Rosti & Boulevard with Sata salamaa and preceding Ireland 's Johnny Logan with Hold Me Now . At the close of voting , it had received 83 points , placing 5th in a field of 22 . The song is a plea for unity , with Herdorf exhorting everyone to sing this little tune as one . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1988 Contest by Kirsten & Søren with Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne-Cathrine_Herdorf', 'summary': 'Anne-Cathrine Herdorf , ( born 10 July 1967 in Copenhagen ) , is a Danish singer and actress who represented Denmark with the group Bandjo at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest . Performing the song En lille melodi ( A little tune / English recording title : A Simple Little Song ) she finished in 5th place with 83 points . In 1992 she co-hosted the Danish national final - Dansk Melodi Grand Prix - with another Danish former Eurovision competitor , Anders Frandsen . She appeared at the national final again in 1999 as a jury member and was one of several guest presenters in 2001 . From 1987 to 1993 she played acting roles in several Danish TV productions and from 2001 she has guested or performed as a singer on a number of TV shows .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . The contest took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin , Ireland , following the country 's win at the previous 1987 edition . The presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca . The host broadcaster was Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) which revamped the show 's production style compared to its earlier editions , in order to appeal to a younger audience . The winner was Switzerland with the song Ne partez pas sans moi , performed by Canadian singer Céline Dion and composed by Atilla Şereftuğ with lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti . Switzerland beat the United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the title . Twenty-one countries took part , after an initial plan of twenty-two , as Cyprus withdrew its already registered entry for breaching the contest 's rules by being published a few years earlier , in an attempt to represent the country at a prior edition of the contest . The Cypriot song had been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order ."}]}, {'value': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ?", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ka'_du_se_hva'_jeg_sa'?", 'summary': "Ka ' du se hva ' jeg sa ' ? ( Can you see , ( that 's ) what I told you ? , literally : Do you see what I said ? ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 , performed in Danish by Kirsten & Søren ( a duo who had previously entered as Hot Eyes ) . The song was performed thirteenth on the night , following Austria 's Wilfried with Lisa Mona Lisa and preceding Greece 's Afroditi Frida with Clown . At the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing 3rd in a field of 21 . The song describes a particularly difficult personality type - who knows everything for certain and whistles if it turns out you 're at fault . Over the course of the song , this person is gradually revealed to be the person to whom the song is being sung in the first place . The performance is perhaps more memorable for the fact that the female half of the duo ( Kirsten Siggard ) was heavily pregnant at the time and would give birth only three weeks after the contest . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1989 Contest by Birthe Kjær with Vi maler byen rød ."}]}, {'value': 'Hot Eyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_Eyes', 'summary': "Hot Eyes was the name adopted for international acts by the Danish singing duo known in their home country as Kirsten and Søren . It was formed by Kirsten Siggard ( born 7 September 1954 in Slagelse ) and Søren Bundgaard ( born 4 March 1956 in Glostrup ) . Kirsten was brought up in a traditional Christian family who sang in a church choir when she was young and later pursued a career deemed appropriate and desirable , working in a bank , where she met her husband , Jorgen . Søren was a musician , singer and composer , at that time a member of the Danish band Sir Henry . Both Sir Henry and Kirsten entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , which serves as the Danish pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest ( ESC ) , in 1983 . For some reason , Sir Henry 's entry , Og Livet går with music composed by Søren and Leif Pedersen was disqualified and Kirsten took their place in the final , but in a somewhat consolation-prize style they sang as backing vocals for Kirsten . Søren later decided to leave Sir Henry in favor of further cooperation with Kirsten , and the duo entered the Dansk MGP in 1984 as Hot Eyes with the song Det ' lige det with music by Søren and lyrics by Keld Heick ( who also penned lyrics to all other Hot Eyes ' Dansk MGP entries ) . The song became known in Denmark as the swimming pool song , as at the end of the Dansk MGP performance Kirsten threw Søren into a swimming pool by the stage . They won the contest and therefore represented Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 , taking the fourth place , even though they were unable to replicate the swimming pool gimmick . This was Denmark 's best placing since 1963 , when the country 's entry won the contest . Kirsten was actually pregnant with her first son while singing at Eurovision . Riding on their popularity , they went on to win the Dansk MGP again in 1985 with Sku ' du spørg ' fra no'en ?"}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest . It was held on 6 May 1989 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after Celine Dion 's victory in Dublin the previous year . The program was presented by Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux . Riva , representing Yugoslavia , won with the song Rock Me . This was the only victory for Yugoslavia as a unified state ."}]}, {'value': 'Vi maler byen rød', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vi_maler_byen_rød', 'summary': "Vi maler byen rød ( We 're painting the town red ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 , written by Søren Bundgaard ( music ) and Keld Heick ( lyrics ) performed in Danish by Birthe Kjær . The English version of the song is called I 'm Chasing Butterflies . The song was performed twelfth on the night , following Luxembourg 's Park Café with Monsieur and preceding Austria 's Thomas Forstner with Nur ein Lied . At the close of voting , it had received 111 points , placing 3rd in a field of 22 . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1990 Contest by Lonnie Devantier with Hallo Hallo , with lyrics also by Keld Heick . The song qualified as the Danish entry into the Eurovision Song Contest by the usual means of winning that year 's Dansk Melodi Grand Prix . All of the contributors were Dansk Melodi Grand Prix regulars - although for Birthe it was the first , and only , time to win after three unsuccessful attempts , Keld Heick had by then authored lyrics to five winning songs , and Søren Bundgaard wrote music and co-performed three of them , although with another female vocalist , Kirsten Siggaard , as part of the duo Hot Eyes . Heick also authored the lyrics to three 1990s Danish entries , and entered the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix numerous times from 1970s to 1990s as both lyricist , composer and performer ( with his wife Hilda ) , while Søren Bundgaard also tried his luck as composer a few other times , including two unsuccessful Hot Eyes entries . Vi maler byen rød is an evocation of good times , with Kjær describing the fun that can be had by painting the town red . Musically , it is something of a throwback to an earlier time as well , sounding like a more unabashed vocal performance than the more modern numbers starting to achieve success at the Contest at the time . It is also memorable for the fact that Kjær was one of the older contestants to have performed in many years . The performance was unique for the fact that not only the song 's author 's , but also the conductor , Henrik Krogsgaard ( also a Eurovision regular ) , joined Birthe on stage as backup singers and dancers ."}]}, {'value': 'Birthe Kjær', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birthe_Kjær', 'summary': 'Birthe Kjær ( born 1 September 1948 ) is a Danish singer . She finished second at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1980 , 1986 and 1987 , before winning in 1989 , and went on to finish third at the 1989 Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne . She also finished third at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Dublin , Ireland , following Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan 's win at the 1994 contest on homesoil with the song Rock ' n ' Roll Kids . It was held on 13 May 1995 in the Point Theatre in Dublin , Ireland . The presenter was Mary Kennedy . This year 's competition was the last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in Malmö , Sweden . This contest broke the chain of victories that Ireland enjoyed in 1992 , 1993 , and 1994 . This was Ireland 's 3rd year in succession to host the contest - and to mark the 40th show , it was opened with a 4-minute retrospective showing images from the contest 's history . The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song , Nocturne . Incidentally , Secret Garden 's violinist was Fionnuala Sherry , who is Irish ."}]}, {'value': 'Fra Mols til Skagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fra_Mols_til_Skagen', 'summary': "Fra Mols til Skagen ( From Mols to Skagen ) was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 , performed in Danish by Aud Wilken . The song was performed nineteenth on the night , following Sweden 's Jan Johansen with Se på mej and preceding Slovenia 's Darja Švajger with Prisluhni mi . By the close of voting , it had received 92 points , placing it 5th in a field of 23 . The song is a love ballad , with Wilken singing about her desire to be with her lover - she asks him , for example , to let her know train times so that she can be with him . The title of the song comes from her description of the breadth of her feelings about him : From Mols to Skagen I 'm missing you . Mols is the name of a district in east Mid Jutland , while Skagen is Denmark 's northernmost town ( in North Jutland ) , so the two locations are not in fact vastly far apart ( about 170 km as the crow flies ) . Musically , the song is a comparatively slow one , in contrast to the increasingly up-tempo style of other contest entries . It was chosen as the winner of a preliminary Danish song contest by a jury of music professionals ( instead of the usual way of letting viewers decide by telephone voting ) . Initially the song did not enjoy much popularity among the general public , but that seemed to change after its relatively high placing in the international contest . Despite the successful placement of the song , Denmark did not participate in the 1996 contest , as the qualification rules had been changed to require all competing countries barring the host nation to qualify - something the Danes were unable to accomplish . The performance was , however , enough to qualify Denmark as one of the entrants in the next Contest . Hence , it was succeeded as Danish representative at the 1997 contest by Kølig Kaj with Stemmen i mit liv ."}]}, {'value': 'Aud Wilken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aud_Wilken', 'summary': 'Aud Saskia Wilken ( born 1965 in East Berlin ) is a Danish singer , best known for her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2000 was the 45th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Stockholm , Sweden , following Charlotte Nilsson 's win at the 1999 contest in Jerusalem , Israel with the song Take Me to Your Heaven . The contest was held on 13 May 2000 at the Globe Arena . It was the first time since 1996 that the contest was held on mainland Europe . The contest was the second to be held in Stockholm , and the fourth held in Sweden . The presenters were Kattis Ahlström and Anders Lundin . The winner of the 2000 contest was the Olsen Brothers who represented Denmark with the song Fly on the Wings of Love ( originally : Smuk som et stjerneskud ) . The song was written by one of the brothers , Jørgen Olsen . On the day of their victory , Jørgen Olsen was 50 years and 61 days of age , making him the oldest artist yet to win the contest . However , he would not hold the record for long , as Dave Benton triumphed in the following year at the age of 50 years and 101 days , breaking the record by 40 days . The combined ages of The Olsen Brothers make them the oldest aged act ever to win the contest . The Globe Arena was , at the time , the largest venue chosen to host the contest with a capacity of 16,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Smuk som et stjerneskud', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olsen Brothers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olsen_Brothers', 'summary': "Olsen Brothers ( Danish : Brødrene Olsen ) are a Danish rock/pop music duo , formed by brothers Jørgen ( born 15 March 1950 ) and Niels Noller Olsen ( born 13 April 1954 ) , who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2000 . They formed their first band , The Kids , in 1965 . The Kids warmed up for The Kinks in the K.B . Hallen in 1965 and released their first single in 1967 . Both Jørgen and Niels Olsen participated in the musical Hair in the Cirkusbygningen in Copenhagen March 1971 , and went on tour afterwards through Denmark , Norway and Sweden . The Olsen Brothers ' first album was released in 1972 . The Brothers have released 13 albums . Some of the biggest hit singles includes Angelina ( 1972 ) , For what we are ( 1973 ) Julie ( 1977 ) , San Francisco ( 1978 ) , Dans Dans Dans ( 1979 ) , Marie , Marie ( 1982 ) and Neon Madonna ( 1985 ) , wings of love ( 2000 ) , we believe in love ( 2001 ) , Look up Look down ( 2009 -performed with Sir Cliff Richard ) , Brothers to Brothers 2013 . The Olsen Brothers has sold aprox 3.200.000 albums,1.500.000 singles and around 2.700.000 combilations since the released single-record in 1967 . Total 7.500.000 units . The Brothers has a speciel two voice harmoni sound , which many fans , musicians and songwriters loves . Among the fans are Sir Cliff Richard and Bjoern Ulveus both calls the Olsen Brothers for The European Everly Brothers ."}]}, {'value': '1st ( as Fly on the Wings of Love )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fly_on_the_Wings_of_Love', 'summary': "Fly on the Wings of Love is a song by Danish pop-rock duo Olsen Brothers , which was the winner of Eurovision Song Contest 2000 , performed for Denmark , singing in English . The song was performed fourteenth on the night , following Spain 's Serafín Zubiri with Colgado de un sueño and preceding Germany 's Stefan Raab with Wadde hadde dudde da ? . At the close of voting , it had received 195 points , placing first in a field of 24 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2001', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the 46th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Copenhagen , Denmark , following the Olsen Brothers ' win at the 2000 contest in Stockholm , Sweden with the song Fly on the Wings of Love . The hosting marked the second time the contest was held on Danish soil , after the 1964 contest - 37 years earlier . 23 countries took part in the contest , which was held on 12 May 2001 . The host venue was the Parken Stadium - the largest venue to ever host the contest as of 2019 . A total of 35,000 spectators saw the show live from within the stadium , breaking the record of 16,000 held by the previous year 's hosts Sweden . The show was opened by the Olsen Brothers , with a snippet from their winning song Fly on the Wings of Love , followed by their latest single Walk Right Back , which was already a smash hit in Denmark at the time . The presenters were Danish journalist and TV-show presenter Natasja Crone Back and the famous Danish actor Søren Pilmark who spoke most of their announcements in rhyming couplets . France , Greece and Slovenia were the heavy favourites to win the contest ; however , as the voting progressed it became a two-horse race between Estonia and the host country Denmark . The contest was won by Estonia , represented by Tanel Padar , Dave Benton & 2XL with the song Everybody , written by Ivar Must and Maian-Anna Karmas , which scored a total of 198 points . The host nation , Denmark , finished in 2nd place with 177 points . Coming 3rd were Greece with 147 points - giving the country their best result up until this point ."}]}, {'value': 'Der står et billede af dig på mit bord', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rollo & King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rollo_&_King', 'summary': 'Rollo & King was a Danish group , formed by Søren Poppe and Stefan Nielsen . The two men named themselves after two dog names . They topped the charts with their very first album Midt i en løbetid which stayed in the charts for 13 weeks in 2000-2001 . Before Søren Poppe got famous with the band , he was a teacher in a school in Valby , in Copenhagen teaching music and mathematics .'}]}, {'value': '2nd ( as Never Ever Let You Go )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Never_Ever_Let_You_Go', 'summary': "Never Ever Let You Go was the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 , performed in English by Rollo & King . The song was performed in Danish at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2001 , titled Der står et billede af dig på mit bord ( There is a picture of you on my table ) . The song was performed twenty-third ( last ) on the night , following Greece 's Antique with Die For You . At the close of voting , it had received 177 points , placing 2nd in a field of 23 . The song is from the perspective of a man who has lost his lover . He pleads with her to return and promises that he will never ever let you go . For much of the night , the song led the voting and gave Denmark high hopes of achieving the rare feat of winning the Contest in successive years ( it eventually finished 21 points behind the Estonian winners , Tanel Padar and Dave Benton with Everybody ) . It was succeeded as Danish representative at the 2002 Contest by Malene with Tell Me Who You Are ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the 55th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Oslo , Norway , following Alexander Rybak 's win at the 2009 contest in Moscow , Russia with the song Fairytale . It was the third time Norway had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1986 and 1996 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Norsk rikskringkasting ( NRK ) , the contest was held at the Telenor Arena , and consisted of two semi-finals on 25 and 27 May , and the final on 29 May 2010 . The three live shows were hosted by Erik Solbakken , Haddy N'jie and Nadia Hasnaoui . Thirty-nine countries took part in the contest , with Georgia returning after its one-year absence . Meanwhile , Andorra , the Czech Republic , Hungary , and Montenegro all withdrew , mainly for financial reasons related to the global financial crisis . Lithuania originally announced its withdrawal , but was later among the participants confirmed by the EBU . The winner was Germany with the song Satellite , performed by Lena and written by Julie Frost and John Gordon . This was Germany 's second victory in the contest , following their win in 1982 , and their first win as a unified country . It was also the first win for one of the Big Four countries , since the rule 's introduction in 2000 . Turkey , Romania , Denmark and Azerbaijan rounded out the top five ."}]}, {'value': 'In a Moment Like This', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_a_Moment_Like_This', 'summary': "In a Moment Like This is a song performed by Chanée & N'evergreen and composed Thomas G : son , Henrik Sethsson and Erik Bernholm , and was the Danish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 , held in Oslo , Norway on 29 May 2010 . The song was the winner of the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix contest , held on 6 February , which selected the Danish entry for Eurovision , and they won fourth place at the contest , with 149 points , this song was also later that year covered by South African Artists Lianie May & Jay . The song did n't escape controversy as it was alleged that it was too similar to The Police Every Breath You Take . Swedish band Scotts recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with Erica Sjöström from the Drifters , which in 2010 appeared on both on the Scotts album Vi gör det igen and the Drifters ' album Stanna hos mig ."}]}, {'value': "Chanée and N'evergreen", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chanée', 'summary': "Christina Chanée ( born 6 January 1979 , [ citation needed ] Christina Ratchanée Birch Wongskul ) is a Danish-Thai pop singer who won the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2010 with Tomas N'evergreen , with the song In a Moment Like This . Chanée lives in Frederiksberg , Copenhagen ."}, {'url': "/wiki/N'evergreen", 'summary': "Tomas Christiansen ( born 12 November 1969 ) , better known by his stage name Tomas N'evergreen , is a pop singer from Aarhus , Denmark . The singles Since You 've Been Gone and Everytime ( I See Your Smile ) were on top ten lists throughout Eastern Europe for more than a year and are still staples on FM radio . His debut album Since You 've Been Gone topped the charts in Russia and sold hundreds of thousands of units . The music video Since You 've Been Gone was made with the participation of Russian singer Polina Griffith . He lives now in Moscow , Russia . Tomas has been married to Russian actress Valeriya Zhidkova since 24 September 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the 56th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Düsseldorf , Germany , following Lena 's win at the 2010 contest in Oslo , Norway with the song Satellite . It was the third time Germany had hosted the contest ( and the first following the German reunification ) , having previously done so in 1957 and 1983 ( both in then West Germany ) . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcasters Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rundfunkanstalten Deutschland ( ARD ) and Norddeutscher Rundfunk ( NDR ) , the contest was held at the Esprit Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 10 and 12 May , and the final on 14 May 2011 . The three live shows were hosted by Anke Engelke , Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab . Forty-three countries participated in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 edition . Four countries returned to the contest this year ; Austria returned after their last participation in 2007 , Hungary returned after their last participation in 2009 , San Marino returned after their very first participation in 2008 . Finally , Italy also returned to the contest after their last participation fourteen years earlier , in 1997 . For the first time since 2005 , no country withdrew from the contest . The winner was Azerbaijan with the song Running Scared performed by Ell & Nikki and written by Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman and Iain James Farquharson . This was Azerbaijan 's first victory in the contest , after only 4 years of participation . It was also the first male-female duo to win the contest since 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Tomorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Tomorrow', 'summary': "New Tomorrow is a 2011 English language song by Danish pop/rock band A Friend in London . It represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 , held in Düsseldorf , Germany . On 26 February 2011 , the song won the Danish preselection contest Dansk Melodi Grand Prix in 2011 . It is the first single from their debut album , Unite . Immediately after , the single was released in Denmark , making it straight to # 3 in its first week of release ( chart dated 4 March 2011 ) . The song was used as the Labour Party 's anthem for the 2013 Malta elections ."}]}, {'value': 'A Friend in London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Friend_in_London', 'summary': 'A Friend in London was a Danish pop rock and rock band that represented Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf , Germany , with the song New Tomorrow and took 5th place in the final with 134 points . The group announced their split in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013', 'summary': "The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It took place in Malmö , Sweden , following Loreen 's win at the 2012 contest in Baku , Azerbaijan with the song Euphoria . It was the fifth time Sweden had hosted the contest , having previously done so in 1975 , 1985 , 1992 and 2000 . Organised by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television ( SVT ) , the contest was held at Malmö Arena and consisted of two semi-finals on 14 and 16 May , and the final on 18 May 2013 . The three live shows were hosted by Petra Mede , while Eric Saade hosted the green room . Thirty-nine countries participated , with Armenia returning after their one-year absence . Bosnia and Herzegovina , Portugal , Slovakia and Turkey all withdrew from the contest for various reasons . The winner was Denmark with the song Only Teardrops performed by Emmelie de Forest and written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard . This was Denmark 's third victory in the contest , following their wins in 1963 and 2000 . It was the second time that Denmark won on Swedish soil . Azerbaijan , Ukraine , Norway and Russia rounded out the top five . Meanwhile , of the 'Big Five ' countries , only Italy managed to finish in the top ten , third in a row since its return , coming seventh ."}]}, {'value': 'Only Teardrops', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Only_Teardrops', 'summary': "Only Teardrops is a song recorded by Danish singer Emmelie de Forest . The song was written by Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen and Thomas Stengaard , and it was produced by Frederik Thaae . It is best known as Denmark 's winning entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 held in Malmö , Sweden . The song competed in the first semi-final on 14 May 2013 and managed to qualify for a spot in the final on 18 May 2013 . The song competed in the final against 25 other songs , and finished in first place with 281 points . In 2012 , the song was covered by German singer Nicole in a German-language version entitled Tausend tränen ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmelie de Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmelie_de_Forest', 'summary': 'Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest ( born 28 February 1993 ) is a Danish singer and songwriter . De Forest represented Denmark with the song Only Teardrops in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , winning the contest . Her debut album Only Teardrops was released on the Universal Music label on 6 May 2013 . Her sophomore studio album History was released through the Swedish independent label Cosmos Music on 9 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': "Main article : Dansk Melodi Grand Prix winners Almost all winners of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix have gone on to represent Denmark at Eurovision ; the only entry not representing Denmark at Eurovision being the 1996 winner ( `` Kun med dig '' by Dorte Andersen [ dk ] and Martin Loft [ dk ] ) , which failed to qualify for the final from the pre-selection . [ 1 ] Denmark has won Eurovision three times : in 1963 , 2000 and 2013 . [ 3 ] The following table lists those entries which finished fifth or higher at Eurovision :", 'uid': 'Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "Dansk Melodi Grand Prix is an annual music competition organised by Danish public broadcaster Danmarks Radio (DR), which determines the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest. The festival has produced three Eurovision winners and fourteen top-five placings."}	null	null	between the person born 28 February 1993 and 13 October 1925 what is the first name of the producer of the song that reached the highest place in the Eurovision contest ?	Frederik
016b892b1e3df906	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Norway at the 2010 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marit Bjørgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marit_Bjørgen', 'summary': 'Marit Bjørgen ( born 21 March 1980 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most decorated athlete , male or female , in Winter Olympics history with 15 medals . She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories . Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history , with 29 victories . She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals , including three gold . A five-time Olympian , her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15 , the most by any athlete ( female or male ) in Winter Olympics history . On 6 April 2018 , she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's sprint cross-country skiing competition in the classical technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 17 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . Canada 's Chandra Crawford was the defending Olympic champion in this event , though that event was in the freestyle technique . Italy 's Arianna Follis was the defending world champion in this event which was also held in freestyle technique . Alena Procházková of Slovakia won the test event that took place at Olympic venue on 16 January 2009 . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 6 February 2010 in Canmore , Alberta and was won by Poland 's Justyna Kowalczyk . Follis did not qualify for the event at the Winter Olympics . Crawford and Procházková were eliminated in the quarterfinals . Kowalczyk won silver . It was Bjørgen 's second medal at these Olympics and first gold for her . Majdič won her first Olympic medal and the first for Slovenia in cross-country skiing . During the warm-up she crashed down a bank , into an unprotected 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) deep gorge and landed on ice and rocks , sustaining five broken ribs and a pneumothorax . In spite of agonizing pain , she finished third in the sprint a few hours later , winning the first individual Winter Olympic medal for Slovenia in 16 years and its first ever in cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '17 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tora Berger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tora_Berger', 'summary': 'Tora Berger ( born 18 March 1981 ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete and Olympic champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_individual", 'summary': "The Women 's 15 kilometre individual biathlon competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 18 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emil Hegle Svendsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emil_Hegle_Svendsen', 'summary': 'Emil Hegle Svendsen ( born 12 July 1985 ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete . He has won eight medals at Winter Olympics ( four gold ) and five individual gold medals and seven relay gold medals at World Championships . He skis with Trondhjems Skiskyttere , based in Trondheim .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_individual", 'summary': "The men 's individual competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 18 , 2010 . Two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie . No bronze medal was awarded ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aksel Lund Svindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aksel_Lund_Svindal', 'summary': "Aksel Lund Svindal ( born 26 December 1982 ) is a Norwegian former World Cup alpine ski racer . Born in Lørenskog in Akershus county , Svindal is a two-time overall World Cup champion ( 2007 and 2009 ) , an Olympic gold medalist in super-G at the 2010 Winter Olympics and in downhill at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and a five-time World Champion in downhill , giant slalom , and super combined ( 2007 Åre , 2009 Val-d'Isère , 2011 Garmisch , and 2013 Schladming ) . With his victory in the downhill in 2013 , Svindal became the first male alpine racer to win titles in four consecutive world championships . With his successes many consider him the best Norwegian alpine skier ever . While the great Kjetil Andre Aamodt has been more successful at the Olympics , Svindal is by far the most successful on the World Cup circuit . In late-January 2019 , he announced his retirement from alpine skiing following the 2019 Ski World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's super-G", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_super-G", 'summary': "The men 's super-G competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on Friday , February 19 . The defending Olympic champion was Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway , since retired , and the reigning world champion was Didier Cuche of Switzerland . Norway 's Aksel Lund Svindal was the defending World Cup Super-G champion and led the current season , ahead of Michael Walchhofer of Austria and Cuche . Svindal won the gold medal , Bode Miller of the United States took the silver , and the bronze medalist was U.S. teammate Andrew Weibrecht ; Cuche was tenth and Walchhofer was 21st . Svindal and Miller had both medaled in the downhill , each one place lower , behind Didier Défago , who was fifteenth in the super-G . The vertical drop of the Dave Murray Super-G course was 615 m ( 2,018 ft ) , starting at an elevation of 1,440 m ( 4,724 ft ) above sea level , with a length of 2.200 km ( 1.37 mi ) . Svindal 's winning time of 90.34 seconds yielded an average course speed of 87.669 km/h ( 54.5 mph ) , with an average vertical descent speed of 6.808 m/s ( 22.3 ft/s ) . The course was labelled as technically difficult , and eighteen did not finish the race . Patrik Järbyn of Sweden crashed badly during the race , flying in the air and landing heavily on his back . He suffered a concussion and was transferred to a hospital ."}]}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marit Bjørgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marit_Bjørgen', 'summary': 'Marit Bjørgen ( born 21 March 1980 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most decorated athlete , male or female , in Winter Olympics history with 15 medals . She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories . Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history , with 29 victories . She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals , including three gold . A five-time Olympian , her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15 , the most by any athlete ( female or male ) in Winter Olympics history . On 6 April 2018 , she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 15 km pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_15_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The women 's 7.5 kilometre + 7.5 kilometre double pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 19 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 13:00 PST . The 15 km double pursuit format has been competed at the world championship level since 2005 and at the Winter Olympic level since 2006 . Estonia 's Kristina Šmigun-Vähi was the defending Olympic champion . Poland 's Justyna Kowalczyk was the defending world champion . Kowalczyk also won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 17 January 2009 . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 23 January 2010 in Rybinsk , Russia and was won by Kowalczyk . The pursuit consisted of a 7.5 kilometre section raced in the classical style , followed by a 7.5 kilometre portion raced freestyle . In between the sections , each skier takes time ( approximately 30 seconds ) to change skis and poles in a pit stop ."}]}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Øystein Pettersen Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Øystein_Pettersen', 'summary': 'Øystein Pølsa Pettersen ( born 19 January 1983 in Linderud ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2002 . He has four World Cup podiums , his best finish being second in individual sprint events ( 2006 : Germany , 2009 : Estonia ) . He and Petter Northug won gold in the team sprint event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada . In the Individual Sprint he was one of three Norwegians to reach the six-man final .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition in the freestyle technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 22 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The Swedish team of Björn Lind and Thobias Fredriksson were the defending Olympic champions when the technique was classical . The defending world champions were the Norwegian duo of Ola Vigen Hattestad and Johan Kjølstad when the technique was also classical . Sweden 's team of Emil Jönsson and Robin Bryntesson won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 18 January 2009 . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place in Rybinsk , Russia on 24 January 2010 and was won by the Russian duo of Nikolay Morilov and Alexey Petukhov ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vibeke Skofterud Therese Johaug Kristin Størmer Steira Marit Bjørgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vibeke_Skofterud', 'summary': 'Vibeke Westbye Skofterud ( 20 April 1980 - 29 July 2018 ) was a Norwegian cross-country skier . She won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay at Vancouver in 2010 . Her best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was eighth in the 30 km event at Salt Lake City in 2002 . Skofterud won a complete set of 4 × 5 km relay medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships ( gold : 2005 , gold : 2011 , silver : 2003 , bronze : 2007 ) and earned her best individual finish of 13th in the 5 km + 5 km double pursuit in 2003 . Her first individual victory came in a pursuit race in Norway in 2006 . In 2012 , Skofterud became the first Norwegian to win the Vasaloppet official ladies class . She set a new record time , 4.08,24 , more than 8 minutes faster than the previous record from 1998 . This was the first time ever she competed in a race as long as 90 km . [ citation needed ] The 2012/2013 World Cup season proved to be difficult for Skofterud , due to illness and injuries , and she was forced to quit the season halfway through . She made a comeback on the national team the following winter , but her results were less than satisfactory . [ citation needed ] After failing to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics , Skofterud announced her retirement from the national team , in favour of a career in ski marathon . She retired from cross-country skiing in 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Therese_Johaug', 'summary': 'Therese Johaug ( born 25 June 1988 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed for the clubs Tynset IF and IL Nansen . In world championships she has won seven individual gold medals along with three gold medals in relays and she is a three-time Olympic medallist . In October 2016 Johaug tested positive for the performance-enhancing drug clostebol and was suspended for a period of 18 months .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Størmer_Steira', 'summary': 'Kristin Størmer Steira ( born 30 April 1981 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier . She competed from 2002 to 2015 , and won six individual World Cup victories and five individual medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and Winter Olympic Games . She also won four gold medals with the Norway relay team . In Norwegian media , Steira was dubbed the eternal fourth due to her many finishes in fourth place .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marit_Bjørgen', 'summary': 'Marit Bjørgen ( born 21 March 1980 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most decorated athlete , male or female , in Winter Olympics history with 15 medals . She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories . Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history , with 29 victories . She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals , including three gold . A five-time Olympian , her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15 , the most by any athlete ( female or male ) in Winter Olympics history . On 6 April 2018 , she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 4 x 5 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_4_×_5_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The women 's 4 x 5 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 25 February at Whistler Olympic Park at 11:15 PST . Russia was the defending Olympic champion with the team of Natalia Baranova-Masolkina , Larisa Kurkina , Yuliya Chepalova , and Yevgeniya Medvedeva-Arbuzova . Baranova-Masolikina retired following the 2006 Winter Olympics while Chepalova retired in August 2009 after testing positive for recombinant erythropoietin ( EPO ) doping ( She would be banned from the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) for two years in a decision rendered on 23 December 2009 that would run until 20 August 2011. ) . The defending world champions were the Finnish team of Pirjo Muranen , Virpi Kuitunen , Riitta-Liisa Roponen , and Aino-Kaisa Saarinen ( The same foursome also won the event at the 2007 championships . ) The last World Cup competition for this event prior to the 2010 Games took place 22 November 2009 in Beitostoelen , Norway and was won by the Swedish team of Anna Olsson , Sara Lindborg , Anna Haag , and Charlotte Kalla . Each team used four skiers who each compete over two separate 2.5 km circuits with classical using the red circuit while freestyle using the blue circuit . The first two raced in the classical technique , and the final pair of skiers raced freestyle technique ."}]}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halvard Hanevold Tarjei Bø Emil Hegle Svendsen Ole Einar Bjørndalen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halvard_Hanevold', 'summary': 'Halvard Hanevold ( 3 December 1969 - 3 September 2019 ) was a Norwegian biathlete .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tarjei_Bø', 'summary': 'Tarjei Bø ( born 29 July 1988 ) is a Norwegian professional biathlete . Bø debuted in the Biathlon World Cup on 26 March 2009 in Khanty-Mansiysk , Russia , and won his first World Cup victory on 10 December 2010 . In the 2010 Winter Olympics he earned his first gold medal in the 4 × 7.5 km biathlon relay . On 10 December 2010 he won the sprint race in Hochfilzen , earning his first world cup victory . He also won the following pursuit race and anchored the winning relay team . Bø is the older brother of biathlete Johannes Thingnes Bø . He won the overall 2010/11 biathlon World Cup . He finished five points ahead of his teammate Emil Hegle Svendsen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emil_Hegle_Svendsen', 'summary': 'Emil Hegle Svendsen ( born 12 July 1985 ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete . He has won eight medals at Winter Olympics ( four gold ) and five individual gold medals and seven relay gold medals at World Championships . He skis with Trondhjems Skiskyttere , based in Trondheim .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bjørndalen', 'summary': "Ole Einar Bjørndalen ( born 27 January 1974 ) is a retired Norwegian professional biathlete and coach , often referred to by the nickname , the King of Biathlon . With 13 Winter Olympic Games medals , he is second on the list of multiple medalists behind Marit Bjørgen who has won 15 medals . He is also the most successful biathlete of all time at the Biathlon World Championships , having won 45 medals , more than double that of any other biathlete except Martin Fourcade . With 95 World Cup wins , Bjørndalen is ranked first all-time for career victories on the Biathlon World Cup tour , more than twice that of anyone else but Fourcade . He has won the Overall World Cup title six times , in 1997-98 , in 2002-03 , in 2004-05 , in 2005-06 , in 2007-08 and in 2008-09 . In 1992 , he won his first career medal at the junior world championships . A year later in 1993 , after winning three junior world championship titles , a medal haul only previously achieved by Sergei Tchepikov , Bjørndalen made his Biathlon World Cup debut . His breakthrough came in 1994 when he featured on his first World Cup podium in a sprint race held in Bad Gastein , Austria . Bjørndalen first competed in the Olympic Games at the Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics , held in his home country of Norway . He obtained his first major victory on 11 January 1996 in an individual competition held in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy . On 20 February 2014 , Bjørndalen was elected to an eight-year term at the International Olympic Committee 's athlete commission . He resigned from this role in 2016 as he elected to continue his career ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_relay", 'summary': "The men 's relay competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 26 , 2010 . The race consisted of four laps of cross-country skiing , each lap a total of 7.5 km . Every 2.5 km there would be a shooting zone , the first one is prone and the second one is standing . Any misses in the shooting zones count as penalties which must be completed by going around a penalty loop right after the second shooting zone . There were four racers per team , each completing one lap . As all the teams started together , the team that crossed the finish line first would win ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 km classical", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_50_kilometre_classical", 'summary': "The men 's 50 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 28 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 09:30 PST . on the final day of the Games . The 50 kilometre has been skated as a mass start event at the World Championships since 2005 and since the 2006 Winter Olympics . Italy 's Giorgio Di Centa was the defending Olympic champion though that event was held in the freestyle technique . Norway 's Petter Northug was the reigning world champion though that was also in the freestyle technique . The last World Cup event in the 50 km classical took place in Trondheim , Norway on 14 March 2009 and was won by Sami Jauhojärvi of Finland . All three medalists of the shorter 30 kilometre event were scheduled to participate in the 50 km race ; in that race , Marcus Hellner of Sweden came first , Petter Northug was 11th , Giorgio Di Centa was 12th , and Sami Jauhojärvi failed to finish ."}]}, {'value': '28 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emil Hegle Svendsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emil_Hegle_Svendsen', 'summary': 'Emil Hegle Svendsen ( born 12 July 1985 ) is a retired Norwegian biathlete . He has won eight medals at Winter Olympics ( four gold ) and five individual gold medals and seven relay gold medals at World Championships . He skis with Trondhjems Skiskyttere , based in Trondheim .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's sprint competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 14 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aksel Lund Svindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aksel_Lund_Svindal', 'summary': "Aksel Lund Svindal ( born 26 December 1982 ) is a Norwegian former World Cup alpine ski racer . Born in Lørenskog in Akershus county , Svindal is a two-time overall World Cup champion ( 2007 and 2009 ) , an Olympic gold medalist in super-G at the 2010 Winter Olympics and in downhill at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and a five-time World Champion in downhill , giant slalom , and super combined ( 2007 Åre , 2009 Val-d'Isère , 2011 Garmisch , and 2013 Schladming ) . With his victory in the downhill in 2013 , Svindal became the first male alpine racer to win titles in four consecutive world championships . With his successes many consider him the best Norwegian alpine skier ever . While the great Kjetil Andre Aamodt has been more successful at the Olympics , Svindal is by far the most successful on the World Cup circuit . In late-January 2019 , he announced his retirement from alpine skiing following the 2019 Ski World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's downhill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_downhill", 'summary': "The Men 's Downhill competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia . The competition was scheduled for Saturday , February 13 , but was postponed due to rain and warm temperatures ; it was held on Monday , February 15 . The defending Olympic champion was Antoine Dénériaz of France and the reigning world champion was John Kucera of Canada ; neither competed as Dénériaz had retired and Kucera was out for the season with a broken leg . Austrian Michael Walchhofer was the defending World Cup downhill champion and Didier Cuche of Switzerland led the current season , ahead of teammate Carlo Janka and Walchhofer . Switzerland 's Didier Défago won the gold medal , Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway took the silver , and the bronze medalist was Bode Miller of the United States ; Cuche was sixth , Walchhofer tenth , and Janka eleventh . The vertical drop of the Dave Murray Downhill course was 853 m ( 2,799 ft ) , starting at an elevation of 1,678 m ( 5,505 ft ) above sea level , with a length of 3.105 km ( 1.929 mi ) . Défago 's winning time of 114.31 seconds yielded an average course speed of 97.787 km/h ( 60.8 mph ) , with an average vertical descent speed of 7.462 m/s ( 24.5 ft/s ) . This was the seventeenth edition of the men 's downhill at the Olympics and the time margins between the medalists were the closest in history ; only 0.09 seconds separated gold and bronze ."}]}, {'value': '15 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ole Einar Bjørndalen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bjørndalen', 'summary': "Ole Einar Bjørndalen ( born 27 January 1974 ) is a retired Norwegian professional biathlete and coach , often referred to by the nickname , the King of Biathlon . With 13 Winter Olympic Games medals , he is second on the list of multiple medalists behind Marit Bjørgen who has won 15 medals . He is also the most successful biathlete of all time at the Biathlon World Championships , having won 45 medals , more than double that of any other biathlete except Martin Fourcade . With 95 World Cup wins , Bjørndalen is ranked first all-time for career victories on the Biathlon World Cup tour , more than twice that of anyone else but Fourcade . He has won the Overall World Cup title six times , in 1997-98 , in 2002-03 , in 2004-05 , in 2005-06 , in 2007-08 and in 2008-09 . In 1992 , he won his first career medal at the junior world championships . A year later in 1993 , after winning three junior world championship titles , a medal haul only previously achieved by Sergei Tchepikov , Bjørndalen made his Biathlon World Cup debut . His breakthrough came in 1994 when he featured on his first World Cup podium in a sprint race held in Bad Gastein , Austria . Bjørndalen first competed in the Olympic Games at the Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics , held in his home country of Norway . He obtained his first major victory on 11 January 1996 in an individual competition held in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy . On 20 February 2014 , Bjørndalen was elected to an eight-year term at the International Olympic Committee 's athlete commission . He resigned from this role in 2016 as he elected to continue his career ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_individual", 'summary': "The men 's individual competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on February 18 , 2010 . Two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie . No bronze medal was awarded ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kjetil Jansrud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kjetil_Jansrud', 'summary': 'Kjetil Jansrud ( born 28 August 1985 ) is a Norwegian World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic champion . He races in all alpine disciplines apart from slalom , and his best event used to be the giant slalom where he has 6 World Cup podiums and an Olympic silver medal . However , since 2012 he has become more of a speed specialist , having won all but two of his World Cup victories in the speed events . At the 2014 Olympics in Sochi , he won the Super-G and placed third in the Downhill . At the World Championships in 2019 at Åre , Jansrud won gold in the downhill . Born in Stavanger , Jansrud hails from Vinstra in Gudbrandsdalen , about forty kilometres ( 25 miles ) from Kvitfjell .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The men 's giant slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia . Originally scheduled for February 21 , it was rescheduled to February 23 , due to delays of preceding alpine events . Carlo Janka of Switzerland won the gold , with Kjetil Jansrud of Norway taking the silver medal . Fellow countryman Aksel Lund Svindal won the bronze , his third medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedda Berntsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedda_Berntsen', 'summary': "Hedda Berntsen ( born 24 April 1976 ) is a Norwegian sportsperson who has competed internationally in telemark skiing , alpine skiing , freestyle skiing and skicross . She is world champion in Telemark classic from 1997 . She later concentrated on the alpine slalom , her career peaking in the 2000-01 season with consistent performances in the World Cup as well as a bronze medal at the 2001 World Championships . She later switched to skicross , receiving a silver medal at the 2008 Winter X Games . In the Vancouver Winter Olympics on 23 February 2010 she won the silver medal in the women 's skicross competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events took place between the 13 and 25 February 2010 , and included a new event for these Olympics , ski cross .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's ski cross", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_ski_cross", 'summary': "The women 's ski cross event in freestyle skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , took place on 23 February at Cypress Bowl Ski Area ."}]}, {'value': '23 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset Lars Berger Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Johnsrud_Sundby', 'summary': 'Martin Johnsrud Sundby ( born 26 September 1984 ) is a Norwegian cross-country skier who has competed since 2003 . He is the silver medalist of the 2010 Winter Olympics in the team relay and the bronze medalist of the 2014 Winter Olympics in the 30 km skiathlon . In 2014 , he became the first Norwegian to win the Tour de Ski .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Odd-Bjørn_Hjelmeset', 'summary': "Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset ( born December 6 , 1971 in Nordfjordeid ) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1993 to 2011 . A classical technique specialist , Hjelmeset 's biggest success is the gold medal in the 50 km event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo . At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he won eight medals ( all in the classical style ) . This includes five gold medals ( 50 km : 2007 , 4 × 10 km relay : 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and three bronze medals ( 1999 : 10 km , 2001 : 15 km , and 2005 : 50 km ) . Hjelmeset has also competed on the national level in athletics , and won the bronze medal at the Norwegian championships in the 3000 metre steeplechase in 1996 and 1999 . The 2007 season was Hjelmeset 's best . He won two gold medals at the World Championships in Sapporo , then a World Cup race in Lahti , before winning the 50 km individual start in Holmenkollen where he had won the sprint event in 2000 . Hjelmeset was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 2007 ( Shared with Frode Estil , King Harald V , and Queen Sonja ) . He retired after he failed to qualify for the 2011 Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo . He last World Cup race was the 50 kilometre at the 2012 Holmenkollen Ski Festival , where he finished 52nd ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lars_Berger', 'summary': 'Lars Berger ( born 1 May 1979 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete and cross-country skier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 x 10 km relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_4_×_10_kilometre_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 x 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , was held on 24 February at Whistler Olympic Park at 11:15 PST . Italy was the defending Olympic champion with the team of Fulvio Valbusa , Giorgio Di Centa , Pietro Piller Cottrer and Cristian Zorzi . Valbusa retired following the 2006 Winter Olympics . The defending world champions were the Norwegian team of Eldar Rønning , Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset , Tore Ruud Hofstad and Petter Northug . The last World Cup competition for this event prior to the 2010 Games took place 22 November 2009 in Beitostoelen , Norway , and was won by the Norwegian team of Rønning , Martin Johnsrud Sundby , Ronny Hafsås and Northug . Each team used four skiers , who competed over one 3.3 km circuit in classical and a second 3.3 km circuit in freestyle . The first two raced in the classical technique , and the final pair of skiers raced freestyle technique ."}]}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marit Bjørgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marit_Bjørgen', 'summary': 'Marit Bjørgen ( born 21 March 1980 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most decorated athlete , male or female , in Winter Olympics history with 15 medals . She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories . Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history , with 29 victories . She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals , including three gold . A five-time Olympian , her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15 , the most by any athlete ( female or male ) in Winter Olympics history . On 6 April 2018 , she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 30 km classical", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_30_kilometre_classical", 'summary': "The women 's 30 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 27 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 11:45 PST ."}]}, {'value': '27 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Ulsrud Torger Nergård Christoffer Svae Håvard Vad Petersson Thomas Løvold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Ulsrud', 'summary': "Thomas Ulsrud ( born 21 October 1971 ) is a Norwegian curler from Oslo . He is the skip of the 2014 World champion Norwegian national team , a two-time European champion and Olympic silver medalist . Ulsrud is also the current holder of the record for most wins by a skip at the World Men 's Curling Championship [ citation needed ] ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Torger_Nergård', 'summary': 'Torger Nergård , also spelled Nergaard ( born 12 December 1974 in Trondheim ) is a Norwegian curler from Oslo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoffer_Svae', 'summary': "Christoffer Svae ( born 21 March 1982 ) is a Norwegian curler from Oslo . He is best known as the former second for Team Thomas Ulsrud . At Junior level , Svae played second for Team Thomas Løvold and won gold medals at the 2002 and 2003 World Junior Curling Championships B tournaments . Svae formally joined Team Ulsrud in 2007 having played alternate since 2005 . During the 2005-2010 seasons , Svae and his team won six World Curling Tour events , three European Curling Championship medals ( silver in 2007 and 2008 ; bronze in 2009 ) , four World Curling Championship medals ( bronze in 2006 , 2008 and 2009 ; silver in 2010 ) , and silver at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics . It was Svae who selected Loudmouth Golf 's colorful argyle pants ( Dixie and Red & Gray ) as Team Norway 's uniform at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics because they came close to matching the Norwegian flag colors - red , white and blue . The pants brought Team Norway unprecedented popularity as shown by the surge in sales at Loudmouth Golf as well as the number of followers at the Facebook 's Norwegian Olympic Curling Team 's Pants fan page exceeding over 600,000 by the end of the 2009-10 curling season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Håvard_Vad_Petersson', 'summary': "Håvard Vad Petersson ( born 5 January 1984 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian curler from Arendal who currently plays lead for Team Thomas Ulsrud . At Junior level , Petersson played lead for Team Thomas Løvold and won gold medals at the 2002 and 2003 World Junior Curling Championships B tournaments . In 2004 , he competed as skip for the first time at the World Junior Curling Championship , finishing in sixth place . With Team Ulsrud during the 2007-2010 seasons , Petersson won six World Curling Tour events , three European Curling Championship medals ( silver in 2007 and 2008 ; bronze in 2009 ) , three World Curling Championship medals ( bronze in 2008 and 2009 ; silver in 2010 ) , and silver at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics . His shooting accuracy proved to be consistently high in the 80-90 percentiles during the 2009-10 season , which significantly contributed to his team 's top round-robin standings at the 2009 European Curling Championship and 2010 World Curling Championship . Petersson 's ability to achieve athletic excellence despite being able to see out of only one eye is often a topic of discussion for sports commentators ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Løvold', 'summary': "Thomas Løvold ( born 27 January 1981 ) is a Norwegian curler . At Junior level , Løvold competed as skip and won gold medals at the 2002 and 2003 World Junior Curling Championships B tournaments . He has gained worldwide attention for having played as the alternate for Team Thomas Ulsrud at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics and played third for Team Torger Nergård at the 2010 World Curling Championship in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy , winning the silver medal at both tournaments . Thomas Løvold also skips his own team on World Curling Tour events . His most successful tournament was the 2009 Lucerne Curling Trophy where his team made it to the semi-finals but lost to Team Ralph Stöckli of Switzerland ."}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The curling competition of the 2010 Olympics was held at Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre in Vancouver . It is the fifth time that curling was on the Olympic program , after having been staged in 1924 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 . The competition followed the same format that was used during the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics , with 10 teams playing a round robin tournament , from which the top four teams advance to the semi-finals . The women 's competition concluded on Friday , February 26 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , the Chinese team made history by becoming the first team from Asia to win an Olympic curling medal . The gold medal match was one of the closest medal games in Olympic competition . Team Canada won the silver medal , their best performance since the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games when Sandra Schmirler skipped the Canadians to gold . Team Sweden won the gold medal . Anette Norberg , Eva Lund , Cathrine Lindahl , and Anna Le Moine ( née Anna Bergström [ Anna Svärd in Torino ] ) became the first curlers to win two gold medals at the Olympic Games . The men 's competition concluded on Saturday , February 27 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , Markus Eggler of Switzerland became the first male curler to win two Olympic medals . The gold medal final was a rematch between Canada and Norway of the 2002 Olympics men 's final ( although only one athlete from each team participated in both finals ) ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_tournament", 'summary': "The men 's curling tournament took place at the Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre . The draws took place between 16 and 25 February 2010 and the final took place on 27 February 2010 . The preliminary round was a round-robin tournament between all 10 teams ; the top four qualified for the medal round ."}]}, {'value': '27 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marit Bjørgen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marit_Bjørgen', 'summary': 'Marit Bjørgen ( born 21 March 1980 ) is a retired Norwegian cross-country skier who is the most decorated athlete , male or female , in Winter Olympics history with 15 medals . She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories . Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history , with 29 victories . She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals , including three gold . A five-time Olympian , her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15 , the most by any athlete ( female or male ) in Winter Olympics history . On 6 April 2018 , she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing following the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 10 km freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_10_kilometre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 10 kilometre freestyle cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on February 15 at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia at 10:00 PST . Each skier starts at 30-second intervals , skiing the entire 10 kilometre course . Estonia 's Kristina Šmigun-Vähi was the defending Olympic champion in this event though it was held in the classical style . Aino-Kaisa Saarinen on Finland was the defending world champion though that event was also held in the classical style . The final World Cup event in women 's 10 km freestyle prior to the 2010 Games took place on February 5 at Canmore , Alberta and was won by Sweden 's Charlotte Kalla . Šmigun-Vähi won silver in this event , Saarinen would finish 15th , and Kalla would win gold . Kalla is the Sweden 's first female individual gold medalist in cross-country skiing since Toini Gustafsson 's 5 km win at Grenoble in 1968 ."}]}, {'value': '15 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petter Northug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Northug', 'summary': 'Petter Northug Jr. ( born 6 January 1986 ) is a Norwegian former cross-country skier and double Olympic champion . He won a total of 13 World Championship and 2 Winter Olympic gold medals with 20 medals overall ( 2 gold , 1 silver and 1 bronze at the Olympics , 13 gold and 3 silver at the World Ski Championships ) , and 18 individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup wins with 13 podium places . He is also the record holder for most stage wins ( 13 ) in Tour de Ski . By winning his ninth gold medal in the Nordic World Ski Championships in 4 x 10 km relay in Val di Fiemme 2013 he leveled [ citation needed ] the achievement of Bjørn Dæhlie who had been the most successful World Champion male skier up to that point .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_sprint", 'summary': "The Men 's sprint cross-country skiing competition in the classical technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 17 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . Sweden 's Björn Lind was the defending Olympic champion in this event , though the event was in the freestyle technique . Norway 's Ola Vigen Hattestad was the defending world champion in this event which was also held in freestyle technique . Emil Jönsson of Sweden won the test event that took place at Olympic venue on 16 January 2009 . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games in this format took place on 6 February 2010 in Canmore , Alberta and was won by Jönsson . Lind was eliminated in the quarterfinals , Jönsson was eliminated in the semifinals , and Hattestad finished fourth . It is the first Olympic medals for all three finishers . The event ended in a photofinish between Russians Nikita Kryukov and Alexander Panzhinskiy with Kriukov edging out Panzhinsky who had led most of the race ."}]}, {'value': '17 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Håvard Bøkko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Håvard_Bøkko', 'summary': 'Håvard Bøkko ( Norwegian : [ ˈhôːvɑr ˈbœ̂kːʊ ] ( listen ) ; born 2 February 1987 ) is a Norwegian speed skater , and the premier skater from his country since 2008 , with 32 national championships and thirteen international medals . He had junior results similar to those of Sven Kramer , Gianni Romme and Eric Heiden from the early 1980s before the clap skate . He is the older brother of Hege Bøkko .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The men 's 1500 metres speed skating competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval on 20 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Norway participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Norway sent 99 competitors to the games and ended up with the fourth largest number of gold medals among participating nations.'}	null	null	How many uninterrupted times has the silver medalist in men 's downhill alpine skiing at the Olympic Games of 2010 obtained a world championship ?	four
016dec027130d762	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parishes_of_the_Isle_of_Man', 'title': 'List of parishes of the Isle of Man', 'header': ['Name', 'Status', 'Sheading', 'Population'], 'data': [{'value': 'Andreas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_(parish)', 'summary': 'Andreas ( /ˈændrəs/ AND-rəss or /ˈændrɪəs/ AND-ree-əss ; Manx : Andreas ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': '1397', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arbory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbory_(parish)', 'summary': 'Arbory ( Manx : Cairbre ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Rushen . Settlements in the parish include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballaugh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballaugh_(parish)', 'summary': 'Ballaugh ( /bəˈlæf/ bə-LAFF ; Manx : Balley ny Loghey ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': '1,032', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braddan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braddan', 'summary': 'Braddan ( Manx : Braddan ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Middle . Administratively , a small part of the historic parish of Braddan is now covered by part of the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the parish include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '3,621', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bride_(parish)', 'summary': 'Bride ( Manx : Breeshey ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': '382', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castletown,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Castletown ( Manx : Balley Chashtal , pronounced [ ˈbalʲə ˈxaʃtʃəl ] ) is a town in the Isle of Man , geographically within the historical parish of Malew but administered separately . Lying at the south of the island , it was the Manx capital until 1869 . The centre of town is dominated by Castle Rushen , a well-preserved medieval castle , originally built for a Viking king .'}]}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': '3,216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Douglas ( Manx : Doolish ) is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man , with a population of 27,938 ( 2011 ) . It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas , and on a sweeping bay of two miles . The River Douglas forms part of the town 's harbour and main commercial port . Douglas was a small settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century . Further population growth came in the following century , resulting during the 1860s in a staged transfer of the High Courts , the Lieutenant Governor 's residence , and finally the seat of the legislature , Tynwald , to Douglas from the ancient capital , Castletown . The town is the Island 's main hub for business , finance , legal services , shipping , transport , shopping , and entertainment . The annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas ."}]}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '26,997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_(parish)', 'summary': "German ( Manx : Carmane ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Glenfaba . Administratively , part of the historic parish of German is now covered by part of the town of Peel . Other settlements in the parish include St John 's ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': '966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jurby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jurby', 'summary': 'Jurby ( Manx : Jorby ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north-west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': '776', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laxey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laxey', 'summary': "Laxey ( Manx : Laksaa ) is a village on the east coast of the Isle of Man . Its name derives from the Old Norse Laxa meaning 'Salmon River ' . Its key distinguishing features are its three working vintage railways and the largest working waterwheel in the world . It is also the location of King Orry 's Grave . The village lies on the A2 , the main Douglas to Ramsey road , and on the vintage Manx Electric Railway , and Snaefell Mountain Railway . Laxey Glen is one of the Manx National Glens ; another glen , Dhoon Glen , is about 1\u200b1⁄4 miles away . The Raad ny Foillan long distance coastal footpath , opened in 1986 , runs along the coast through the village ."}]}, {'value': 'Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': '1,676', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lezayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lezayre', 'summary': 'Lezayre ( /ləzˈɛər/ ləz-AIR ; Manx : Creest ny h-Ayrey ) , formally Kirk Christ Lezayre , is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre . Administratively , part of the historic parish of Lezayre is now part of the town of Ramsey . Other settlements in the parish include Glen Auldyn and Sulby .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': '1,276', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonan_(parish)', 'summary': 'Lonan ( /ˈlɒnən/ LONN-ən ; Manx : Lonan ) is one of the 17 parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Garff . Other settlements in the parish include Baldrine and Ballabeg .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': '1,579', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malew', 'summary': "Malew ( /məˈluː/ mə-LOO ; Manx : Malew ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Rushen . Administratively , part of the historic parish of Malew is now covered by the town of Castletown . As a result , there is a small exclave of the parish district which includes Scarlett Point . Other settlements in the parish include Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': '2,167', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marown', 'summary': 'Marown ( /məˈraʊn/ mə-ROWN , rhymes with gown ; Manx : Marooney ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the centre of the island , in the sheading of Middle , though historically , from 1796 until 1986 , it was in the sheading of Glenfaba . Settlements in the parish include Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '2,246', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maughold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maughold', 'summary': 'Maughold ( also known as Macaille , Maccaldus , Machalus , Machaoi , Machella , Maghor , Mawgan , Maccul , Macc Cuill ) ; died c. 488 AD ) is venerated as the patron saint of the Isle of Man . Tradition states that he was an Irish prince and captain of a band of freebooters who was converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick . His feast day is April 25 . He is not St MacCaille of Croghan , County Offaly , who received Brigit of Kildare into religious life .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': '985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': '1,591', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Onchan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onchan', 'summary': 'Onchan /ˈɔːŋkən/ is a village in the parish of Onchan on the Isle of Man . It is at the north end of Douglas Bay . Administratively a district , it has the second largest population of settlements on the island , after Douglas , with which it forms a conurbation . In Manx the name for the village is Kione Droghad meaning bridge end .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '9,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_(parish)', 'summary': 'Patrick ( Manx : Perick ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Glenfaba . Administratively , a small part of the area of the historic parish of Patrick is now covered by part of the town of Peel . Other settlements in the parish include Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,576', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peel,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Peel ( Manx : Purt ny h-Inshey - Port of the Island ) is a seaside town and small fishing port on the Isle of Man , in the historic parish of German but administered separately . Peel is the third largest town on the island after Douglas and Ramsey but the fourth largest settlement , as Onchan has the second largest population but is classified as a village . Until 2016 ( when it was merged with Glenfaba ) Peel was also a House of Keys constituency , electing one Member of the House of Keys ( MHK ) , who , from September 2015 , was Ray Harmer . Peel has a ruined castle on St Patrick 's Isle , and a cathedral , seat of the Diocese of Sodor and Man ( the diocese was founded when Mann was ruled by the Norse ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': '5,374', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Erin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Erin', 'summary': "Port Erin ( Manx : Purt Çhiarn , meaning lord 's port ) is a seaside village in the south-west of the Isle of Man , in the historic parish of Rushen . It was previously a seaside resort before the decline of the tourist trade . Administratively it is designated as a village district , with its own board of commissioners . The district covers around 1 square mile , and is adjacent to : Port St Mary to the south-east ; the main part of Rushen parish district to the north and east ; the sea to the west ; and an exclave of Rushen parish district ( including the village of Cregneash ) to the south . Following recent residential expansion , the settlement is now contiguous with that of Port St Mary , and on 18 July 2018 Tynwald authorised a public enquiry into the proposed expansion of the district boundary to include some of this expansion ."}]}, {'value': 'Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': '3,484', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Parishes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_parishes_of_the_Isle_of_Man_0', 'intro': 'The Isle of Man, a self-governing British Crown Dependency, in the Irish Sea, was until May 2016 divided into 24 districts for administrative purposes. These were 15 parishes, 4 towns and 5 villages, each forming the lowest unit of local government in the Isle of Man. In May 2016, the three districts of Laxey, Lonan and Maughold merged for administrative purposes to form the parish district of Garff. The total number of administrative districts thus reduced to 22, formally made up of four towns; two districts (Michael and Onchan, both of which are historically parishes); two villages (Port Erin and Port St Mary); and 14 parishes (including Garff, which is made up of two historical parishes: Lonan and Maughold).'}	null	null	How many parishes which have a population under 2000 are in the sheading which includes the home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ?	2
016e82eb5d262b56	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni', 'title': 'List of University of Oregon alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Degree ( s )', 'Year ( s )', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Victor G. Atiyeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_G._Atiyeh', 'summary': 'Victor George Vic Atiyeh ( /əˈtiːjə/ ; February 20 , 1923 - July 20 , 2014 ) was an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as the 32nd Governor of Oregon from 1979 to 1987 . He was also the first elected governor of Syrian descent in the United States . Atiyeh was elected in 1978 , defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Robert W. Straub . He was re-elected against future Governor Ted Kulongoski with 61.6% of the vote in 1982 , the largest margin in 32 years . Prior to being elected Governor , Atiyeh had served continuously in the Oregon Legislature since 1959 , initially in the House and later in the Senate . To date , Atiyeh is the last Republican to have served as the governor of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'attended', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Neil Goldschmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt', 'summary': "Neil Edward Goldschmidt ( born June 16 , 1940 ) is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local , state and federal offices over three decades . After serving as the governor of Oregon , Goldschmidt was once considered the most influential figure in the state 's politics . He repeatedly raped a young teenage girl during his first term as mayor of Portland . Goldschmidt was elected to the Portland City Council in 1970 and then as mayor of Portland in 1972 , becoming the youngest mayor of any major American city . He promoted the revitalization of Downtown Portland and was influential on Portland-area transportation policy , particularly with the abandonment of the Mount Hood Freeway and the establishment of the MAX Light Rail . He was appointed U.S. Secretary of Transportation by President Jimmy Carter in 1979 ; in that capacity he worked to revive the ailing automobile industry and to deregulate several industries . He served until the end of Carter 's presidency in 1981 and then served as a senior executive with Nike for several years . He was elected the 33rd governor of Oregon in 1986 , serving a single term . He faced significant challenges , particularly a rising anti-tax movement ( leading to Measure 5 in 1990 ) and a doubling of the state 's prison population . He worked across party lines to reduce regulation and to repair the state 's infrastructure . During his term , Oregon emerged from nearly eight years of recession . His reforms to the State Accident Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) , a state-chartered worker 's compensation insurance company were heralded at the time , but drew strong criticism in later years ."}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon and mayor of Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mayor', 'summary': 'In many countries , a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town . Worldwide , there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated . Depending on the system chosen , a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government , may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power , or may play a solely ceremonial role . Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public , or selection by an elected governing council or board .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert D. Holmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_D._Holmes', 'summary': 'Robert Denison Holmes ( May 11 , 1909 - June 6 , 1976 ) was an American politician and journalist from the U.S. state of Oregon . A native of the state of New York , he worked in newspapers and radio before entering politics . Though a Republican early in his career , he served as a Democrat in the Oregon State Senate and as the 28th Governor of Oregon . He was governor from 1957 to 1959 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Leonard B. Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonard_B._Jordan', 'summary': 'Leonard Beck Jordan ( May 15 , 1899 - June 30 , 1983 ) was the 23rd Governor of Idaho and a United States Senator for over ten years .'}]}, {'value': 'B.A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Idaho and former US Senator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Idaho', 'summary': "The Governor of Idaho is the head of the executive branch of Idaho 's state government and commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has the duty to see state laws are executed , power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Idaho Legislature . Idaho Territory had 16 territorial governors appointed by the President of the United States from the territory 's organization in 1863 until the formation of the state of Idaho in 1890 . Four of these never took office , resigning before reaching the territory . 31 individuals have held the office of governor of Idaho since the state 's admission to the Union in 1890 , two of whom - C. A. Bottolfsen and Cecil Andrus - served non-consecutive terms . The state 's first governor , George L. Shoup , had the shortest term of three months , and Cecil Andrus served as governor the longest at 14 years . 4 governors resigned , but none have died while in office . The current governor is Republican Brad Little , who took office on January 7 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'John Kitzhaber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kitzhaber', 'summary': "John Albert Kitzhaber ( born March 5 , 1947 ) is an American physician and former politician . He is the longest-serving governor in Oregon 's history , as well as the only Oregon governor to resign because of a scandal . He served two terms from 1995 until 2003 , another full-term from 2011 until 2015 , and was sworn in for a fourth term on January 12 , 2015 . He resigned on February 18 , 2015 , with state and federal investigations into criminal allegations against him and his fiancée , Cylvia Hayes . A member of the Democratic Party , Kitzhaber previously served in the Oregon House of Representatives ( 1979-81 ) and Oregon Senate ( 1981-93 ) , including as Senate President ( 1985-93 ) . He was also an emergency physician and has worked as a health care administrator . Born in Colfax , Washington , Kitzhaber graduated from Dartmouth College with a B.A . degree , earning his M.D . from Oregon Health & Science University . Kitzhaber began his career as an emergency physician before he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 1978 . He served one term in the Oregon House from 1979 to 1981 and was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1980 . He served three terms in the Oregon Senate from 1981 to 1993 , and served as Oregon 's Senate President from 1985 to 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'M.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom McCall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_McCall', 'summary': "Thomas Lawson Tom McCall ( March 22 , 1913 - January 8 , 1983 ) was an American statesman , politician and journalist in the state of Oregon . A Republican , he was the state 's thirtieth governor from 1967 to 1975 . A native of Massachusetts , McCall grew up there and in central Oregon and attended the University of Oregon in Eugene . After college , he worked as a journalist , including time at The Oregonian in Portland during World War II . Later he worked in radio and then in television as a newscaster and political commentator . He made an unsuccessful bid for Congress in 1954 , losing in the general election to Edith Green . While working for TV station KGW , he produced a documentary on pollution in Oregon , which helped to spur environmental cleanup of the air and the Willamette River . In 1964 , McCall won his first political office , Oregon Secretary of State , followed by two terms as governor , where he worked towards environmental cleanup , the bottle bill , and public ownership of beaches on the coast among others . Tom McCall Waterfront Park in Portland is one of several items named in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'B.S', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon ; television reporter and commentator for KGW and KATU in Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Julius L. Meier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julius_L._Meier', 'summary': 'Julius L. Meier ( December 31 , 1874 - July 14 , 1937 ) was an American businessman , civic leader , and politician in the state of Oregon . The son of the Meier & Frank department store founder , he would become a lawyer before entering the family business in Portland . Politically an independent , Meier served a single term as the 20th Governor of Oregon from 1931-1935 . He is the only independent to be elected Governor of Oregon .'}]}, {'value': 'LL.B', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul L. Patterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_L._Patterson', 'summary': 'Paul Linton Patterson ( July 18 , 1900 - January 31 , 1956 ) was an American Republican politician . A native of Ohio , he served in World War I before becoming an attorney in Oregon . Later he served as President of the Oregon State Senate ( 1951-1952 ) and the 26th Governor of Oregon ( 1952-1956 ) , dying in office .'}]}, {'value': 'B.A . J.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Governor of Oregon ; President of the Oregon State Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon', 'summary': "The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregon 's state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon 's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments . The current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown , a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid an ethics scandal . The Governor 's current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $ 93,600 annually ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate', 'summary': "The Oregon State Senate is the upper house of the statewide legislature for the US state of Oregon . Along with the lower chamber Oregon House of Representatives it makes up the Oregon Legislative Assembly . There are 30 members of the State Senate , representing 30 districts across the state , each with a population of 114,000 . The State Senate meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem . Oregon State Senators serve four-year terms without term limits . In 2002 , the Oregon Supreme Court struck down the decade-old Oregon Ballot Measure 3 , that had restricted State Senators to two terms ( eight years ) on procedural grounds . Like certain other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate , the State Senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to state departments , commissions , boards , and other state governmental agencies . The current Senate President is Peter Courtney of Salem . Oregon , along with Arizona , Maine , and Wyoming , is one of the four U.S. states to not have the Office of the Lieutenant Governor , a position which for most upper houses of state legislatures and indeed for the U.S. Congress ( with the Vice President ) is the head of the legislative body and holder of the casting vote in the event of a tie . Instead , a separate position of Senate President is in place , removed from the state executive branch . If the chamber is tied , legislators must devise their own methods of resolving the impasse . In 2002 , for example , Oregon 's state senators entered into a power sharing contract whereby Democratic senators nominated the Senate President while Republican senators chaired key committees ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Politics and law -- Governors', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_University_of_Oregon_alumni_11', 'intro': 'This List of University of Oregon alumni includes graduates and current students of the University of Oregon as well as former students who studied at the university but did not obtain a formal degree. The university opened in 1876 and the first class contained only five members, graduating in 1878. The university has over 195,000 alumni, 10 of whom are Pulitzer Prize winners, and 2 of whom are Nobel laureates.'}	null	null	What was the middle name of the University of Oregon alumni who graduated in the 1920s and served in the chamber that is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building ?	Beck
01723b8dd8d36232	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'title': 'Lithuania at the 2013 Summer Universiade', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milda Valčiukaitė Donata Vištartaitė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milda_Valčiukaitė', 'summary': "Milda Valčiukaitė ( born 24 May 1994 ) is a Lithuanian national representative rower , an Olympian and dual world champion . She is the reigning world champion in the women 's double scull winning her title with Ieva Adomavičiūtė at the 2018 World Rowing Championships in Plovdiv . She won gold medals at the 2013 World Rowing Championships and the 2013 European Rowing Championships and was a bronze medalist at the Rio 2016 Olympics . Valčiukaitė is coached by Tomas Valčiukas , and was a two time world junior champion with Ieva Adomavičiūtė . In 2013 , Valčiukaitė started to compete with Donata Vištartaitė . She currently studies Business Information management in Vilnius University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donata_Vištartaitė', 'summary': 'Donata Vištartaitė ( now Donata Karaliene , born 11 June 1989 ) is a Lithuanian rower and Olympic bronze medalist at the Rio 2016 Games . She is also known for winning gold medals at the 2013 World Rowing Championships , and the 2012 and 2013 European Rowing Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Rowing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 6 to 8 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's double sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Women's_double_sculls", 'summary': "The women 's double sculls competition at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan took place the Kazan Rowing Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saulius Ritter Rolandas Maščinskas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saulius_Ritter', 'summary': "Saulius Ritter ( born 23 August 1988 ) is a Lithuanian rower , best known for winning a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2011 European Rowing Championships . He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men 's double sculls with Rolandas Maščinskas . Ritter and Maščinskas won gold at the 2011 and 2014 European Championships , silver at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships and the 2013 European Championships and bronze medal at the 2016 European Championships . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , he won the silver medal in the same event with Mindaugas Griskonis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rolandas_Maščinskas', 'summary': 'Rolandas Maščinskas ( born 6 August 1992 ) is a Lithuanian rower . At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics he won the gold medal in the single sculls event . Maščinskas become the first Lithuanian champion and the first medalist in the Youth Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Rowing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 6 to 8 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's double sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Men's_double_sculls", 'summary': "The men 's double sculls competition at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan took place the Kazan Rowing Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mindaugas Griškonis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mindaugas_Griškonis', 'summary': 'Mindaugas Griškonis ( born 17 January 1986 ) is a Lithuanian rower . Competing in the single sculls he won six medals at the European and world championships between 2007 and 2015 , including three European gold medals . He placed eighth at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics , before getting his first Olympic medal in the double scull event in 2016 , a silver with Saulius Ritter .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Rowing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 6 to 8 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's single sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Men's_single_sculls", 'summary': "The men 's single sculls competition at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan took place the Kazan Rowing Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jevgenijus Šuklinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jevgenijus_Šuklinas', 'summary': 'Jevgenij Shuklin ( born 23 November 1985 in Glazov , Russia ) is a Russian-born Lithuanian sprint canoeist who has competed since 2003 . He was world junior champion in 2003 ( Japan , Komatsu ) . He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He won four bronze medals in the C-1 200 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships , earning them in 2006 , 2007 , 2009 and 2014 . He is also a three time European champion , in Pontevedra in 2007 , in Trasona in 2010 and in Montemor-o-Velho in 2013 . On 12 June 2019 , the IOC stripped Jevgenij Shuklin of his silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Canoeing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 13 to 15 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia . Canoe sprint was the only discipline of canoeing contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C1 200 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Men's_C1_200_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's C1 200 meters competition at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan took place the Kazan Rowing Centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jevgenijus Šuklinas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jevgenijus_Šuklinas', 'summary': 'Jevgenij Shuklin ( born 23 November 1985 in Glazov , Russia ) is a Russian-born Lithuanian sprint canoeist who has competed since 2003 . He was world junior champion in 2003 ( Japan , Komatsu ) . He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He won four bronze medals in the C-1 200 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships , earning them in 2006 , 2007 , 2009 and 2014 . He is also a three time European champion , in Pontevedra in 2007 , in Trasona in 2010 and in Montemor-o-Velho in 2013 . On 12 June 2019 , the IOC stripped Jevgenij Shuklin of his silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Canoeing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 13 to 15 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia . Canoe sprint was the only discipline of canoeing contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C1 500 metres", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ignas Navakauskas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ignas_Navakauskas', 'summary': 'Ignas Navakauskas ( born 22 September 1989 ) is a Lithuanian sprint canoeist . Competing in the individual K-1 200 m event he won bronze medals at the 2015 and 2016 European Championships . He placed ninth at the 2016 Olympics and fourth-fifth at the world championships in 2013-2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Canoeing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 13 to 15 at the Rowing Centre in Kazan , Russia . Canoe sprint was the only discipline of canoeing contested .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's K1 200 metres", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lina Grinčikaitė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lina_Grinčikaitė', 'summary': "Lina Grinčikaitė-Samuolė ( born 3 May 1987 in Klaipėda ) is a track and field sprint athlete , who competes internationally for Lithuania . Grinčikaitė represented Lithuania at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed third in her first round heat after Chandra Sturrup and Kelly-Ann Baptiste in a time of 11.43 seconds . She qualified for the second round , in which she improved her time to 11.33 seconds and placed second after Torri Edwards . With 11.50 seconds she placed sixth in her semi final race , which meant she was eliminated . After finishing seventh at the 2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships , Grinčikaitė took the gold medal in the 100 m at the 2009 Summer Universiade , scoring a new personal best of 11.31 seconds in the process . She competed at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , but was eliminated in the semi-finals of the women 's 60 metres ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 7 to 12 at the Universiade Village Stadium and the Central Stadium in Kazan , Russia . Level of participation and performance was moderate . The proximity of other important athletics competitions like Asian Championships , South American Championships , Central American and Caribbean Championships and European U23 Championships caused many high-profile student-athletes to skip the event . The host nation , Russia , however , fielded most of its top athletes which resulted in three Universiade records and first place on the medal table with a huge lead over the second nation , Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Women's_100_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 100 metres event at the 2013 Summer Universiade was held on 7-8 July ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eglė Balčiūnaitė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eglė_Balčiūnaitė', 'summary': 'Eglė Balčiūnaitė ( born October 31 , 1988 in Šiauliai ) is a track and field middle distance runner who competes internationally for Lithuania . She competed in the 2008 Olympics in 800 m distance and finished 22nd . She took part in the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships in Kaunas and placed 6th in the final . She participated in the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships where she achieved her personal best and finished 5th in the indoor 800 m discipline .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Athletics was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 7 to 12 at the Universiade Village Stadium and the Central Stadium in Kazan , Russia . Level of participation and performance was moderate . The proximity of other important athletics competitions like Asian Championships , South American Championships , Central American and Caribbean Championships and European U23 Championships caused many high-profile student-athletes to skip the event . The host nation , Russia , however , fielded most of its top athletes which resulted in three Universiade records and first place on the medal table with a huge lead over the second nation , Ukraine .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 800 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_–_Women's_800_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 800 metres event at the 2013 Summer Universiade was held on 7-9 July ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tadas Tamašauskas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Boxing was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 5 to 10 at the Boxing Centre in Kazan , Russia . Boxing will be making its debut at the 2013 Summer Universiade .'}]}, {'value': 'Heavyweight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Žilvinas Zabarskas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sambo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambo_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade', 'summary': 'Sambo was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 14 to 16 at the Tatneft Arena in Kazan , Russia . Sambo made its debut at the 2013 Summer Universiade .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's +100 kg", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Lithuania_at_the_2013_Summer_Universiade_0', 'intro': 'Lithuania competed at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia from 6 to 17 July 2013.'}	null	null	How many European gold medals did the winner of the gold medal in men 's single sculls rowing at the 2013 Summer Universiade win ?	three
017388777b1f8351	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems', 'title': 'List of content management systems', 'header': ['Name', 'Platform', 'Supported databases', 'Latest stable release', 'Licenses', 'Latest release date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alfresco Community Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfresco_(software)', 'summary': 'Alfresco is a collection of information management software products for Microsoft Windows and Unix-like operating systems developed by Alfresco Software Inc. using Java technology . Their primary software offering , branded as a Digital Business Platform is proprietary & a commercially licensed open source platform , supports open standards , and provides enterprise scale . [ citation needed ] Alfresco Software Inc. also provides open source Community Editions as free , LGPLv3 licensed open source software . These have some default restrictions in terms of scalability and availability , e.g . there is no built-in clustering support . Quality assurance by Alfresco is limited and bug fixes are only issued for the current versions . There is a community support for the Community Edition including an independent association , the Order of the Bee .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_platform', 'summary': 'Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems , which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation , that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment . Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers . Java applets , which are less common than standalone Java applications , were commonly run in secure , sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages . Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) ; byte code compilers are also available for other languages , including Ada , JavaScript , Python , and Ruby . In addition , several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM , including Clojure , Groovy , and Scala . Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ , but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap ( while some implementations e.g . all currently supported by Oracle , may use escape analysis optimization to allocating on the stack instead ) and all variables of object types are references . Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM . On November 13 , 2006 , Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in October 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version ( Oracle Customers will receive Oracle Premier Support ) , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java , because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to Java 11 ( Java 12 is also an non-LTS option ) .'}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , PostgreSQL , DB2 ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IBM_DB2', 'summary': 'Db2 is a family of data management products , including database servers , developed by IBM . They initially supported the relational model , but were extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML . The brand name was originally styled as DB/2 , then DB2 until 2017 and finally changed to its present form .'}]}, {'value': '201901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LGPL', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': '2019-02-04 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ametys CMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ametys_CMS', 'summary': 'Ametys is a free and open source content management system ( CMS ) written in Java . It is based on JSR-170 for content storage , Open Social for gadget rendering and a XML oriented framework . It is primarily designed to run large corporate websites , blogs , intranets and extranets on the same server . As of May 2012 [ update ] , Ametys claims to run more than 30 000 websites . [ citation needed ] Ametys is Java based and runs on any computing platform capable of running the Java Runtime Environment and an application server .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , JCR , Apache Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Content_repository_API_for_Java', 'summary': 'Content Repository API for Java ( JCR ) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface ( API ) to access content repositories in a uniform manner . [ failed verification ] The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems ( CMS ) such as versioning metadata . The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 ( Version 1 ) , and as JSR-283 ( version 2 ) . The main Java package is javax.jcr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apache_Derby', 'summary': 'Apache Derby ( previously distributed as IBM Cloudscape ) is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ) developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can be embedded in Java programs and used for online transaction processing . It has a 3.5 MB disk-space footprint . Apache Derby is developed as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license . Oracle distributes the same binaries under the name Java DB .'}]}, {'value': '4.1.11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache 2.0 License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2019- ? ? - ? ? [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache Roller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_Roller', 'summary': 'Apache Roller is a Java-based open-source full-featured , Multi-blog , Multi-user , and group-blog server suitable for blog sites large and small . Roller was originally written by Dave Johnson in 2002 for a magazine article on open source development tools , but became popular at FreeRoller.net ( now JRoller.com ) and was later chosen to drive the employee blogs at Sun Microsystems , Inc. and IBM developerWorks blogs . On April 23 , 2007 , Roller project graduated from incubator , so it became an official project of the Apache Software Foundation and it was released 3.1 version , first official release .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'HSQL , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , PostgreSQL , Apache Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSQL', 'summary': 'HSQLDB ( Hyper SQL Database ) is a relational database management system written in Java . It has a JDBC driver and supports a large subset of SQL-92 , SQL:2008 , and SQL:2011 standards . It offers a fast , small ( around 1300 kilobytes in version 2.2 ) database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables . Both embedded and server modes are available . Additionally , it includes tools such as a minimal Web server , command line and GUI management tools ( can be run as applets ) , and a number of demonstration examples . It can run on Java runtimes from version 1.1 upwards , including free Java implementations such as Kaffe . HSQLDB is available under a BSD license . It is used as a database and persistence engine in many open source software projects , such as OpenOffice Base , LibreOffice Base , and the Jitsi VoIP and video-conference client since version 2.6 . It is also used in commercial products , such as Mathematica and InstallAnywhere ( starting with version 8.0 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IBM_DB2', 'summary': 'Db2 is a family of data management products , including database servers , developed by IBM . They initially supported the relational model , but were extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML . The brand name was originally styled as DB/2 , then DB2 until 2017 and finally changed to its present form .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apache_Derby', 'summary': 'Apache Derby ( previously distributed as IBM Cloudscape ) is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ) developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can be embedded in Java programs and used for online transaction processing . It has a 3.5 MB disk-space footprint . Apache Derby is developed as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license . Oracle distributes the same binaries under the name Java DB .'}]}, {'value': '5.2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache 2.0 License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2019-01-11 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache Sling CMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_Sling', 'summary': 'Apache Sling is an open source Web framework for the Java platform designed to create content-centric applications on top of a JSR-170-compliant ( a.k.a . JCR ) content repository such as Apache Jackrabbit . Apache Sling allows developers to deploy their application components as OSGi bundles or as scripts and templates in the content repository . Supported scripting languages are JSP , server-side JavaScript , Ruby , Velocity . The goal of Apache Sling is to expose content in the content repository as HTTP resources , fostering a RESTful style of application architecture . Sling is different from many other Web application frameworks in the sense that it truly focuses on the web aspect of the web application development and through its development paradigm suggests an intuitive RESTful development of a true web application . Other frameworks focus more on the application development and therefore are ideal extensions to Sling . The Sling project was started on August 27 , 2007 , when Day Software proposed to donate the source base of its internal web framework powering the Day Communiqué WCM to the Apache Software Foundation . The project was accepted to the Apache Incubator with Apache Jackrabbit being the sponsoring project . On June 18 , 2009 the project graduated as Apache top-level project .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'JCR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Content_repository_API_for_Java', 'summary': 'Content Repository API for Java ( JCR ) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface ( API ) to access content repositories in a uniform manner . [ failed verification ] The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems ( CMS ) such as versioning metadata . The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 ( Version 1 ) , and as JSR-283 ( version 2 ) . The main Java package is javax.jcr .'}]}, {'value': '0.14.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache 2.0 License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2019-11-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloomreach Experience Manager', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hippo_CMS', 'summary': 'Bloomreach Experience Manager - Developer Edition , formerly known as Hippo CMS is an open-source , dual licensed , Content Management System .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , Ingres , PostgreSQL , JCR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingres_(database)', 'summary': "Ingres Database ( /ɪŋˈɡrɛs/ ing-GRESS ) is a proprietary SQL relational database management system intended to support large commercial and government applications . Actian Corporation , which announced April 2018 that it is being acquired by HCL Technologies , controls the development of Ingres and makes certified binaries available for download , as well as providing worldwide support . There was an open source release of Ingres but it 's no longer available for download from Actian . However , there is a version of the sourcecode still available on GitHub ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Content_repository_API_for_Java', 'summary': 'Content Repository API for Java ( JCR ) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface ( API ) to access content repositories in a uniform manner . [ failed verification ] The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems ( CMS ) such as versioning metadata . The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 ( Version 1 ) , and as JSR-283 ( version 2 ) . The main Java package is javax.jcr .'}]}, {'value': '13.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache 2.0 License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2019-03-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crafter CMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crafter_CMS', 'summary': 'Crafter CMS is an open-source , dual licensed , Content Management System .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Git , Solr , CMIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Git', 'summary': 'Git ( /ɡɪt/ ) is a distributed version-control system for tracking changes in source code during software development . It is designed for coordinating work among programmers , but it can be used to track changes in any set of files . Its goals include speed , data integrity , and support for distributed , non-linear workflows . Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel , with other kernel developers contributing to its initial development . Its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano . As with most other distributed version-control systems , and unlike most client-server systems , every Git directory on every computer is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full version-tracking abilities , independent of network access or a central server . Git is free and open-source software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Solr', 'summary': "Solr ( pronounced solar ) is an open-source enterprise-search platform , written in Java , from the Apache Lucene project . Its major features include full-text search , hit highlighting , faceted search , real-time indexing , dynamic clustering , database integration , NoSQL features and rich document ( e.g. , Word , PDF ) handling . Providing distributed search and index replication , Solr is designed for scalability and fault tolerance . Solr is widely used for enterprise search and analytics use cases and has an active development community and regular releases . Solr runs as a standalone full-text search server . It uses the Lucene Java search library at its core for full-text indexing and search , and has REST-like HTTP/XML and JSON APIs that make it usable from most popular programming languages . Solr 's external configuration allows it to be tailored to many types of application without Java coding , and it has a plugin architecture to support more advanced customization . Apache Lucene and Apache Solr are both produced by the same Apache Software Foundation development team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CMIS', 'summary': 'Content Management Interoperability Services ( CMIS ) is an open standard that allows different content management systems to inter-operate over the Internet . Specifically , CMIS defines an abstraction layer for controlling diverse document management systems and repositories using web protocols .'}]}, {'value': '3.1.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNU GPL v3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU', 'summary': "GNU /ɡnuː/ ( listen ) is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software . GNU is composed wholly of free software , most of which is licensed under the GNU Project 's own General Public License ( GPL ) . GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU 's Not Unix ! , chosen because GNU 's design is Unix-like , but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code . The GNU project includes an operating system kernel , GNU Hurd , which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . However , given the Hurd kernel 's status as not yet production-ready , non-GNU kernels , most popularly the Linux kernel , can also be used with GNU software . The combination of GNU and Linux has become ubiquitous to the point that the duo is often referred to as just Linux in short , or , less frequently , GNU/Linux . ( see the GNU/Linux naming controversy )"}, {'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2019-09-10 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'dotCMS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DotCMS', 'summary': 'dotCMS is an open source content management system ( CMS ) written in Java for managing content and content driven sites and applications .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , MSSQL , PostgreSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_Database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MSSQL', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}]}, {'value': '5.2.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNU GPL v3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNU', 'summary': "GNU /ɡnuː/ ( listen ) is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software . GNU is composed wholly of free software , most of which is licensed under the GNU Project 's own General Public License ( GPL ) . GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU 's Not Unix ! , chosen because GNU 's design is Unix-like , but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code . The GNU project includes an operating system kernel , GNU Hurd , which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . However , given the Hurd kernel 's status as not yet production-ready , non-GNU kernels , most popularly the Linux kernel , can also be used with GNU software . The combination of GNU and Linux has become ubiquitous to the point that the duo is often referred to as just Linux in short , or , less frequently , GNU/Linux . ( see the GNU/Linux naming controversy )"}, {'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2020-01-24 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSpace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DSpace', 'summary': 'DSpace is an open source repository software package typically used for creating open access repositories for scholarly and/or published digital content . While DSpace shares some feature overlap with content management systems and document management systems , the DSpace repository software serves a specific need as a digital archives system , focused on the long-term storage , access and preservation of digital content .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Oracle , PostgreSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}]}, {'value': '6.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSD License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BSD_License', 'summary': 'BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses , imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software . This is in contrast to copyleft licenses , which have share-alike requirements . The original BSD license was used for its namesake , the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , a Unix-like operating system . The original version has since been revised , and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses . BSD is both a license and a class of license ( generally referred to as BSD-like ) . The modified BSD license ( in wide use today ) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix . The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format , or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format . The BSD license ( unlike some other licenses ) does not require that source code be distributed at all .'}]}, {'value': '2018-06-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enonic XP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enonic_XP', 'summary': 'Enonic XP is a free and open-source web application platform and content management system ( CMS ) in one based on Java and Elasticsearch . Developed by the Norwegian software company Enonic , the microservice web platform can be used to build progressive web applications , complex websites , or web-based APIs . Enonic XP uses an application framework for coding server logic with JavaScript , and has no need for SQL as it ships with an integrated content repository . The CMS is fully decoupled , meaning developers can create traditional websites and landing pages , or use XP in headless mode , that is without the presentation layer , for loading editorial content onto any device or client . Enonic is used by major organizations in Norway , including the national postal service Norway Post , the insurance company Gjensidige , the national lottery Norsk Tipping , the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration , and all the top football clubs in the national football league for men , Eliteserien , as well as the national charity Scope in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Embedded NoSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NoSQL', 'summary': 'A NoSQL ( originally referring to non SQL or non relational ) database provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases . Such databases have existed since the late 1960s , but the name NoSQL was only coined in the early 21st century , triggered by the needs of Web 2.0 companies . NoSQL databases are increasingly used in big data and real-time web applications . NoSQL systems are also sometimes called Not only SQL to emphasize that they may support SQL-like query languages , or sit alongside SQL databases in polyglot persistent architectures . Motivations for this approach include : simplicity of design , simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of machines ( which is a problem for relational databases ) , finer control over availability and limiting the object-relational impedance mismatch . The data structures used by NoSQL databases ( e.g . key-value , wide column , graph , or document ) are different from those used by default in relational databases , making some operations faster in NoSQL . The particular suitability of a given NoSQL database depends on the problem it must solve . Sometimes the data structures used by NoSQL databases are also viewed as more flexible than relational database tables . Many NoSQL stores compromise consistency ( in the sense of the CAP theorem ) in favor of availability , partition tolerance , and speed . Barriers to the greater adoption of NoSQL stores include the use of low-level query languages ( instead of SQL , for instance the lack of ability to perform ad-hoc joins across tables ) , lack of standardized interfaces , and huge previous investments in existing relational databases . Most NoSQL stores lack true ACID transactions , although a few databases have made them central to their designs .'}]}, {'value': '7.2.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL v3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2019-12-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fedora Commons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fedora_Commons', 'summary': 'Fedora ( or Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture ) is a digital asset management ( DAM ) architecture upon which institutional repositories , digital archives , and digital library systems might be built . Fedora is the underlying architecture for a digital repository , and is not a complete management , indexing , discovery , and delivery application . It is a modular architecture built on the principle that interoperability and extensibility are best achieved by the integration of data , interfaces , and mechanisms ( i.e. , executable programs ) as clearly defined modules .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , PostgreSQL , Mulgara ( MPTSTore RDF Semantic Triplestore )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mulgara_(software)', 'summary': 'Mulgara is a triplestore and fork of the original Kowari project . It is open-source , scalable , and transaction-safe . Mulgara instances can be queried via the iTQL query language and the SPARQL query language .'}]}, {'value': '5.0.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2019-02-14 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jahia Community Distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jahia', 'summary': 'Jahia is a software company offering enterprise products , services , and technical support for its open-source digital experience platform . Jahias Platform provides content & customer data management . The companys head optional CMS & DXP is designed to support various digital enterprise initiatives , such as websites , progressive web applications , mobile apps , intranets , portals .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'Apache Derby , JCR , MySQL , PostgreSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_Derby', 'summary': 'Apache Derby ( previously distributed as IBM Cloudscape ) is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ) developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can be embedded in Java programs and used for online transaction processing . It has a 3.5 MB disk-space footprint . Apache Derby is developed as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license . Oracle distributes the same binaries under the name Java DB .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Content_repository_API_for_Java', 'summary': 'Content Repository API for Java ( JCR ) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface ( API ) to access content repositories in a uniform manner . [ failed verification ] The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems ( CMS ) such as versioning metadata . The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 ( Version 1 ) , and as JSR-283 ( version 2 ) . The main Java package is javax.jcr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}]}, {'value': '7.2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2018-03-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LogicalDOC Community Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LogicalDOC', 'summary': 'LogicalDOC is a proprietary document management system that is designed to handle and share documents within an organization . LogicalDOC is a content repository , with Lucene indexing , Activiti workflow , and a set of automatic import procedures . The system was developed using Java technology .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_platform', 'summary': 'Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems , which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation , that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment . Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers . Java applets , which are less common than standalone Java applications , were commonly run in secure , sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages . Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine ( JVM ) ; byte code compilers are also available for other languages , including Ada , JavaScript , Python , and Ruby . In addition , several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM , including Clojure , Groovy , and Scala . Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ , but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap ( while some implementations e.g . all currently supported by Oracle , may use escape analysis optimization to allocating on the stack instead ) and all variables of object types are references . Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM . On November 13 , 2006 , Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in October 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version ( Oracle Customers will receive Oracle Premier Support ) , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java , because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to Java 11 ( Java 12 is also an non-LTS option ) .'}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , PostgreSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}]}, {'value': '7.4.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LGPL', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': '2016-03-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuxeo EP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuxeo', 'summary': 'Nuxeo is a software company making an open source content management system .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , Ingres , PostgreSQL , MongoDB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingres_(database)', 'summary': "Ingres Database ( /ɪŋˈɡrɛs/ ing-GRESS ) is a proprietary SQL relational database management system intended to support large commercial and government applications . Actian Corporation , which announced April 2018 that it is being acquired by HCL Technologies , controls the development of Ingres and makes certified binaries available for download , as well as providing worldwide support . There was an open source release of Ingres but it 's no longer available for download from Actian . However , there is a version of the sourcecode still available on GitHub ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MongoDB', 'summary': 'MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program . Classified as a NoSQL database program , MongoDB uses JSON-like documents with schema . MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and licensed under the Server Side Public License ( SSPL ) .'}]}, {'value': '10.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apache 2.0 License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_License', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': '2018-07-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magnolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnolia_(CMS)', 'summary': 'Magnolia is an open-source content management system ( CMS ) . It is developed by Magnolia International Ltd. , based in Basel , Switzerland . It is based on Content repository API for Java ( JSR-283 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'H2 , Derby , MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , MSSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H2_(DBMS)', 'summary': 'H2 is a relational database management system written in Java . It can be embedded in Java applications or run in client-server mode . The software is available as open source software Mozilla Public License 2.0 or the original Eclipse Public License .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Apache_Derby', 'summary': 'Apache Derby ( previously distributed as IBM Cloudscape ) is a relational database management system ( RDBMS ) developed by the Apache Software Foundation that can be embedded in Java programs and used for online transaction processing . It has a 3.5 MB disk-space footprint . Apache Derby is developed as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license . Oracle distributes the same binaries under the name Java DB .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}]}, {'value': '6.1.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL & proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2019-12-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OpenCms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OpenCms', 'summary': 'OpenCms is an open-source content management system written in Java . It is distributed by Alkacon Software under the LGPL license . OpenCms requires a JSP Servlet container such as Apache Tomcat . It is a CMS application with a browser-based work environment , asset management , user management , workflow management , a WYSIWYG editor , internationalization support , content versioning , and many more features including proxying of requests to another endpoint . OpenCms was launched in 1999 , based on its closed-source predecessor MhtCms . The first open source version was released in 2000 . OpenCms is used or has been used by large organizations such as WIPO , the LGT Group , the University of Stuttgart , the Archdiocese of Cologne , or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'HSQL , MySQL , Oracle , SQL Server , DB2 , PostgreSQL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HSQL', 'summary': 'HSQLDB ( Hyper SQL Database ) is a relational database management system written in Java . It has a JDBC driver and supports a large subset of SQL-92 , SQL:2008 , and SQL:2011 standards . It offers a fast , small ( around 1300 kilobytes in version 2.2 ) database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables . Both embedded and server modes are available . Additionally , it includes tools such as a minimal Web server , command line and GUI management tools ( can be run as applets ) , and a number of demonstration examples . It can run on Java runtimes from version 1.1 upwards , including free Java implementations such as Kaffe . HSQLDB is available under a BSD license . It is used as a database and persistence engine in many open source software projects , such as OpenOffice Base , LibreOffice Base , and the Jitsi VoIP and video-conference client since version 2.6 . It is also used in commercial products , such as Mathematica and InstallAnywhere ( starting with version 8.0 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IBM_DB2', 'summary': 'Db2 is a family of data management products , including database servers , developed by IBM . They initially supported the relational model , but were extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML . The brand name was originally styled as DB/2 , then DB2 until 2017 and finally changed to its present form .'}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}]}, {'value': '11.0.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LGPL', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': '2019-04-30 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OpenKM Community Edition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OpenKM', 'summary': "OpenKM is a Free/Libre document management system that provides a web interface for managing nonspecific files . OpenKM includes a content repository , Lucene indexing , and jBPM workflow . The OpenKM system was developed using open technology ( Java , Tomcat , Lucene , Hibernate , Spring ) . In 2005 two developers involved in open source technologies and expertise with some commercial document management solutions ( SharePoint , Documentum , Hummingbird , among others ) like Excalibur search engine or Kofax OCR engine decided to start an open source project based on high level technologies to build a document management system that they chose to call OpenKM . At the project 's outset , it received the help of Spanish government funds from the PROFIT PROJECT . At the end of 2006 the first OpenKM version was released . In 2011 and 2012 , OpenKM began to expand its markets , translating the application to over 35 languages , allowing the Document Management System to be used worldwide , by creating a network of partners . In 2017 , with the goal of providing better customer relations in all regions , OpenKM established subsidiaries in Canada , France , Germany , Indonesia , Italy , the MENA region and the USA . The new branches were created to have staff better able to respond to the needs of local customers and those interested in OpenKM . In 2018 OpenKM Poland and in 2019 OpenKM China were incorporated to the OpenKM worldwide network of subsidiaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , SQL Server , HSQLDB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HSQLDB', 'summary': 'HSQLDB ( Hyper SQL Database ) is a relational database management system written in Java . It has a JDBC driver and supports a large subset of SQL-92 , SQL:2008 , and SQL:2011 standards . It offers a fast , small ( around 1300 kilobytes in version 2.2 ) database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables . Both embedded and server modes are available . Additionally , it includes tools such as a minimal Web server , command line and GUI management tools ( can be run as applets ) , and a number of demonstration examples . It can run on Java runtimes from version 1.1 upwards , including free Java implementations such as Kaffe . HSQLDB is available under a BSD license . It is used as a database and persistence engine in many open source software projects , such as OpenOffice Base , LibreOffice Base , and the Jitsi VoIP and video-conference client since version 2.6 . It is also used in commercial products , such as Mathematica and InstallAnywhere ( starting with version 8.0 ) .'}]}, {'value': '6.3.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2018-03-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OpenWGA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OpenWGA', 'summary': 'OpenWGA is a Content Management System ( CMS ) running on the Java Enterprise Edition Platform . It is used to build , manage and publish websites and content-centric web applications . The system is developed and maintained by German company Innovation Gate GmbH .'}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , PostgreSQL , IBM DB2 , HSQLDB , Oracle , SQL Server , IBM Lotus Domino , CMIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IBM_DB2', 'summary': 'Db2 is a family of data management products , including database servers , developed by IBM . They initially supported the relational model , but were extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML . The brand name was originally styled as DB/2 , then DB2 until 2017 and finally changed to its present form .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HSQLDB', 'summary': 'HSQLDB ( Hyper SQL Database ) is a relational database management system written in Java . It has a JDBC driver and supports a large subset of SQL-92 , SQL:2008 , and SQL:2011 standards . It offers a fast , small ( around 1300 kilobytes in version 2.2 ) database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables . Both embedded and server modes are available . Additionally , it includes tools such as a minimal Web server , command line and GUI management tools ( can be run as applets ) , and a number of demonstration examples . It can run on Java runtimes from version 1.1 upwards , including free Java implementations such as Kaffe . HSQLDB is available under a BSD license . It is used as a database and persistence engine in many open source software projects , such as OpenOffice Base , LibreOffice Base , and the Jitsi VoIP and video-conference client since version 2.6 . It is also used in commercial products , such as Mathematica and InstallAnywhere ( starting with version 8.0 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Domino', 'summary': "HCL Notes ( formerly IBM Domino and Lotus Notes ; see Branding below ) and HCL Domino ( formerly IBM Domino and Lotus Domino ) are the client and server , respectively , of a collaborative client-server software platform formerly sold by IBM , now by HCL Technologies . HCL Notes provides business collaboration functions , such as email , calendars , to-do lists , contact management , discussion forums , file sharing , microblogging , instant messaging , blogs , and user directories . It can also be used with other HCL Domino applications and databases . HCL Notes 9 Social Edition removed integration with the office software package IBM Lotus Symphony , which had been integrated with the IBM Lotus Notes client in versions 8.x . Lotus Development Corporation originally developed Lotus Notes in 1989 . IBM bought Lotus in 1995 and it became known as the Lotus Development division of IBM . As late as 2015 , it formed part of the IBM Software and Systems Group under the name IBM Collaboration Solutions . IBM Notes is a desktop workflow application , commonly used in corporate environments for email and to create discussion groups , websites , document libraries , custom applications and business workflows . On December 6 , 2018 , IBM announced that it was selling a number of software products to HCL Technologies for $ 1.8bn , including IBM Notes , Domino , Commerce , Portal , Connections , BigFix , Unica and AppScan . Their location within HCL Technologies ' umbrella is named HCL Software ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Content_Management_Interoperability_Services', 'summary': 'Content Management Interoperability Services ( CMIS ) is an open standard that allows different content management systems to inter-operate over the Internet . Specifically , CMIS defines an abstraction layer for controlling diverse document management systems and repositories using web protocols .'}]}, {'value': '7.7.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GPL & proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': '2019-07-28 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XWiki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/XWiki', 'summary': "XWiki is a free wiki software platform written in Java with a design emphasis on extensibility . XWiki is an enterprise wiki . It includes WYSIWYG editing , OpenDocument based document import/export , semantic annotations and tagging , and advanced permissions management . As an application wiki , XWiki allows for the storing of structured data and the execution of server side script within the wiki interface . Scripting languages including Velocity , Apache Groovy , Python , Ruby and PHP can be written directly into wiki pages using wiki macros . User created data structures can be defined in wiki documents and instances of those structures can be attached to wiki documents , stored in a database , and queried using either Hibernate query language or XWiki 's own query language . XWiki.org 's extension wiki is home to XWiki extensions ranging from code snippets which can be pasted into wiki pages to loadable core modules . Many of XWiki Enterprise 's features are provided by extensions which are bundled with it . The wikitext is rendered using the XWiki Rendering Engine which extends WikiModel and Doxia systems , allowing it to parse Confluence , JSPWiki , Creole , MediaWiki , and TWiki syntaxes as well as XWiki 's own syntax . XWiki pages are written by default using the WYSIWYG editor and rendered with XWiki syntax to format text , create tables , create links , display images , etc ."}]}, {'value': 'Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Java_(programming_language)', 'summary': "Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based , object-oriented , and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible . It is intended to let application developers write once , run anywhere ( WORA ) , meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation . Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine ( JVM ) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them . As of 2019 [ update ] , Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub , particularly for client-server web applications , with a reported 9 million developers . Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle ) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems ' Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines , and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007 , in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License . Meanwhile , others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies , such as the GNU Compiler for Java ( bytecode compiler ) , GNU Classpath ( standard libraries ) , and IcedTea-Web ( browser plugin for applets ) . The latest versions are Java 13 , released in September 2019 , and Java 11 , a currently supported long-term support ( LTS ) version , released on September 25 , 2018 ; Oracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use , while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020 . Oracle ( and others ) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues . Since Java 9 ( and 10 and 12 ) is no longer supported , Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version ( currently Java 13 ) or an LTS release ."}]}, {'value': 'MySQL , PostgreSQL , Oracle , SQL Server , HSQLDB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MySQL', 'summary': "MySQL ( /ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ My S-Q-L ) is an open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) . Its name is a combination of My , the name of co-founder Michael Widenius 's daughter , and SQL , the abbreviation for Structured Query Language . MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License , and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses . MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB , which was bought by Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) . In 2010 , when Oracle acquired Sun , Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB . MySQL is a component of the LAMP web application software stack ( and others ) , which is an acronym for Linux , Apache , MySQL , Perl/PHP/Python . MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications , including Drupal , Joomla , phpBB , and WordPress . MySQL is also used by many popular websites , including Facebook , Flickr , MediaWiki , Twitter , and YouTube ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PostgreSQL', 'summary': 'PostgreSQL , also known as Postgres , is a free and open-source relational database management system ( RDBMS ) emphasizing extensibility and technical standards compliance . It is designed to handle a range of workloads , from single machines to data warehouses or Web services with many concurrent users . It is the default database for macOS Server , and is also available for Linux , FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and Windows . PostgreSQL features transactions with Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , Durability ( ACID ) properties , automatically updatable views , materialized views , triggers , foreign keys , and stored procedures . PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group , a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oracle_database', 'summary': 'Oracle Database ( commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle ) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation . It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing ( OLTP ) , data warehousing ( DW ) and mixed ( OLTP & DW ) database workloads . The latest generation , Oracle Database 19c , is available on-prem , on-cloud , or in a hybrid-Cloud environment . 19c may also be deployed on Oracle Engineered Systems ( e.g . Exadata ) on-prem , on Oracle ( public ) cloud or ( private ) cloud at customer . At Openworld 2017 in San Francisco , Executive Chairman of the Board and CTO , Larry Ellison announced the next database generation , Oracle Autonomous Database .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server', 'summary': 'Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft . As a database server , it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications - which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network ( including the Internet ) . Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server , aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HSQLDB', 'summary': 'HSQLDB ( Hyper SQL Database ) is a relational database management system written in Java . It has a JDBC driver and supports a large subset of SQL-92 , SQL:2008 , and SQL:2011 standards . It offers a fast , small ( around 1300 kilobytes in version 2.2 ) database engine which offers both in-memory and disk-based tables . Both embedded and server modes are available . Additionally , it includes tools such as a minimal Web server , command line and GUI management tools ( can be run as applets ) , and a number of demonstration examples . It can run on Java runtimes from version 1.1 upwards , including free Java implementations such as Kaffe . HSQLDB is available under a BSD license . It is used as a database and persistence engine in many open source software projects , such as OpenOffice Base , LibreOffice Base , and the Jitsi VoIP and video-conference client since version 2.6 . It is also used in commercial products , such as Mathematica and InstallAnywhere ( starting with version 8.0 ) .'}]}, {'value': '12.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LGPL', 'summary': "The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components ."}]}, {'value': '2020-01-29 [ ± ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Open source software -- Java', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_content_management_systems_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable content management systems that are used to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them are built on top of separate content management frameworks.'}	null	null	For the first company , what is the independent association called ?	the Order of the Bee
0173ccd3edb811e4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SW_postcode_area', 'title': 'SW postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'SW1A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Whitehall , Buckingham Palace , the Houses of Parliament and west of St James 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitehall', 'summary': "Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster , Central London , which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea . It is the main thoroughfare running south from Trafalgar Square towards Parliament Square . The street is recognised as the centre of the Government of the United Kingdom and is lined with numerous departments and ministries , including the Ministry of Defence , Horse Guards and the Cabinet Office . Consequently , the name 'Whitehall ' is used as a metonym for the British civil service and government , and as the geographic name for the surrounding area . The name was taken from the Palace of Whitehall that was the residence of Kings Henry VIII through to William III , before its destruction by fire in 1698 ; only the Banqueting House survived . Whitehall was originally a wide road that led to the front of the palace ; the route to the south was widened in the 18th century following the destruction of the palace . As well as government buildings , the street is known for its memorial statues and monuments , including Britain 's primary war memorial , the Cenotaph . The Whitehall Theatre , now the Trafalgar Studios , has been popular for farce comedies since the mid-20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buckingham_Palace', 'summary': "Buckingham Palace ( UK : /ˈbʌkɪŋəm/ ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarchy of the United Kingdom . [ a ] Located in the City of Westminster , the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality . It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning . Originally known as Buckingham House , the building at the core of today 's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years . It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen 's House . During the 19th century it was enlarged , principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore , who constructed three wings around a central courtyard . Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 . The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including the East Front , which contains the well-known balcony on which the royal family traditionally congregates to greet crowds . A German bomb destroyed the palace chapel during World War II ; the Queen 's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection . The original early 19th-century interior designs , many of which survive , include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis , on the advice of Sir Charles Long . King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme . Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament', 'summary': "The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords , the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants , the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster , in central London , England . Its name , which derives from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey , may refer to either of two structures : the Old Palace , a medieval building-complex destroyed by fire in 1834 , or its replacement , the New Palace that stands today . The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and , for ceremonial purposes , retains its original status as a royal residence . Committees appointed by both houses manage the building and report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and to the Lord Speaker . The first royal palace constructed on the site dated from the 11th century , and Westminster became the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512 . After that , it served as the home of the Parliament of England , which had met there since the 13th century , and also as the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice , based in and around Westminster Hall . In 1834 an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament , and the only significant medieval structures to survive were Westminster Hall , the Cloisters of St Stephen 's , the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft , and the Jewel Tower . In the subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace , the architect Charles Barry won with a design for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style , specifically inspired by the English Perpendicular Gothic style of the 14th-16th centuries . The remains of the Old Palace ( except the detached Jewel Tower ) were incorporated into its much larger replacement , which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards and which has a floor area of 112,476 m2 ( 1,210,680 sq ft ) . Part of the New Palace 's area of 3.24 hectares ( 8 acres ) was reclaimed from the River Thames , which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long ( 980 ft ) façade , called the River Front . Augustus Pugin , a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style , assisted Barry and designed the interior of the Palace ."}, {'url': "/wiki/St_James's", 'summary': "St James 's is a central district in the City of Westminster , London , forming part of the West End . In the 17th century the area developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy , and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of gentlemen 's clubs . Anciently part of the parish of St Martin in the Fields , much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922 . Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use . St James 's is bounded to the north by Piccadilly , to the west by Green Park , to the south by The Mall bounding St. James 's Park , and to the east by Haymarket ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Westminster', 'summary': "The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough that also holds city status . It occupies much of the central area of Greater London including most of the West End . Historically in Middlesex , it is to the west of the ancient City of London , directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames . The London borough was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London . Upon its creation , it inherited the city status previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from 1900 , which was first awarded to Westminster in 1540 . Aside from numerous large parks and open spaces , the population density of the district is high . Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough , including St James 's Palace , Buckingham Palace , the Palace of Westminster ( Houses of Parliament ) and 10 Downing Street . The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster ; the shopping areas around Oxford Street , Regent Street , Piccadilly and Bond Street ; and the night-time entertainment district of Soho . Much of the borough is residential , and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000 . The local government body is Westminster City Council . A study in 2017 by Trust for London and The New Policy Institute found that Westminster has the third-highest pay inequality of the 32 London boroughs . It also has the second-least affordable private rent for low earners in London , behind only Kensington and Chelsea ."}]}, {'value': 'SW1E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Northern 'Victoria ' around Buckingham Gate ( a street ) to include both sides of part of Victoria Street", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckingham_Gate', 'summary': 'Buckingham Gate is a street in Westminster London , England near Buckingham Palace .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Street,_London', 'summary': 'Victoria is an area of central London in the City of Westminster . It is named after Victoria Station , which is a major transport hub . The station was named after the nearby Victoria Street , itself named after Queen Victoria . The name is used to describe streets adjoining or nearly adjoining the station , including Victoria Street , Buckingham Palace Road , Wilton Road , Grosvenor Gardens , and Vauxhall Bridge Road . Victoria consists predominantly of commercial property and private and social housing , with retail uses along the main streets . The area contains one of the busiest transport interchanges in London and the United Kingdom , including the listed railway station and the underground station , as well as Terminus Place , which is a major hub for bus and taxi services . Victoria Coach Station , 900 yards ( 800 metres ) southwest of the railway station , provides road-coach services to long-distance UK and continental destinations . Victoria Street runs on an east-west axis from Victoria station to Broad Sanctuary at Westminster Abbey . Cardinal Place , across the street from Westminster Cathedral , opened in 2006 and contains a selection of restaurants , banks and shops , including a Marks and Spencer store . Further along the street , there is a large House of Fraser department store ( formerly the Army & Navy ) opposite Westminster City Hall . At the Broad Sanctuary end is the Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy building , the headquarters of Transport for London at Windsor House , and the former New Scotland Yard building ( headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service from 1967 to 2016 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW1H', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Surrounds of St James 's Park tube station centred on Broadway , Queen Anne 's Gate and Old Queen Street to include both sides of part of Victoria Street - derivation : Horse Guards Parade", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade', 'summary': "Horse Guards Parade is a large parade ground off Whitehall in central London , at grid reference TQ299800 . It is the site of the annual ceremonies of Trooping the Colour , which commemorates the monarch 's official birthday , and Beating Retreat ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW1P', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A projection around Parliament Square . Nearby Westminster School to Westminster Cathedral to CCAL , University of the Arts , London ( omitting all backstreets nearest to Vauxhall Bridge Road ) - derivation : Parliament Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_the_Arts,_London', 'summary': 'University of the Arts London ( UAL ) is a collegiate university in London , England , specialising in arts , design , fashion and the performing arts . It is a federation of six arts colleges : Camberwell College of Arts , Central Saint Martins , Chelsea College of Arts , the London College of Communication , the London College of Fashion , and the Wimbledon College of Arts . UAL was established as a university in 2003 , and took its present name in 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge_Road', 'summary': 'The London Inner Ring Road , or Ring Road as signposted , is a 12-mile ( 19 km ) route with an average diameter of 2.75-5.5 miles ( 4.43-8.85 km ) formed from a number of major roads that encircle Central London . The ring road forms the boundary of the London congestion charge zone , although the ring road itself is not part of the zone . Starting at the northernmost point and moving clockwise , the roads defining the boundary are Pentonville Road , City Road , Old Street , Great Eastern Street , Commercial Street , Mansell Street , Tower Bridge , Tower Bridge Road , New Kent Road , the Elephant & Castle , Kennington Lane , the roads that constitute the Vauxhall Cross one-way system and Vauxhall Bridge , Vauxhall Bridge Road , the roads that constitute the Victoria one-way system , Grosvenor Place , Park Lane , Edgware Road , Old Marylebone Road , Marylebone Road and Euston Road . The route is described as the Inner Ring Road because there are two further sets of roads that have been described as London ring roads . The North and South Circular Roads together form the second ring road around London , averaging 10-15 miles ( 16-24 km ) in diameter . The M25 motorway is the outermost road encircling the metropolis , at an average diameter of 40-50 miles ( 64-80 km ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW1V', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'between Vauxhall Bridge , Grosvenor ( or Victoria Railway ) Bridge and Victoria Station , taking in both sides of Vauxhall Bridge Road ; includes Pimlico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge', 'summary': "Vauxhall Bridge is a Grade II* listed steel and granite deck arch bridge in central London . It crosses the River Thames in a southeast-northwest direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Pimlico on the north bank . Opened in 1906 , it replaced an earlier bridge , originally known as Regent Bridge but later renamed Vauxhall Bridge , built between 1809 and 1816 as part of a scheme for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames . The original bridge was built on the site of a former ferry . The building of both bridges was problematic , with both the first and second bridges requiring several redesigns from multiple architects . The original bridge , the first iron bridge over the Thames , was built by a private company and operated as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879 . The second bridge , which took eight years to build , was the first in London to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in London to have a bus lane . In 1963 it was proposed to replace the bridge with a modern development containing seven floors of shops , office space , hotel rooms and leisure facilities supported above the river , but the plans were abandoned because of costs . With the exception of alterations to the road layout and the balustrade , the design and appearance of the current bridge has remained almost unchanged since 1907 . The bridge today is an important part of London 's road system and carries the A202 road across the Thames ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grosvenor_Bridge', 'summary': 'Grosvenor Bridge , originally known as , and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge , is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London , between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge . Originally constructed in 1860 , and widened in 1865 and 1907 , the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges .'}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW1W', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South or lower Belgravia and Chelsea ( a corner ) , from Sloane Square to Victoria Station to Grosvenor Waterside basin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgravia', 'summary': "Belgravia ( /bɛlˈɡreɪviə/ ) is an affluent district in Central London , shared within the authorities of both the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Belgravia is noted for its very expensive residential properties ; it is one of the wealthiest districts in the world . Belgravia was known as Five Fields during the Middle Ages , and became a dangerous place due to highwaymen and robberies . It was developed in the early 19th century by Richard Grosvenor , 2nd Marquess of Westminster under the direction of Thomas Cubitt , focusing on numerous grand terraces centred on Belgrave Square and Eaton Square . Much of Belgravia , known as the Grosvenor Estate , is still owned by a family property company , the Duke of Westminster 's Grosvenor Group . Owing to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 , the estate has been forced to sell many freeholds to its former tenants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea,_London', 'summary': "Chelsea is an area of South West London , bounded to the south by the River Thames . Its river frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment , Cheyne Walk , Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour . Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne , which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square Underground station . The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street , including Sloane Square . To the north and northwest , the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton , but it is considered [ by whom ? ] that the area north of King 's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea . The district lies entirely within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , although Chelsea gives its name to nearby locations , such as Chelsea Harbour in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , and Chelsea Barracks in the City of Westminster . From 1900 , and until the creation of Greater London in 1965 , it formed the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea in the County of London . The exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property-prices historically resulted in the coining of the term Sloane Ranger in the 1970s to characterise its residents . Since 2011 Channel 4 has broadcast a reality-television show called Made in Chelsea , documenting the lives of affluent young people living there . Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States , with 6.53% of Chelsea residents having been born in the US ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sloane_Square', 'summary': "Sloane Square is a small hard-landscaped square on the boundaries of the central London districts of Knightsbridge , Belgravia and Chelsea , located 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) southwest of Charing Cross , in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . The area forms a boundary between the two largest aristocratic estates in London , the Grosvenor Estate and the Cadogan . [ n 1 ] The square was formerly known as 'Hans Town ' , laid out in 1771 to a plan of by Henry Holland Snr . and Henry Holland Jnr . Both the square and Hans Town were named after Sir Hans Sloane ( 1660-1753 ) , an Irish doctor who , jointly with his appointed trustees , owned the land at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster , Kensington and Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea', 'summary': "The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea ( RBKC ) is an Inner London borough with royal status . It is the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England ; it is one of the most densely populated administrative regions in the United Kingdom . It includes affluent areas such as Notting Hill , Kensington , South Kensington , Chelsea , and Knightsbridge . The borough is immediately west of the City of Westminster and east of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . It contains major museums and universities in Albertopolis , department stores such as Harrods , Peter Jones and Harvey Nichols , and embassies in Belgravia , Knightsbridge and Kensington Gardens . The borough is home to the Notting Hill Carnival , Europe 's largest , and contains many of the most expensive residential properties in the world . The local authority is Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council . Its motto , adapted from the opening words of Psalm 133 , is Quam bonum in Unum habitare , which translates roughly as 'How good it is to dwell in unity ' ."}]}, {'value': 'SW1X', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rest of Belgravia ( north of Eaton Square ) , Knightsbridge ( eastern half ) and Chelsea ( a corner )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgravia', 'summary': "Belgravia ( /bɛlˈɡreɪviə/ ) is an affluent district in Central London , shared within the authorities of both the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Belgravia is noted for its very expensive residential properties ; it is one of the wealthiest districts in the world . Belgravia was known as Five Fields during the Middle Ages , and became a dangerous place due to highwaymen and robberies . It was developed in the early 19th century by Richard Grosvenor , 2nd Marquess of Westminster under the direction of Thomas Cubitt , focusing on numerous grand terraces centred on Belgrave Square and Eaton Square . Much of Belgravia , known as the Grosvenor Estate , is still owned by a family property company , the Duke of Westminster 's Grosvenor Group . Owing to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 , the estate has been forced to sell many freeholds to its former tenants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eaton_Square', 'summary': "Eaton Square is a grand , rectangular , [ a ] residential garden square in London 's Belgravia district . It is one of the three built by the Grosvenor family when they developed the main part of Belgravia in the 19th century all named after places in Cheshire - in this case Eaton Hall , the Grosvenor country house . It is larger but less grand than the central feature of the district , Belgrave Square , and both larger and grander than Chester Square . The first block was laid out by Thomas Cubitt from 1827 . In 2016 it was named as the Most Expensive Place to Buy Property in Britain , with a full terraced house costing on average 17 million pounds - many of such town houses have been converted , within the same , protected structures , into upmarket apartments . The six adjoining , tree-planted , central gardens of Eaton Square are Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . All of the buildings ( №s 1-7 , 8-12A , 14-23 , 24 and 24a to 48 , 51-62 , 63-66 , Eaton House ( № 66a ) , 67-71 , 72 , 73-82 , 83-102 and 103-118 ) are statutorily listed , specifically at Grade II* save as to 1 to 7 and 63 to 66a which are in the mainstream , initial category of grade II . №s 103 to 105 are leased and internally converted into the Belgian Embassy , as is № 106 for the Bolivian Embassy . The red telephone booth , of K6 edition outside № 103 is Grade II listed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Knightsbridge', 'summary': 'Knightsbridge is a residential and retail district in central London , south of Hyde Park . It is identified in the London Plan as one of two international retail centres in London , alongside the West End .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea,_London', 'summary': "Chelsea is an area of South West London , bounded to the south by the River Thames . Its river frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment , Cheyne Walk , Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour . Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne , which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square Underground station . The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street , including Sloane Square . To the north and northwest , the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton , but it is considered [ by whom ? ] that the area north of King 's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea . The district lies entirely within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , although Chelsea gives its name to nearby locations , such as Chelsea Harbour in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , and Chelsea Barracks in the City of Westminster . From 1900 , and until the creation of Greater London in 1965 , it formed the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea in the County of London . The exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property-prices historically resulted in the coining of the term Sloane Ranger in the 1970s to characterise its residents . Since 2011 Channel 4 has broadcast a reality-television show called Made in Chelsea , documenting the lives of affluent young people living there . Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States , with 6.53% of Chelsea residents having been born in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster , Kensington and Chelsea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW1Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': "All but the west of St James 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_James's", 'summary': "St James 's is a central district in the City of Westminster , London , forming part of the West End . In the 17th century the area developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy , and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of gentlemen 's clubs . Anciently part of the parish of St Martin in the Fields , much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922 . Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use . St James 's is bounded to the north by Piccadilly , to the west by Green Park , to the south by The Mall bounding St. James 's Park , and to the east by Haymarket ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brixton district : Brixton Hill , Tulse Hill ( part ) , Brixton ( part ) , Streatham Hill , Clapham ( part ) , Eastern parts of Balham , Lambeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brixton_Hill', 'summary': 'Brixton Hill is the name given to a two-thirds of a mile ( 1 km ) section of road between Brixton and Streatham Hill in south London , England . Brixton Hill and Streatham Hill form part of the traditional main London to Brighton road ( A23 ) . The road follows the line of a Roman Road , the London to Brighton Way , which diverges from Stane Street near Kennington , and led south from the capital , Londinium , to a port on the south coast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tulse_Hill', 'summary': 'Tulse Hill is a district in the London Borough of Lambeth in south London , England . It lies to the south of Brixton , east of Brixton Hill , north of West Norwood and west of West Dulwich .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brixton', 'summary': 'Brixton is a district of South London , England , within the London Borough of Lambeth . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . Brixton is mainly residential with a prominent street market and substantial retail sector . It is a multiethnic community , with a large percentage of its population of Afro-Caribbean descent . It lies within Inner South London and is bordered by Stockwell , Clapham , Streatham , Camberwell , Tulse Hill , Balham and Herne Hill . The district houses the main offices of the London Borough of Lambeth . Brixton is 2.7 miles ( 4.3 km ) south-southwest from the geographical centre of London near Brixton Underground station ( Victoria Line ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Streatham_Hill', 'summary': 'Streatham ( /ˈstrɛt.əm/ STRET-əm ) is a district mostly in the London Borough of Lambeth in Greater London , but with some areas to the west stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth , and some areas to the south stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Croydon . It is centred 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) south of Charing Cross . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clapham', 'summary': 'Clapham ( /ˈklæp.əm/ ) is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth , but with some areas ( most notably Clapham Common ) extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Balham', 'summary': 'Balham /ˈbæləm/ is a neighbourhood in South West London , England , in the London Borough of Wandsworth . The area has been settled since Saxon times and appears in the Domesday Book as Belgeham .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lambeth', 'summary': 'Lambeth ( /ˈlæmbəθ/ ) is a district in South London , England , in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is situated 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Charing Cross . The population of the London Borough of Lambeth was 303,086 in 2011 . The area experienced some slight growth in the medieval period as part of the manor of Lambeth Palace . By the Victorian era the area had seen significant development as London expanded , with dense industrial , commercial and residential buildings located adjacent to one another . The changes brought by World War II altered much of the fabric of Lambeth . Subsequent development in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has seen an increase in the number of high-rise buildings . The area is home to the International Maritime Organization .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth', 'summary': 'Lambeth ( /ˈlæmbəθ/ ( listen ) ) is a London borough in south London , England , which forms part of Inner London . Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha ( landing place for lambs ) and in 1255 as Lambeth . The geographical centre of London is at Frazier Street near Lambeth North tube station , though nearby Charing Cross on the other side of the Thames in the City of Westminster is traditionally considered the centre of London .'}]}, {'value': 'SW3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea district : Chelsea , Brompton , Knightsbridge ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea,_London', 'summary': "Chelsea is an area of South West London , bounded to the south by the River Thames . Its river frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment , Cheyne Walk , Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour . Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne , which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square Underground station . The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street , including Sloane Square . To the north and northwest , the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton , but it is considered [ by whom ? ] that the area north of King 's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea . The district lies entirely within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , although Chelsea gives its name to nearby locations , such as Chelsea Harbour in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , and Chelsea Barracks in the City of Westminster . From 1900 , and until the creation of Greater London in 1965 , it formed the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea in the County of London . The exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property-prices historically resulted in the coining of the term Sloane Ranger in the 1970s to characterise its residents . Since 2011 Channel 4 has broadcast a reality-television show called Made in Chelsea , documenting the lives of affluent young people living there . Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States , with 6.53% of Chelsea residents having been born in the US ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brompton,_Kensington', 'summary': "Brompton and Old Brompton were continguous , populous hamlets in Kensington , Middlesex ; it saw its first church in 1829 . Such terms are widely forlorn as eclipsed by London Underground 's use of only Knightsbridge and South Kensington as the names of stops , and lacking any significant dominant distinctions in architecture with those neighbours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Knightsbridge', 'summary': 'Knightsbridge is a residential and retail district in central London , south of Hyde Park . It is identified in the London Plan as one of two international retail centres in London , alongside the West End .'}]}, {'value': 'Kensington and Chelsea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clapham district : Clapham , Stockwell ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clapham', 'summary': 'Clapham ( /ˈklæp.əm/ ) is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth , but with some areas ( most notably Clapham Common ) extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stockwell', 'summary': 'Stockwell is a district in South West London , England , located in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is situated 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) south of Charing Cross . Battersea , Brixton , Clapham , South Lambeth , Oval and Kennington all border Stockwell .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambeth , Wandsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Wandsworth', 'summary': 'Wandsworth ( /ˈwɒndzwɜːrθ/ ( listen ) ) is a London borough in southwest London ; it forms part of Inner London . The borough borders the London Borough of Lambeth to the east , the London Borough of Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the south , the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the west and to the north ( across the River Thames ) three boroughs , namely the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster . The local authority is Wandsworth London Borough Council .'}]}, {'value': 'SW5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earls Court district : Earls Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earls_Court', 'summary': "Earl 's Court is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London , bordering the rail tracks of the West London line and District line that separate it from the ancient borough of Fulham to the west , the sub-districts of South Kensington to the east , Chelsea to the south and Kensington to the north . It lent its name to the now defunct eponymous pleasure grounds opened in 1887 followed by the pre-World War II Earls Court Exhibition Centre , as one of the country 's largest indoor arenas and a popular concert venue , until its controversial closure in 2014 . The area has long been known as Bedsitter Land with many of its stuccoed terraces converted into hotels and hostels . In practice , the notion of Earl 's Court , which is geographically confined to the SW5 postal district , tends to apply beyond its boundary to parts of the neighbouring Fulham area with its SW6 and W14 postcodes to the west , and to adjacent streets in postcodes SW7 , SW10 and W8 in Kensington and Chelsea ."}]}, {'value': 'Kensington and Chelsea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fulham district : Fulham , Parsons Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulham', 'summary': "Fulham ( /ˈfʊləm/ ) is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in South West London , England , 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) south-west of Charing Cross . It lies on the north bank of the River Thames , between Hammersmith and Kensington and Chelsea , facing Wandsworth , Putney and Barn Elms , with the London Wetland Centre in Barnes . It has a traditional population of working people who have been partially displaced by recent migrants and affluent incomers . Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th century , with pottery , tapestry-weaving , paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th centuries in present-day Fulham High Street , and later involvement in the automotive industry , early aviation , food production , and laundries . In the 19th-century there was glass-blowing and this resurged in the 21st-century with the Aronson-Noon studio and Zest gallery in Rickett Street that fell victim to the so-called 'Earl 's Court Regeneration ' scheme in 2012 . Lillie Bridge Depot , a railway engineering depot opened in 1872 , is associated with the building and extension of the London Underground , the electrification of Tube lines from the nearby Lots Road Power Station , and for well over a century has been the maintenance hub for rolling stock and track . Two football clubs , Fulham and Chelsea , play in Fulham . There are two exclusive sporting clubs , the Hurlingham Club , known for polo , and the Queen 's tennis club , known for its annual pre-Wimbledon tennis tournament . In the 1800s , Lillie Bridge Grounds hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England , the second FA Cup Final , and the first amateur boxing matches . The Lillie Bridge area was the home ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club , before it moved to Marylebone . Since the late 20th-century Fulham has a reputation as one of the most sought-after locations in London and has the highest capital values per square foot of prime South West London . Fulham is considered a prime London area by estate agents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Parsons_Green', 'summary': "Parsons Green is a mainly residential district of Fulham in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . The Green itself , which is roughly triangular , is bounded on two of its three sides by the New King 's Road section of the King 's Road , A308 road and Parsons Green Lane . The wider neighbourhood is bounded by the Harwood and Wandsworth Bridge Roads , A217 road to the East and Munster Road to the West , while the Fulham Road , A3219 road may be said to define its northern boundary . Its southern boundary is less clearly defined as it merges quickly and imperceptibly with the Peterborough estate and Hurlingham . At its historic centre lie two open spaces , the Green itself and Eel Brook Common . The name stems from the original village green , after the former residence of the rectors of Fulham Parish . It is one of the Conservation areas in Hammersmith and Fulham , that extends from the borough boundary in the east to Fulham High Street in the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Hammersmith and Fulham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a London borough partly in west London ( Hammersmith , West Kensington ) and partly in southwest London ( Fulham ) ; it forms part of Inner London . Traversed by the east-west main roads of the A4 Great West Road and the A40 Westway , many international corporations have offices in the borough . The local council is Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council . The borough is amongst the four most expensive boroughs for residential properties in the United Kingdom , along with Kensington and Chelsea , the City of Westminster and Camden . The borough is unique in London in having three professional football clubs : Chelsea , Fulham and Queens Park Rangers .'}]}, {'value': 'SW7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Kensington district : South Kensington , Knightsbridge ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Kensington', 'summary': 'South Kensington is a district of West London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . With some of its easterly areas shared with the City of Westminster , the district is known as a popular tourist destination due to its density of museums and cultural landmarks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Knightsbridge', 'summary': 'Knightsbridge is a residential and retail district in central London , south of Hyde Park . It is identified in the London Plan as one of two international retail centres in London , alongside the West End .'}]}, {'value': 'Kensington and Chelsea , Westminster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Lambeth district : South Lambeth , Wandsworth Road , Vauxhall , Battersea : Nine Elms ( part ) , Clapham ( part ) , NW area of Stockwell , Oval ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Lambeth', 'summary': 'Lambeth ( /ˈlæmbəθ/ ) is a district in South London , England , in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is situated 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Charing Cross . The population of the London Borough of Lambeth was 303,086 in 2011 . The area experienced some slight growth in the medieval period as part of the manor of Lambeth Palace . By the Victorian era the area had seen significant development as London expanded , with dense industrial , commercial and residential buildings located adjacent to one another . The changes brought by World War II altered much of the fabric of Lambeth . Subsequent development in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has seen an increase in the number of high-rise buildings . The area is home to the International Maritime Organization .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vauxhall', 'summary': "Vauxhall ( /ˈvɒks ( h ) ɔːl/ ( listen ) VOKS- ( h ) awl ) is a district of South London , England . Vauxhall was part of Surrey until 1889 when the County of London was created . From the Victorian period until the mid-20th century , Vauxhall was a mixed industrial and residential area , of predominantly manual workers ' homes , many demolished and replaced by Lambeth Council with social housing after the Second World War , and business premises , including large railway , gas , and water works . These industries contrasted with the mostly residential neighbouring districts of Kennington and Pimlico . As in neighbouring Battersea and Nine Elms , riverside redevelopment has converted most former industrial sites into residential properties and new office space . Vauxhall has given its name to the Vauxhall parliamentary constituency , Vauxhall Motors , and - most likely apocryphally - the Russian word вокзал ( vokzal ) , meaning a large railway station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battersea', 'summary': 'Battersea is a district of South West London , England , within the London Borough of Wandsworth . It is located on the south bank of the River Thames , 2.9 miles ( 4.7 km ) south west of Charing Cross .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nine_Elms', 'summary': 'Nine Elms is an area within Battersea in South West London and in the far north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Wandsworth , between the SW8 side of Battersea proper and Vauxhall . The area was formerly mainly industrial but is now becoming more residential and commercial in character . It is dominated by Battersea Power Station , various railway lines and New Covent Garden Market . Also in the area is the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home . Nine Elms has residential developments along the riverside , like Chelsea Bridge Wharf or Embassy Gardens , and also three large council estates - Carey Gardens , the Patmore Estate and the Savona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clapham', 'summary': 'Clapham ( /ˈklæp.əm/ ) is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth , but with some areas ( most notably Clapham Common ) extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stockwell', 'summary': 'Stockwell is a district in South West London , England , located in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is situated 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) south of Charing Cross . Battersea , Brixton , Clapham , South Lambeth , Oval and Kennington all border Stockwell .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oval_(ward)', 'summary': 'Oval is an area in south London , in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is the part of Kennington near The Oval cricket ground , situated 2.1 miles ( 3.38 km ) to the south-east of Charing Cross . Oval straddles the border of south-west London and south-east London , and is where the postcode SE11 converges with the postcodes SW8 and SW9 . Oval is within the borough constituency of Vauxhall . The Member of Parliament for the area is Florence Eshalomi of the Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambeth , Wandsworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockwell district : Brixton , Stockwell , Clapham ( part ) , Oval ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brixton', 'summary': 'Brixton is a district of South London , England , within the London Borough of Lambeth . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . Brixton is mainly residential with a prominent street market and substantial retail sector . It is a multiethnic community , with a large percentage of its population of Afro-Caribbean descent . It lies within Inner South London and is bordered by Stockwell , Clapham , Streatham , Camberwell , Tulse Hill , Balham and Herne Hill . The district houses the main offices of the London Borough of Lambeth . Brixton is 2.7 miles ( 4.3 km ) south-southwest from the geographical centre of London near Brixton Underground station ( Victoria Line ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stockwell', 'summary': 'Stockwell is a district in South West London , England , located in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is situated 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) south of Charing Cross . Battersea , Brixton , Clapham , South Lambeth , Oval and Kennington all border Stockwell .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clapham', 'summary': 'Clapham ( /ˈklæp.əm/ ) is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth , but with some areas ( most notably Clapham Common ) extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oval_(ward)', 'summary': 'Oval is an area in south London , in the London Borough of Lambeth . It is the part of Kennington near The Oval cricket ground , situated 2.1 miles ( 3.38 km ) to the south-east of Charing Cross . Oval straddles the border of south-west London and south-east London , and is where the postcode SE11 converges with the postcodes SW8 and SW9 . Oval is within the borough constituency of Vauxhall . The Member of Parliament for the area is Florence Eshalomi of the Labour Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambeth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Brompton district : West Brompton , Chelsea ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Brompton', 'summary': "West Brompton is an area of south-west London , that straddles the boundary between the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . The centuries-old boundary was traced by Counter 's Creek , now lost beneath the West London Line railway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea,_London', 'summary': "Chelsea is an area of South West London , bounded to the south by the River Thames . Its river frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment , Cheyne Walk , Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour . Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne , which is now in a pipe above Sloane Square Underground station . The modern eastern boundary is Chelsea Bridge Road and the lower half of Sloane Street , including Sloane Square . To the north and northwest , the area fades into Knightsbridge and Brompton , but it is considered [ by whom ? ] that the area north of King 's Road as far northwest as Fulham Road is part of Chelsea . The district lies entirely within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , although Chelsea gives its name to nearby locations , such as Chelsea Harbour in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , and Chelsea Barracks in the City of Westminster . From 1900 , and until the creation of Greater London in 1965 , it formed the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea in the County of London . The exclusivity of Chelsea as a result of its high property-prices historically resulted in the coining of the term Sloane Ranger in the 1970s to characterise its residents . Since 2011 Channel 4 has broadcast a reality-television show called Made in Chelsea , documenting the lives of affluent young people living there . Chelsea is home to one of the largest communities of Americans living outside the United States , with 6.53% of Chelsea residents having been born in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Kensington and Chelsea , Hammersmith and Fulham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battersea head district : Battersea , Clapham South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battersea', 'summary': 'Battersea is a district of South West London , England , within the London Borough of Wandsworth . It is located on the south bank of the River Thames , 2.9 miles ( 4.7 km ) south west of Charing Cross .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clapham_South', 'summary': "Clapham South is a station on London Underground 's Northern line between Clapham Common and Balham . The station is located at the corner of Balham Hill ( A24 ) and Nightingale Lane . It is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Travelcard Zone 3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wandsworth , Lambeth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balham district : Balham , Clapham South , Wandsworth Common ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balham', 'summary': 'Balham /ˈbæləm/ is a neighbourhood in South West London , England , in the London Borough of Wandsworth . The area has been settled since Saxon times and appears in the Domesday Book as Belgeham .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clapham_South', 'summary': "Clapham South is a station on London Underground 's Northern line between Clapham Common and Balham . The station is located at the corner of Balham Hill ( A24 ) and Nightingale Lane . It is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Travelcard Zone 3 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wandsworth_Common', 'summary': 'Wandsworth Common is a public common in Wandsworth , in the London Borough of Wandsworth , south London . It is 69.43 hectares ( 171.6 acres ) and is maintained and regulated by Wandsworth Council . It is also a Ward of the London Borough of Wandsworth . The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 15,247 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wandsworth , Lambeth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SW13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONDON', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnes district : Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnes,_London', 'summary': 'Barnes ( /bɑːrnz/ ) is a district in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . It takes up the extreme northeast of the borough , and as such is the closest part of the borough to central London . It is centred 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) west south-west of Charing Cross in a bend of the River Thames . Its built environment includes a wide variety of convenience and arts shopping on its high street and a high proportion of 18th- and 19th-century buildings in the streets near Barnes Pond . Together they make up the Barnes Village conservation area where along with its west riverside , pictured , most of the mid-19th century properties are concentrated . On the east riverside is the WWT London Wetland Centre adjoining several fields for the three main national team sports . Barnes has retained woodland on the Barnes Trail which is a short circular walk taking in the riverside , commercial streets and conservation area , marked by silver discs set in the ground and with QR coded information on distinctive oar signs . The Thames Path National Trail provides a public promenade along the entire bend of the river which is on the Championship Course in rowing . Barnes has two railway stations ( Barnes and Barnes Bridge ) and is served by bus routes towards central London and Richmond .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond upon Thames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) in southwest London forms part of Outer London and is the only London borough on both sides of the River Thames . It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963 . It is governed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council and is divided into nineteen wards . The borough is home to the National Physical Laboratory and The National Archives . The attractions of Kew Gardens , Hampton Court Palace , Twickenham Stadium and the WWT London Wetlands Centre are within its boundaries and draw domestic and international tourism .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Postal administration -- List of postcode districts', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts , with the historic postal district names shown in italics : [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'SW_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The SW (South Western) postcode area, also known as the London SW postcode area, is a group of postcode districts covering a broad radial swathe of southwest London, England as far as Mortlake, Streatham and Raynes Park. The area straightforwardly succeeds a shorter-lived South Western (SW1-SW10) and Battersea (SW11-SW20) split between its components of the London post town.'}	null	null	Out of the areas in Westminster , which commercial district used to be a residential one ?	St. James 's
01742c9846ebfc6b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Premier_League', 'title': 'Botswana Premier League', 'header': ['Club', 'City / Town', 'Position in 2018-19'], 'data': [{'value': 'Botswana Defence Force XI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force_XI_FC', 'summary': 'Botswana Defence Force XI Football Club is a football club from Botswana based in Mogoditshane and playing home games in Gaborone . It is the club of the Botswana Defence Force , being composed mostly of military players . As of 2007 , players were eligible to play for the club once they become cadets . In 2016 , the club reduced the number of civilian players on the team citing financial concerns .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Botswana Railways Highlanders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana_Railways_Highlanders', 'summary': "Botswana Railways Highlanders are a football club in the Botswana Premier League who play home games in Molepolole , but are based out of Mahalapye . Botswana Railways Highlanders are the team of Botswana Railways , but the company 's sponsorship only goes as far as transport and some sporting equipment . In 2015 Highlanders were 100% financed by the Railways corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahalapye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahalapye', 'summary': 'Mahalapye is a town located in the Central District of Botswana . The town has about 41,000 inhabitants and is situated along the main road between the capital Gaborone and the second largest city Francistown . Mahalapye has a bus station , a railway station , a couple of hotels and a market area with many shops and fast food restaurants , Water Shed mall is the latest attraction to those travelling from Gaborone to Francistown , great place for refreshments . It also has several petrol stations , some open 24 hours per day . Being situated on the edge of the Kalahari desert it is quite dry , and the local waterways are dry except during the rainy season . In recent times , it has become a convenient stop-over town for travelers travelling to and from Gaborone . This town is located on the Tropic of Capricorn . Thus at approximately 13:11 hours on 21 December , or at solar noon on Summer Solstice , the sun will be directly overhead at this site . To mark this geographic feature there is a small monument just outside town on the 23rd parallel , or 23 degrees South of the equator . At this time the sun will be directly above this monument where the sun reaches its furthest point South . At this point there will be no shadow on the monument . The Botswana Prison Service ( BPS ) operates the Mahalapye Prison .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Extension Gunners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Extension_Gunners', 'summary': 'Extension Gunners FC is a football club based in Lobatse , Botswana . The team plays in the Botswana Premier League . The club was founded in 1962 in the Southern town of Lobatse , where it is still based . They play at the Lobatse Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Lobatse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lobatse', 'summary': 'Lobatse is a town in South-Eastern Botswana , 70 kilometres south of the capital Gaborone , situated in a valley running north towards Gaborone . Lobatse has a population of 29,800 ( Central Statistics Office , 2002 ) . The town is an administrative district , with a Town Council .'}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaborone United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone_United_S.C.', 'summary': 'Gaborone United Sporting Club ( GU ) is a football club from Botswana based in Gaborone . It is the only professional sporting club in Botswana and its run and owned partly by Soccer Dynamics , a corporation that is chaired by the Gaborone United Chairman Dr Nzikomana and having the likes of the Lebanese construction magnate Nicholas Zakhem as its directors . The team made history on the 13 August 2013 by becoming the first team ever in the history of the BPL to be sponsored to the tune of over three million in three years . Mutual and Federal Insurance Company is now the official sponsor of Gaborone United Sporting club at the tune of 3.6 million for three years . [ citation needed ] Gaborone United play their home games at several venues .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilport Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Botswana_Meat_Commission_F.C.', 'summary': 'Gilport Lions Football Club is a soccer club from Botswana based in Lobatse . Gilport Lions team colours are green and white . The club was previously called Botswana Meat Commission F.C . They won FA Challenge Cup in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lobatse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lobatse', 'summary': 'Lobatse is a town in South-Eastern Botswana , 70 kilometres south of the capital Gaborone , situated in a valley running north towards Gaborone . Lobatse has a population of 29,800 ( Central Statistics Office , 2002 ) . The town is an administrative district , with a Town Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Promoted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jwaneng Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jwaneng_Galaxy_F.C.', 'summary': 'Jwaneng Galaxy Football Club is a Botswana football club based in Jwaneng . The club currently plays in the Botswana Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Jwaneng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jwaneng', 'summary': 'Jwaneng is a town located in the Southern District of Botswana , but it is not part of this , being a separate district , with its own Town Council .'}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miscellaneous', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miscellaneous_SC_Serowe', 'summary': "Miscellaneous Sporting Club is a football club based in Serowe , Botswana . Miscellaneous is also known as Tsenala ( the red and white ) , Mmamonotwane , the official nicknames of the club . The club is also often referred to as Matswakabele ( Miscellaneous ) , a nickname that developed in the early days but has never been officially adopted by the club . Miscellaneous Sporting Club is a soccer club based in Serowe , Botswana . The club is currently playing in the Botswana Premier League . The club 's colours are red , white and green . The team is owned by its supporters , whose membership of the club qualifies them to be a part of the Miscellaneous SCs inner sanctum . The society membership elects the Miscellaneous executive committee at annual general meetings ( AGM ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Serowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serowe', 'summary': "Serowe ( population approximately 60,000 [ citation needed ] ) is an urban village in Botswana 's Central District . A trade and commercial centre , it is Botswana 's largest village . Serowe has played an important role in Botswana 's history , as capital for the Bamangwato people in the early 20th century and as birthplace of several of Botswana 's presidents . More recently it has undergone significant development as the town and Botswana continue to grow ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morupule Wanderers FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morupule_Wanderers_FC', 'summary': 'Morupule Wanderers Football Club is a football club based in Palapye . Wanderers is also known as Bafana ba Magala or Wandy-Wandy . It is one of the best known Palapye-based teams . At the end of the 2018-19 season the club was promoted to the Botswana Premier League by beating First Division South runners up Jwaneng Fighters in the Botswana Premier League playoffs , ending a 46-year First Division North stay'}]}, {'value': 'Palapye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palapye', 'summary': "Palapye is becoming a large town in Botswana , situated about halfway between Francistown and Gaborone ( 240 km away from Gaborone and 170 km away from Francistown ) . Over the years its position has made it a convenient stopover on one of Southern Africa 's principal north-south rail and road routes . [ citation needed ] Located here is the Morupule Colliery coal mine , which supplies Morupule Power Station , Botswana 's principal domestic source of electricity . The power station has undertaken an expansion project to increase its generation capacity in an effort to meet the country 's increasing demand for electricity . Construction began in 2010 . Currently , the plant produces 120 MW of electricity . [ citation needed ] In 1997 Palapye was said to be the fastest-growing village in Africa , and was expected to expand its population from 30,000 to 180,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Promoted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notwane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notwane_F.C.', 'summary': 'Notwane FC is a football club from Botswana based in Gaborone . It is named after the Notwane River . Notwane is owned by GMG Global Investments , a subsidiary of GMG Holdings and recently made major scoop by signing former South African international players , former Orlando Pirates player Benedict Vilakazi and former Mamelodi Sundowns player Manqoba Ngwenya [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orapa United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orapa_United_FC', 'summary': 'Orapa United FC is a Botswana football club based in Orapa . The team currently plays in Botswana Premier League having gained promotion from Botswana First Division North League in the 2013-14 season . The club was founded in 2012 after five football clubs in the Orapa region merged . The club reached three consecutive Mascom Top 8 Cup finals from 2016 to 2018 , the premier cup competition in Botswana . They beat Township Rollers in the 2016 final .'}]}, {'value': 'Orapa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orapa', 'summary': 'Orapa is a town located in the Central District of Botswana . It is the site of the Orapa diamond mine the largest diamond producing mine in the world , and is considered to be the diamond capital of the country . Nearby is another kimberlite mine owned by Lucara Diamond , thought to have very large reserves of diamonds . The town has four schools , one of which teaches in English , serving a community containing a high proportion of immigrants . The population in 1996 was approximately 10,000 but has increased much in the last 10 years and is still increasing , due to the mining output having increased in line with development targets .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Police XI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wonder_Sporting_Club', 'summary': 'Wonder Sporting is a former football club from Botswana based in Otse .'}]}, {'value': 'Otse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otse', 'summary': 'Otse is a village in khabros land ) ] ] of Botswana . It is located 60 km south of Gaborone , along the Gaborone-Lobatse road and close to the border with South Africa . This village is home to the Balete people who are related to those in Ramotswa , Gabane and Mogobane . The population was 7,636 in 2011 census .'}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prisons XI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prisons_XI', 'summary': 'Prisons XI Gaborone are an football club from Gaborone , Botswana , currently playing in the Botswana Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Security Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Security_Systems_F.C.', 'summary': 'Security Systems F.C . are a football club from Otse , Botswana , currently playing in the Botswana Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Otse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otse', 'summary': 'Otse is a village in khabros land ) ] ] of Botswana . It is located 60 km south of Gaborone , along the Gaborone-Lobatse road and close to the border with South Africa . This village is home to the Balete people who are related to those in Ramotswa , Gabane and Mogobane . The population was 7,636 in 2011 census .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharps Shooting Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharps_Shooting_Stars_FC', 'summary': 'The club were formed in 1984 . Led by Keitsumetse Pio Paul , Sharps won the 2016-17 First Division South , and gained promotion to the Botswana Premier League for the first time . They finished mid-table in their first season in the league . Sharps exceeded expectations at the start of the 2018-19 campaign , winning their first three matches and sitting third on the ladder after the first 11 games .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TAFIC FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TAFIC_F.C.', 'summary': 'Tati African Football Independent Club also known as TAFIC for short , is a football club based in Francistown , Botswana . The team was relegated from the Botswana Premier League to the First Division North in 2014 . Nicknamed Matjimenyenga , after a stream , which runs behind the low-income locations of Maipaafela and Kgaphamadi . The club motto : Undipe ndi kupe . The club was founded as in 1959 as a break away from the then popular TAFA football club . Information has it that the founders of TAFIC , which was initially known as Sharp Shooters in its formative years , were based at Kgaphamadi . They gained promotion back to the elite league as champions in the 2016/17 season but were subsequently relegated the very next season . They are currently playing in the First Division North .'}]}, {'value': 'Francistown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francistown', 'summary': "Francistown is the second largest city in Botswana , with a population of about 100,079 and 150,800 inhabitants for its agglomeration at the 2011 census . and often described as the Capital of the North . It is located in eastern Botswana , about 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) north-northeast from the capital , Gaborone . Francistown is located at the confluence of the Tati and Inchwe rivers , and near the Shashe River ( tributary to the Limpopo ) and 90 kilometres ( 55 miles ) from the international border with Zimbabwe . Francistown was the centre of southern Africa 's first gold rush and is still surrounded by old and abandoned mines . The City of Francistown is an administrative district , separated from North-East District . It is administered by Francistown City Council ."}]}, {'value': 'Promoted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Township Rollers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Township_Rollers_F.C.', 'summary': "Township Rollers Football Club is a football club based in Gaborone . Rollers are also known as Popa , The Blues or Tse Tala , the official nicknames of the club . The club is also often referred to as Mapalastina , a nickname that developed in the 1990s but has never been officially adopted by the club . Rollers is most successful club in Botswana football history , with more league titles and cup competitions won than any other local side and enjoys the largest support base of any sports team in the country . [ citation needed ] The club was founded in 1961 as Mighty Tigers , later to adopt the name Township Rollers in 1965 . Rollers has an old rivalry with cross town club Gaborone United , the match between the two sides called the Gaborone Derby . Rollers also have a bitter rivalry with Mochudi Centre Chiefs , and matches between the two sides over time eclipsed the Gaborone Derby as the biggest football encounter in Botswana due to both clubs ' following and success . Club financier Jagdish Shah has been the most influential figure at the club since 2013 . The team is owned by its supporters , whose membership of the club qualifies them to be a part of the Township Rollers society . The society membership elects the Rollers executive committee at annual general meetings ( AGM ) . The club is currently administered by an executive committee comprising Walter Kgabung ( chairman ) , Jagdish Shah ( president ) , Khumo Masonya ( secretary general ) , Kebadile Mosiakgabo ( deputy secretary ) , Phempheretlhe Bafana Pheto ( public relations officer ) , Minkie Molatlhegi ( Treasurer ) , and additional member Baatweng Motladiile . Other senior officials are Sydney Magagane ( general manager ) , Ajay Shah ( finance manager ) and Motshegetsi Mafa ( team manager ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaborone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaborone', 'summary': 'Gaborone ( UK : /ˌɡæbəˈroʊni , ˌhæb-/ GAB-ə-ROH-nee , HAB- , US : /ˌɡɑːbəˈroʊni , -neɪ/ GAH-bə-ROH-nee , -\u2060nay , Tswana : [ χabʊˈrʊnɛ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census , about 10% of the total population of Botswana . Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census . Gaborone City , is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills , near the confluence Notwane River and Segoditshane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana , and 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the South African border . The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport . It is an administrative district in its own right , but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District . Locals often refer to the city as Gabs . The city of Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa tribe , who once controlled land nearby . Because it had no tribal affiliation and was close to fresh water , the city was planned to be the capital in the mid-1960s when the Bechuanaland Protectorate became an independent nation . The centre of the city is a long strip of commercial businesses , called Main Mall with a semicircle-shaped area of government offices to its east . Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world , and this has created problems with housing and illegal settlements . The city has also dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe and South Africa during the 1980s . Gaborone is the economic capital as well as the government capital ; it is headquarters to numerous companies and the Botswana Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current Clubs ( 2019-20 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Botswana_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'The Botswana Premier League, currently known as the BTC Premiership for sponsorship reasons, is the highest level football league in Botswana. Organised by the Botswana Football Association, the league has existed since 1966 and was initially called the MLO Cup. Participants in the first edition of the league included Tlokweng Pirates, Notwane, Black Peril, Queens Park Rangers and a team from Ngwaketse district. The league has always been dominated by the teams that are based south of Dibete or at the southern part of the country until the 2006-07 season when Ecco City Greens made history by becoming the first team from the north to lift the lucrative competition. The league is sponsored by a mobile phone operator Be Mobile to the tune of 30 million pula. After the ABSA premiership in South Africa, the Be Mobile league is the second highest sponsored league in the COSAFA region. The league has continued to grow in leaps and bounds as shown by the increasing number of foreign players in the BPL. Some top players from mainly Zimbabwe like Arnold Chaka, Master Masitara, Elvis Meleka, Mandla Sibanda, Sageby Sandaka and Tendai Ndoro have ditched the Zimbabwean PSL for the BPL in recent years. Recently Namibian stars like Jerome Luis and Benson Shilongo arrived in Botswana in search of the Pula. After terminating their television deal with a South African company RP Productions, the league is now negotiating a long term deal with Supersport International. In early 2013, the pay TV shown five BPL games on a testing basis. [citation needed]'}	null	null	What is the name of the club whose city/town is a village in khabros land of Botswana ?	Police XI
0176876e3f05bf94	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Western_Heritage_Trail', 'title': 'Central and Western Heritage Trail', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Notes/References'], 'data': [{'value': '1- Old Site of the Central Fire Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Voeux Road Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Voeux_Road_Central', 'summary': 'Des Voeux Road Central and Des Voeux Road West are two roads on the north shore of Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . They were named after the 10th Governor of Hong Kong , Sir William Des Vœux . The name was sometimes spelt with the ligature œ in pre-war documents but is nowadays spelt officially as Des Voeux Road .'}]}, {'value': '[ 41 ] Location of the Hang Seng Bank Headquarters Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hang_Seng_Bank', 'summary': "Hang Seng Bank Limited ( Chinese : 恒生銀行有限公司 ) is a Hong Kong-based banking and financial services company with headquarters in Central , Hong Kong . It is one of Hong Kong 's leading public companies in terms of market capitalisation and is part of the HSBC Group , which holds a majority equity interest in the bank . Hang Seng Bank is a commercial bank whose major business activities include retail banking , wealth management , commercial banking , treasury services , and private banking . Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong . It also has a wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China , Hang Seng Bank ( China ) Limited which has a network of 46 branches and sub branches . It established the Hang Seng Index as a public service in 1969 and this stock market index is now generally known as the primary indicator of the Hong Kong stock market ."}]}, {'value': '2- Central Market', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Market,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Central Market was a fresh food market in Central , Hong Kong . Located between Jubilee Street , Queen Victoria Street , Queen 's Road Central and Des Voeux Road Central , it was the first wet market in Hong Kong . By its side is the first public female toilet and first above-ground toilets in Hong Kong . It is one of two existing Bauhaus market buildings . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '80 Des Voeux Road Central , Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Voeux_Road_Central', 'summary': 'Des Voeux Road Central and Des Voeux Road West are two roads on the north shore of Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . They were named after the 10th Governor of Hong Kong , Sir William Des Vœux . The name was sometimes spelt with the ligature œ in pre-war documents but is nowadays spelt officially as Des Voeux Road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'Central ( also Central District ; Chinese : 中環 ) is the central business district of Hong Kong . It is located in Central and Western District , on the north shore of Hong Kong Island , across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui , the southernmost point of Kowloon Peninsula . The area was the heart of Victoria City , although that name is rarely used today . As the central business district of Hong Kong , it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters . Consulates general and consulates of many countries are also located in this area , as is Government Hill , the site of the government headquarters . The area , with its proximity to Victoria Harbour , has served as the centre of trade and financial activities from the earliest days of the British colonial era in 1841 , and continues to flourish and serve as the place of administration after the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': '[ 42 ] Grade III Historic Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3- Pottinger Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pottinger_Street', 'summary': 'Pottinger Street ( Chinese : 砵典乍街 ; formerly 砵甸乍街 ) is a street in Central , Hong Kong . It is also known as the Stone Slabs Street ( Chinese : 石板街 ) since the street is paved unevenly by granite stone steps . It was named in 1858 after Henry Pottinger , the first Governor of Hong Kong , serving from 1843 to 1844 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 43 ] Nicknamed Stone Slabs Street ( 石板街 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4- Original Site of the Hong Kong Headquarters of the Xingzhonghui ( Revive China Society )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xingzhonghui', 'summary': 'The Hsing Chung Hui or Xingzhonghui translated as the Revive China Society ( 興中會 ) , the Society for Regenerating China , or the Proper China Society was founded by Sun Yat-sen on 24 November 1894 to forward the goal of establishing prosperity for China and as a platform for future revolutionary activities . It was formed during the First Sino-Japanese War , after a string of Chinese military defeats exposed corruption and incompetence within the imperial government of the Qing dynasty . Kuomintang recognize the establishment of Revive China Society as the establishment of the party . Because Sun was in exile from China at the time , the society was founded in Honolulu , Republic of Hawaii . Those admitted to the society swore the following oath :'}]}, {'value': '13 Staunton Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staunton_Street', 'summary': 'Staunton Street ( Chinese : 士丹頓街 ; Jyutping : si6 daan1 deon6 gaai1 ) is a street in Central and Sheung Wan , on Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . Together with the upper section of Elgin Street , it is the heart of the Soho entertainment area , featuring a number of restaurants , bars and shops . It was named after George Thomas Staunton .'}]}, {'value': '[ 44 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5- Muslim Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamia_Mosque_(Hong_Kong)', 'summary': 'Jamia Mosque ( Chinese : 些利街清真寺 , lit . Shelley Street Mosque , or 回教清真禮拜總堂 ) is a mosque at Mid-levels , Hong Kong , China . The mosque is the oldest mosque in Hong Kong . The neighboring streets Mosque Street and Mosque Junction are named after this mosque . Mufti Abdul Zaman is the main Imam of this Mosque and he leads prayers and taraveeh in the month of Ramadan .'}]}, {'value': '30 Shelley Street , Sheung Wan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelley_Street', 'summary': 'Shelley Street ( Chinese : 些利街 ) is a street in Central , Hong Kong . It is a ladder street and the Central-Mid-levels escalators run along the entire length of the street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheung_Wan', 'summary': 'Sheung Wan ( Chinese : 上環 ) is an area in Hong Kong , located in the north-west of Hong Kong Island , between Central and Sai Ying Pun . Administratively , it is part of the Central and Western District . The name can be variously interpreted as Upper District ( occupying relatively high ground compared to Central and Wan Chai ) , or Gateway District ( perhaps a reference to the location where the British first entered and occupied Hong Kong ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 45 ] Grade I Historic Building . Jamia Mosque', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6- Ohel Leah Synagogue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohel_Leah_Synagogue', 'summary': "The Ohel Leah Synagogue ( Hebrew : בית הכנסת אהל לאה Beit Ha-Knesset Ohel Leah ) and its next-door neighbors , the Jewish Recreation Club and the Jewish Community Center , have formed the center of Jew social and religious life in Hong Kong for over a century . Originally the community was mostly Baghdadi and the synagogue was under the superintendence of the Haham of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London : it is now fully independent and has members from across the Jewish diaspora . Most of Hong Kong 's Jews live only a short distance away from the Synagogue , which sits at the junction of Robinson Road and Castle Road . An example of Colonial Sephardic architecture , the two-storied , whitewashed , multi-turreted Synagogue nestles amid the soaring high-rises of steel and glass perched on the Mid-Levels of Hong Kong Island . The Synagogue was designed by the architects Leigh & Orange and was erected in 1901-1902 . It underwent a US $ 6 million restoration in 1998 which returned its interiors and exteriors to their original state . The name Ohel Leah commemorates Leah Sassoon , the mother of the Sassoon brothers Jacob , Edward , and Meyer who donated the land for building the Synagogue . The Sassoons were among the earliest Sephardic merchants from India to settle in Hong Kong during the mid to late 19th century . Ohel Leah is a Modern Orthodox congregation and received its first officially appointed rabbi in 1961 . Three other Jewish congregations have also emerged more recently in Hong Kong : the Sephardic , which is dominated by Israeli expatriates ; the Chabad Lubavitch ; and the United Jewish Congregation , which is aligned with the more liberal Reform and Conservative movements . Many worshippers , however , hold concurrent memberships in several congregations ."}]}, {'value': '70 Robinson Road , at the junction with Castle Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robinson_Road,_Hong_Kong', 'summary': 'Robinson Road is a road in the Mid-levels , Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . In the east , it is connected with the Magazine Gap Road and Garden Road , and in the west with Babington Road and Park Road . The escalator connecting Central to Mid-levels crosses between Mosque Street and Conduit Road , below which Robinson Road runs parallel . It was named after the fifth Governor of Hong Kong , Sir Hercules Robinson . As early as the 1870s , Robinson Road had an enviable reputation , housing the European upper-middle class of its time . The area remains one of the most affluent in Hong Kong . Historic Ohel Leah Synagogue is located on the northern side of the western end of the street . Parts of the walls in Robinson Road have been recently declared as protected monuments . These walls are very old with thick roots embedded in them . Robinson Road is largely residential and , in keeping with area , lined with high-rises . There are a number of property agents located along the road .'}]}, {'value': '[ 46 ] Grade I Historic Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7- London Mission Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78 and 80 Robinson Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 47 ] Grade III Historic Building . Now a private clubhouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8- Kom Tong Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kom_Tong_Hall', 'summary': 'The Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum is a museum in Central , Hong Kong . It is located in Kom Tong Hall ( Cantonese Yale : Gāmtòhngdaih ) , at 7 Castle Road , Central . After the preparation work undertaken by the Hong Kong Museum of History , the museum was opened on 12 December 2006 , so as to commemorate the 140th birthday of the influential Chinese statesman .'}]}, {'value': '7 Castle Road , Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 48 ] Grade II Historic Building . Houses the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum since December 2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen', 'summary': "Sun Yat-sen ( /ˈsʌn ˈjætˈsɛn/ ; born Sun Wen ; 12 November 1866 - 12 March 1925 ) was a Chinese philosopher , physician , and politician , who served as the provisional first president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party of China ) . He is referred as the Father of the Nation in the Republic of China due to his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution . Sun is unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both mainland China and Taiwan . Sun is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of modern China , but his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile . After the success of the revolution in which Han Chinese regained power after 268 years of living under the Manchu Qing dynasty , he quickly resigned as President of the newly founded Republic of China and relinquished it to Yuan Shikai . He soon went to exile in Japan for safety but returned to found a revolutionary government in the South as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation . In 1923 , he invited representatives of the Communist International to Canton to re-organize his party and formed a brittle alliance with the Chinese Communist Party . He did not live to see his party unify the country under his successor , Chiang Kai-shek in the Northern Expedition . He died in Beijing of gallbladder cancer on 12 March 1925 . Sun 's chief legacy is his political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People : nationalism ( independence from foreign imperialist domination ) , rights of the people ( sometimes translated as democracy ) , and the people 's livelihood ( sometimes translated as socialism , or literally a scientific study of helping people to survive in the society , as he explained the difference between his socialism and that of Karl Marx in his book ) ."}]}, {'value': '9- Original Site of the Daoji Mission House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59 Hollywood Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Road', 'summary': "Hollywood Road is a street in Central and Sheung Wan , on Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . The street runs between Central and Sheung Wan , with Wyndham Street , Arbuthnot Road , Ladder Street , Upper Lascar Row , and Old Bailey Street in the vicinity . Hollywood Road was the second road to be built when the colony of Hong Kong was founded , after Queen 's Road Central . It was the first to be completed . The Man Mo Temple was a place for trial in very early years ."}]}, {'value': '[ 49 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10- Old Site of the Alice Memorial Hospital and Hong Kong College of Medicine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77-81 Hollywood Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 50 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11- Original Site of the Furen Literary Society', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pak Tsz Lane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pak_Tsz_Lane', 'summary': 'Also the remains can be seen of an old well , which , though unrelated to the history of the Furen Literary Society , has been preserved . Pak Tsz Lane is Stop 8 and the rear of 52 Gage Street is Stop 7 on the Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail . The latter stop is in one of the approach lanes to the Pak Tsz Lane Park . None of the explanations is in English . The lack of signposts , in adjacent streets , pointing to the park means that it can be easy to miss the park .'}]}, {'value': '[ 51 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12- Site of the school where Yeung Ku-wan was assassinated by Qing agents', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeung_Ku-wan', 'summary': 'Yeung Ku-wan ( 19 December 1861 - 11 January 1901 ) was a Chinese revolutionary of the late Qing dynasty . In 1890 , Yeung started the Furen Literary Society ( 輔仁文社 ) in British colonial Hong Kong to spread ideas of revolution against the Qing Dynasty and to establish a republic in China . He became the first President of the Hong Kong Chapter of the Revive China Society in 1894 and was , with Sun Yat-sen , in charge of planning an uprising in Canton ( now Guangzhou ) in 1895 and in Huizhou in 1900 . Yeung was assassinated in 1901 in Hong Kong by an agent sent by the Qing government .'}]}, {'value': '52 Gage Street , corner of Aberdeen Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gage_Street', 'summary': 'Gage Street ( Chinese : 結志街 ; Cantonese Yale : git3 ji3 gaai1 ) is a street in Central , Hong Kong . It is on the lower hill and between the junction with Cochrane Street and Lyndhurst Terrace , Graham Street and Aberdeen Street . The street is mainly a market . It is named after William Hall Gage . The 2013 novel Gage Street Courtesan by Christopher New depicts the European courtesans who lived in that street in the 19th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen_Street', 'summary': "Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing Sheung Wan and Central on Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . It ascends from Queen 's Road Central to Caine Road in Mid-levels . The street is named after George Hamilton-Gordon , 4th Earl of Aberdeen , Foreign Secretary at the time of the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom in 1842 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 52 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13- Original Site of Yang Yao Ji - meeting place for The Four Bandits', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 Gough Street ( original address is at 6 Gough Street )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gough_Street', 'summary': 'Gough Street ( Chinese : 歌賦街 ) is a street on Sheung Wan , Hong Kong just north of the Soho area of Central . It is connected to Shing Wong Street to the west and Aberdeen Street to the east . Historically , many printing presses were located on Gough Street . Kau Kee Restaurant , a noodle shop that specializes in beef brisket noodles in clear soup ( 清湯牛腩 ) is also located there . In the last several years , a lot of the printing presses moved to other areas and new restaurants and bars began to move into the premises vacated by the printing presses . Now , there have many international fashion brands and high class home furnishings open . The street is named for Hugh Gough , 1st Viscount Gough , Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in China . Currently , the Gough Street has developed into a hip place in Noho . Not to mention the infamous Kau Kee Restaurant , there are more to eat and to see .'}]}, {'value': '[ 53 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14- Commemorative Plaque for Dr. James Legge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Legge', 'summary': 'James Legge ( /lɛɡ/ ; 20 December 1815 - 29 November 1897 ) was a Scottish sinologist , missionary , and scholar , best known as an early and prolific translator of Classical Chinese texts into English . Legge served as a representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong ( 1840-1873 ) and was the first Professor of Chinese at Oxford University ( 1876-1897 ) . In association with Max Müller he prepared the monumental Sacred Books of the East series , published in 50 volumes between 1879 and 1891 .'}]}, {'value': '44 Gough Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 54 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15- Original Site of the Central School', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44 Gough Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ 55 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': "16- Original Site of the Queen 's College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_College,_Hong_Kong", 'summary': "Queen 's College ( Chinese : 皇仁書院 ) , initially named The Government Central School ( 大書院/ 中央書院 ) in 1862 , later renamed as Victoria College ( 皇后書院 ) in 1889 , is a selective sixth form college for boys with a secondary school attached . It was the first public secondary school founded in Hong Kong by the British colonial government . Queen 's College obtained its present name in 1894 and is now located at Causeway Bay , Hong Kong ."}]}, {'value': 'Aberdeen Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen_Street', 'summary': "Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing Sheung Wan and Central on Hong Kong Island , Hong Kong . It ascends from Queen 's Road Central to Caine Road in Mid-levels . The street is named after George Hamilton-Gordon , 4th Earl of Aberdeen , Foreign Secretary at the time of the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom in 1842 ."}]}, {'value': '[ 56 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17- Original Site of the American Congregational Mission Preaching House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Bridges Street ( now Bridges Street Market )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridges_Street', 'summary': 'Bridges Street ( Chinese : 必列者士街 ) is a 300-metre two-way street in Sheung Wan , Hong Kong .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridges_Street_Market', 'summary': 'Bridges Street Market ( Chinese : 必列啫士街街市 ) is located at No . 2 Bridges Street , at the corner of Shing Wong Street , in Sheung Wan , Hong Kong . It is a Bauhaus style market building , originally opened in 1953 , and scheduled to be renovated and open in 2018 as a news museum .'}]}, {'value': '[ 57 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'The Sheung Wan Route -- Section B', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Central_and_Western_Heritage_Trail_3', 'intro': 'The Central and Western Heritage Trail is a Heritage Trail in Hong Kong, that was designed by the Antiquities and Monuments Office of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. It covers the Central and Western District of Hong Kong and consists of 3 parts:'}	null	null	What year was a society founded that is located in the heart of the Soho entertainment area ?	1894
0176e8cf4d584479	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_United_States', 'title': 'Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States', 'header': ['Date', 'Location', 'Plane shot down', 'Intercepting Aircraft', 'Interceptor'], 'data': [{'value': 'April 8 , 1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltic Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltic_Sea', 'summary': 'The Baltic Sea is a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean , enclosed by Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Sweden , northeast Germany , Poland , Russia and the North and Central European Plain . The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude . A marginal sea of the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two water bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund , the Great Belt and the Little Belt . It includes the Gulf of Bothnia , the Bay of Bothnia , the Gulf of Finland , the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk . The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge , at the latitude 60°N , by the Åland islands and the Gulf of Bothnia , on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland , on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga , and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula . The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal .'}]}, {'value': 'US Navy PB4Y-2 Privateer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PB4Y-2_Privateer', 'summary': 'The Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer is a World War II and Korean War era patrol bomber of the United States Navy derived from the Consolidated B-24 Liberator . The Navy had been using B-24s with only minor modifications as the PB4Y-1 Liberator , and along with maritime patrol Liberators used by RAF Coastal Command this type of patrol plane was proven successful . A fully navalized design was desired , and Consolidated developed a dedicated long-range patrol bomber in 1943 , designated PB4Y-2 Privateer . In 1951 , the type was redesignated P4Y-2 Privateer . A further designation change occurred in September 1962 , when the remaining Navy Privateers ( all having previously been converted to drone configuration as P4Y-2K ) were redesignated QP-4B .'}]}, {'value': 'La-11 Fang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavochkin_La-11', 'summary': 'The Lavochkin La-11 ( NATO reporting name Fang ) was an early post-World War II Soviet long-range piston-engined fighter aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'September 4 , 1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Naval Aviation A-20 bomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation', 'summary': 'Soviet Naval Aviation ( AV-MF , for Авиация военно-морского флота in Russian , or Aviatsiya voyenno-morskogo flota , literally aviation of the military maritime fleet ) was the naval aviation arm of the Soviet Navy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A-20_Havoc', 'summary': 'The Douglas A-20 Havoc ( company designation DB-7 ) is an American medium bomber , attack aircraft , night intruder , night fighter , and reconnaissance aircraft of World War II . It served with several Allied air forces , principally the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , the Soviet Air Forces ( VVS ) , Soviet Naval Aviation ( AVMF ) , and the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) of the United Kingdom . A total of 7,478 aircraft were built , of which more than a third served with Soviet units . It was also used by the air forces of Australia , South Africa , France , and the Netherlands during the war , and by Brazil afterwards . In most British Commonwealth air forces , the bomber variants were named Boston , while the night fighter and intruder variants were named Havoc . The exception was the Royal Australian Air Force , which used the name Boston for all variants . The USAAF used the P-70 designation to refer to the night fighter variants .'}]}, {'value': 'F4U-4B Corsair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair', 'summary': "The Vought F4U Corsair is an American fighter aircraft that saw service primarily in World War II and the Korean War . Designed and initially manufactured by Chance Vought , the Corsair was soon in great demand ; additional production contracts were given to Goodyear , whose Corsairs were designated FG , and Brewster , designated F3A . The Corsair was designed and operated as a carrier-based aircraft , and entered service in large numbers with the U.S. Navy in late 1944 and early 1945 . It quickly became one of the most capable carrier-based fighter-bombers of World War II . Some Japanese pilots regarded it as the most formidable American fighter of World War II and its naval aviators achieved an 11:1 kill ratio . Early problems with carrier landings and logistics led to it being eclipsed as the dominant carrier-based fighter by the Grumman F6F Hellcat , powered by the same Double Wasp engine first flown on the Corsair 's first prototype in 1940 . Instead , the Corsair 's early deployment was to land-based squadrons of the U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy . The Corsair served almost exclusively as a fighter-bomber throughout the Korean War and during the French colonial wars in Indochina and Algeria . In addition to its use by the U.S. and British , the Corsair was also used by the Royal New Zealand Air Force , French Naval Aviation , and other air forces until the 1960s . From the first prototype delivery to the U.S. Navy in 1940 , to final delivery in 1953 to the French , 12,571 F4U Corsairs were manufactured in 16 separate models . Its 1942-53 production run was the longest of any U.S. piston-engined fighter ."}]}, {'value': 'US Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'October-December 1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces MiG-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'P2V-3 Neptune ( Defensive guns )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P-2_Neptune', 'summary': 'The Lockheed P-2 Neptune ( designated P2V by the United States Navy prior to September 1962 ) was a maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft . It was developed for the US Navy by Lockheed to replace the Lockheed PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon , and was replaced in turn by the Lockheed P-3 Orion . Designed as a land-based aircraft , the Neptune never made a carrier landing , but a small number were converted and deployed as carrier-launched , stop-gap nuclear bombers that would have to land on shore or ditch . The type was successful in export , and saw service with several armed forces .'}]}, {'value': 'US Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'US Navy P2V-3 Neptune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P-2_Neptune', 'summary': 'The Lockheed P-2 Neptune ( designated P2V by the United States Navy prior to September 1962 ) was a maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft . It was developed for the US Navy by Lockheed to replace the Lockheed PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon , and was replaced in turn by the Lockheed P-3 Orion . Designed as a land-based aircraft , the Neptune never made a carrier landing , but a small number were converted and deployed as carrier-launched , stop-gap nuclear bombers that would have to land on shore or ditch . The type was successful in export , and saw service with several armed forces .'}]}, {'value': 'La-11 Fang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavochkin_La-11', 'summary': 'The Lavochkin La-11 ( NATO reporting name Fang ) was an early post-World War II Soviet long-range piston-engined fighter aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sea of Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sea_of_Japan', 'summary': 'The Sea of Japan ( see below for other names ) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago , Sakhalin , the Korean Peninsula and Russia . The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean . It is bordered by Japan , Korea ( North and South ) and Russia . Like the Mediterranean Sea , it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean . This isolation also reflects in the fauna species and in the water salinity , which is lower than in the ocean . The sea has no large islands , bays or capes . Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and Pacific Ocean . Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1% . The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity . Therefore , fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region . The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues , but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies .'}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-29 Superfortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-29_Superfortress', 'summary': "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War . Named in allusion to its predecessor , the B-17 Flying Fortress , the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing , and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan . B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which contributed to the end of World War II . One of the largest aircraft of World War II , the B-29 had state-of-the-art technology , including a pressurized cabin ; dual-wheeled , tricycle landing gear ; and an analog computer-controlled fire-control system that allowed one gunner and a fire-control officer to direct four remote machine gun turrets . The $ 3 billion cost of design and production ( equivalent to $ 43 billion today ) - far exceeding the $ 1.9 billion cost of the Manhattan Project - made the B-29 program the most expensive of the war . The B-29 's advanced design allowed it to remain in service in various roles throughout the 1950s . The type was retired in the early 1960s , after 3,970 had been built . A few were used as flying television transmitters by the Stratovision company . The Royal Air Force flew the B-29 as the Washington until 1954 . The B-29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing-built bombers , transports , tankers , reconnaissance aircraft and trainers . The re-engined B-50 Superfortress became the first aircraft to fly around the world non-stop , during a 94-hour flight in 1949 . The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter airlifter , first flown in 1944 , was followed in 1947 by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-15 Fagot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'October 7 , 1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Over the Kurile Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurile_Islands', 'summary': "The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands ( /ˈkʊərɪl , ˈkjʊərɪl , kjʊˈriːl/ ; Russian : Кури́льские острова́ , tr . Kurilskiye ostrova , IPA : [ kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva ] or Russian : островá Тисима , tr . ostrova Tisima ; Japanese : Kuriru rettō ( クリル列島 , Kuril Islands ) or Chishima rettō ( 千島列島 , Chishima Islands ) ) is a volcanic archipelago in Russia 's Sakhalin Oblast that stretches approximately 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) northeast from Hokkaido , Japan to Kamchatka , Russia , separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the north Pacific Ocean . There are 56 islands and many minor rocks . It consists of the Greater Kuril Chain and the Lesser Kuril Chain . The total land area is 10,503.2 square kilometres ( 4,055.3 sq mi ) , and the total population is 19,434 . All the islands are under Russian administration . Japan claims the four southernmost islands , including two of the three largest ones ( Iturup and Kunashir ) , as part of its territory as well as Shikotan and the Habomai islets , which has led to the ongoing Kuril Islands dispute . The disputed islands are known in Japan as the country 's Northern Territories . In 2018 , Russo-Japanese talks on reunification of islands with Japan resumed ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-29 Superfortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-29_Superfortress', 'summary': "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War . Named in allusion to its predecessor , the B-17 Flying Fortress , the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing , and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan . B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which contributed to the end of World War II . One of the largest aircraft of World War II , the B-29 had state-of-the-art technology , including a pressurized cabin ; dual-wheeled , tricycle landing gear ; and an analog computer-controlled fire-control system that allowed one gunner and a fire-control officer to direct four remote machine gun turrets . The $ 3 billion cost of design and production ( equivalent to $ 43 billion today ) - far exceeding the $ 1.9 billion cost of the Manhattan Project - made the B-29 program the most expensive of the war . The B-29 's advanced design allowed it to remain in service in various roles throughout the 1950s . The type was retired in the early 1960s , after 3,970 had been built . A few were used as flying television transmitters by the Stratovision company . The Royal Air Force flew the B-29 as the Washington until 1954 . The B-29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing-built bombers , transports , tankers , reconnaissance aircraft and trainers . The re-engined B-50 Superfortress became the first aircraft to fly around the world non-stop , during a 94-hour flight in 1949 . The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter airlifter , first flown in 1944 , was followed in 1947 by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser ."}]}, {'value': 'La-11 Fang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces MiG-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'F9F-5 Panther', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther', 'summary': "The Grumman F9F Panther is one of the United States Navy 's first successful carrier-based jet fighters , as well as Grummans first jet fighter . A single-engined , straight-winged day fighter , it was armed with four 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) cannons and could carry a wide assortment of air-to-ground munitions . The Panther was used extensively by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps in the Korean War . It was also the first jet aircraft used by the Blue Angels aerobatics demonstration team , from 1949 through late 1954 . The aircraft was exported to Argentina and was the first jet used by the Argentine Naval Aviation . Total F9F production was 1,382 . The design evolved into the swept wing Grumman F-9 Cougar ."}]}, {'value': 'US Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}]}, {'value': 'July 29 , 1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sea of Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sea_of_Japan', 'summary': 'The Sea of Japan ( see below for other names ) is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago , Sakhalin , the Korean Peninsula and Russia . The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean . It is bordered by Japan , Korea ( North and South ) and Russia . Like the Mediterranean Sea , it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean . This isolation also reflects in the fauna species and in the water salinity , which is lower than in the ocean . The sea has no large islands , bays or capes . Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and Pacific Ocean . Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1% . The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity . Therefore , fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region . The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues , but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies .'}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-50G Superfortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-29_Superfortress', 'summary': "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War . Named in allusion to its predecessor , the B-17 Flying Fortress , the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing , and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan . B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which contributed to the end of World War II . One of the largest aircraft of World War II , the B-29 had state-of-the-art technology , including a pressurized cabin ; dual-wheeled , tricycle landing gear ; and an analog computer-controlled fire-control system that allowed one gunner and a fire-control officer to direct four remote machine gun turrets . The $ 3 billion cost of design and production ( equivalent to $ 43 billion today ) - far exceeding the $ 1.9 billion cost of the Manhattan Project - made the B-29 program the most expensive of the war . The B-29 's advanced design allowed it to remain in service in various roles throughout the 1950s . The type was retired in the early 1960s , after 3,970 had been built . A few were used as flying television transmitters by the Stratovision company . The Royal Air Force flew the B-29 as the Washington until 1954 . The B-29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing-built bombers , transports , tankers , reconnaissance aircraft and trainers . The re-engined B-50 Superfortress became the first aircraft to fly around the world non-stop , during a 94-hour flight in 1949 . The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter airlifter , first flown in 1944 , was followed in 1947 by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-17 Fresco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17', 'summary': 'The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17 ; NATO reporting name : Fresco ) is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the USSR from 1952 and operated by numerous air forces in many variants . It is an advanced development of the similar looking MiG-15 of the Korean War . The MiG-17 was license-built in China as the Shenyang J-5 and Poland as the PZL-Mielec Lim-6 . MiG-17s first saw combat in 1958 in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and later proved to be an effective threat against more modern supersonic fighters of the United States in the Vietnam War . It was also briefly known as the Type 38 by U.S. Air Force designation prior to the development of NATO codes .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'September 4 , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off the coast of Siberia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siberia', 'summary': "Siberia ( /saɪˈbɪəriə/ ; Russian : Сибирь , tr . Sibír ' , IPA : [ sʲɪˈbʲirʲ ] ( listen ) ) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia . Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the 17th century . The territory of Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins . The Yenisei River conditionally divides Siberia into two parts , Western and Eastern . Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the national borders of Mongolia and China . With an area of 13.1 million square kilometres ( 5,100,000 sq mi ) , Siberia accounts for 77% of Russia 's land area , but it is home to approximately 33 million people - 23% of the country 's population . This is equivalent to an average population density of about 3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 7.8/sq mi ) ( approximately equal to that of Australia ) , making Siberia one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth . If it were a country by itself , it would still be the largest country in area , but in population it would be the world 's 35th-largest and Asia 's 14th-largest . Worldwide , Siberia is well-known primarily for its long , harsh winters , with a January average of −25 °C ( −13 °F ) , as well as its extensive history of use by Russian and Soviet governments as a place for prisons , labor camps , and internal exile ."}]}, {'value': 'US Navy P2V-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P-2_Neptune', 'summary': 'The Lockheed P-2 Neptune ( designated P2V by the United States Navy prior to September 1962 ) was a maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft . It was developed for the US Navy by Lockheed to replace the Lockheed PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon , and was replaced in turn by the Lockheed P-3 Orion . Designed as a land-based aircraft , the Neptune never made a carrier landing , but a small number were converted and deployed as carrier-launched , stop-gap nuclear bombers that would have to land on shore or ditch . The type was successful in export , and saw service with several armed forces .'}]}, {'value': 'MiG-15 Fagot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'November 7 , 1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near the coast of Hokkaido , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-29 Superfortress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-29_Superfortress', 'summary': "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War . Named in allusion to its predecessor , the B-17 Flying Fortress , the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing , and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan . B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which contributed to the end of World War II . One of the largest aircraft of World War II , the B-29 had state-of-the-art technology , including a pressurized cabin ; dual-wheeled , tricycle landing gear ; and an analog computer-controlled fire-control system that allowed one gunner and a fire-control officer to direct four remote machine gun turrets . The $ 3 billion cost of design and production ( equivalent to $ 43 billion today ) - far exceeding the $ 1.9 billion cost of the Manhattan Project - made the B-29 program the most expensive of the war . The B-29 's advanced design allowed it to remain in service in various roles throughout the 1950s . The type was retired in the early 1960s , after 3,970 had been built . A few were used as flying television transmitters by the Stratovision company . The Royal Air Force flew the B-29 as the Washington until 1954 . The B-29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing-built bombers , transports , tankers , reconnaissance aircraft and trainers . The re-engined B-50 Superfortress became the first aircraft to fly around the world non-stop , during a 94-hour flight in 1949 . The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter airlifter , first flown in 1944 , was followed in 1947 by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-15 Fagot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near the coast of Hokkaido , Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaido', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-47E', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-29_Superfortress', 'summary': "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War . Named in allusion to its predecessor , the B-17 Flying Fortress , the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing , and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan . B-29s also dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which contributed to the end of World War II . One of the largest aircraft of World War II , the B-29 had state-of-the-art technology , including a pressurized cabin ; dual-wheeled , tricycle landing gear ; and an analog computer-controlled fire-control system that allowed one gunner and a fire-control officer to direct four remote machine gun turrets . The $ 3 billion cost of design and production ( equivalent to $ 43 billion today ) - far exceeding the $ 1.9 billion cost of the Manhattan Project - made the B-29 program the most expensive of the war . The B-29 's advanced design allowed it to remain in service in various roles throughout the 1950s . The type was retired in the early 1960s , after 3,970 had been built . A few were used as flying television transmitters by the Stratovision company . The Royal Air Force flew the B-29 as the Washington until 1954 . The B-29 was the progenitor of a series of Boeing-built bombers , transports , tankers , reconnaissance aircraft and trainers . The re-engined B-50 Superfortress became the first aircraft to fly around the world non-stop , during a 94-hour flight in 1949 . The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter airlifter , first flown in 1944 , was followed in 1947 by its commercial airliner variant , the Boeing Model 377 Stratocruiser ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-15 Fagot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'June 22 , 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near the St. Lawrence Island , Bering Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island', 'summary': 'St. Lawrence Island ( Central Siberian Yupik : Sivuqaq , Russian : Остров Святого Лаврентия ) is located west of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea , just south of the Bering Strait . The village of Gambell , located on the northwest cape of the island , is 36 miles ( 58 kilometers ) from the Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East . The island is part of Alaska , but closer to Russia than to the Alaskan mainland . St. Lawrence Island is thought to be one of the last exposed portions of the land bridge that once joined Asia with North America during the Pleistocene period . It is the sixth largest island in the United States and the 113th largest island in the world . It is considered part of the Bering Sea Volcanic Province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bering_Sea', 'summary': "The Bering Sea ( Russian : Бе́рингово мо́ре , tr . Béringovo móre ) is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean . It forms , along with the Bering Strait , the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth : Eurasia and The Americas . It comprises a deep water basin , which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves . The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula . It covers over 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) and is bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska , on the west by Russian Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula , on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait , which connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean 's Chukchi Sea . Bristol Bay is the portion of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska . The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering , a Danish navigator in Russian service , who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it , sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean . The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources within the jurisdiction of the United States and Russia , as well as international waters in the middle of the sea ( known as the Donut Hole ) . The interaction between currents , sea ice , and weather makes for a vigorous and productive ecosystem ."}]}, {'value': 'US Navy P2V-5 Neptune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Navy', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P-2_Neptune', 'summary': 'The Lockheed P-2 Neptune ( designated P2V by the United States Navy prior to September 1962 ) was a maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft . It was developed for the US Navy by Lockheed to replace the Lockheed PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon , and was replaced in turn by the Lockheed P-3 Orion . Designed as a land-based aircraft , the Neptune never made a carrier landing , but a small number were converted and deployed as carrier-launched , stop-gap nuclear bombers that would have to land on shore or ditch . The type was successful in export , and saw service with several armed forces .'}]}, {'value': 'MiG-15 Fagot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15 ; USAF/DoD designation : Type 14 ; NATO reporting name : Fagot ) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union . The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds . In combat over Korea , it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters , which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles , and was quickly countered by the similar American swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre . When refined into the more advanced MiG-17 , the basic design would again surprise the West when it proved effective against supersonic fighters such as the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in the Vietnam War of the 1960s . The MiG-15 is believed to have been one of the most produced jet aircraft ; in excess of 13,000 were manufactured . Licensed foreign production may have raised the production total to almost 18,000 . [ citation needed ] The MiG-15 remains in service with the Korean People 's Army Air Force as an advanced trainer ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'June 27 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force C-118', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_DC-6', 'summary': 'The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958 . Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II , it was reworked after the war to compete with the Lockheed Constellation in the long-range commercial transport market . More than 700 were built and many still fly today in cargo , military , and wildfire control roles . The DC-6 was known as the C-118 Liftmaster in United States Air Force service and as the R6D in United States Navy service prior to 1962 , after which all U.S. Navy variants were also designated as the C-118 .'}]}, {'value': 'MiG-17P Fresco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17', 'summary': 'The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17 ; NATO reporting name : Fresco ) is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the USSR from 1952 and operated by numerous air forces in many variants . It is an advanced development of the similar looking MiG-15 of the Korean War . The MiG-17 was license-built in China as the Shenyang J-5 and Poland as the PZL-Mielec Lim-6 . MiG-17s first saw combat in 1958 in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and later proved to be an effective threat against more modern supersonic fighters of the United States in the Vietnam War . It was also briefly known as the Type 38 by U.S. Air Force designation prior to the development of NATO codes .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force C-130A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C-130_Hercules', 'summary': 'The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed ( now Lockheed Martin ) . Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings , the C-130 was originally designed as a troop , medevac , and cargo transport aircraft . The versatile airframe has found uses in a variety of other roles , including as a gunship ( AC-130 ) , for airborne assault , search and rescue , scientific research support , weather reconnaissance , aerial refueling , maritime patrol , and aerial firefighting . It is now the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide . More than 40 variants of the Hercules , including civilian versions marketed as the Lockheed L-100 , operate in more than 60 nations . The C-130 entered service with the U.S. in 1956 , followed by Australia and many other nations . During its years of service , the Hercules family has participated in numerous military , civilian and humanitarian aid operations . In 2007 , the C-130 became the fifth aircraft [ N 1 ] to mark 50 years of continuous service with its original primary customer , which for the C-130 is the United States Air Force . [ citation needed ] The C-130 Hercules is the longest continuously produced military aircraft at over 60 years , with the updated Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules currently being produced .'}]}, {'value': 'MiG-17 Fresco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17', 'summary': 'The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17 ; NATO reporting name : Fresco ) is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the USSR from 1952 and operated by numerous air forces in many variants . It is an advanced development of the similar looking MiG-15 of the Korean War . The MiG-17 was license-built in China as the Shenyang J-5 and Poland as the PZL-Mielec Lim-6 . MiG-17s first saw combat in 1958 in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and later proved to be an effective threat against more modern supersonic fighters of the United States in the Vietnam War . It was also briefly known as the Type 38 by U.S. Air Force designation prior to the development of NATO codes .'}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1 , 1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Near the Kola Peninsula , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kola_Peninsula', 'summary': "The Kola Peninsula ( Russian : Ко́льский полуо́стров , Kolsky poluostrov ; from Kildin Sami : Куэлнэгк нёаррк , Kuelnegk njoarrk ; Northern Sami : Guoládatnjárga ; Finnish : Kuolan niemimaa ; Norwegian : Kolahalvøya ) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia . Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast , it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast . The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula , with a population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census . While the north of the peninsula was already settled in the 7th-5th millennium BCE , the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BCE , when various peoples started to arrive from the south . However , by the 1st millennium CE only the Sami people remained . This changed in the 12th century , when Russian Pomors discovered the peninsula 's game and fish riches . Soon after , the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic , and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands . No permanent settlements , however , were established by the Novgorodians until the 15th century . The Soviet period saw a rapid increase of the population , although most of it remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads . The Sami people were subject to forced collectivization , including forced relocation to Lovozero and other centralized settlements , and overall the peninsula was heavily industrialized and militarized , largely due to its strategic position and the discovery of the vast apatite deposits in the 1920s . As a result , the ecology of the peninsula suffered major ecological damage , including contamination by military nuclear waste and nickel smelting . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the economy went into decline and the population quickly started to decrease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-47H', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-47_Stratojet', 'summary': "The Boeing B-47 Stratojet ( Boeing company designation Model 450 ) is a retired American long-range , six-engined , turbojet-powered strategic bomber designed to fly at high subsonic speed and at high altitude to avoid enemy interceptor aircraft . The primary mission of the B-47 was as a nuclear bomber capable of striking targets within the Soviet Union . Development of the B-47 can be traced back to a requirement expressed by the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) in 1943 for a reconnaissance bomber that harnessed newly developed jet propulsion . Another key innovation adopted during the development process was the swept wing , drawing upon captured German research . With its engines carried in nacelles underneath the wing , the B-47 represented a major innovation in post-World War II combat jet design , and contributed to the development of modern jet airliners . Suitably impressed , in April 1946 , the USAAF ordered two prototypes , designated XB-47 ; on 17 December 1947 , the first prototype performed its maiden flight . Facing off competition such as the North American XB-45 , Convair XB-46 and Martin XB-48 , a formal contract for 10 B-47A bombers was signed on 3 September 1948 . This would be soon followed by much larger contracts . During 1951 , the B-47 entered operational service with the United States Air Force 's Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , quickly becoming a mainstay of its bomber strength by the late 1950s . Over 2,000 were manufactured to meet the Air Force 's extensive demands , driven by the tensions of the Cold War . The B-47 was in service as a strategic bomber until 1965 , at which point it had largely been supplanted by more capable aircraft , such as the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress . However , the B-47 was also adapted to perform a number of other roles and functions , including photographic reconnaissance , electronic intelligence , and weather reconnaissance ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-19 Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-19 ; NATO reporting name : Farmer ) is a Soviet second generation , single-seat , twin jet-engined fighter aircraft , the world 's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft . It was the first Soviet production aircraft capable of supersonic speeds in level flight . A comparable U.S. Century Series fighter was the North American F-100 Super Sabre , although the MiG-19 would primarily oppose the more modern McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'January 28 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erfurt , East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force T-39 Sabreliner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner', 'summary': "The North American Sabreliner , later sold as the Rockwell Sabreliner , is an American mid-sized business jet developed by North American Aviation . It was offered to the United States Air Force ( USAF ) in response to its Utility Trainer Experimental ( UTX ) program . It was named Sabreliner due to the similarity of the wing and tail to North American 's F-86 Sabre jet fighter . Military variants , designated T-39 Sabreliner , were used by the USAF , United States Navy ( USN ) , and United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) after the USAF placed an initial order in 1959 . The Sabreliner was also developed into a commercial variant ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-19 Farmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-19 ; NATO reporting name : Farmer ) is a Soviet second generation , single-seat , twin jet-engined fighter aircraft , the world 's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft . It was the first Soviet production aircraft capable of supersonic speeds in level flight . A comparable U.S. Century Series fighter was the North American F-100 Super Sabre , although the MiG-19 would primarily oppose the more modern McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Soviet Air Forces ( Russian : Военно-воздушные силы , tr . Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily ( VVS ) , literally Military Air Forces ) was the official designation of one of the air forces of the Soviet Union . The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces . The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917 , and faced their greatest test during World War II . The groups were also involved in the Korean War , and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991-92 . Former Soviet Air Forces ' assets were subsequently divided into several air forces of former Soviet republics , including the new Russian Air Force . March of the Pilots was its song ."}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gardelegen , East Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gardelegen', 'summary': 'Gardelegen ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɡaʁdəleːɡən ] ) is a town in Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It is situated on the right bank of the Milde , 20 m. W. from Stendal , on the main line of railway Berlin-Hanover . Since 2009 it has included Algenstedt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Germany', 'summary': "East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised ."}]}, {'value': 'US Air Force RB-66 Destroyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Air_Force', 'summary': 'The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/B-66_Destroyer', 'summary': "The Douglas B-66 Destroyer was a light bomber that was designed and produced by the American aviation manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company . The B-66 was developed for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) and is heavily based upon the United States Navy 's A-3 Skywarrior , a heavy carrier-based attack aircraft . Originally , officials intended for the aircraft to be a simple development of the earlier A-3 , taking advantage of being strictly land-based to dispense with unnecessary naval features . However , due to the USAF producing extensive and substantially divergent requirements , it became necessary to make considerable alterations to the design , leading to a substantial proportion of the B-66 being original rather than derived from the A-3 . The B-66 retained the three-man crew arrangement of the US Navy 's A-3 ; differences included the incorporation of ejection seats , which the A-3 had lacked . Performing its maiden flight on 28 June 1954 , the aircraft was introduced to USAF service during 1956 . The standard model , designated B-66 , was a bomber model that was procured to replace the aging Douglas A-26 Invader ; in parallel , a dedicated photo reconnaissance model , designated RB-66 , was also produced alongside . Later on , further variants of the type were developed , leading to the aircraft 's use in signals intelligence , electronic countermeasures and weather reconnaissance roles . Aircraft would commonly be forward deployed to bases in Europe , where they could more easily approach the airspace of the Soviet Union . Multiple variants would be deployed around Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis . They would also see use during the American intervention in the Vietnam War , typically operating as support aircraft for other assets that were active over the skies of North Vietnam . The last examples of the type were withdrawn during 1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'MiG-21 Fishbed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21', 'summary': "The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 ( Russian : Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21 ; NATO reporting name : Fishbed ) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft , designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union . Its nicknames include : Balalaika , because its planform resembles the stringed musical instrument of the same name ; Ołówek , Polish for pencil , due to the shape of its fuselage , and ; Én bạc , meaning Silver Swallow , in Vietnamese . Approximately 60 countries over four continents have flown the MiG-21 , and it still serves many nations six decades after its maiden flight . It made aviation records , became the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history , the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War and previously the longest production run of a combat aircraft ( now exceeded by both the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon ) . It 's also one of the earliest examples of planes capable of performing the Cobra maneuver ."}]}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Force', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force', 'summary': "The Soviet Air Forces ( Russian : Военно-воздушные силы , tr . Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily ( VVS ) , literally Military Air Forces ) was the official designation of one of the air forces of the Soviet Union . The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces . The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917 , and faced their greatest test during World War II . The groups were also involved in the Korean War , and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991-92 . Former Soviet Air Forces ' assets were subsequently divided into several air forces of former Soviet republics , including the new Russian Air Force . March of the Pilots was its song ."}]}, {'value': 'October 21 , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenia , USSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USSR', 'summary': "The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Army RU-8 Seminole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Army', 'summary': "The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/L-23_Seminole', 'summary': 'The Beechcraft L-23 Seminole ( later designated U-8 ) was the United States Armed Forces designation for the Beechcraft Twin Bonanza and Queen Air aircraft in its inventory .'}]}, {'value': 'Unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Air Defence Forces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces', 'summary': 'The Soviet Air Defence Forces ( Russian : войска ПВО , voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony , voyska PVO , V-PVO , lit . Anti-Air Defence Troops ; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany , PVO strany , lit . Anti-Air Defence of the Nation ) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces . Formed in 1941 , it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998 . Unlike Western air defence forces , V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself , separate from the Soviet Air Force ( VVS ) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces . During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services , behind the Strategic Missile Troops and the Ground Forces .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Cold War', 'section_text': "Main article : Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses During the Cold War many nations including the Soviet Union and the United States were fiercely protective of their airspaces . Aircraft which entered an opposing nation 's airspace were often shot down in air-to-air combat . The incidents produced a heightened sense of paranoia on both sides that resulted in the downing of civilian craft . Many of the aircraft listed at that link were not shot down as a result of Cold War paranoia by US or USSR aircrews , but rather direct action by active combatants ( for example , the two Air Rhodesia flights ) . The table lists air combat losses outside of the war zones , such as Korean War or Vietnam War . It does not include losses to ground-based defenses , and it does not include civilian aircraft .", 'uid': 'Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_USSR_and_U.S._0', 'intro': 'After World War II, there were many instances of air-to-air combat between the Soviet Union and the United States.'}	null	null	What was the nickname of the plane that shot down a plane at the location of a city situated on the right bank of the Milde ?	Balalaika
0178c22855e8b7e8	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Manitoba_Legislature', 'title': '10th Manitoba Legislature', 'header': ['Electoral district', 'Member elected', 'Affiliation', 'Election date', 'Reason'], 'data': [{'value': 'Emerson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emerson_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Emerson is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since 1879 , when it was created by redistribution . It is located in the southeastern corner of the province . It is bordered to the north by Carman , Morris , Steinbach and La Verendrye , to the west by Pembina , to the east by the province of Ontario and to the south by the American state of North Dakota . The riding includes the communities/municipalities of Emerson , Altona , Dominion City , Rhineland , Gretna , Woodridge and St. Jean Baptiste . The riding 's population in 2008 was 20,370 . In 2011 , the average family income was $ 61,951 , and the unemployment rate was 2.9% . Agriculture accounts for 24% of the riding 's industry , followed by manufacturing at 16% . Over 27% of Emerson 's residents have less than a Grade Nine education . Emerson is an ethnically diverse riding , with only 51% of its residents listing English as their mother tongue . 26% of the riding 's residents list themselves as either German , French , Ukrainian , Polish or Mennonite , while a further 5% are aboriginal . The riding has generally been safe for the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba since 1969 , although the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) won it in 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Henry McFadden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Henry_McFadden', 'summary': 'David Henry McFadden ( February 17 , 1856 - 1935 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1907 , and again from 1910 to 1915 . McFadden was a Conservative , and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . McFadden was born in Peterborough , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , and educated in Bruce , Ontario . He received certification from the Ontario Veterinary College and practised as a veterinary surgeon . He also served as manager of the Alexandra Realty Co. in Emerson , Manitoba , and was active in municipal politics . In religion , McFadden was a Methodist . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent James Thomson by fourteen votes in the Emerson constituency . The Liberals won a majority government in this election , and McFadden served as an opposition member . He was one of only six Conservatives returned in the 1896 election , defeating candidates of the Liberals and the Patrons of Industry . McFadden was returned again for Emerson by an increased majority in the 1899 election . At the provincial level , the Conservatives won a majority government under the leadership of Hugh John Macdonald .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. H. McFadden ran for reelection upon appointment as Provincial Secretary and Minister of Public Works', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_South_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg South was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada , which existed on two separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1883 provincial election , and abolished with the 1920 election when Winnipeg became a single ten-member constituency . It was re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 as a four-member constituency , and was divided into several single-member constituencies in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh John Macdonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald', 'summary': 'Sir Hugh John Macdonald , PC ( March 13 , 1850 - March 29 , 1929 ) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister of Canada , Sir John A. Macdonald . He too was a politician , serving as a member of the House of Commons of Canada and a federal cabinet minister , and briefly as the eighth Premier of Manitoba .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 30 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HJ Macdonald ran for reelection upon becoming Premier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beautiful Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Andrew Davidson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Andrew_Davidson', 'summary': "John Andrew Davidson ( August 19 , 1852 - November 14 , 1903 ) was a Manitoba politician . He was briefly the leader of Manitoba 's Conservative parliamentary caucus in 1894 , and later served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . Davidson was born in Thamesford , Canada West ( now Ontario ) . He moved to Manitoba in 1871 , and became a mill owner and general merchant , also serving on the Protestant school board . Manitoba 's boundaries were expanded in 1881 , and Davidson was elected to the provincial legislature in a by-election as the first member for Dauphin . A Liberal , he defeated his sole opponent , P.S . St. Clair McGregor , 148 votes to 17 . Party affiliations were fluid in Manitoba in this period , and by the general election of 1883 Davidson was identifying himself as a Liberal-Conservative , and a supporter of Premier John Norquay . He was re-elected in Dauphin without opposition . Following redistribution , Davidson campaigned in the Beautiful Plains constituency for the provincial election of 1886 . The Liberals saw their support rise in this campaign , and Davidson ( now a Conservative ) lost to Liberal John Crawford by thirty votes . Crawford again defeated Davidson in the 1888 election , this time by twenty-four votes ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RC Ennis resigned seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Morris is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1879 , and has existed continuously since that time . The constituency is named after Alexander Morris , who served as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1872 to 1877 . Morris is a rural riding located in the Red River Valley in the south of the province . In is bordered to the south by Emerson , to the north by Lakeside , to the west by Midland and Portage la Prairie , and to the east by Steinbach , Dawson Trail , Assiniboia , Kirkfield Park and Charleswood . The largest communities in the riding are Morris , Niverville and La Salle . Other communities include Elie , Oak Bluff , Sanford , Starbuck , Ste . Agathe , St. Eustache and St. Francois Xavier . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 53,719 , and the unemployment rate was 3.90% . Agriculture accounts for 23% of the riding 's industry , followed by the retail trade at 10% . Eighteen per cent of Morris 's residents are of German background , and a further 17% are French . The riding has the third-highest percentage of francophones in Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Colin H. Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_H._Campbell', 'summary': "Colin H. Campbell ( 25 December 1859 - October 24 , 1914 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative from 1899 to 1914 , and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin . Campbell was a barrister , and ran a practice in Winnipeg . He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election , and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 280 votes in Winnipeg North . He sought election to the House of Commons of Canada in November 1893 , as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada . Campbell stood in by-election for the riding of Winnipeg , after Hugh John Macdonald 's resignation from the house . He lost to Liberal candidate Joseph Martin . Campbell was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stewart Mulvey by 188 votes in the constituency of Morris . The Conservatives won the election , and Campbell was named as a minister without portfolio in Macdonald 's government on January 10 , 1900 . He was promoted to Attorney General on October 9 of the same year . In this period of Canadian history , newly appointed ministers were required to resign their legislative seats to seek a new mandate from their electors . These by-elections were usually mere formalities , and many ministers were returned without opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C. H. Campbell ran for reelection upon appointment as Attorney-General', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_Centre_(provincial_electoral_division)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg Centre was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada . It existed on three separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1888 provincial election , and was abolished in the 1920 election when Winnipeg was made into a single ten-member constituency . It was then re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 , as a four-member constituency . This constituency was eliminated in 1958 and divided into several single-member constituencies , one of which was also called Winnipeg Centre . This single-member constituency lasted until 1981 , when it too was eliminated through redistribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas William Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_William_Taylor', 'summary': "Thomas William Taylor ( September 6 , 1852 - February 24 , 1924 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served as the 13th Mayor of Winnipeg , and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1900 to 1914 . Taylor was a member of the Conservative Party . Taylor was born in Portsmouth , England , and was educated in London , Ontario . He came to Winnipeg in 1877 and set up a bookbinding business two years letter . Taylor served as a Winnipeg alderman in 1892 , was elected mayor 1893 , and was re-elected without opposition in 1894 . He was also the president of the Manitoba Rifle Association , and of the St. Andrew 's Society . In religion , he was a member of the Church of England . Taylor first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1896 provincial election , and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 238 votes in Winnipeg North . He was first elected to the legislature in a by-election , held for Winnipeg Centre on November 1 , 1900 . Taylor defeated Liberal candidate Robert Muir by 157 votes , and served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin 's administration . He was re-elected in the riding of Winnipeg Centre over the Liberal candidate , J.A ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 1 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DH McMillan named lieutenant-governor for Manitoba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodmond Roblin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rodmond_Roblin', 'summary': "Sir Rodmond Palen Roblin KCMG ( February 15 , 1853 - February 16 , 1937 ) was a businessman and politician in Manitoba , Canada . Roblin was born in Sophiasburgh , in Prince Edward County , Canada West ( later Ontario ) . The Roblin family was established in Sophiasburgh by Loyalist farmers Philip and Elizabeth Roblin from Smith 's Clove ( now known as Monroe ) in Orange County , New York . He was educated at Albert College in Belleville , arrived in Winnipeg in 1877 , and worked as a grain merchant . Roblin served as reeve of Dufferin for five years and as warden for two , and was also a school trustee in the community . He entered provincial politics in the 1886 Manitoba election , running as a Liberal Party candidate against Conservative cabinet minister David H. Wilson in the constituency of Dufferin North . He lost this race by five votes , but won a subsequent by-election held on May 12 , 1888 . The by-election took place shortly after Thomas Greenway was inaugurated as Manitoba 's first Liberal premier . Roblin was a supporter of Greenway in this period , and was re-elected by acclamation when the new premier called another provincial election for July 1888 . Although Greenway 's Liberals won this election with a landslide majority , the new premier was unable to fulfill a campaign promise for the development of local railways . The Canadian Pacific Railway had lost its formal monopoly in the region , but it was still the dominant line and transportation costs remained high . Confronted with Greenway 's failure , Roblin abandoned the government in 1889 and caucused with the small Conservative opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 8 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R Roblin ran for reelection upon appointment as Premier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhineland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhineland_(electoral_district)', 'summary': "Rhineland is a former provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It was created by redistribution in 1892 , and eliminated in 1914 , when it merged into the new riding of Morden and Rhineland . It was re-established in 1949 , and eliminated again in 1989 . As its name implies , Rhineland was home to several German settlers , many of whom were Mennonites . It is named after the Rhineland region of Germany . Jacob Froese , the last Social Credit MLA in Manitoba history , represented this riding from 1959 until 1973 . Rhineland 's territory was integrated into the riding of Emerson in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'Valentine Winkler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentine_Winkler', 'summary': "Valentine Winkler ( March 18 , 1864 - June 7 , 1920 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal for Rhineland from 1892 to 1900 , and again from 1900 to 1920 . Winkler was a cabinet minister in the government of Tobias Norris . His brother , Enoch Winkler , was also a member of the provincial legislature from 1888 to 1899 . Winkler was born in Neustadt , Grey County , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , and educated at public schools in the area . He moved to Manitoba in 1879 after the death of his father , and worked in his brother Enoch Winkler 's lumberyard . In 1883 , he began his own grain and lumber business in Morden . He began farming in 1888 . After the incorporation of the Municipality of Stanley in 1890 , Winkler was chosen as the community 's first reeve . He served in this position until 1892 . In the same year , the village of Winkler was established in Manitoba , named after him . He ran a grain elevator and lumber business in the community ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party', 'summary': "The Manitoba Liberal Party ( French : Parti libéral du Manitoba ) is a political party in Manitoba , Canada . Its roots can be traced to the late nineteenth-century , following the province 's creation in 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'V Minkler ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Boniface', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Boniface_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "St. Boniface ( French : Saint-Boniface ) is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It should not be confused with the federal electoral division of the same name , which includes most of the provincial riding 's territory but has expanded boundaries and a larger population base . The riding has existed , in one form or another , since the province 's creation . In Manitoba 's first general election ( 1870 ) , the riding was divided into St. Boniface East and St. Boniface West . It became a single constituency in 1874 , and has existed continuously since then . The riding elected two members by preferential balloting in 1949 and 1953 . On all other occasions , it has been a single-member constituency . St. Boniface is located in the central-eastern Winnipeg . Its boundaries roughly correspond with the historical community of Saint Boniface , Manitoba , which was a distinct civic jurisdiction before being amalgamated with the City of Winnipeg in 1971 . The riding 's population in 1996 was 19,646 . The average family income in 1999 was $ 45,193 , with an unemployment rate of 10.50% . The service sector accounts for 18% of the riding 's industry , with a further 15% in health and social services ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Bernier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Bernier', 'summary': "Joseph Bernier ( August 16 , 1874 - June 8 , 1951 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba on four occasions between 1900 and 1932 . Bernier was a member of the Conservative Party , and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin . His father , Thomas A. Bernier , was a member of the Senate of Canada . Bernier was born in St. Jean d'Iberville , Québec , and educated at St. Boniface College and the Manitoba University . He received a Master of Arts degree . Bernier was called to the Manitoba bar in 1896 and began practising as a barrister-at-law in Winnipeg in 1897 . He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held on November 24 , 1900 , defeating Victor Mager by 154 votes in the St. Boniface constituency . He lost his seat in the 1903 provincial election , losing to Liberal Horace Chevrier by a single vote . Bernier was re-elected to the legislature in the 1907 election , defeating Chevrier by 71 votes . Returned without difficulty in the 1910 campaign , he was appointed to cabinet on May 22 , 1913 as Provincial Secretary . Bernier was again re-elected in the 1914 provincial election ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'November 24 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAD Bertrand ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)', 'summary': "Robert Rogers , PC ( March 2 , 1864 - July 21 , 1936 ) was a Canadian merchant and politician . He served as a cabinet minister at the federal and provincial levels . Rogers was born in Lakefield , Canada East ( now Quebec ) , the son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers . He was educated in Lachute , Berthier and Montreal , and later moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba to become director of the Monarch Life Assurance Company . In religion , he was a member of the Church of England . He contested Lisgar in the 1896 federal election as a candidate of the federal Conservative Party , and lost to Liberal Robert Lorne Richardson by fifty-four votes . Rogers was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1899 provincial election as a Conservative candidate , defeating Liberal candidate J.L . Brown by twenty-eight votes in Manitou . The Conservatives won this election , and Rogers sat in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Hugh John Macdonald 's administration . When Rodmond Roblin succeeded Macdonald as premier on October 29 , 1900 , he appointed Rogers as a minister without portfolio . On December 20 , 1900 , Rogers was promoted to the powerful position of Minister of Public Works . He remained in this position for eleven years , and was often regarded as the second most powerful figure in Roblin 's cabinet , helping the premier construct an effective patronage network ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R Rogers ran for reelection upon appointment as Minister of Public Works', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg_South_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': 'Winnipeg South was a provincial electoral division in Manitoba , Canada , which existed on two separate occasions . It was initially created for the 1883 provincial election , and abolished with the 1920 election when Winnipeg became a single ten-member constituency . It was re-established for the elections of 1949 and 1953 as a four-member constituency , and was divided into several single-member constituencies in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'James Thomas Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Thomas_Gordon', 'summary': "James Thomas Gordon ( December 24 , 1859 - December 21 , 1919 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1901 to 1910 , as a member of the Conservative Party . Gordon was born in Tweed , Hastings County , Canada West ( now Ontario ) , the son of John Gordon , and was educated at common schools in Tweed . He farmed in Ontario and then moved to Manitoba in 1879 , where he was employed in the lumber trade and then dealt in lumber , cattle and wheat . Gordon married Mearle Baldwin in 1885 . In 1893 , he established the firm of Gordon & Ironsides , which had branches in Fort William , Port Arthur , Kenora , Rainy River , Sudbury , Montreal , Sault Ste . Marie , Regina , Moose Jaw and Saskatoon . Gordon was also president of the Monarch Life Insurance Company , of A. Carruthers & Company , of the Standard Trust Company and of the Royal Securities Company . Gordon challenged Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway for the Mountain constituency in the 1899 provincial election , and lost by 128 votes . Less than two years later , on December 24 , 1901 , he was elected to the legislature without opposition in a by-election for Winnipeg South . The Conservatives had won a majority government in the 1899 election , and Gordon served as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin 's government . In 1902 , he was given the honour of moving the address in reply to the Speech from the Throne ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'January 24 , 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HJ Macdonald ran for federal seat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portage la Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portage_la_Prairie_(provincial_electoral_district)', 'summary': "Portage la Prairie is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba . It has existed since the province 's creation in 1870 . Portage la Prairie is located in southern Manitoba . It is bordered to the north by Lake Manitoba , to the south by Carman , to the west by Turtle Mountain , and to the east by Lakeside and Morris . Portage la Prairie itself is in the central part of the riding . Other communities in the riding include Oakville , Newton , St. Marks , and Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation . The riding 's population in 1996 was 18,785 . In 1999 , the average family income was $ 45,302 , and the unemployment rate was 7.00% . The health and service sector accounts for 18% of the riding 's industry , followed by agriculture at 13% . Thirteen per cent of Portage la Prairie 's residents are aboriginal , while a further 6% are German . Portage la Prairie has been held since by the Progressive Conservative Party for most of its history , although the New Democratic Party has increased its standing in the riding in recent years ."}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Armstrong', 'summary': 'Hugh Armstrong ( August 5 , 1858 - March 4 , 1926 ) was a politician in Manitoba , Canada . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1896 and from 1902 to 1915 , and was a senior cabinet minister in the government of Rodmond Roblin . Armstrong was a member of the Conservative Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Conservative', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ( French : Parti progressiste-conservateur du Manitoba ) is a centre-right political party in Manitoba , Canada . It is currently the governing party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba , after winning a substantial majority in the 2016 election and maintaining a majority in the 2019 election .'}]}, {'value': 'February 6 , 1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'W Garland died November 11 , 1901', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By-elections', 'section_text': 'By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons :', 'uid': '10th_Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba_1', 'intro': 'The members of the 10th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1899. The legislature sat from March 29, 1900, to June 25, 1903. The Conservatives led by Hugh John Macdonald formed the government. After Macdonald resigned in 1900 to run for a federal seat, Rodmond Roblin became party leader and premier. Thomas Greenway of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition. William Hespeler served as speaker for the assembly. There were four sessions of the 10th Legislature:'}	null	null	What was the year of creation of the province whose electoral district once elected to serve from 1892 to 1896 and from 1902 to 1915 ?	1870
0178d1440d8b0055	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Presbyterian churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Presbyterian Church of Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Atlanta', 'summary': 'Presbyterian Church of Atlanta is a historic Presbyterian church located at Atlanta in Steuben County , New York , United States . It was built in 1895 and is a Queen Anne style buildings constructed of red pressed brick over a limestone basement . The interior is designed on the Akron Plan . Also on the property is a former horse shed that was converted in the 1920s for use as a Sunday School and Boy Scout facility . Founded after a devastating fire destroyed most of the downtown area of the village , the church has always served a broad cross section of the community . Having nearly closed the church is now experiencing a period of renewal . Services are at 11:00 AM on Sundays . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1895 built 2010 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Main Street 42°33′13.79″N 77°28′23.33″W / 42.5538306°N 77.4731472°W / 42.5538306 ; -77.4731472 ( Presbyterian Church of Atlanta )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_New_York', 'summary': 'Cohocton is a town in Steuben County , New York , United States . The population was 2,626 at the 2000 census . The name might be the native term for log in the water . [ citation needed ] The town contains a village , also called Cohocton and is in the northwest part of the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Queen Anne , Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Batavia , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Batavia,_New_York)', 'summary': "The First Presbyterian Church in Batavia , New York , United States , is located at East Main ( New York state routes 5 and 33 ) and Liberty streets . It is a joined complex of several buildings . The main one , the church 's sanctuary , is a limestone Gothic Revival structure built in the mid-19th century . Its congregation was the first church to be organized in Batavia , albeit as a Congregationalist group at that time . Over the next century various improvements and expansions would be made , using later architectural styles , reflecting changing styles of American Protestant worship . This transition was completed with changes to the sanctuary in the mid-20th century . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '1854 built 2004 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Main and Liberty Streets 42°59′47″N 78°10′44″W / 42.99639°N 78.17889°W / 42.99639 ; -78.17889 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Schenectady , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batavia , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batavia,_New_York', 'summary': "Batavia is a city in and the county seat of Genesee County , New York , United States . It is near the center of the county , surrounded by the Town of Batavia , which is a separate municipality . Its population as of the 2010 census was 15,465 . The name Batavia is Latin for the Betuwe region of the Netherlands , and honors early Dutch land developers . The city hosts the Batavia Muckdogs baseball club of the New York-Penn League , at the Dwyer Stadium , at 299 Bank Street . The Muckdogs are an affiliate of the Miami Marlins . They won the 2008 championship . In 2006 , a national magazine ranked Batavia third among the nation 's micropolitans based on economic development . The New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 ) passes north of the city . Genesee County Airport ( GVQ ) is also north of the city . Its UN/LOCODE is USBIA ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford Presbyterian Church ( New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedford_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York)', 'summary': 'The Bedford Presbyterian Church is a parish church in Bedford , Westchester County , New York . It was built in 1872 in the Gothic Revival style , as the fourth building for the congregation on the site . The historic building is part of the Bedford Village Historic District , and was listed in 1973 . It also serves as a venue for performances of sacred music .'}]}, {'value': '1872 built 1973 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44 Village Green 41°12′12″N 73°38′33″W / 41.2032°N 73.6425°W / 41.2032 ; -73.6425 ( Bedford Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bedford Village Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bedford_Village_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Bedford Village Historic District is a national historic district in Bedford , Westchester County , New York . The district contains 80 contributing buildings and one contributing site . It encompasses most of the original 1680 hamlet and is laid out in a typical village green plan . Notable buildings include the court house ( 1787 ) , library ( 1807 ) , school house ( 1829 ) , post office ( c. 1838 ) , and Presbyterian church ( 1872 ) . The buildings are good examples of the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival styles . Two of the buildings are now museums .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Schenectady , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Schenectady,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church in Schenectady , New York is a historic Presbyterian Church in America congregation . The roots of the congregation go back to the 1730s . Episcopalians and Presbyterians used the St. George Episcopal Church building each group using different entrances to the building . The church was founded in 1769 , when the members decided to build a wooden church structure . The first settled pastor was Rev . Alexander Miller in 1771 . The present church building was copied from the Ransom Court Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania under Rev . Alexander Monteith pastorate ( 1809-0815 ) . First Presbyterian Church was distinguished by a wrap-around balcony of the oval interior . The original church had white walls and blue woodwork . Additions were made in 1834 , and transepts were made in 1859 . The congregation helped start several other churches in the neighbourhood including State Street Presbyterian Church in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': '1809 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '115 Union Street 42°49′02.6″N 73°56′41.2″W / 42.817389°N 73.944778°W / 42.817389 ; -73.944778 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Batavia , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schenectady , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York', 'summary': 'Schenectady ( /skəˈnɛktədi/ ) is a city in Schenectady County , New York , United States , of which it is the county seat . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 66,135 . The name Schenectady is derived from a Mohawk word , skahnéhtati , meaning beyond the pines . Schenectady was founded on the south side of the Mohawk River by Dutch colonists in the 17th century , many from the Albany area . They were prohibited from the fur trade by the Albany monopoly , which kept its control after the English takeover in 1664 . Residents of the new village developed farms on strip plots along the river . Connected to the west via the Mohawk River and Erie Canal , Schenectady developed rapidly in the 19th century as part of the Mohawk Valley trade , manufacturing and transportation corridor . By 1824 more people worked in manufacturing than agriculture or trade , and the city had a cotton mill , processing cotton from the Deep South . Numerous mills in New York had such ties with the South . Through the 19th century , nationally influential companies and industries developed in Schenectady , including General Electric and American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) , which were powers into the mid-20th century . Schenectady was part of emerging technologies , with GE collaborating in the production of nuclear-powered submarines and , in the 21st century , working on other forms of renewable energy . Schenectady is in eastern New York , near the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers .'}]}, {'value': 'New England style , member of the Presbyterian Church in America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America', 'summary': 'The Presbyterian Church in America ( PCA ) is the second largest Presbyterian church body ( second to Presbyterian Church ( USA ) ) and the largest conservative Reformed denomination in the United States . The PCA is Reformed in theology , presbyterian in government , and active in missions . It is characterized by a blend of Reformed practice and broad evangelicalism .'}]}, {'value': 'Batchellerville Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batchellerville_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Batchellerville Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on Co. Rt . 7 in Batchellerville , Saratoga County , New York . It was built in 1867 and is a rectangular , timber framed church in the Greek Revival style . It was moved to its present site in 1931 . It features a two-stage , louvered belfry topped by a bell cast metal roof . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '1867 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co. Rt . 7 43°12′33″N 74°3′21″W / 43.20917°N 74.05583°W / 43.20917 ; -74.05583 ( Batchellerville Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batchellerville , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batchellerville,_New_York', 'summary': 'Edinburg ( originally Edinburgh ) is a town in Saratoga County , New York , United States . The population was 1,384 at the 2000 census . The town is named after the city of Edinburgh in Scotland . The Town of Edinburg is in the northwest part of the county and is north of Schenectady . It is within the Adirondack Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Presbyterian Church ( New York City )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York_City)', 'summary': 'Central Presbyterian Church is a historic congregation on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City . It is a member of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church . Central Presbyterian worships in a Gothic Revival structure completed in 1922 that was commissioned and funded by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. Today Central is a culturally diverse body of more than 500 people , including seasoned leaders , many families , and a dynamic body of students , young professionals , and artists .'}]}, {'value': '1821 founded 1922 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '593 Park Avenue 40°45′56.5″N 73°58′01.9″W / 40.765694°N 73.967194°W / 40.765694 ; -73.967194 ( Central Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Avenue', 'summary': "Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan . For most of the road 's length in Manhattan , it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east . Park Avenue 's entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue ; the title still applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street . The avenue is called Union Square East between 14th and 17th Streets , and Park Avenue South between 17th and 32nd Streets ."}]}, {'value': 'New York , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York,_New_York', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival , current building built as Park Avenue Baptist Church by John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , member of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church ( United States )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Davison Rockefeller Jr. ( January 29 , 1874 - May 11 , 1960 ) was an American financier and philanthropist who was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family . He was the only son among the five children of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and the father of the five famous Rockefeller brothers . In biographies , he is commonly referred to as Junior to distinguish him from his father , Senior . His sons included Nelson Rockefeller , the 41st Vice President of the United States ; Winthrop Rockefeller , the 37th Governor of Arkansas ; and banker David Rockefeller .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)', 'summary': 'The Evangelical Presbyterian Church ( EPC ) is an American church body holding to presbyterian governance and Reformed theology , expressed in an orthodox , conservative vein . The motto of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church is In Essentials , Unity . In Non-Essentials , Liberty . In All Things , Charity ; Truth In Love . The Office of the General Assembly is in Orlando , Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Brockport , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Brockport,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church , incorporated as the Congregational Society of Brockport , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Brockport in Monroe County , New York . It is a Greek Revival-style edifice built in 1852 . The main block of the building is four bays long and three bays wide ( 76 feet by 52 feet ) , constructed of red brick on a sandstone foundation . It features a three-stage tower with an octagonal drum from which the spire rises . The main worship space has a meeting house plan with a three sided upper gallery supported by fluted Doric columns . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . It is located in the Park Avenue and State Street Historic District .'}]}, {'value': '1852 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35 State St. 43°12′52″N 77°56′14″W / 43.21444°N 77.93722°W / 43.21444 ; -77.93722 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Brockport , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brockport , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brockport,_New_York', 'summary': "Brockport is a village in the Town of Sweden , with two tiny portions in the Town of Clarkson , in Monroe County , New York , United States . The population was 8,366 at the 2010 census . The name is derived from Heil Brockway , an early settler . It is the home of The College at Brockport , State University of New York ( SUNY-Brockport ) The Village of Brockport is roughly 20 miles west of the city of City of Rochester , in the western end of Monroe County . The village is north of the junction of New York State Route 19 ( north-south ) and New York State Route 31 ( east-west ) on the Town of Sweden 's northern line . Brockport calls itself The Victorian Village on the Erie Canal . Brockport recently remodeled the village portion of the Erie canal , providing a bricked walkway , a brand new canal visitor 's center , and several pieces of art ."}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Setauket_Presbyterian_Church_and_Burial_Ground', 'summary': 'Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground , also known as First Presbyterian Church of Brookhaven , is a historic Presbyterian church and cemetery at 5 Caroline Avenue in the Village of Setauket , Suffolk County , New York .'}]}, {'value': '1812 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Caroline Ave. 40°56′45″N 73°6′41″W / 40.94583°N 73.11139°W / 40.94583 ; -73.11139 ( Setauket Presbyterian Church and Burial Ground )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookhaven , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookhaven,_New_York', 'summary': "The Town of Brookhaven is the most populous of the ten towns of Suffolk County , New York , United States . Part of the New York metropolitan area , it is located approximately 50 miles from Manhattan . It is the only town in the county that stretches from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island . It is the largest of New York State 's 932 towns ( by area with water ) , and the second most populous , exceeded only by the Town of Hempstead . The first settlement in what is now Brookhaven was known as Setauket . Founded as a group of agricultural hamlets in the mid-17th century , Brookhaven first expanded as a major center of shipbuilding in the 19th century . Its proximity to New York City facilitated the establishment of resort communities and then a post-war population boom . In the 2010 census record Brookhaven contained 486,040 people . The township is home to two renowned Research centers , Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory . Combined these two research centers are approximately 50% of the Town 's top ten employer 's employee count . Tourism is also a major part of the local economy . The largest traditional downtowns are located in Port Jefferson , a regional transportation hub , and Patchogue ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cuyler Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuyler_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Cuyler Presbyterian Church , also known as Cuyler Chapel and Cuyler Presbyterian Church and Parsonage , is a historic Presbyterian church at 358-360 Pacific Street in Brooklyn , New York , New York . It was designed by architect Edward Sargent ( 1842-1914 ) . It was built in 1892 and is a two-story rectangular plan building with a steeply pitched , slate covered gable roof and molded terra cotta copings . It was converted to a private residence in the early 1980s . The former parsonage was built c. 1851 and is a Greek Revival style dwelling . The church served as the cornerstone for the Mohawk community in Boerum Hill ( formerly known as North Gowanus ) . The Mohawk called their neighborhood Little Caughnawaga , after their homeland in Canada . For nearly 50 years , most Mohawk in New York lived within 10 square blocks in Brooklyn ; they were from Kahnawake , a reserve in Quebec , Canada . The men were ironworkers on the bridge and skyscraper projects of New York . The women , some of whom had gone to New York separately for economic opportunity , and others who were wives and mothers , worked in a variety of jobs , as well as creating community for their families . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '1892 built 2001 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '358-360 Pacific St. 40°41′12″N 73°59′11.3″W / 40.68667°N 73.986472°W / 40.68667 ; -73.986472 ( Cuyler Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York', 'summary': "Brooklyn ( /ˈbrʊklɪn/ ) is a borough of New York City , coterminous with Kings County , located in the U.S. state of New York , the most populous county in the state , and the second-most densely populated county in the United States . It is New York City 's most populous borough , with an estimated 2,504,700 residents in 2010 . Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen , it shares a land border with the borough of Queens at the western end of Long Island . Brooklyn has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan across the East River , and the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge connects it with Staten Island . With a land area of 70.82 square miles ( 183.4 km2 ) and water area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Kings County is New York state 's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area , though it is the second-largest among the city 's five boroughs . If each borough were ranked as a city , Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous in the U.S. , after Los Angeles and Chicago . Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city ( and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution ) until January 1 , 1898 , when , after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s , according to the new Municipal Charter of Greater New York , Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities , boroughs , and counties to form the modern City of New York , surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs . The borough continues , however , to maintain a distinct culture . Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves . Brooklyn 's official motto , displayed on the Borough seal and flag , is Eendraght Maeckt Maght , which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength . In the first decades of the 21st century , Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant-garde destination for hipsters , with concomitant gentrification , dramatic house price increases and a decrease in housing affordability . Since the 2010s , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship , high technology startup firms , postmodern art and design ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Sargent -designed , Greek Revival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Sargent', 'summary': 'Edward A. Sargent ( November 1 , 1842 - 1914 ) was an American architect . New York City Schools , Churches , office buildings , clubs , armory and country homes .'}]}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Buffalo , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Buffalo,_New_York)', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church in Buffalo , New York was the first organized religious body formed in what was then the western frontier of New York State . The town of Buffalo was sparsely populated when the church was organized on February 2 , 1812 . However , having survived the War of 1812 , the town of Buffalo was rebuilt and rapidly grew with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 . The first two buildings were located on the same downtown lot . However , the congregation relocated between 1889 and 1891 to its present location approximately one and-a-half miles to the north in a more residential area .'}]}, {'value': '1812 founded 1891 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lafayette_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church_(Buffalo,_New_York)', 'summary': 'Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church complex located at 875 Elmwood Ave , Buffalo in Erie County , New York . The complex consists of the large cruciform-plan church building that was built in 1894 with an attached rear chapel . Adjoining them is the Community House that constructed of brick in the Tudor Revival style , that was built in 1921 . The main church building is constructed of Medina sandstone with a terra cotta tile roof in the Romanesque Revival style . It features a 120-foot-tall ( 37 m ) , square bell tower with a pyramidal roof . The church cost $ 150,000 to build and has a capacity of 1,000 people'}]}, {'value': '1894 built 2009 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '875 Elmwood Avenue 42°55′15.31″N 78°52′37.17″W / 42.9209194°N 78.8769917°W / 42.9209194 ; -78.8769917 ( Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church of Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_of_Chester', 'summary': 'The First Presbyterian Church of Chester is a Presbyterian church in Chester . It is located along NY 94 in the eponymous village in Orange County , New York , United States . The current church building , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 , is the third in the history of the congregation , on as many locations . Two additions have been built but the building otherwise remains intact , a well-preserved example of a 19th-century rural American church .'}]}, {'value': '1854 built 1998 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106-108 Main St. 41°21′25″N 74°16′39″W / 41.35694°N 74.27750°W / 41.35694 ; -74.27750 ( First Presbyterian Church of Chester )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Chester is a village in Orange County , New York , United States . The population was 3,969 at the 2010 census . It was named after the City of Chester in England . Chester is part of the Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York-Newark-Bridgeport , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area . The Village of Chester is primarily located in the northern part of the Town of Chester .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival , built for $ 10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cochecton Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochecton_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Cochecton Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church on Co. Rd . 114 , E of Delaware R. Bridge in Cochecton , Sullivan County , New York , United States . It was built in 1903 and is a cross gabled , wood frame structure featuring a corner bell tower . The interior is designed on the Akron Plan . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '1903 built 1992 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Co. Rd . 114 , E of Delaware R. Bridge 41°42′25″N 75°3′52″W / 41.70694°N 75.06444°W / 41.70694 ; -75.06444 ( Cochecton Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cochecton , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochecton,_New_York', 'summary': "Cochecton ( /kəˈʃɛktən/ ) is a town located in west-central Sullivan County , New York , USA . The population was 1,372 at the 2010 census . The name is an aboriginal word for low land . The Town of Cochecton ( its official name ) is situated on the Delaware River , directly across from Damascus , Pennsylvania , to which a bridge over the river provides access . The village of Cochecton has a ZIP code of 12726 ; the ZIP codes for two other communities located within the town 's boundaries - Cochecton Center and Lake Huntington - are 12727 and 12752 respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements , Akron Plan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silliman_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church was a historic Presbyterian church located at Cohoes in Albany County , New York . The complex was built in 1896-1897 and consisted of a church , a church house , and a manse . The Romanesque style church was a square structure constructed of brownstone and brick with an engaged tower at each corner . It featured various gables and turrets on the roof covered in slate . The church house was a \u200b2 1⁄2-story , Richardsonian Romanesque-style building . The manse was a 2-story stone residence with a Tudor arch doorway . The complex was demolished in 1998 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and it remains listed on the National Register despite no longer being in existence .'}]}, {'value': '1897 built 1979 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohawk and Seneca Sts . 42°46′28″N 73°42′2″W / 42.77444°N 73.70056°W / 42.77444 ; -73.70056 ( Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cohoes , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cohoes,_New_York', 'summary': "Cohoes ( /kəˈhoʊz/ kə-HOHZ ) is an incorporated city located in the northeast corner of Albany County in the U.S. state of New York . It is called the Spindle City because of the importance of textile manufacturing to its growth in the 19th century . The city 's factories processed cotton from the Deep South . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 16,168 . The name Cohoes is believed to be derived from a Mohawk term , Ga-ha-oose , referring to the Cohoes Falls and meaning Place of the Falling Canoe , an interpretation noted by Horatio Gates Spafford in his 1823 publication A Gazetteer of the State of New York . Later historians posited that the name is derived from the Algonquian Cohoes , a place name based on a word meaning 'pine tree ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Fuller & Wheeler -designed , Romanesque , Richardsonian Romanesque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fuller_&_Wheeler', 'summary': 'Albert W. Fuller ( 1854-1934 ) was an American architect practicing in Albany , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Canterbury Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'Canterbury Presbyteria ] Church is located along Clinton Street in downtown Cornwall , New York , United States . It is a white stone and brick building in the Federal style , with later additions in a Colonial Revival style consistent with the earlier structure . Since 1996 it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Services were last held in 2004 as the church merged into Cornwall Presbyterian Church , which had been founded by dissident members of Canterbury . The building has been used by several local nonprofit groups .'}]}, {'value': '1826 built 1996 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°26′7″N 74°1′53″W / 41.43528°N 74.03139°W / 41.43528 ; -74.03139 ( Canterbury Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornwall , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornwall,_New_York', 'summary': "Cornwall is a town in Orange County , New York , United States , about 50 miles north of New York City on the western shore of the Hudson River . As of the 2010 census , the population was at 12,646 . Cornwall has become a bedroom community for area towns and cities including New York City . Commuter rail service to North Jersey and New York City is available via the Salisbury Mills-Cornwall train station , operated by NJ Transit in behalf of Metro-North Railroad . The town is located less than an hour from the George Washington Bridge with access to major commuter routes like the New York State Thruway and the Palisades Parkway . Cornwall 's Main Street includes gift shops , taverns , restaurants , coffeehouses , yoga studios and boutiques . Government offices , churches , parks , the riverfront , and St. Luke 's Cornwall Hospital , a part of the Montefiore Health System , are situated within walking distance of downtown . The town is a designated Tree City . Cornwall was featured as The Best Places to Raise Kids 2013 in New York by Bloomberg Business Week magazine ."}]}, {'value': 'Federal style', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex ( Cortland , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_Complex_(Cortland,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church Complex , also known as United Presbyterian Church , is a historic Presbyterian church located at Cortland in Cortland County , New York . It was built in 1889-1890 and is a solid massed masonry building consisting of a central hip-roofed main block fronted by steeply pitched gable projections . Major additions to the original church were completed in 1922 and 1958 . The church features a stout , multi stage bell tower with a tall steeple and prominent cross on the spire . Also on the property is a Queen Anne style manse completed in 1903 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1889 built 2002 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 Church St. 42°35′57″N 76°10′41″W / 42.59917°N 76.17806°W / 42.59917 ; -76.17806 ( First Presbyterian Church Complex ( Cortland , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cortland , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cortland,_New_York', 'summary': "Cortland is a city in Cortland County , New York , United States of America . Known as the Crown City , Cortland is in New York 's Southern Tier region . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,204 . It is the county seat of Cortland County . The city of Cortland , near the county 's western border , is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville ."}]}, {'value': 'Late Victorian , Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hopewell Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopewell_Presbyterian_Church_(Crawford,_New_York)', 'summary': 'The Hopewell Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at the junction of Thompson Ridge Road ( Orange County Route 17 ) and NY 302 in the Thompson Ridge section of the Town of Crawford in Orange County , New York . The church itself was established in 1778 , in a stone building 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) west of the present site . It moved to the current building , a stone Gothic revival building , in 1831 . In 1968 , an addition was built on the back . In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1831 built 1998 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NY 302 , at jct . of NY 17 41°34′14″N 74°20′8″W / 41.57056°N 74.33556°W / 41.57056 ; -74.33556 ( Hopewell Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crawford , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crawford,_New_York', 'summary': 'Crawford is a town in the north of Orange County , New York , USA . The population was 9,316 at the 2010 census . The name comes from a settler who gave his name to a community in the hamlet now called Pine Bush .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church ( Delhi , New York )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Delhi,_New_York)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at Delhi in Delaware County , New York . It is a large wood frame building on a cut stone foundation designed by Isaac G. Perry and built in 1880-1882 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1882 built 2006 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton St. 42°16′28″N 74°55′21″W / 42.27444°N 74.92250°W / 42.27444 ; -74.92250 ( First Presbyterian Church ( Delhi , New York ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delhi , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delhi,_New_York', 'summary': 'Delhi ( /ˈdɛl.haɪ/ DEL-hy ) is a town in Delaware County , New York , United States . The population was 5,117 at the 2010 census . The town is in the east-central part of the county and contains the village of Delhi . The State University of New York at Delhi is located in the town . The town is named after the city of Delhi , the capital territory of India . The name was in honor of founder Ebenezer Foote , who was known as The Great Mogul . Another founder , Erastus Root , a rival of Foote , is responsible for the pronunciation . Root preferred the name Mapleton . When he learned the town was to be named Delhi , he exclaimed , Delhi , Hell-high ! Might as well call it Foote-high . The town is the setting for the classic 1959 novel My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George .'}]}, {'value': 'Late Victorian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Presbyterian_Church', 'summary': 'South Presbyterian Church , usually just referred to as South Church , is located along Broadway ( US 9 ) in Dobbs Ferry , New York , United States . Founded in 1820 , it is currently in its second building , a stone Gothic Revival style structure dating to 1869 . Members of the church have done much of the work on both buildings , and the church itself is actively involved in the community . The main church building is the only known extant work of architect Julius Munckowitz . Two outbuildings , a manse and a house built by a former parishioner , were built around the same time and of similar materials but show traces of the Second Empire style , such as mansard roofs . They have changed very little since they were first opened , despite the conversion of one into a day care center . All three were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as a well-preserved example of an urban Gothic Revival church .'}]}, {'value': '1868-69 built 2000 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41°0′55″N 73°52′10″W / 41.01528°N 73.86944°W / 41.01528 ; -73.86944 ( South Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dobbs Ferry , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York', 'summary': "Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County , New York . The population was 10,875 according to the 2010 United States Census . In 2018 , it 's population rose to an estimated 11,027 . The village of Dobbs Ferry is located in , and is a part of , the town of Greenburgh . The village ZIP code is 10522 . Most of the village falls within the boundaries of the Dobbs Ferry Union Free School District . Dobbs Ferry was ranked seventh in the list of the top 10 places to live in New York State for 2014 according to the national online real estate brokerage Movoto . Dobbs Ferry is also the first village in New York State certified as a Climate Smart Community and was granted in 2014 the highest level given out in the state ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_Parsonage', 'summary': 'Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage is a historic Reformed Presbyterian church parsonage on Duanesburg Churches Road in Duanesburg , Schenectady County , New York . It was built about 1829 and is a two-story , five-bay , frame vernacular Federal style residence . It has a gable roof with cornice returns , a narrow frieze , clapboard siding , and slender corner boards . It has a two-story rear wing . Also on the property is a contributing barn . The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'c.1829 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duanesburg Churches Rd . 42°46′16″N 74°9′26″W / 42.77111°N 74.15722°W / 42.77111 ; -74.15722 ( Reformed Presbyterian Church Parsonage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duanesburg , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duanesburg,_New_York', 'summary': 'Duanesburg is a town in Schenectady County , New York , United States . The population was 6,122 at the 2010 census . Duanesburg is named for James Duane , who held most of it as an original land grant . The town is in the western part of the county .'}]}, {'value': 'Federal , Vernacular Federal', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'New York', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Presbyterian_churches_in_the_United_States_30', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Presbyterian churches in the United States, where a church is notable either as a congregation or as a building. In the United States, numerous churches are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are noted on state or local historic registers. Also more than 300 Presbyterian historic sites have been listed by the Presbyterian Historical Society onto the American Presbyterian/Reformed Historic Sites Registry (APRHS); those sites which are churches are . in progress . being added here.'}	null	null	What are the coordinates of the church that also serves as a venue for performances of sacred music ?	41°12′12″N 73°38′33″W / 41.2032°N 73.6425°W / 41.2032 ; -73.6425 ( Bedford Presbyterian Church )
0179c97fb216b009	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Louisiana', 'title': 'List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana', 'header': ['Name', 'Built', 'Listed', 'Location', 'Parish', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': "Burr 's Ferry Bridge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Burr's_Ferry_Bridge", 'summary': "Burr 's Ferry Bridge is a bridge on the Sabine River where LA 8 meets Texas State Highway 63 at the Louisiana and Texas state line between Burkeville , Texas and Burr Ferry , Louisiana . The bridge includes three Parker through truss spans and 34 concrete girder spans . The center span is a 250 feet ( 76 m ) riveted Parker through truss ; the other two main spans are 120 feet ( 37 m ) in length ."}]}, {'value': '1936 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-05-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Burr Ferry 31°3′50″N 93°31′24″W / 31.06389°N 93.52333°W / 31.06389 ; -93.52333 ( Burr 's Ferry Bridge )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burr_Ferry,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Burr Ferry is an unincorporated community at the junction of LA 8 and LA 111 south , in Vernon Parish , Louisiana , United States . The community is two miles from the site of the old Burr 's Ferry on the Sabine River , at the Texas line . The Sabine River , at this location , is the site of two listings on the National Register of Historic Places ; Burr 's Ferry Bridge , and Burr 's Ferry Earthworks ."}]}, {'value': 'Vernon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Vernon Parish ( French : Paroisse de Vernon ) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 52,334 . The parish seat is Leesville . Bordered on the west by the Sabine River , the parish was founded in 1871 during the Reconstruction era . It was long a center of the timber industry , which harvested pine in the hills and bottomland hardwoods . Construction of a railway to the area in 1897 stimulated marketing of lumber and businesses in the area . Since World War II , Fort Polk has been most important to the parish economy . The population of the Leesville area rapidly increased fivefold after the fort was opened . Vernon Parish is part of the Fort Polk South , LA Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the DeRidder-Fort Polk South , LA Combined Statistical Area . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Parker through truss bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caddo Lake Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caddo_Lake_Bridge', 'summary': "The Historic Caddo Lake Drawbridge , also known as the Mooringsport Bridge , is a vertical-lift bridge that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . It was built in 1914 , to replace a ferry , by the Midland Bridge Company of Kansas City , Missouri , under authority of the Caddo Parish Police Jury . The lift span has been inoperable since the 1940s . This vehicular bridge illustrates the Vertical-Lift design of John Alexander Low Waddell of the firm of Waddell & Harrington . This design allowed the entire center span to lift in a vertical direction to allow tall oil equipment to pass through , especially Gulf Oil Company 's pile driver . This design was invented in 1893 and was successfully introduced in Chicago with the South Halsted Street Bridge . The Caddo Lake Drawbridge is a direct descendant of this structure . In the summer of 1941 , just prior to World War II , the United States Army held maneuvers in and around Mooringsport as a means of preparing the soldiers for war . During the maneuvers , Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton came to Mooringsport and led the Red and Blue armies in the capture of the bridge . They also bombed the bridge with sacks of flour . In the mid-1940s , ownership of the bridge was transferred away from Caddo Parish to the Louisiana Department of Highways ( LA Department of Transportation & Development , abbreviated as DOTD ) . Shortly after the transfer , the Department of Highways realized that there was no longer a need for the bridge to open ."}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-10-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mooringsport 32°41′47″N 93°57′28″W / 32.69628°N 93.95785°W / 32.69628 ; -93.95785 ( Caddo Lake Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mooringsport,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Mooringsport is a town in Caddo Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 793 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Caddo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Caddo Parish ( French : Paroisse de Caddo ) is a parish located in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 254,969 , making it the fourth-most populous parish in Louisiana . The parish seat is Shreveport , which developed along the Red River . Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'vertical lift bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deweyville-Starks Swing Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deweyville_Swing_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Deweyville Swing Bridge , also known as Deweyville-Starks Swing Bridge and Sabine River Bridge , is a swing bridge which carries Texas State Highway 12 and Louisiana Highway 12 across the Sabine River at the Texas-Louisiana border . The bridge connects Deweyville , Texas to rural Calcasieu Parish , Louisiana , near the community of Starks . The Texas Highway Department and Louisiana Highway Commission built the bridge as a joint effort in 1936-38 ; the two highway departments used federal funding from Depression-era relief programs to complete the project . The bridge was one of four federally funded bridges between Texas and Louisiana built during the Great Depression . The swing bridge design , in which the center section of the bridge can be rotated , allowed a variety of boats to pass by on the swift river . The bridge is the oldest surviving swing bridge of its design in Texas and one of three such bridges in the state . The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1936-38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-06-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starks vicinity 30°18′14″N 93°44′37″W / 30.30383°N 93.74362°W / 30.30383 ; -93.74362 ( Caddo Lake Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Starks,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Starks is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Calcasieu Parish , Louisiana , United States . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 664 . It is located approximately 30 miles ( 48 km ) northwest of Lake Charles and about 5 miles ( 8 km ) from the Texas and Louisiana border . Starks is known for its annual Mayhaw Festival to celebrate the fruit that grows in the bayous along the Texas/Louisiana border .'}]}, {'value': 'Calcasieu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Calcasieu Parish ( /ˈkælkəˌʃuː/ ; French : Paroisse de Calcasieu ) is a parish located on the southwestern border of the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 192,768 . The parish seat is Lake Charles . Calcasieu Parish is part of the Lake Charles , LA Metropolitan Statistical Area with a population of 194,138 . It is also located near the Beaumont-Port Arthur ( Texas ) , Lafayette , and Alexandria metropolitan areas . Calcasieu Parish was created March 24 , 1840 , from the parish of Saint Landry , one of the original nineteen civil parishes established by the Louisiana Legislature in 1807 after the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The original parish seat was Comasaque Bluff , a settlement east of the river and later called Marsh Bayou Bluff . On December 8 , 1840 , it was renamed as Marion , Louisiana . In 1852 Jacob Ryan , a local planter and businessman , donated land and offered to move the courthouse in order to have the parish seat moved to Lake Charles . As the population in this area grew over the years , the original Calcasieu Parish has since been divided into five smaller parishes . The original area of Calcasieu Parish is called Imperial Calcasieu .'}]}, {'value': 'Part of Historic Bridges of Texas , 1866-1945 MPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission', 'summary': "The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Southern Railroad Bridge , Cross Bayou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railroad_Bridge,_Cross_Bayou', 'summary': "Kansas City Southern Railroad Waddell A Truss Bridge , Cross Bayou , in Shreveport , Louisiana , was built in 1890 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . The bridge once carried the Kansas City Southern Railway across Cross Bayou ( also known as Twelve Mile Bayou ) , parallel and about 100 yards ( 91 m ) east of Spring Street 's crossing . It is one of the only two remaining Waddell A Truss Bridge , designed by John Alexander Low Waddell . The bridge no longer carries rail traffic , and rail connections were removed prior to 2002 . It is recognized as a historic site by the City of Shreveport . A second Waddell A Truss Bridge was built in Missouri in 1898 and is also listed on the National Register ."}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1890 , 1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-03-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shreveport 32°31′10″N 93°45′00″W / 32.51958°N 93.74996°W / 32.51958 ; -93.74996 ( Kansas City Southern Railroad Bridge , Cross Bayou )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Shreveport ( /ˈʃriːvpɔːrt/ SHREEV-port ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is the most populous city in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan area . Shreveport ranks third in population in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge and 133rd in the U.S . The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish , of which it is the parish seat . Shreveport extends along the west bank of the Red River ( most notably at Wright Island , the Charles and Marie Hamel Memorial Park , and Bagley Island ) into neighboring Bossier Parish . The population of Shreveport was 199,311 as of the 2010 U.S. Census . The United States Census Bureau 's 2018 estimates for the city 's population decreased to 188,987 , and grew to an estimated 189,149 . Shreveport was founded in 1836 by the Shreve Town Company , a corporation established to develop a town at the juncture of the newly navigable Red River and the Texas Trail , an overland route into the newly independent Republic of Texas . Prior to Texas becoming independent , this trail entered Mexico . The city grew throughout the 20th century and , after the discovery of oil in Louisiana , became a national center for the oil industry . Standard Oil of Louisiana ( absorbed by Standard Oil of New Jersey and now part of ExxonMobil ) and United Gas Corporation ( now part of Pennzoil ) were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s . After the loss of jobs in the oil industry , the close of Shreveport Operations ( a General Motors vehicle factory ) , and other economic problems the city struggled with a declining population , poverty , drugs and violent crime ."}]}, {'value': 'Caddo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Caddo Parish ( French : Paroisse de Caddo ) is a parish located in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 254,969 , making it the fourth-most populous parish in Louisiana . The parish seat is Shreveport , which developed along the Red River . Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport-Bossier City metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Waddell A Truss Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Levert-St. John Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1895 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-03-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Martinville 30°9′29″N 91°48′43″W / 30.15806°N 91.81194°W / 30.15806 ; -91.81194 ( Levert-St. John Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Martinville,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'St. Martinville is a city in , and the parish seat of , St. Martin Parish , Louisiana , United States . It lies on Bayou Teche , sixteen miles south of Breaux Bridge , eighteen miles southeast of Lafayette , and nine miles north of New Iberia . The population was 6,114 at the 2010 census , down from 6,989 in 2000 . It is part of the Lafayette Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'St. Martin Parish ( French : Paroisse de Saint-Martin ) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 52,160 . The parish seat is St. Martinville . The parish was founded in 1811 . St. Martin Parish is part of the Lafayette , Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area . 27% of the population of St. Martin Parish have French fluency , rated as one of the highest concentrations of French speakers in the nation .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren through truss swing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi River Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_River_Bridge_(Vicksburg,_Mississippi)', 'summary': 'The Old Vicksburg Bridge , also known as Mississippi River Bridge , is a cantilever bridge carrying one rail line across the Mississippi River between Delta , Louisiana and Vicksburg , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': '1928-1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-02-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta 32°18′54″N 90°54′20″W / 32.31500°N 90.90556°W / 32.31500 ; -90.90556 ( Mississippi River Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Delta is a village in Madison Parish , Louisiana , United States . The population was 239 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Tallulah Micropolitan Statistical Area . As the birthplace of African-American entrepreneur Madam C.J . Walker , the first American woman to become a millionaire by her own business achievements , it has been included as one of 26 featured sites on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail . In nearby Tallulah , Louisiana , the parish seat , a related site is the Hermione Museum , which has an exhibit about Walker .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Madison Parish ( French : Paroisse de Madison ) is a parish located on the northeastern border of the U.S. state of Louisiana , in the delta lowlands along the Mississippi River . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,093 . Its parish seat is Tallulah . The parish was formed in 1839 . With a history of cotton plantations and pecan farms , the parish economy continues to be primarily agricultural . It has a majority African-American population . For years a ferry connected Delta , Louisiana ( and traffic from the parish ) to Vicksburg , Mississippi . A bridge now carries highway US 80 across the river .'}]}, {'value': 'Cantilevered truss span', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarto Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-11-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Bend 31°04′26″N 91°47′33″W / 31.0739°N 91.7926°W / 31.0739 ; -91.7926 ( Sarto Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Bend,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Big Bend is an unincorporated community in Avoyelles Parish , Louisiana , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Avoyelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Avoyelles ( French : Paroisse des Avoyelles ) is a parish located in central eastern Louisiana near the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . As of the 2010 census , the population was 42,073 . The parish seat is Marksville . The parish was created in 1807 , with the name deriving from the French name for the historic Avoyel people , one of the local Indian tribes at the time of European encounter . Today the parish is the base of the federally recognized Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe , who have a reservation there . The tribe has a land-based gambling casino on their reservation . It is located in Marksville , the parish seat , which is partly within reservation land .'}]}, {'value': 'Swing truss bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sparrow Lane Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-01-31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colfax 31°04′26″N 91°47′33″W / 31.0739°N 91.7926°W / 31.0739 ; -91.7926 ( Sparrow Lane Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colfax,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Colfax is a town in , and the parish seat of , Grant Parish , Louisiana , United States , founded in 1869 . Colfax is part of the Alexandria , Louisiana metropolitan area . The largely African American population of Colfax counted 1,558 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grant_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Grant Parish ( French : Paroisse de Grant ) is a parish located in the North Central portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 22,309 . The parish seat is Colfax . The parish was founded in 1869 . Grant Parish is part of the Alexandria , LA Metropolitan Statistical Area and Red River Valley . From 1940-1960 , the parish had a dramatic population loss , as many African Americans left in the Great Migration to seek better opportunities elsewhere . Such migration continued until about 1970 . The parish was also one of the eleven Reconstruction parishes created , created from Winn and Rapides parishes . Grant Parish is a home of United States Penitentiary , Pollock .'}]}, {'value': 'Concrete deck girder bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vida Shaw Bridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-7-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loreaville vicinity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iberia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iberia_Parish,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Iberia Parish ( French : Paroisse de l'Ibérie , Spanish : Parroquia de Iberia ) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana . As of the 2010 census , the population was 73,240 . The parish seat is New Iberia . The parish was formed in 1868 during the Reconstruction era and named for the Iberian Peninsula . It is part of the 22-parish Acadiana region of the state , with a large Francophone population . Some of its ethnic French residents had ancestors who settled here after being expelled in the 18th century by the British from Acadia in present-day Canada . Historically , it has also been a center for sugar cane cultivation and produces the most sugar of any parish in the state . Iberia Parish is part of the Lafayette , Louisiana , Metropolitan Statistical Area . The Port of Iberia has a waterway with access to the Gulf Coast ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Louisiana . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Louisiana_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Louisiana.'}	null	null	What kind of traffic crosses this bridge found in this parish located on the northeastern border of Louisiana ?	one rail line
017a0f378a6fd030	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Portuguese_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1989 Portuguese Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stefan Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Johansson', 'summary': 'Stefan Nils Edwin Johansson ( born 8 September 1956 ) is a Swedish racing driver who drove in Formula One for both Ferrari and McLaren , among other teams . Since leaving Formula One he has won the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and raced in a number of categories , including CART , various kinds of Sports car racing and Grand Prix Masters . He is also the manager of New Zealander Scott Dixon ( winner of the 2008 Indianapolis 500 ) , fellow Swede Felix Rosenqvist ( winner of the 2015 European Formula 3 Championship ) , Canadian Zachary Claman DeMelo and Ed Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Onyx - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onyx_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Onyx Grand Prix is a former Formula One constructor from Britain that competed in the 1989 and 1990 Formula One seasons . The team participated in 26 World Championship Grands Prix ( 25 starts ) and scored six World Constructors ' Championship points . Its best result was third place , in the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , for Stefan Johansson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:18.623', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Alliot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Alliot', 'summary': 'Philippe Alliot ( born 27 July 1954 ) is a former racing driver who participated in Formula One from 1984 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1994 . He raced for RAM , Ligier , Larrousse and McLaren .'}]}, {'value': 'Lola - Lamborghini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lola_Cars', 'summary': "Lola Cars International Ltd. was a British race car engineering company in operation from 1958 to 2012 . The company was founded by Eric Broadley in Huntingdon , England , and endured for more than fifty years to become one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world . Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars , and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles . Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One . Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group , which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites , that specialized in carbon fibre production . After a period in bankruptcy administration , Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012 . Many of Lola 's assets were subsequently purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering and the Carl A. Haas Automotive company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamborghini', 'summary': "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation : [ lamborˈɡiːni ] ) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese . The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi . Ferruccio Lamborghini , an Italian manufacturing magnate , founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques , including Ferrari . The company was noted for using a rear mid-engine , rear-wheel drive . Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade , but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . The firm 's ownership changed three times after 1973 , including a bankruptcy in 1978 . American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994 . In 1998 , Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group 's Audi division . New products and model lines were introduced to the brand 's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand . In the late 2000s , during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis , Lamborghini 's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent . Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán , along with the Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine . In addition , the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.164', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.541', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Moreno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Moreno', 'summary': "Roberto Pupo Moreno ( born 11 February 1959 ) , usually known as Roberto Moreno and also as Pupo Moreno , is a Brazilian racing driver . He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix , achieved 1 podium , and scored a total of 15 championship points . He raced in CART in 1986 , and was Formula 3000 champion ( in 1988 ) before joining Formula One full-time in 1989 . He returned to CART in 1996 where he enjoyed an Indian summer in 2000 and 2001 , and managed to extend his career in the series until 2008 . Also raced in endurance events and GT 's in Brazil , but now works as a driver coach and consultant , and although this takes up a lot of his time , he is not officially retired yet , as he appears in historic events . Away from the sport , he enjoys building light aeroplanes . Moreno was known as the Super Sub late in his career as he was used to replace injured drivers several times ."}]}, {'value': 'Coloni - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Coloni', 'summary': "Coloni Motorsport , also known as Scuderia Coloni , is an auto racing team from Italy . Formed by Enzo Coloni in 1982 , the team participated in Formula Three between 1983 and 1986 , before racing in Formula One as Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems between 1987 and 1991 . They made 82 attempts to take part in a Formula One race but only qualified 14 times . Since then , under the management of Enzo Coloni 's son Paolo , the team has been successful in Formula Three , Formula 3000 and GP2 Series . Between 2006 and 2009 the team ran under the name of Fisichella Motor Sport , with support from Formula One driver Giancarlo Fisichella and his manager Enrico Zanarini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.157', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michele Alboreto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michele_Alboreto', 'summary': 'Michele Alboreto ( 23 December 1956 - 25 April 2001 ) was an Italian racing driver . He was runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship , as well as winning the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2001 12 Hours of Sebring sports car races . Alboreto competed in Formula One from 1981 until 1994 , racing for a number of teams , including five seasons ( 1984-88 ) for Ferrari . His career in motorsport began in 1976 , racing a car he and a number of his friends had built in the Formula Monza series . The car , however , achieved very little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three . Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for his entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team . Two wins , the first in the final round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas , and the second a year later in Detroit , earned him a place with the Ferrari team . Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship , eventually losing out by 20 points . The following three seasons were less successful , however , and at the end of the 1988 campaign , the Italian left Ferrari and re-signed with his former employers Tyrrell , where he stayed until joining Larrousse midway through 1989 . Further seasons with Footwork , Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career . In 1995 , Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series . He took his final major victories , the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours , with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Lola - Lamborghini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lola_Cars', 'summary': "Lola Cars International Ltd. was a British race car engineering company in operation from 1958 to 2012 . The company was founded by Eric Broadley in Huntingdon , England , and endured for more than fifty years to become one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world . Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars , and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles . Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One . Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group , which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites , that specialized in carbon fibre production . After a period in bankruptcy administration , Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012 . Many of Lola 's assets were subsequently purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering and the Carl A. Haas Automotive company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamborghini', 'summary': "Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. ( Italian pronunciation : [ lamborˈɡiːni ] ) is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese . The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi . Ferruccio Lamborghini , an Italian manufacturing magnate , founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with established marques , including Ferrari . The company was noted for using a rear mid-engine , rear-wheel drive . Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade , but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis . The firm 's ownership changed three times after 1973 , including a bankruptcy in 1978 . American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994 . In 1998 , Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group 's Audi division . New products and model lines were introduced to the brand 's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand . In the late 2000s , during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis , Lamborghini 's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent . Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán , along with the Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine . In addition , the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing ."}]}, {'value': '1:19.869', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JJ Lehto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JJ_Lehto', 'summary': 'Jyrki Juhani Järvilehto ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjyrki ˈjærvilehto ] ; born 31 January 1966 ) , better known as JJ Lehto , is a Finnish racing driver . He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice , in 1995 and 2005 . He is also a former Formula One driver . He was a protégé of Finnish 1982 Formula One World Champion Keke Rosberg , who first suggested that Jyrki Järvilehto should abbreviate his name to the more manageable JJ Lehto , much as Rosberg had done before him ( Keke being derived from Keijo , his own given name ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Onyx - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onyx_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Onyx Grand Prix is a former Formula One constructor from Britain that competed in the 1989 and 1990 Formula One seasons . The team participated in 26 World Championship Grands Prix ( 25 starts ) and scored six World Constructors ' Championship points . Its best result was third place , in the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , for Stefan Johansson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:20.880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piercarlo Ghinzani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piercarlo_Ghinzani', 'summary': "Piercarlo Ghinzani ( born 16 January 1952 in Riviera d'Adda , Lombardy ) is a former racing driver from Italy . He currently manages his own racing team , Team Ghinzani , which was created in 1992 and is currently involved in several Formula Three championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Osella - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osella', 'summary': 'Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team . They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990 . They achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.021', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.398', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar Larrauri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Larrauri', 'summary': 'Oscar Rubén Larrauri ( born August 19 , 1954 ) is a racing driver from Argentina . He participated in 21 Formula One Grands Prix , all with the EuroBrun team , debuting at the 1988 Brazilian Grand Prix . He scored no championship points , only qualifying 8 times . He was for many years part of Brun Motorsport in sports car racing , and involved in the World Sportscar Championship , IMSA GT Championship , Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft , and All Japan Sports Prototype Championship during his career .'}]}, {'value': 'EuroBrun - Judd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EuroBrun', 'summary': 'EuroBrun Racing was an Italo-Swiss Formula One constructor based in Senago , Milan , Italy . They participated in 46 grands prix , entering a total of 76 cars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judd_(engine)', 'summary': "Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd. , a company founded in 1971 by John Judd and Jack Brabham in Rugby , Warwickshire , England . Engine Developments was intended to build engines for Brabham 's racing efforts , and became one of the first firms authorised by Cosworth to maintain and rebuild its DFV engines , but has since expanded into various areas of motorsport . Judd has provided engines for many major series , including Formula One and other smaller formula series , sports car racing , and touring car racing . They have been associated with manufacturers such as Yamaha , MG , and Honda , although they have mainly been a privateer-engine supplier ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.326', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.703', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriele Tarquini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gabriele_Tarquini', 'summary': "Gabriele Tarquini ( born 2 March 1962 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 78 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on May 3 , 1987 . He scored 1 championship point , and holds the record for the most failed attempts to qualify . He has subsequently raced successfully in Touring Cars , winning the BTCC in 1994 , the ETCC in 2003 the WTCC in 2009 and the WTCR in 2018 . On 22 November 2009 he won the 2009 FIA World Touring Car Championship title at the age of 47 years and 266 days . This made him the oldest ever world champion in an FIA series , breaking Juan Manuel Fangio 's record of being FIA Formula One World Drivers ' Champion at the age of 46 years and 41 days in 1957 . Tarquini backed up this record by winning the 2018 FIA World Touring Car Cup at the age of 56 years and 259 days ."}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:21.881', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.258', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aguri Suzuki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aguri_Suzuki', 'summary': 'Aguri Suzuki ( 鈴木亜久里 , Suzuki Aguri , born 8 September 1960 ) is a Japanese former racing driver . He participated in 88 Formula One Grands Prix , and his most notable achievement in racing was 3rd place at the 1990 Japanese Grand Prix . Suzuki then became involved in team ownership , with interests firstly in the Japanese Formula Nippon Championship and the IRL in partnership with Mexican racer Adrian Fernandez . Most notably however , he was the owner of the Super Aguri F1 team , which participated in Formula One from 2006 to 2008 . He then went on to form Team Aguri , which raced in Formula E from 2014 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zakspeed - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zakspeed', 'summary': 'Zakspeed ( German pronunciation : [ ˈtsakspiːt ] ) is a motor racing team from Germany , founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and after that run by his son Peter Zakowski . It is based in Niederzissen , Rhineland-Palatinate , around 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the Nürburgring circuit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.493', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernd Schneider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernd_Schneider_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Bernd Schneider ( born 20 July 1964 in St. Ingbert ) is a racing driver from Germany . He is a five-time Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters champion , and a Mercedes Brand Ambassador .'}]}, {'value': 'Zakspeed - Yamaha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zakspeed', 'summary': 'Zakspeed ( German pronunciation : [ ˈtsakspiːt ] ) is a motor racing team from Germany , founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and after that run by his son Peter Zakowski . It is based in Niederzissen , Rhineland-Palatinate , around 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the Nürburgring circuit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Yamaha Motor Company Limited ( ヤマハ発動機株式会社 , Yamaha Hatsudōki Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles , marine products such as boats and outboard motors , and other motorized products . The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation ( however Yamaha Corporation is still the largest private company shareholder with 9.92% , as of 2019 ) , and is headquartered in Iwata , Shizuoka , Japan . The company conducts development , production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012 . Led by Genichi Kawakami , the companys founder and first president , Yamaha Motor began production of its first product , the YA-1 , in 1955 . The 125cc motorcycle won the 3rd Mount Fuji Ascent Race in its class . The company 's products includes motorcycles , scooters , motorized bicycles , boats , sail boats , personal water craft , swimming pools , utility boats , fishing boats , outboard motors , 4-wheel ATVs , recreational off-road vehicles , go-kart engines , golf carts , multi-purpose engines , electrical generators , water pumps , snowmobiles , small snow throwers , automobile engines , surface mounters , intelligent machinery , industrial-use unmanned helicopters , electrical power units for wheelchairs and helmets . The company is also involved in the import and sales of various types of products , development of tourist businesses and management of leisure , recreational facilities and related services . Yamahas motorcycle sales are the second largest in the world outboard motor and Yamaha is the world leader in water vehicle sales ."}]}, {'value': '1:24.732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+6.109', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Bertaggia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Bertaggia', 'summary': 'Enrico Bertaggia ( born 19 September 1964 ) is a former racing driver from Italy . He enjoyed success in Formula Three , winning the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1987 and the Monaco Grand Prix F3 support race and the Macau Grand Prix the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'Coloni - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Coloni', 'summary': "Coloni Motorsport , also known as Scuderia Coloni , is an auto racing team from Italy . Formed by Enzo Coloni in 1982 , the team participated in Formula Three between 1983 and 1986 , before racing in Formula One as Enzo Coloni Racing Car Systems between 1987 and 1991 . They made 82 attempts to take part in a Formula One race but only qualified 14 times . Since then , under the management of Enzo Coloni 's son Paolo , the team has been successful in Formula Three , Formula 3000 and GP2 Series . Between 2006 and 2009 the team ran under the name of Fisichella Motor Sport , with support from Formula One driver Giancarlo Fisichella and his manager Enrico Zanarini ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1:28.526', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+9.903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yannick Dalmas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Dalmas', 'summary': 'Yannick Dalmas ( born 28 July 1961 in Le Beausset , Var ) is a former racing driver from France . He participated in 49 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 18 October 1987 , but qualified for only 24 of them . His best result in F1 was a 5th place at the 1987 Australian Grand Prix , but he was not eligible for World Championship points at that race . His F1 career was blighted by his health issues , towards the end of 1988 , Dalmas was diagnosed with Legionellosis which caused him to miss the final two races . He recovered before the start of 1989 but his illness had clearly affected him . After the 1990 Formula One Season , Dalmas left the series and began racing in Le Mans Prototypes . There he found much more success , winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans four times ( in 1992 , 1994 , 1995 and 1999 ) , each with different teams . In 1994 , Dalmas made a brief return to Formula One with cash-strapped Larrousse , but only entered two races . He crashed in Italy , and finished two laps off the lead in Portugal . Dalmas was French Formula Three champion in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'AGS - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automobiles_Gonfaronnaises_Sportives', 'summary': 'Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives ( also known as AGS and Gonfaron Sports Cars ) was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years , including Formula One from 1986 to 1991 . AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school , in Le Luc , near Gonfaron .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DSQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicola Larini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicola_Larini', 'summary': 'Nicola Larini ( born 19 March 1964 ) is an Italian racing driver . He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix , debuting on 6 September 1987 . He finished second in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix on a substitute outing for Ferrari , but only scored points once more in his career . He enjoyed greater success in touring car racing , primarily for Alfa Romeo .'}]}, {'value': 'Osella - Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osella', 'summary': 'Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team . They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990 . They achieved two points finishes and scored 5 championship points .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Pre-Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1989_Portuguese_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix (formally the XXIII Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal on 24 September 1989. It was the thirteenth race of the 1989 Formula One World Championship. The 71-lap race was won by Gerhard Berger, driving a Ferrari, with Alain Prost second in a McLaren-Honda and Stefan Johansson third in an Onyx-Ford. Prost's teammate and Drivers' Championship rival, Ayrton Senna, retired following a collision with the second Ferrari of Nigel Mansell, who had been black-flagged for reversing in the pit lane. As a result, Prost moved 24 points clear of Senna in the championship with three races remaining. As well as Johansson taking Onyx's only podium finish, the race also saw Pierluigi Martini lead for one lap - the first and only time the Minardi team led a Formula One race - and ten drivers from ten different teams finish in the top ten places. The race was also Prost's 150th Grand Prix start and the last start for the Coloni team, though it would continue in F1 until the end of 1991."}	null	null	How many Grand Prix did the driver who finished the qualifying race of the Portuguese Grand Prix of 1989 in 1:21.326 race in Formula One ?	21
017a1369ea255202	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden_Professor_of_Sanskrit', 'title': 'Boden Professor of Sanskrit', 'header': ['Name', 'Years', 'Education', 'College as Professor', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Horace Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson', 'summary': 'Horace Hayman Wilson ( 26 September 1786 - 8 May 1860 ) was an English orientalist .'}]}, {'value': '1832-60', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Thomas ' Hospital , London", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Thomas'_Hospital", 'summary': "St Thomas ' Hospital is a large NHS teaching hospital in Central London , England . It is one of the institutions that compose the King 's Health Partners , an academic health science centre . Administratively part of the Guy 's and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust , together with Guy 's Hospital and King 's College Hospital it provides the location of the King 's College London GKT School of Medical Education . Originally located in Southwark , but based in Lambeth since 1871 , the hospital has provided healthcare freely or under charitable auspices since the 12th century . It is one of London 's most famous hospitals , associated with names such as Sir Astley Cooper , William Cheselden , Florence Nightingale , Linda Richards , Edmund Montgomery , Agnes Elizabeth Jones and Sir Harold Ridley . It is a prominent London landmark - largely due to its location on the opposite bank of the River Thames to the Houses of Parliament . St Thomas ' Hospital is accessible from Westminster tube station ( a 10-minute walk across Westminster Bridge ) , Waterloo station ( tube and national rail , also a 10-minute walk ) and Lambeth North tube station ( another 10-minute walk ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Exeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exeter,_Oxford', 'summary': 'Exeter College ( in full : The Rector and Scholars of Exeter College in the University of Oxford ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England and the fourth oldest college of the University . The college is located on Turl Street , where it was founded in 1314 by Devon-born Walter de Stapledon , Bishop of Exeter , as a school to educate clergymen . At its foundation Exeter was popular with the sons of the Devonshire gentry , though has since become associated with a much broader range of notable alumni , including William Morris , J. R. R. Tolkien , Richard Burton , Roger Bannister , Alan Bennett , and Philip Pullman .'}]}, {'value': "Wilson trained as a surgeon and learnt Hindustani en route to India to work for the East India Company , where he studied Sanskrit and other languages . He published articles in the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , of which he was secretary for 21 years . Opposing compulsory Christian tuition for Indian students , he favoured traditional Indian education mixed with studies of the English language and Western learning , although he regarded Indian culture as inferior to that of the Western world . He arrived in Oxford in 1833 after his election in 1832 , but moved to London in 1836 to be librarian at East India House , the company 's headquarters , travelling back to Oxford as necessary to carry out his duties . He held both positions until his death in 1860", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindustani_language', 'summary': "Hindustani , also known as Hindi-Urdu and historically known as Hindi , Hindavi , Urdu , Dehlavi , and Rekhta , is the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan . According to the Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World , Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language , deriving its base primarily from the Western Hindi dialect of Delhi , also known as Khariboli . Hindustani is a pluricentric language , with two standardised registers , Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu . The term Hindustani was used in the colonial period ; the term Hindi-Urdu has been in common use among scholars since 1980 . Also according to the Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World , Hindustani as a colloquial speech developed over almost seven centuries from 1100 to 1800 . The Muslims conquered northern India from the 10th to the 13th centuries and settled down in the country , bringing with them their Persian language and culture . This mixing of cultures provided the contact situation for the emergence of Hindustani as a lingua franca . According to linguist Colin P. Masica , the term Hindustani was much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity ; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor According to Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1961 , The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language , Hindustani . The Hindi film industry has employed Hindustani which included many Urdu and Persian words ; Bollywood 's screenplays are written in Hindustani . The language 's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit ( a descendant of Sanskrit ) , with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic ( via Persian ) . The number of speakers can only be estimated . Ethnologue reports that , as of 2019 , Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin , with 785 million native and second-language speakers , though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi ' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_India_House', 'summary': "East India House was the London headquarters of the East India Company , from which much of British India was governed until the British government took control of the Company 's possessions in India in 1858 . It was located in Leadenhall Street in the City of London . The first East India House on the site was an Elizabethan mansion , previously known as Craven House , which the Company first occupied in 1648 . This was completely rebuilt in 1726-29 ; and further remodelled and extended in 1796-1800 . It was demolished in 1861 . The Lloyd 's building , headquarters for Lloyd 's of London , was built on the site of the former East India House ."}]}, {'value': 'Monier Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monier_Williams', 'summary': 'Sir Monier Monier-Williams , KCIE ( /ˈmɒniər/ ; né Williams ; 12 November 1819 - 11 April 1899 ) was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University , England . He studied , documented and taught Asian languages , especially Sanskrit , Persian and Hindustani .'}]}, {'value': '1860-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balliol and University colleges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University,_Oxford', 'summary': 'University College ( in full The College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford , colloquially referred to as Univ ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university , having been founded in 1249 by William of Durham . As of 2018 , the college had an estimated financial endowment of £132.7m . The college is associated with a number of influential people . Notable alumni include Clement Attlee , Harold Wilson , Bill Clinton , Neil Gorsuch , Stephen Hawking , C. S. Lewis , V. S. Naipaul and Percy Bysshe Shelley .'}]}, {'value': 'Balliol ( from 1882 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': "Williams ( who became Sir Monier Monier-Williams in 1887 ) was born in India , the son of an army officer . Educated in England , he trained for the East India Company 's civil service at the company 's college , but news of the death of his brother in battle in India prompted him to return to Oxford and study Sanskrit with Wilson , winning the Boden scholarship . Graduating in 1844 , he was professor of Sanskrit , Persian and Hindustani at the company 's college until 1858 , when it closed after the Indian rebellion . As Boden professor , he wanted to create stronger links between India and England with the creation of a specialist institute at Oxford . His advocacy and fundraising at home and overseas led to the Indian Institute opening in 1884 ( completed 1896 ) , and he gave about 3,000 manuscripts and books to its library . He retired from teaching in 1887 ; Arthur Macdonell was appointed as his deputy in 1888 and in due course succeeded him", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_India_Company_College', 'summary': "The East India Company College , or East India College , was an educational establishment situated at Hailey , Hertfordshire , nineteen miles north of London , founded in 1806 to train writers ( administrators ) for the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) . It provided general and vocational education for young gentlemen of sixteen to eighteen years old , who were nominated by the Company 's directors to writerships in its overseas civil service . It closed in 1858 . The college buildings survive and are now occupied by Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The college 's counterpart for the training of officers for the company 's Presidency armies was Addiscombe Military Seminary , Surrey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_rebellion', 'summary': "The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major , but ultimately unsuccessful , uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company , which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown . The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company 's army in the garrison town of Meerut , 40 mi ( 64 km ) northeast of Delhi ( now Old Delhi ) . It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India , [ a ] [ b ] though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east . [ c ] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region , [ d ] and was contained only with the rebels ' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858 . On 1 November 1858 , the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder , though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859 . Its name is contested , variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny , the Indian Mutiny , the Great Rebellion , the Revolt of 1857 , the Indian Insurrection , and the First War of Independence . [ e ] The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British-style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . [ f ] Many Indians rose against the British ; however , many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule . [ g ] Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides , on British officers , and civilians , including women and children , by the rebels , and on the rebels , and their supporters , including sometimes entire villages , by British reprisals ; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation . [ h ] After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut , the rebels quickly reached Delhi , whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was declared the Emperor of Hindustan . Soon , the rebels had captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh ( Oudh ) . The East India Company 's response came rapidly as well ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Institute', 'summary': 'The Indian Institute in central Oxford , England , is at the north end of Catte Street on the corner with Holywell Street and facing down Broad Street from the east . Sir Monier Monier-Williams started the Institute in the University of Oxford in 1883 to provide training for the Indian Civil Service of the British Raj .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Institute_Library', 'summary': "The Indian Institute Library is a dependent library of the Bodleian and part of the University of Oxford in Oxford , England . Opened in 1886 , the library specialises in the history and culture of South Asia , Tibet and the Himalayas . The Indian Institute and its library were originally based in the building now occupied by the History Faculty Library , on the corner of Holywell and Catte Street . ( The History Faculty moved to a location on George Street in 2007 , although the History Faculty Library remained in the old Indian Institute building ) Traces of the building 's original function are still visible , including the gilded weathervane which depicts an elephant with a howdah . In 1968 , the library was relocated to a newly constructed 'penthouse ' on the roof of the New Bodleian building . The move was not without controversy , since the original building had been constructed with the express intention of providing a permanent home to the institute . The library remains on the top floor of the Bodleian , which results in the strange situation of a lending library being based within a reference library . The library 's collection is of international importance and includes over 100,000 volumes . Around 60% of these are catalogued on OLIS , the Oxford University library catalogue . Anyone wishing to use the library must either be a student at the University of Oxford , or obtain a reader 's card from the Bodleian Library . The library 's reading room was closed on September 10 , 2010 . To access the books , readers have to request their delivery to other reading rooms of the Bodleian library ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Macdonell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell', 'summary': 'Arthur Anthony Macdonell , FBA ( 11 May 1854 - 28 December 1930 ) , 7th of Lochgarry , was a noted Sanskrit scholar .'}]}, {'value': '1899-1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Göttingen , Corpus Christi College , and University of Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Göttingen', 'summary': "The University of Göttingen , officially the Georg-August University of Göttingen , ( German : Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , known informally as Georgia Augusta ) is a public research university in the city of Göttingen , Germany . Founded in 1734 by George II , King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover , and starting classes in 1737 , the Georgia Augusta was conceived to promote the ideals of the Enlightenment . It is the oldest university in the state of Lower Saxony and the largest in student enrollment , which stands at around 31,600 . Home to many noted figures , it represents one of Germany 's historic and traditional institutions . As of October 2019 , 45 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the University of Göttingen as alumni , faculty members or researchers . The University of Göttingen was previously supported by the German Universities Excellence Initiative , holds memberships to the U15 Group of major German research universities and to the Coimbra Group of major European research universities . Furthermore , the university maintains strong connections with major research institutes based in Göttingen , such as those of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science and the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community . With approximately 9 million media units , the Göttingen State and University Library ranks among the largest libraries in Germany ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Corpus Christi College ( formally , Corpus Christi College in the University of Oxford , informally abbreviated as Corpus or CCC ) , is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1517 , it is the 12th oldest college in Oxford . The college , situated on Merton Street between Merton College and Christ Church , is one of the smallest in Oxford by student population , having around 250 undergraduates and 90 graduates . It is academic by Oxford standards , averaging in the top half of the university 's informal ranking system , the Norrington Table , in recent years , and coming second in 2009-10 . The college 's role in the translation of the King James Bible is historically significant . The college is also noted for the pillar sundial in the main quadrangle , known as the Pelican Sundial , which was erected in 1581 . Corpus achieved notability in more recent years by winning University Challenge on 9 May 2005 and once again on 23 February 2009 , although the latter win was later disqualified . The Visitor of the college is ex officio the Bishop of Winchester , currently Tim Dakin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig University ( German : Universität Leipzig ) , in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony , Germany , is one of the world 's oldest universities and the second-oldest university ( by consecutive years of existence ) in Germany . The university was founded on December 2 , 1409 by Frederick I , Elector of Saxony and his brother William II , Margrave of Meissen , and originally comprised the four scholastic faculties . Since its inception , the university has engaged in teaching and research for over 600 years without interruption . Famous alumni include Leibniz , Goethe , Leopold von Ranke , Friedrich Nietzsche , Robert Schumann , Richard Wagner , Tycho Brahe , Georgius Agricola , Angela Merkel and the nine Nobel laureates associated with the university ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Macdonell was born in India , where his father was a colonel in a local regiment , and lived there until he was six or seven . He spent several school years in Germany before studying Sanskrit and comparative philology at Göttingen University . He studied literae humaniores ( classics ) at Oxford , also winning scholarships in German , Chinese and Sanskrit . After lecturing in German and Sanskrit at Oxford and obtaining his doctorate from Leipzig , he was appointed as deputy to Monier-Williams in 1888 , succeeding him in 1899 . Macdonell developed the library and museum of the Indian Institute , raised funds in India for a scholarly edition of the Mahābhārata , and helped the Bodleian Library acquire many Sanskrit manuscripts . His main scholarly interest was Vedic Sanskrit , producing books on its mythology and grammar , and editions of some Vedic texts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Literae_humaniores', 'summary': 'Literae humaniores , nicknamed greats , is an undergraduate course focused on classics ( Ancient Rome , Ancient Greece , Latin , ancient Greek , and philosophy ) at the University of Oxford and some other universities . The Latin name means literally more human literature and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began , i.e . res divinae , also known as theology . Lit . hum . is concerned with human learning , and lit . div . with learning that came from God . In its early days , it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well . It is an archetypal humanities course .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Institute', 'summary': 'The Indian Institute in central Oxford , England , is at the north end of Catte Street on the corner with Holywell Street and facing down Broad Street from the east . Sir Monier Monier-Williams started the Institute in the University of Oxford in 1883 to provide training for the Indian Civil Service of the British Raj .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mahābhārata', 'summary': 'The Mahābhārata ( US : /məhɑːˈbɑːrətə/ , UK : /ˌmɑːhəˈbɑːrətə/ ; Sanskrit : महाभारतम् , Mahābhāratam , pronounced [ mɐɦaːˈbʱaːɽɐtɐm ] ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India , the other being the Rāmāyaṇa . It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes and their successors . Along with the epic Rāmāyaṇa , it forms the Hindu Itihasa . It also contains philosophical and devotional material , such as a discussion of the four goals of life or puruṣārtha ( 12.161 ) . Among the principal works and stories in the Mahābhārata are the Bhagavad Gita , the story of Damayanti , an abbreviated version of the Rāmāyaṇa , and the story of Ṛṣyasringa , often considered as works in their own right . Traditionally , the authorship of the Mahābhārata is attributed to Vyāsa . There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers . The bulk of the Mahābhārata was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE , with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE . The original events related by the epic probably fall between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE . The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period ( c. 4th century CE ) . According to the Mahābhārata itself , the tale is extended from a shorter version of 24,000 verses called simply Bhārata . The Mahābhārata is the longest epic poem known and has been described as the longest poem ever written .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bodleian_Library', 'summary': "The Bodleian Library ( /ˈbɒdliən , bɒdˈliːən/ ) is the main research library of the University of Oxford , and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe . With over 12 million items , it is the second-largest library in Britain after the British Library . Under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom , and under Irish law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland . Known to Oxford scholars as Bodley or the Bod , it operates principally as a reference library and , in general , documents may not be removed from the reading rooms . In 2000 , a number of libraries within the University of Oxford were brought together for administrative purposes under the aegis of what was initially known as Oxford University Library Services ( OULS ) , and since 2010 as the Bodleian Libraries , of which the Bodleian Library is the largest component . All colleges of the University of Oxford have their own libraries , which in a number of cases were established well before the foundation of the Bodleian , and all of which remain entirely independent of the Bodleian . They do , however , participate in OLIS ( Oxford Libraries Information System ) , the Bodleian Libraries ' online union catalogue . Much of the library 's archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit', 'summary': 'Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European languages . It is attested in the Vedas , texts compiled over the period of the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE . It was orally preserved , predating the advent of Brahmi script by several centuries . [ citation needed ] Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era , and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history . Quite early in the pre-historic era , Sanskrit separated from the Avestan language , an Eastern Iranian language . The exact century of separation is unknown , but this separation of Sanskrit and Avestan occurred certainly before 1800 BCE . The Avestan language developed in ancient Persia , was the language of Zoroastrianism , but was a dead language in the Sasanian period . Vedic Sanskrit developed independently in ancient India , evolved into classical Sanskrit after the grammar and linguistic treatise of Pāṇini , and later into many related Indian subcontinent languages in which are found the voluminous ancient and medieval literature of Buddhism , Hinduism and Jainism .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_William_Thomas_(philologist)', 'summary': 'Frederick William Thomas CIE FBA ( 21 March 1867 - 6 May 1956 ) , usually cited as F. W. Thomas , was an English Indologist and Tibetologist .'}]}, {'value': '1927-37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge', 'summary': "Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England . With around 600 undergraduates , 300 graduates , and over 180 fellows , it is the largest college in either of the Oxbridge universities by number of undergraduates . In terms of total student numbers , it is second only to Homerton College , Cambridge . Members of Trinity have won 34 Nobel Prizes out of the 116 won by members of Cambridge University , the highest number of any college at either Oxford or Cambridge . Five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college ( of the seven awarded to members of British universities ) and one Abel Prize was won . Trinity alumni include six British prime ministers ( all Tory or Whig/Liberal ) , physicists Isaac Newton , James Clerk Maxwell , Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr , mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan , Michael Atiyah , the poet Lord Byron , historians Lord Macaulay , G. M. Trevelyan and E.H. Carr , philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell ( whom it expelled before reaccepting ) , and Soviet spies Kim Philby , Guy Burgess , and Anthony Blunt . Two members of the British royal family have studied at Trinity and been awarded degrees as a result : Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh , who gained an MA in 1790 , and Prince Charles , who was awarded a lower second class BA in 1970 . Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees , including King Edward VII , King George VI , and Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester . Trinity has many college societies , including the Trinity Mathematical Society , which is the oldest mathematical university society in the United Kingdom , and the First and Third Trinity Boat Club , its rowing club , which gives its name to the college 's May Ball . Along with Christ 's , Jesus , King 's and St John 's colleges , it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles , an intellectual secret society . In 1848 , Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up an early codification of the rules of football , known as the Cambridge Rules . Trinity 's sister college in Oxford is Christ Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas read classics and Indian languages at Cambridge then spent six years teaching before becoming assistant librarian , later the librarian , of the India Office . After 24 years as librarian , arranging and studying the many books and manuscripts the India Office had acquired , he spent 10 years as Boden professor . His main scholarly interests were in philology ( the study of language in written historical sources ) , but he also studied Buddhism , Jainism , philosophy , logic and myth . He also helped produce the standard translation of Harshacharita , a 7th-century Sanskrit biography', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India_Office', 'summary': "The India Office was a British government department established in London in 1858 to oversee the administration , through a Viceroy and other officials , of the Provinces of British India . These territories comprised most of the modern-day nations of Bangladesh , Burma , India , and Pakistan , as well as Aden and other territories around the Indian Ocean . The department was headed by the Secretary of State for India , a member of the British cabinet , who was formally advised by the Council of India . Upon the partition of British India in 1947 into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan , the India Office was closed down . Responsibility for the United Kingdom 's relations with the two new countries was transferred to the Commonwealth Relations Office ( formerly the Dominions Office ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buddhism', 'summary': "Buddhism ( /ˈbʊdɪzəm/ , US : /ˈbuːd-/ ) is the world 's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers , or over 7% of the global population , known as Buddhists . [ web 1 ] Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions , beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies . It originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE , spreading through much of Asia . Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars : Theravada ( Pali : The School of the Elders ) and Mahayana ( Sanskrit : The Great Vehicle ) . Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth , either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood . Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation , the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts , and their specific teachings and practices . Widely observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha , the Dharma and the Sangha , observance of moral precepts , monasticism , meditation , and the cultivation of the Paramitas ( perfections , or virtues ) . Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia such as Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar and Thailand . Mahayana , which includes the traditions of Pure Land , Zen , Nichiren Buddhism , Shingon and Tiantai ( Tendai ) , is found throughout East Asia . Vajrayana , a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts , may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism . Tibetan Buddhism , which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India , is practised in the countries of the Himalayan region , Mongolia , and Kalmykia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jainism', 'summary': "Jainism ( /ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/ ) , traditionally known as Jain Dharma , is an ancient Indian religion . Followers of Jainism are called Jains , a word derived from the Sanskrit word jina ( victor ) referring to the path of victory in crossing over life 's stream of rebirths by destroying karma through an ethical and spiritual life . Jainism is a transtheistic religion , and Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four victorious saviours and teachers known as tirthankaras , with the first being Rishabhanatha , who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago , the twenty-third Tirthankara Parshvanatha in 900 BCE , and the twenty-fourth Tirthankara the Mahāvīra around 500 BCE . Jains believe that Jainism is an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every cycle of the Jain cosmology . Their religious texts are called Agamas . The main religious premises of Jainism are ahiṃsā ( non-violence ) , anekāntavāda ( many-sidedness ) , aparigraha ( non-attachment ) and asceticism . Devout Jains take five main vows : ahiṃsā ( non-violence ) , satya ( truth ) , asteya ( not stealing ) , brahmacharya ( celibacy or chastity or sexual continence ) , and aparigraha ( non-possessiveness ) . These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways , such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle that avoids harm to animals and their life cycles . Parasparopagraho Jīvānām ( the function of souls is to help one another ) is the motto of Jainism . Ṇamōkāra mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism . Jainism has two major ancient sub-traditions , Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras ; Several smaller sub-traditions emerged in the 2nd millennium CE . The Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras have different views on ascetic practices , gender and which Jain texts can be considered canonical ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harshacharita', 'summary': "The Harshacharita ( Sanskrit : हर्षचरित , Harṣacarita ) ( The deeds of Harsha ) , is the biography of Indian emperor Harsha by Banabhatta , also known as Bana , who was a Sanskrit writer of seventh-century CE India . He was the Asthana Kavi , meaning Court Poet , of Harsha . The Harshacharita was the first composition of Bana and is considered to be the beginning of writing of historical poetic works in the Sanskrit language . The Harshacharita ranks as the first historical biography in Sanskrit although it is written in a florid and fanciful style . Bana 's detailed and vivid descriptions of rural India 's natural environment as well as the extraordinary industry of the Indian people exudes the vitality of life at that time . Since he received the patronage of the emperor Harsha , his descriptions of his patron are not an unbiased appraisal and presents the emperor 's actions in an overly favourable light ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Johnston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Johnston_(professor)', 'summary': 'Edward Hamilton Johnston ( 26 March 1885 - 24 October 1942 ) was a British oriental scholar who was Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford from 1937 until his death .'}]}, {'value': '1937-42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham , the full name of the college is St Mary 's College of Winchester in Oxford . The name New College , however , soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing college of St Mary , now known as Oriel College . In 2017 , the college ranked first in the Norrington Table , a table assessing the relative performance of Oxford 's undergraduates in final examinations . Historically , it has been ranked highly . It has the 3rd highest average Norrington Table ranking over the previous decade . The college is between Holywell Street and New College Lane ( known for Oxford 's Bridge of Sighs ) , next to All Souls College , Harris Manchester College , Hertford College , The Queen 's College and St Edmund Hall . The college 's sister college is King 's College , Cambridge . The college is one of the main choral foundations of the University of Oxford . The college choir is regarded as one of the leading choirs of the world , and has recorded over one hundred albums ; it has been awarded two Gramophone Awards . Like many of Oxford 's colleges , New College admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979 , after six centuries as an institution for men only ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': "After winning the Boden scholarship , Johnston served in the Indian Civil Service from 1909 to 1924 , acquiring a knowledge of Indian language and culture which he improved on his return to England . He also learnt some Tibetan and Chinese to use sources in those languages . His writings drew upon his practical knowledge of Indian life . His main work was an edition and translation of Buddhacarita ( Acts of the Buddha ) by the 2nd-century author Aśvaghoṣa , published between 1928 and 1936 . As Boden professor , he helped to catalogue the Bodleian Library 's Sanskrit manuscripts and to improve the Indian Institute 's museum . The Times described his death as a heavy loss ... to Sanskrit studies everywhere", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service', 'summary': "The Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) , for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service , is the elite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947 . Its members ruled over more than 300 million people in the British Raj . They were ultimately responsible for overseeing all government activity in the 250 districts that comprised British India . They were appointed under Section XXXII ( 32 ) of the Government of India Act 1858 , enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The ICS was headed by the Secretary of State for India , a member of the British cabinet . At first almost all the top thousand members of the ICS , known as Civilians , were British , and had been educated in the best British schools . By 1905 , five per cent were from Bengal . In 1947 there were 322 Indians and 688 British members ; most of the latter left at the time of partition and independence . Until the 1930s the Indians in the service were very few and were not given high posts by the British . Wainwright notes that by the mid-1880s , the basis of racial discrimination in the sub-continent had solidified . At the time of the birth of India and Pakistan in 1947 , the outgoing Government of India 's ICS was divided between India and Pakistan . [ a ] Although these are now organised differently , the contemporary Civil Services of India , the Central Superior Services of Pakistan , Bangladesh Civil Service and Myanmar Civil Service are all descended from the old Indian Civil Service ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Buddhacarita', 'summary': "Buddhacharita ( Acts of the Buddha ; Buddhacaritam , Devanagari बुद्धचरितम् ) is an epic poem in the Sanskrit mahakavya style on the life of Gautama Buddha by Aśvaghoṣa , composed in the early second century CE . Of the poem 's 28 cantos , the first 14 are extant in Sanskrit complete ( cantos 15 to 28 are in incomplete form ) . In 420 AD , Dharmakṣema made a Chinese translation , and in the 7th or 8th century , a Tibetan version was made which appears to be much closer to the original Sanskrit than the Chinese ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aśvaghoṣa', 'summary': "Aśvaghoṣa or Ashvaghosha ( /'əɕʋə'gʰoːʂə/ ; c. 80 - c. 150 CE ) was a Buddhist philosopher , dramatist , poet and orator from India . He was born in Saketa in northern India . He is believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist , and is considered the greatest Indian poet prior to Kālidāsa . He was the most famous in a group of Buddhist court writers , whose epics rivalled the contemporary Ramayana . Whereas much of Buddhist literature prior to the time of Aśvaghoṣa had been composed in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit , Aśvaghoṣa wrote in Classical Sanskrit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bodleian_Library', 'summary': "The Bodleian Library ( /ˈbɒdliən , bɒdˈliːən/ ) is the main research library of the University of Oxford , and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe . With over 12 million items , it is the second-largest library in Britain after the British Library . Under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom , and under Irish law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland . Known to Oxford scholars as Bodley or the Bod , it operates principally as a reference library and , in general , documents may not be removed from the reading rooms . In 2000 , a number of libraries within the University of Oxford were brought together for administrative purposes under the aegis of what was initially known as Oxford University Library Services ( OULS ) , and since 2010 as the Bodleian Libraries , of which the Bodleian Library is the largest component . All colleges of the University of Oxford have their own libraries , which in a number of cases were established well before the foundation of the Bodleian , and all of which remain entirely independent of the Bodleian . They do , however , participate in OLIS ( Oxford Libraries Information System ) , the Bodleian Libraries ' online union catalogue . Much of the library 's archives were digitized and put online for public access in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Institute', 'summary': 'The Indian Institute in central Oxford , England , is at the north end of Catte Street on the corner with Holywell Street and facing down Broad Street from the east . Sir Monier Monier-Williams started the Institute in the University of Oxford in 1883 to provide training for the Indian Civil Service of the British Raj .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Times', 'summary': "The Times is a British daily ( Monday to Saturday ) national newspaper based in London . It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register , adopting its current name on 1 January 1788 . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times ( founded in 1821 ) are published by Times Newspapers , since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK , in turn wholly owned by News Corp . The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff , were founded independently , and have only had common ownership since 1967 . In 1959 , the historian of journalism Allan Nevins analysed the importance of The Times in shaping the views of events of London 's elite :"}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Burrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Burrow', 'summary': 'Thomas Burrow ( /ˈbʌroʊ/ ; 29 June 1909 - 8 June 1986 ) was an Indologist and the Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford from 1944 to 1976 ; he was also a fellow of Balliol College , Oxford during this time . His work includes A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary , The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit and The Sanskrit Language .'}]}, {'value': '1944-76', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Christ 's College , Cambridge , and the School of Oriental Studies , London", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Christ's_College,_Cambridge", 'summary': "Christ 's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge . The college includes the Master , the Fellows of the College , and about 450 undergraduate and 170 graduate students . The college was founded by William Byngham in 1437 as God 's House . In 1505 , the college was granted a new royal charter , was given a substantial endowment by Lady Margaret Beaufort , and changed its name to Christ 's College , becoming the twelfth of the Cambridge colleges to be founded in its current form . The college is renowned for educating some of Cambridge 's most famous alumni , including Charles Darwin and John Milton . Within Cambridge , Christ 's has a reputation for highest academic standards and strong tutorial support . It has averaged 1st place on the Tompkins Table from 1980-2006 and third place from 2006 to 2013 , returning to first place in 2018 and 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/School_of_Oriental_Studies', 'summary': "SOAS University of London ( /ˈsoʊæs/ ; the School of Oriental and African Studies ) is a public research university in London , England , and a constituent college of the federal University of London . Founded in 1916 , SOAS is located in the heart of Bloomsbury , in central London . SOAS is the world 's leading institution for the study of Asia , Africa , and the Middle East . It houses the Brunei Gallery , built from an endowment from the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam , and inaugurated by the Princess Royal , as Chancellor of the University of London , on 22 November 1995 . The Brunei Gallery hosts a programme of changing contemporary and historical exhibitions from Asia , Africa and the Middle East with the aim to present and promote cultures from these regions . SOAS is divided into three faculties : Faculty of Arts and Humanities , Faculty of Languages and Cultures and Faculty of Law and Social Sciences . It is home to the SOAS School of Law which is one of leading law schools in the UK . The university offers around 350 undergraduate bachelor 's degree combinations , more than 100 one-year master 's degrees and PhD programmes in nearly every department . The university is one of the best small group teaching 's in the UK with a student-staff ratio of 11:1 . SOAS is ranked 44th by The Complete University Guide 2020 , 58th by The Guardian University Guide 2020 and 36th by The Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2020 . It is ranked 4th in the world for Development Studies by QS World University Rankings 2020 . The university has produced several heads of states , government ministers , diplomats , central bankers , Supreme Court judges , a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and many other notable leaders around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Burrow studied classics and oriental languages at Cambridge , spending one year of his doctorate ( on Prakrit , a language from central Asia ) in London . After two further years of research in Cambridge , he was assistant keeper in the Department of Oriental printed books and manuscripts at the British Museum for seven years , where he studied Dravidian languages , which thereafter was his main area of research and publication . As Boden professor , he taught Sanskrit , Pali and Prakrit ; according to his successor , Richard Gombrich , Burrow may never have set any of his students the task of writing an essay . On field trips to India , he helped to record previously unstudied Dravidian languages . Gombrich described him as amiable but socially passive and taciturn , and as a single-minded scholar of great learning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prakrit', 'summary': 'The Prakrits ( /ˈprɑːkrɪt/ ; Early Brahmi Sanskrit : 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑀾𑀢 , prākṛta , Devanagari Sanskrit : प्राकृत , prākṛta ; Shauraseni : pāuda ; Jain Prakrit : pāua ) are any of several Middle Indo-Aryan languages formerly used in India .'}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Museum', 'summary': 'The British Museum , in the Bloomsbury area of London , United Kingdom , is a public institution dedicated to human history , art and culture . Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence , having been widely sourced during the era of the British Empire . It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present . [ a ] It was the first public national museum in the world . The British Museum was established in 1753 , largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane . It first opened to the public in 1759 , in Montagu House , on the site of the current building . Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions , the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881 . In 1973 , the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum , but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997 . The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport , and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee , except for loan exhibitions . Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy , most notably in the case of the Parthenon Marbles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dravidian_languages', 'summary': 'The Dravidian languages are a language family spoken by more than 215 million people , mainly in southern India and northern Sri Lanka , with pockets elsewhere in South Asia . Since the colonial era , there have been small but significant immigrant communities outside South Asia in countries such as Mauritius , Hong Kong , Pakistan , Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , Britain , Australia , and the United States . The Dravidian languages are first attested in the 2nd century BCE as Tamil-Brahmi script inscribed on the cave walls in the Madurai and Tirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu . [ a ] The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are ( in descending order of number of speakers ) Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam , all of which have long literary traditions . Smaller literary languages are Tulu and Kodava . There are also small groups of Dravidian-speaking scheduled tribes , who live outside Dravidian-speaking areas , such as the Kurukh in Eastern India and Gondi in Central India . Only two Dravidian languages are spoken exclusively outside the post-1947 state of India : Brahui in the Balochistan region of Pakistan and Afghanistan ; and Dhangar , a dialect of Kurukh , in parts of Nepal and Bhutan . [ better source needed ] Dravidian place names along the Arabian Sea coasts and Dravidian grammatical influence such as clusivity in the Indo-Aryan languages , namely Marathi , Konkani , Gujarati , Marwari , and Sindhi , suggest that Dravidian languages were once spoken more widely across the Indian subcontinent . Though some scholars have argued that the Dravidian languages may have been brought to India by migrations from the Iranian plateau in the fourth or third millennium BCE or even earlier , the Dravidian languages can not easily be connected to any other language family and they could well be indigenous to India . [ b ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pali', 'summary': 'Pali ( /ˈpɑːli/ ; Pāḷi ; Sinhala : ඵලි ; Burmese : ပါဠိ ) or Magadhan [ a ] is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent . It is widely studied because it is the language of the Pāli Canon or Tipiṭaka and is the sacred language of Theravāda Buddhism . The earliest archaeological evidence of the existence of canonical Pali comes from Pyu city-states inscriptions found in Burma dated to the mid 5th to mid 6th century CE .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gombrich', 'summary': 'Richard Francis Gombrich ( /ˈɡɒmbrɪk/ ; born 17 July 1937 ) is an Indologist and scholar of Sanskrit , Pāli , and Buddhist Studies . He was the Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford from 1976 to 2004 . He is currently Founder-President of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies . He is a past president of the Pali Text Society ( 1994-2002 ) and general editor emeritus of the Clay Sanskrit Library .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Gombrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gombrich', 'summary': 'Richard Francis Gombrich ( /ˈɡɒmbrɪk/ ; born 17 July 1937 ) is an Indologist and scholar of Sanskrit , Pāli , and Buddhist Studies . He was the Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford from 1976 to 2004 . He is currently Founder-President of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies . He is a past president of the Pali Text Society ( 1994-2002 ) and general editor emeritus of the Clay Sanskrit Library .'}]}, {'value': '1976-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalen College and Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Magdalen College ( /ˈmɔːdlɪn/ MAWD-lin ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford . It was founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete . Today , it is one of the wealthiest colleges , with a financial endowment of £273.2 million as of 2018 , and one of the strongest academically , setting the record for the highest Norrington Score in 2010 and topping the table twice since then . It is home to several of the University 's distinguished chairs , including the Agnelli-Serena Professorship , the Sherardian Professorship , and the four Waynflete Professorships . The large , square Magdalen Tower is an Oxford landmark , and it is a tradition , dating to the days of Henry VII , that the college choir sings from the top of it at 6 a.m. on May Morning . The college stands next to the River Cherwell and the Oxford botanic garden , and within its grounds has a deer park and Addison 's Walk ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Gombrich , the son of the art historian Sir Ernst Gombrich , was a Fellow of Wolfson College and university lecturer in Sanskrit and Pali from 1965 to 1976 , when he was appointed to succeed Thomas Burrow . On his retirement in 2004 , he helped to establish the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies , an institution affiliated to the university . He was its first academic director ( 2004-09 ) and thereafter was appointed its President . He served as general editor of the Clay Sanskrit Library . His writings include Buddhist Precept and Practice ( 1991 ) , How Buddhism Began ( 1996 ) and various journal articles on Buddhist and other topics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich', 'summary': 'Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich OM CBE FBA ( /ˈɡɒmbrɪk/ ; German : [ ˈgɔmbʁɪç ] ; 30 March 1909 - 3 November 2001 ) was an Austrian-born art historian who , after settling in England in 1936 , became a naturalised British citizen in 1947 and spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom . Gombrich was the author of many works of cultural history and art history , most notably The Story of Art , a book widely regarded as one of the most accessible introductions to the visual arts , and Art and Illusion , a major work in the psychology of perception that influenced thinkers as diverse as Carlo Ginzburg , Nelson Goodman and Umberto Eco .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Wolfson College ( /ˈwʊlfsən/ ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . Located in north Oxford along the River Cherwell , Wolfson is an all-graduate college with over sixty governing body fellows , in addition to both research and junior research fellows . It caters to a wide range of subjects , from the humanities to the social and natural sciences . Like the majority of Oxford 's newer colleges , it has been coeducational since its foundation in 1965 . The liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin was the college 's first president , and was instrumental not only in its founding , but establishing its tradition of academic excellence and egalitarianism . The college houses The Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust and the annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture . The current president of the college is Tim Hitchens . As of 2018 , the college had a financial endowment of £47 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Buddhist_Studies', 'summary': 'The Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies ( OCBS ) was founded in 2004 by Prof Richard Gombrich , Emeritus Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford . The Centre is a Recognised Independent Centre of the University of Oxford . The OCBS is interdisciplinary in its approach to the broad field of Buddhist Studies and is most closely associated with the Buddhist Studies Unit of the Faculty of Oriental Studies in its interaction with the University . Through this unit the OCBS also maintains close links with the Faculty of Theology and the School of Anthropology . The Centre arranges a broad range of seminars and lectures each year . It was responsible for the establishment of the first endowed Chair of Buddhist Studies in Oxford . The Numata Professor of Buddhist Studies is a Fellow of Balliol College , and a member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies . The OCBS , in partnership with Equinox , publishes the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies Monographs Series , which is edited by Richard Gombrich .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Clay_Sanskrit_Library', 'summary': 'The Clay Sanskrit Library is a series of books published by New York University Press and the JJC Foundation . Each work features the text in its original language ( transliterated Sanskrit ) on the left-hand page , with its English translation on the right . The series was inspired by the Loeb Classical Library , and its volumes are bound in teal cloth .'}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Minkowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Minkowski', 'summary': 'Christopher Zand Minkowski ( /mɪŋˈkɔːfski , -ˈkɒf-/ ; born 13 May 1953 ) is an American academic , who has been Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford since 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2005 onwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard College , University of Delhi and Harvard University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_College', 'summary': "Harvard College is the undergraduate college of Harvard University , an Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Founded in 1636 , Harvard College is the original school of Harvard University , which is now the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world . Part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Harvard College is Harvard University 's traditional undergraduate program , offering AB and SB degrees . It is highly selective , with fewer than five percent of applicants being offered admission in recent years . Harvard College students participate in more than 450 extracurricular organizations and nearly all live on campus - first-year students in or near Harvard Yard , and upperclassmen in community-oriented houses . The college has produced many distinguished alumni including high-ranking politicians , renowned scholars , and business leaders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Delhi', 'summary': "The University of Delhi , informally known as Delhi University ( DU ) , is a collegiate public central university , located in New Delhi , India . It was founded in 1922 by an Act of the Central Legislative Assembly . As a collegiate university , its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and affiliated colleges . Consisting of three colleges , two faculties , and 750 students at its founding , the University of Delhi has since become India 's largest institution of higher learning and among the largest in the world . The university currently consists of 16 faculties and 86 departments distributed across its North and South campuses . It has 77 affiliated colleges and 5 other institutes . The Vice-President of India serves as the University 's chancellor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'Balliol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balliol,_Oxford', 'summary': "Balliol College ( /ˈbeɪliəl/ ) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England . One of Oxford 's oldest colleges , it was founded around 1263 by John I de Balliol , a rich landowner from Barnard Castle in County Durham , who provided the foundation and endowment for the college . When de Balliol died in 1269 his widow , Dervorguilla , a woman whose wealth far exceeded that of her husband , continued his work in setting up the college , providing a further endowment , and writing the statutes . She is considered a co - founder of the college . The college 's alumni include the incumbent Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Boris Johnson , as well as three former prime ministers ( H. H. Asquith , who once described Balliol men as possessing the tranquil consciousness of an effortless superiority , Harold Macmillan , and Edward Heath ) , Harald V of Norway , Empress Masako of Japan , five Nobel laureates , and numerous literary and philosophical figures , including Adam Smith , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Aldous Huxley . John Wycliffe , who translated the Bible into English , was Master of the college in the 1360s ."}]}, {'value': 'Minkowski obtained a diploma in Hindi from the University of Delhi and his PhD in Sanskrit and Indian Studies from Harvard . After various academic posts , including a year at Wolfson College , he was a professor at Cornell University from 1989 until his appointment at Oxford . His research interests include intellectual history and the history of science within the 16th to 18th centuries , and he is part of a group at Oxford working on aspects of early modern South Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Wolfson College ( /ˈwʊlfsən/ ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . Located in north Oxford along the River Cherwell , Wolfson is an all-graduate college with over sixty governing body fellows , in addition to both research and junior research fellows . It caters to a wide range of subjects , from the humanities to the social and natural sciences . Like the majority of Oxford 's newer colleges , it has been coeducational since its foundation in 1965 . The liberal philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin was the college 's first president , and was instrumental not only in its founding , but establishing its tradition of academic excellence and egalitarianism . The college houses The Isaiah Berlin Literary Trust and the annual Isaiah Berlin Lecture . The current president of the college is Tim Hitchens . As of 2018 , the college had a financial endowment of £47 million ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cornell_University', 'summary': "Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of professors', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Boden_Professor_of_Sanskrit_0', 'intro': "The position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford was established in 1832 with money bequeathed to the university by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Boden, a retired soldier in the service of the East India Company. He wished the university to establish a Sanskrit professorship to assist in the conversion of the people of British India to Christianity, and his bequest was also used to fund scholarships in Sanskrit at Oxford. The first two professors were elected by Oxford graduates, as the university's statutes provided: Horace Hayman Wilson won by a narrow majority in 1832, and the 1860 election was hotly contested, as the rivals each claimed to be best at fulfilling Boden's intentions and presented different views about the nature and purpose of Sanskrit scholarship. Reforms of Oxford implemented in 1882 removed all mention of Boden's original purpose from the statutes, removed the power to elect the professor from graduates, and gave the holder of the professorship a fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford. Four of the first five professors were born in British India or had worked there. To date, Sir Monier Monier-Williams (professor 1860-99) has held the chair the longest, although a deputy was appointed to carry out his teaching duties for the last 11 years of his life. The current holder (as of 2015[update]), Christopher Minkowski, was appointed in 2005 and is the eighth Boden professor. His predecessor, Richard Gombrich, has said that he had to fight to ensure that he was replaced on retirement; his view was that Oxford retained the chair in Sanskrit because it was the last such position in the United Kingdom."}	null	null	What is the current job title at the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies held by the former Boden Professor of Sanskrit whose middle name is Francis and who was educated at two universities , one in England and one in the United States ?	Founder-President
017aae5a3862bbdb	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_State_Prison', 'title': 'Nevada State Prison', 'header': ['Inmate', 'Number', 'Status', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jesse Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Bishop', 'summary': "Jesse Walter Bishop ( March 1 , 1933 - October 22 , 1979 ) was convicted of the murder of David Ballard , aged 22 . In 1977 , Bishop was in the process of robbing El Morocco Casino , a Las Vegas Strip casino , when he was interrupted by Ballard , who had left his nearby wedding reception to intervene . According to a witness , Bishop shot Ballard like a dog . He voluntarily waived appeals following his conviction and was executed in 1979 by the State of Nevada by gas chamber at the age of 46 . He became the first person to be executed in Nevada since 1976 when the death penalty was reinstated , and the third person to be executed in the United States since 1976 , after Gary Gilmore and John Arthur Spenkelink . He was also the last inmate in Nevada to be executed by the gas chamber . Executions thereafter have been carried out by lethal injection in the same chamber . After Bishop 's execution , prison director Charles Wolff said that Bishop was like an iceman and as tough as nails to the end . Bishop had spent twenty years of his life incarcerated for various felony offenses and bragged about having committed an estimated eighteen homicides , most of them drug related ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed October 22 , 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder', 'summary': 'Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse , especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought . This state of mind may , depending upon the jurisdiction , distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide , such as manslaughter . Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice , brought about by reasonable provocation , or diminished capacity . Involuntary manslaughter , where it is recognized , is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent , recklessness . Most societies consider murder to be an extremely serious crime , and thus that a person convicted of murder should receive harsh punishments for the purposes of retribution , deterrence , rehabilitation , or incapacitation . In most countries , a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence , possibly a life sentence ; and in a few , the death penalty may be imposed .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Lee Bean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonja_McCaskie', 'summary': 'Sonja McCaskie ( 19 February 1939 - 5 April 1963 ) was a British alpine skier who participated in the 1960 Winter Olympics . McCaskie lived in Reno , Nevada and was working as a part-time skiing instructor at the nearby Slide Mountain ski resort when she was brutally strangled , raped , decapitated and mutilated in her 2640 Yori Avenue apartment by 18-year-old high school student Thomas Lee Bean in the early morning hours of Friday 5 April 1963 . Bean was sentenced to death in the Nevada gas chamber for the murder , but was taken off death row in 1970 and remains in the Nevada State Prison . This murder was sensationalized in the 8 September 1963 issue of The National Enquirer with the frontpage headline ( and a grisly photo ) as : I CUT OUT HER HEART & STOMPED ON IT .'}]}, {'value': '8630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Life imprisonment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment', 'summary': 'Life imprisonment ( also known as imprisonment for life , life in prison , whole-life order , a life sentence , a life term , lifelong incarceration , life incarceration or simply life ) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term . Crimes for which , in some countries , a person could receive this sentence include murder , attempted murder , conspiracy to commit murder , blasphemy , apostasy , terrorism , severe child abuse , rape , child rape , espionage , treason , high treason , drug dealing , drug trafficking , drug possession , human trafficking , severe cases of fraud , severe cases of financial crimes , aggravated criminal damage in English law , and aggravated cases of arson , kidnapping , burglary , or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm , piracy , aircraft hijacking , and in certain cases genocide , ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law . Life imprisonment ( as a maximum term ) can also be imposed , in certain countries , for traffic offenses causing death . The life sentence does not exist in all countries : Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment , in 1884 . Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence , there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time . This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence ( until that individual dies ) outside prison . Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct , possibly with certain restrictions or obligations . In contrast , when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended , the convict is free . The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary . Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted . In some countries , including Sweden , parole does not exist but a life sentence may - after a successful application - be commuted to a fixed-term sentence , after which the culprit is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed . In many countries around the world , particularly in the Commonwealth , courts have the authority to pass prison terms which may amount to de facto life imprisonment .'}]}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carroll Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carroll_Cole', 'summary': 'Carroll Edward Cole ( May 9 , 1938 - December 6 , 1985 ) was an American serial killer who was executed in 1985 for killing at least fifteen women and one boy by strangulation between 1948 and 1980 .'}]}, {'value': '20163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed December 6 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawrence Colwell , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47271', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed March 26 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Jess Dennis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62144', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed August 12 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gee Jon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gee_Jon', 'summary': 'Gee Jon ( c. 1895 - February 8 , 1924 ) was a Chinese national who was the first person in the United States to be executed by lethal gas . A member of the Hip Sing Tong criminal society from San Francisco , California , Gee was sentenced to death for the murder of an elderly member from another gang in Nevada . An unsuccessful attempt to pump poison gas directly into his cell at Nevada State Prison led to the development of the gas chamber .'}]}, {'value': '2320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed February 8 , 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tong war murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tong_(organization)', 'summary': "A tong ( Chinese : 堂 ; Jyutping : tong4 ; Cantonese Yale : tong ; literally : 'hall ' ) :53 is a type of organization found among Chinese immigrants living in the United States , Canada , Australia and the United Kingdom . In Chinese , the word tong means hall or gathering place . These organizations are described as secret societies or sworn brotherhoods and are often tied to criminal activity . In the 1990s , in most American Chinatowns , clearly marked tong halls could easily be found , many of which have had affiliations with Chinese crime gangs . Today tongs are , for the most part , members of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associations , which are pro-Kuomintang traditional groups . These associations provide essential services for Chinatown communities such as immigrant counseling , Chinese schools , and English classes for adults . :48 Tongs follow the pattern of secret societies common to southern China and many are connected to a secret society called the Tiandihui , which follows this pattern . Other groups worldwide that follow this pattern and are connected with the Tiandihui are known as hui , Hongmen , and triads ."}]}, {'value': 'Troy Kell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Kell', 'summary': 'Troy Michael Kell ( born June 13 , 1968 ) is an inmate on death row in Utah . Kell was sentenced to life in prison by the State of Nevada for the 1986 murder of James Cotton Kelly . Shortly after his conviction he was transferred to the Utah State Prison as part of a prisoner exchange program . On July 6 , 1994 , Kell attacked and killed inmate Lonnie Blackmon at the Utah Department of Corrections Gunnison facility , stabbing Blackmon a total of 67 times while his associate , Eric Daniels , held Blackmon down . Kell was sentenced to death by firing squad for his part in the murder .'}]}, {'value': '24333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transferred to Central Utah Correctional Facility', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Utah_Correctional_Facility', 'summary': "The Central Utah Correctional Facility ( CUCF , also known as the Central Utah Correctional Facility - Gunnison Prison ) is a prison in Gunnison , Utah , United States , that is one of two prisons managed by the Utah Department of Corrections ' Division of Institutional Operations . Its also death row for women in Utah ."}]}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Lerner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Lerner', 'summary': "Jimmy Lerner was born June 22 , 1951 and raised in Brooklyn , New York . He spent 18 years as a Pacific Bell ( now part of AT & T ) marketing executive , served for the U.S. Army in Panama , received an M.B.A. and spent time as a taxicab driver . He published his first book in 2002 , You Got Nothing Coming , based on his experiences serving a 2½ year sentence in a Nevada State Prison for the voluntary manslaughter of Mark Slavin in 1998 . In his book Lerner used a pseudonym , Dwayne Hassleman for Slavin . According to Lerner 's account , Slavin was a seemingly ordinary person , but drug addiction left him prone to erratic and often violent behavior . When the two men visited Reno , Nevada to try their luck at the blackjack tables , Slavin assaulted Lerner , then tried to kill him in their room at the Sundowner Hotel and Casino . After Slavin threatened Lerner 's two daughters , Lerner killed Slavin using a belt and a plastic bag . He then called 9-1-1 from the room , and was taken into custody shortly after . Since there was nobody else in the room at the time , Lerner 's version of events could not be verified . The police report and physical evidence contained evidence in conflict with Lerner 's version of events . Slavin had been beaten badly : his eyes were swollen shut and bones protruded through his face . The shapes of a turtle and a steer 's head - decorations from Slavin 's belt - were imprinted on his neck ."}]}, {'value': '61634', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Released January 2 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manslaughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manslaughter', 'summary': 'Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder . The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th century BC . The definition of manslaughter differs among legal jurisdictions .'}]}, {'value': 'Daryl Linnie Mack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44532', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed April 26 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andriza Mircovich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andriza_Mircovich', 'summary': "Andriza ( or Andrew ) Mircovich ( c. 1879 - May 14 , 1913 ) was an Austro-Hungarian national of Montenegrin descent . He was the only prisoner ever to be executed by shooting in the state of Nevada . He had been sentenced to death for the premeditated murder of John Gregovich in Tonopah , Nevada . Mircovich felt that he was owed more money from Gregovich 's administration of his late cousin 's estate and resorted to settling the matter by stabbing Gregovich to death . A 1911 statute was passed by the Nevada Legislature that allowed a death row inmate to opt to die by shooting or hanging ; that statute was repealed in 1921 . Mircovich was insistent on shooting , claiming that hanging often took too long . After the Nevada State Prison warden , George W. Cowing , was unable to find five men to form a firing squad , a shooting machine was requisitioned and built to carry out the execution ."}]}, {'value': '1479', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Executed May 14 , 1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Mitchell Parsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Mitchell_Parsons', 'summary': "Joseph Mitchell Yogi Parsons ( July 22 , 1964 - October 15 , 1999 ) was an American who was executed for the August 1987 murder of Richard Lynn Ernest . Parsons hitched a ride with Ernest in California and stabbed him to death at a remote rest area in Utah . After assuming Ernest 's identity , Parsons continued to insist that he was Ernest when he was later arrested . Parsons , who called himself the Rainbow Warrior , pleaded guilty to the murder . During his sentencing hearing , Parsons said that he killed Ernest to fend off a homosexual advance , but was unable to present any evidence to support this claim in his defense . The jury sentenced him to death . In 1999 , Parsons stated that it 's time to move on and dropped his appeals , allowing his execution to proceed . Discussion was later raised whether Rainbow Warrior was a reference to homosexuality or Parsons ' favorite auto racing team . Parsons chose to die by lethal injection , and he shunned attention , describing himself as Utah 's forgotten inmate . His 1999 execution at Utah State Prison was the first to be carried out in a new chamber designed for both lethal injections and firing squads ."}]}, {'value': '17976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paroled August 1987 , and executed on October 15 , 1999 at Utah State Prison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_State_Prison', 'summary': "Utah State Prison ( USP ) is one of two prisons managed by the Utah Department of Corrections ' Division of Institutional Operations . It is located in Draper , Utah , United States , about 20 miles southwest of Salt Lake City ."}]}, {'value': 'Armed robbery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbery', 'summary': 'Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force , threat of force , or by putting the victim in fear . According to common law , robbery is defined as taking the property of another , with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property , by means of force or fear ; that is , it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault . Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions . Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft ( such as burglary , shoplifting , pickpocketing , or car theft ) by its inherently violent nature ( a violent crime ) ; whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors , robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two . Under English law , most forms of theft are triable either way , whereas robbery is triable only on indictment . The word rob came via French from Late Latin words ( e.g. , deraubare ) of Germanic origin , from Common Germanic raub theft . Among the types of robbery are armed robbery , which involves the use of a weapon , and aggravated robbery , when someone brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon . Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk , street , or parking lot . Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force . Extortion is the threat to do something illegal , or the offer to not do something illegal , in the event that goods are not given , primarily using words instead of actions . Criminal slang for robbery includes blagging ( armed robbery , usually of a bank ) or stick-up ( derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air ) , and steaming ( organized robbery on underground train systems ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Alice Maud Hartley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Maud_Hartley', 'summary': 'Alice Maud Hartley ( ca . 1864-1907 ) was convicted in 1895 of killing Nevada State Senator Murray D. Foley by gunshot in 1894 . She was sentenced to eleven years but had served only two when she was pardoned .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pardoned 1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second-degree murder', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable inmates', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Nevada_State_Prison_0', 'intro': 'Nevada State Prison (NSP) was a penitentiary located in Carson City. The prison was in continuous operation since its establishment in 1862 and was managed by the Nevada Department of Corrections. It was one of the oldest prisons still operating in the United States. The high security facility housed 219 inmates in September 2011. It was designed to hold 841 inmates and employed a staff of 211. In the early 20th century, the prison became the sole designated facility for executions by the state of Nevada. It carried out the first death sentence by gas chamber in the United States with the execution of Gee Jon on February 8, 1924. The state of Nevada chose to close the facility for budgetary reasons. The prison closed its doors on May 18, 2012, with all inmates transferred to other institutions or released. Although the prison has closed, it was still designated as the site of executions for the State of Nevada, until the current execution chamber at Ely State Prison opened in 2016.'}	null	null	The prison that housed the inmate who was executed on October 15 , 1999 is 20 miles southwest of which city ?	Salt Lake City
017cd67d1e9c3803	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_London_Marathon', 'title': 'List of winners of the London Marathon', 'header': ['Year', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time ( h : m : s )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gordon Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gordon_Perry_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Gordon Perry is a British wheelchair athlete who has competed in wheelchair racing and wheelchair basketball . The winner of the inaugural London Marathon wheelchair race , Perry competed in a number of wheelchair races during his racing career . He was a long-time wheelchair basketball competitor and coach , having played in competition in Great Britain and as a member of the British national team in the early 1980s . Perry now [ when ? ] runs the Wheelchair Basketball Experience , a coaching and training company .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '3:20:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Breen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Breen', 'summary': "Kevin Breen is a former Irish wheelchair athlete . He won the second London Marathon men 's wheelchair race in 1984 , defeating second-place winner Mick Karaphillides , whose wheelchair broke during the race , and the previous champion Gordon Perry . In winning , he broke the previous course record by nearly one hour , setting a new record of 2:38:40 . He also competed in athletics at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1984 , 1988 , and 1992 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '2:38:40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Hallam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Hallam', 'summary': 'Christopher Chris Alexander Hallam , MBE ( 31 December 1962 - 16 August 2013 ) was a Welsh Paralympian and wheelchair athlete . He competed at four Paralympic Games ; Stoke Mandeville , England ( 1984 ) , Seoul , South Korea ( 1988 ) , Barcelona , Spain ( 1992 ) and Atlanta , United States ( 1996 ) , as well as two Commonwealth Games ; Auckland , New Zealand ( 1990 ) and Victoria , British Columbia ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '2:19:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gerry O'Rourke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gerry_O'Rourke", 'summary': "Gerry O'Rourke is a former Irish wheelchair athlete . At the 1984 Summer Paralympics , he won a silver medal in the 400 metre wheelchair race and a bronze in both the 100 and 800 metre races . In 1986 , he won the fourth London Marathon men 's wheelchair race , defeating the 1985 and 1987 champion Chris Hallam after Hallam was slowed by illness and mechanical problems . He is also a three-time winner of the Dublin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '2:26:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Hallam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Hallam', 'summary': 'Christopher Chris Alexander Hallam , MBE ( 31 December 1962 - 16 August 2013 ) was a Welsh Paralympian and wheelchair athlete . He competed at four Paralympic Games ; Stoke Mandeville , England ( 1984 ) , Seoul , South Korea ( 1988 ) , Barcelona , Spain ( 1992 ) and Atlanta , United States ( 1996 ) , as well as two Commonwealth Games ; Auckland , New Zealand ( 1990 ) and Victoria , British Columbia ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '2:08:34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record ; second victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ted Vince', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Vince', 'summary': "Ted Vince is a former Canadian wheelchair athlete . Vince won the 1988 London Marathon men 's wheelchair race , narrowly defeating Mike Bishop and defending champion Chris Hallam to set a new course record of 2:01:37 . He competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Paralympics , winning two bronze medals the latter year in the 400 metres and the marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2:01:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Holding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Holding', 'summary': 'David Holding ( born 1968 ) is a British wheelchair athlete . Holding was born with spina bifida , a birth defect that affects the spinal cord , and has been in a wheelchair since childhood . An accountant by training , he competes as an amateur athlete in wheelchair races of all distances . He has won a number of races , but is most well known for being a four-time winner of the London Marathon and the former world record holder and a Paralympic Games gold medal winner in the 100 meter wheelchair race . He competed in four Summer Paralympic Games , from 1992 to 2004 , in events ranging from the 100 meters to the marathon . In addition to his 1996 gold in the 100 meters , he also won two bronze medals : in the 200 meters in 1996 and in the 100 meters in 2000 . Holding is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:59:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hakan Ericsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakan_Ericsson', 'summary': 'Håkan Ericsson is a Swedish paralympian and wheelchair racer . At the age of 21 , Ericsson won the 1990 London Marathon , barely edging out German athlete Wolfgang Peterson to set a new course record . Ericsson competed in the 1988 , 1992 , and 2000 Summer Paralympics , winning a total of one gold , four silver , and four bronze medals . He was coached by Peter Eriksson from 1983 to the end of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '1:57:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farid Amarouche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farid_Amarouche', 'summary': "Farid Amarouche is a French wheelchair athlete . He won the 1991 London Marathon men 's wheelchair race in a close finish , setting a new course record of 1:52:52 and beating previous and future winners Hakan Ericsson , Daniel Wesley , and David Holding in the process . He also took part in the 1988 and 1992 Summer Paralympics , winning three gold and three silver medals in the earlier year ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:52:52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Wesley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Wesley_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Daniel Wesley ( aka Daniel Westley ) is a Canadian athlete who won 12 medals while competing in the Paralympic Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1:51:42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Vandamme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Vandamme', 'summary': "George Vandamme is a former Belgian wheelchair racer . In 1993 , he won the men 's wheelchair race of the London Marathon , dominating the race . He set a new course record of 1:44:10 , beating the old London course record by nearly eight minutes ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '1:44:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Holding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Holding', 'summary': 'David Holding ( born 1968 ) is a British wheelchair athlete . Holding was born with spina bifida , a birth defect that affects the spinal cord , and has been in a wheelchair since childhood . An accountant by training , he competes as an amateur athlete in wheelchair races of all distances . He has won a number of races , but is most well known for being a four-time winner of the London Marathon and the former world record holder and a Paralympic Games gold medal winner in the 100 meter wheelchair race . He competed in four Summer Paralympic Games , from 1992 to 2004 , in events ranging from the 100 meters to the marathon . In addition to his 1996 gold in the 100 meters , he also won two bronze medals : in the 200 meters in 1996 and in the 100 meters in 2000 . Holding is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:46:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz Frei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Frei', 'summary': 'Heinz Frei ( born 28 January 1958 ) is a Swiss wheelchair athlete . Frei has had a long career of racing , winning the London Marathon wheelchair race three times , and earning five medals at the 2003 European games at the age of 45 . He has earned 15 gold medals at the summer and winter Paralympics and is a current world record holder in the half-marathon and marathon wheelchair races . He competed in athletics at every Summer Paralympic Games from 1984 to 2008 , and at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in cycling , using a handcycle . At the Winter Paralympics , he competed in cross-country sit-skiing between 1984 and 2006 and in the biathlon in 1994 . Frei planned to retire from track competition at an event on 28 August 2009 , though he will continue competing in road races .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1:39:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Holding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Holding', 'summary': 'David Holding ( born 1968 ) is a British wheelchair athlete . Holding was born with spina bifida , a birth defect that affects the spinal cord , and has been in a wheelchair since childhood . An accountant by training , he competes as an amateur athlete in wheelchair races of all distances . He has won a number of races , but is most well known for being a four-time winner of the London Marathon and the former world record holder and a Paralympic Games gold medal winner in the 100 meter wheelchair race . He competed in four Summer Paralympic Games , from 1992 to 2004 , in events ranging from the 100 meters to the marathon . In addition to his 1996 gold in the 100 meters , he also won two bronze medals : in the 200 meters in 1996 and in the 100 meters in 2000 . Holding is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:43:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Holding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Holding', 'summary': 'David Holding ( born 1968 ) is a British wheelchair athlete . Holding was born with spina bifida , a birth defect that affects the spinal cord , and has been in a wheelchair since childhood . An accountant by training , he competes as an amateur athlete in wheelchair races of all distances . He has won a number of races , but is most well known for being a four-time winner of the London Marathon and the former world record holder and a Paralympic Games gold medal winner in the 100 meter wheelchair race . He competed in four Summer Paralympic Games , from 1992 to 2004 , in events ranging from the 100 meters to the marathon . In addition to his 1996 gold in the 100 meters , he also won two bronze medals : in the 200 meters in 1996 and in the 100 meters in 2000 . Holding is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:42:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fourth victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz Frei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Frei', 'summary': 'Heinz Frei ( born 28 January 1958 ) is a Swiss wheelchair athlete . Frei has had a long career of racing , winning the London Marathon wheelchair race three times , and earning five medals at the 2003 European games at the age of 45 . He has earned 15 gold medals at the summer and winter Paralympics and is a current world record holder in the half-marathon and marathon wheelchair races . He competed in athletics at every Summer Paralympic Games from 1984 to 2008 , and at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in cycling , using a handcycle . At the Winter Paralympics , he competed in cross-country sit-skiing between 1984 and 2006 and in the biathlon in 1994 . Frei planned to retire from track competition at an event on 28 August 2009 , though he will continue competing in road races .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1:35:18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Course record ; second victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heinz Frei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heinz_Frei', 'summary': 'Heinz Frei ( born 28 January 1958 ) is a Swiss wheelchair athlete . Frei has had a long career of racing , winning the London Marathon wheelchair race three times , and earning five medals at the 2003 European games at the age of 45 . He has earned 15 gold medals at the summer and winter Paralympics and is a current world record holder in the half-marathon and marathon wheelchair races . He competed in athletics at every Summer Paralympic Games from 1984 to 2008 , and at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in cycling , using a handcycle . At the Winter Paralympics , he competed in cross-country sit-skiing between 1984 and 2006 and in the biathlon in 1994 . Frei planned to retire from track competition at an event on 28 August 2009 , though he will continue competing in road races .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1:35:27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Papworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Papworth', 'summary': "Kevin Papworth is a British wheelchair racer . He is best known for winning the 2000 London Marathon , having passed the expected winner , South African Ernst van Dyk , who is the current world record holder for the men 's wheelchair marathon , in the final mile of the race ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:41:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Lemeunier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Lemeunier', 'summary': 'Denis Lemeunier ( born 12 February 1965 ) is a French wheelchair racer . He is best known for defeating defending champion Kevin Papworth in the 2001 London Marathon wheelchair race , a feat given that his wheelchair , which normally would take a year to break in , was only 5 weeks old . He competed in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics , taking a bronze medal in the 4×400 metre relay the latter year .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:42:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Weir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Weir_(paralympic_athlete)', 'summary': 'David Russell Weir CBE ( born 5 June 1979 ) is a British Paralympic wheelchair athlete . He has won a total of six gold medals at the 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Games , and has won the London Marathon on eight occasions . He was born with a spinal cord transection that left him unable to use his legs .'}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:39:44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Wheelchair race – men 's winners", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_winners_of_the_London_Marathon_2', 'intro': "The London Marathon, one of the six World Marathon Majors, has been contested by men and women annually since 29 March 1981. Set over a largely flat course around the River Thames, the marathon is 26.2 miles (42.2 km) in length and generally regarded as a competitive and unpredictable event, and conducive to fast times. The inaugural marathon had 7,741 entrants, 6,255 of whom completed the race. The first Men's Elite Race was tied between American Dick Beardsley and Norwegian Inge Simonsen, who crossed the finish line holding hands in 2 hours, 11 minutes, 48 seconds. The first Women's Elite Race was won by Briton Joyce Smith in 2:29:57. In 1983, the first wheelchair races took place. Organized by the British Sports Association for the Disabled (BASD), 19 people competed and 17 finished. Gordon Perry of the United Kingdom won the Men's Wheelchair Race, coming in at 3:20:07, and Denise Smith, also of the UK, won the Women's Wheelchair Race in 4:29:03. Twenty athletes representing the United Kingdom have won the London Marathon a total of forty times. The most recent win by a British athlete was in the 2012 London Marathon, by David Weir in the Men's Wheelchair Race. It was his sixth win in London. Kenya has the second largest number of winning athletes."}	null	null	The most recent winner from France won what color medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics ?	bronze
017dc83280895872	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_"Royalty"_Hamilton', 'title': 'Roy "Royalty" Hamilton', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Track ( s )', 'Label', 'Certification'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Price', 'summary': 'Kelly Cherelle Price ( born April 4 , 1973 ) is an American R & B and gospel singer and songwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Soul of a Woman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soul_of_a_Woman_(Kelly_Price_album)', 'summary': "Soul of a Woman is the debut studio album by American singer Kelly Price . It was released by Island Records on August 11 , 1998 in the United States and debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 . The album 's most popular single and Price 's biggest hit so far was Friend of Mine , which tells the story of a woman whose husband cheated on her with her best friend earned Price a Grammy Award nomination . Soul of a Woman was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Friend of Mine ft. R. Kelly & Ron Isley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friend_of_Mine_(Kelly_Price_song)', 'summary': 'Friend of Mine is a song recorded by singer Kelly Price . It spent five weeks at number-one on the U.S. R & B chart and was awarded a Soul Train Music Award for Best R & B/Soul or Rap New Artist . A remix was made of the song featuring R. Kelly and Ronald Isley . This version became a pop hit in 1998 , peaking at number twelve on the U.S . Pop chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/R._Kelly', 'summary': "Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , actor , and former semi-professional basketball player . He has been credited with helping to redefine R & B and hip hop , earning nicknames such as the King of R & B , the King of Pop-Soul , and the Pied Piper of R & B . Kelly is known for songs including I Believe I Can Fly , Bump N ' Grind , Your Body 's Callin ' , Gotham City , Ignition ( Remix ) , If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time , The World 's Greatest , I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) , and the hip-hopera Trapped in the Closet . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for I Believe I Can Fly . Although Kelly is primarily a singer and songwriter , he has written , produced , and remixed songs , singles , and albums for many artists . In 1996 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for writing Michael Jackson 's song You Are Not Alone . Kelly has sold over 75 million records worldwide , making him the most successful R & B male artist of the 1990s and one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He is the 55th best-selling music artist in the United States , with over 32 million album sales . Kelly was named by Billboard as the Top R & B/Hip Hop Artist between 1985-2010 and the most successful R & B artist in history . Since the 1990s , Kelly has been the subject of numerous allegations of sexual abuse and misconduct , often with underage girls , all charges he denies . In 2002 , he was indicted on 13 counts of child pornography , but was acquitted of all charges in 2008 . In January 2019 , a widely viewed Lifetime docuseries titled Surviving R. Kelly detailed allegations of sexual abuse by multiple women , allegations Kelly denies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ron_Isley', 'summary': 'Ronald Isley ( /ˈaɪzliː/ ; born May 21 , 1941 ) , also known as Mr. Biggs , is an American recording artist , songwriter , record producer , and occasional actor . Isley is best known as the lead singer and founding member of the family music group The Isley Brothers .'}]}, {'value': 'Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group', 'summary': "The Island Def Jam Music Group ( IDJMG ) was an American record label group formed in 1998 by combining the operations of 14+ record labels including Island Records , Def Jam Recordings , and Mercury Records . In 2011 , Motown Records was split from The Universal/Motown Records Group and subsequently became a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group . On April 1 , 2014 , Universal Music announced that Island Def Jam 's operations would be split between three entities : Island Records , Motown Records , and Def Jam Recordings ."}]}, {'value': '2x Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R. Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._Kelly', 'summary': "Robert Sylvester Kelly ( born January 8 , 1967 ) is an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , actor , and former semi-professional basketball player . He has been credited with helping to redefine R & B and hip hop , earning nicknames such as the King of R & B , the King of Pop-Soul , and the Pied Piper of R & B . Kelly is known for songs including I Believe I Can Fly , Bump N ' Grind , Your Body 's Callin ' , Gotham City , Ignition ( Remix ) , If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time , The World 's Greatest , I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) , and the hip-hopera Trapped in the Closet . In 1998 , Kelly won three Grammy Awards for I Believe I Can Fly . Although Kelly is primarily a singer and songwriter , he has written , produced , and remixed songs , singles , and albums for many artists . In 1996 , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for writing Michael Jackson 's song You Are Not Alone . Kelly has sold over 75 million records worldwide , making him the most successful R & B male artist of the 1990s and one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He is the 55th best-selling music artist in the United States , with over 32 million album sales . Kelly was named by Billboard as the Top R & B/Hip Hop Artist between 1985-2010 and the most successful R & B artist in history . Since the 1990s , Kelly has been the subject of numerous allegations of sexual abuse and misconduct , often with underage girls , all charges he denies . In 2002 , he was indicted on 13 counts of child pornography , but was acquitted of all charges in 2008 . In January 2019 , a widely viewed Lifetime docuseries titled Surviving R. Kelly detailed allegations of sexual abuse by multiple women , allegations Kelly denies ."}]}, {'value': 'R', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._(album)', 'summary': "R. is the third solo album by American singer R. Kelly , released as a double album on November 10 , 1998 by Jive Records . It marked the first time Kelly worked with other producers as opposed to producing the entire album himself , as well as his first to feature guest artists . Its cover artwork uses the same image of Kelly from his 1993 debut 12 Play , only in silhouette form . Upon its release , R. went to number one on the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number two on the US Billboard 200 , selling over 216,000 copies in its first week of sales . It spawned Kelly 's second number-one Billboard Hot 100 hit I 'm Your Angel , as well as the number-one Top R & B hit I Believe I Can Fly , which had been released two years earlier on the Space Jam soundtrack . R. is currently Kelly 's best-selling release to date , having sold over eight million copies in the United States and over 12.4 million copies worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "We Ride ft. Jay-Z , Cam'ron , Noreaga & Vegas Cats ( rap before Jay-Z )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay-Z', 'summary': "Shawn Corey Carter ( born December 4 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Jay-Z ( stylized as JAY-Z ) , [ a ] is an American rapper , songwriter , producer , entrepreneur , and record executive . He is regarded as one of the greatest rappers of all time . Born and raised in New York City , Jay-Z first began his musical career after founding the record label Roc-A-Fella Records in 1995 , and subsequently released his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt in 1996 . The album was released to widespread critical success , and solidified his standing in the music industry . He has gone on to release twelve additional albums , which have all attained generally positive critical reception and commercial success , including The Blueprint ( 2001 ) and The Black Album ( 2003 ) . Jay-Z has also released the full-length collaborative albums Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) and Everything Is Love ( 2018 ) with Kanye West and wife Beyoncé , respectively . Outside of his musical career , Jay-Z has also attained significant success and media attention for his career as a businessman . In 1999 , he founded the clothing retailer Rocawear , and in 2003 , he founded the luxury sports bar chain 40/40 Club . Both businesses have grown to become multi-million dollar corporations , and allowed Jay-Z to fund the start-up for the entertainment company Roc Nation , which was founded in 2008 . In 2015 , he acquired the tech company Aspiro , and took charge of their media streaming service Tidal , which has since become the world 's third-largest online streaming company . Jay-Z is one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with over 50 million albums and 75 million singles sold worldwide . He has won a total of 22 Grammy Awards , the most by a rapper , and holds the record for the most number-one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 , with 14 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Cam'ron", 'summary': "Cameron Ezike Giles ( born February 4 , 1976 ) , better known by his stage name Cam'ron , is an American rapper , record executive , and actor from Harlem , New York . Beginning his career in the mid-1990s as Killa Cam , Giles signed to Lance Un Rivera 's Untertainment under the aegis of Epic and released his first two studio albums Confessions of Fire and S.D.E . ( Sports Drugs & Entertainment ) in 1998 and 2000 respectively ; the former achieved Gold status by the RIAA . After demanding his release from Epic , Giles signed to Roc-A-Fella Records in 2001 and released his third studio album Come Home with Me the following year ; it achieved Platinum status by the RIAA , and also contained Cam'ron 's highest-charting singles to date ; Oh Boy and Hey Ma , which peaked at # 4 and # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 , respectively . His fourth studio album and final release on Roc-A-Fella , Purple Haze was released in 2004 to critical acclaim and commercial success , being certified gold by the RIAA . After separating his label , Diplomat Records from Roc-A-Fella in 2005 due to disagreements between himself and label-head Jay-Z , Cam'ron signed the label to a distribution deal with Asylum Records . In 2006 Cam'ron released his fifth studio album , Killa Season , which contained a film of the same name , in which Cam'ron made his director-screenwriter debut and starred as the main character . In 2009 , after taking a hiatus due to his mother 's health , Cam'ron returned to music and released his sixth studio album Crime Pays . It reached number 3 on the Billboard 200 . Aside from his solo career , he is the leader of The Diplomats ( also known as Dipset ) , a group he formed in 1997 with his childhood friend Jim Jones and his cousin Freekey Zekey . He was also one half of the duo U.N. ( Us Now ) , and a founding member of the Children of the Corn before they disbanded in 1997 . Giles has also occasionally worked as an actor , starring in the Roc-A-Fella films Paper Soldiers and Paid in Full in 2002 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Noreaga', 'summary': "Victor Santiago , Jr. ( born September 6 , 1977 ) , better known by his stage name N.O.R.E. , or Noreaga , is an American rapper , actor and media personality . Santiago first rose to prominence as one half of the East Coast hip hop duo Capone-N-Noreaga ( C-N-N ) , alongside fellow Queens-based rapper Capone . He would also have success as a solo artist with the singles Superthug , Banned from T.V. , Nothin ' , Oye Mi Canto and Mas Maiz . Santiago has released music under various record labels , including Penalty , Roc-La-Familia , Def Jam , and Babygrande Records . In June 2011 , it was announced Santiago partnered with fellow American rapper Busta Rhymes ' Conglomerate label , where he released his 2013 album Student of the Game , issued under E1 Music . Santiago is also chief executive officer ( CEO ) of his own imprint , Militainment Business ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jay-Z', 'summary': "Shawn Corey Carter ( born December 4 , 1969 ) , known professionally as Jay-Z ( stylized as JAY-Z ) , [ a ] is an American rapper , songwriter , producer , entrepreneur , and record executive . He is regarded as one of the greatest rappers of all time . Born and raised in New York City , Jay-Z first began his musical career after founding the record label Roc-A-Fella Records in 1995 , and subsequently released his debut studio album Reasonable Doubt in 1996 . The album was released to widespread critical success , and solidified his standing in the music industry . He has gone on to release twelve additional albums , which have all attained generally positive critical reception and commercial success , including The Blueprint ( 2001 ) and The Black Album ( 2003 ) . Jay-Z has also released the full-length collaborative albums Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) and Everything Is Love ( 2018 ) with Kanye West and wife Beyoncé , respectively . Outside of his musical career , Jay-Z has also attained significant success and media attention for his career as a businessman . In 1999 , he founded the clothing retailer Rocawear , and in 2003 , he founded the luxury sports bar chain 40/40 Club . Both businesses have grown to become multi-million dollar corporations , and allowed Jay-Z to fund the start-up for the entertainment company Roc Nation , which was founded in 2008 . In 2015 , he acquired the tech company Aspiro , and took charge of their media streaming service Tidal , which has since become the world 's third-largest online streaming company . Jay-Z is one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with over 50 million albums and 75 million singles sold worldwide . He has won a total of 22 Grammy Awards , the most by a rapper , and holds the record for the most number-one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 , with 14 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamond', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nas', 'summary': "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones ( /nɑːˈsɪər/ ; born September 14 , 1973 ) , known professionally as Nas ( /nɑːz/ ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , entrepreneur , and investor . The son of jazz musician Olu Dara , Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 30 million records worldwide . He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label ; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records . His musical career began in 1991 , as a featured artist on Main Source 's Live at the Barbeque . His debut album Illmatic ( 1994 ) received universal acclaim from both critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time . Nas 's follow-up It Was Written debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , stayed on top for four consecutive weeks , went Double Platinum in two months , and made Nas internationally known . From 2001 to 2005 , Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z , popularized by the diss track Ether . Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006 . In 2010 , he released Distant Relatives , a collaboration album with Damian Marley , donating all royalties to charities active in Africa . His 11th studio album , Life Is Good ( 2012 ) was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards . In 2006 , MTV ranked Nas at # 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time . In 2012 , The Source ranked him # 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Nastradamus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nastradamus', 'summary': "Nastradamus is the fourth studio album by American rapper Nas , released on November 23 , 1999 by Ill Will and Columbia Records . It was originally scheduled to be released as a follow-up composed of material from sessions for his previous album I Am. , also released in 1999 . Due to bootlegging of the material , Nas recorded separate songs for Nastradamus to meet its November release date . The album debuted at number 7 on the US Billboard 200 , selling over 232,000 copies in its first week . It received generally mixed reviews from critics , and has been regarded by some as Nas 's weakest effort . However , it achieved considerable commercial success and spawned two charting singles . On December 22 , 1999 , the album was certified Platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Girl Now , New World', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Records', 'summary': "Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . It was founded in 1887 , evolving from the American Graphophone Company , the successor to the Volta Graphophone Company . Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business , and the second major company to produce records . From 1961 to 1990 , Columbia recordings were released outside North America under the name CBS Records to avoid confusion with EMI 's Columbia Graphophone Company . Columbia is one of Sony Music 's four flagship record labels , alongside former longtime rival RCA Records , as well as Arista Records and Epic Records . Artists who have recorded for Columbia include AC/DC , Adele , Aerosmith , Louis Armstrong , Gene Autry , Count Basie , Nora Bayes , Bix Beiderbecke , Tony Bennett , Leonard Bernstein , Beyoncé , Blue Öyster Cult , Dave Brubeck , The Byrds , Mariah Carey , Pablo Casals , Johnny Cash , The Clash , The Cleveland Orchestra , Rosemary Clooney , Leonard Cohen , Ornette Coleman , Elvis Costello , Miles Davis , Neil Diamond , Celine Dion , Bob Dylan , Earth , Wind & Fire , Duke Ellington , 50 Cent , Flatt and Scruggs , Erroll Garner , Benny Goodman , Glenn Gould , Adelaide Hall , Herbie Hancock , Lauryn Hill , Billie Holiday , Vladimir Horowitz , Billy Joel , Blind Willie Johnson , Robert Johnson , Al Jolson , Janis Joplin , Andre Kostelanetz , Yo-Yo Ma , Johnny Mathis , John Mayer , George Michael , Mitch Miller , Charles Mingus , Thelonious Monk , Billy Murray , Willie Nelson , The New York Philharmonic , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Pink Floyd , Santana , Frank Sinatra , Simon and Garfunkel , Bessie Smith , John Philip Sousa , Bruce Springsteen , Igor Stravinsky , Barbra Streisand , System of a Down , James Taylor , Bonnie Tyler , Ethel Waters , Weather Report , Paul Whiteman , Andy Williams , Bert Williams , Pharrell Williams , Bob Wills , and Bill Withers ."}]}, {'value': 'Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samantha Mumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samantha_Mumba', 'summary': "Samantha Tamania Anne Cecilia Mumba ( born 18 January 1983 ) is an Irish singer-songwriter , dancer , actress , fashion model and TV presenter . She shot to fame in 2000 with the release of her debut single Got ta Tell You , which reached the top five in Ireland , United Kingdom and the United States . It has since been listed in Billboard 's 100 Greatest Choruses of the 21st Century . In late 2000 , at the age of 17 , Mumba released her debut album Got ta Tell You . It reached number four in Ireland and number nine in the UK . She has had seven top five hits in Ireland and six top ten hits in the United Kingdom . Mumba has also pursued an acting career , making her film debut in the 2002 film The Time Machine , as well as appearing in a number of Irish independent films . She returned to music in 2013 , and announced plans to release a second album in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Got ta Tell You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotta_Tell_You', 'summary': 'Got ta Tell You is the debut studio album by Irish singer Samantha Mumba . It was released on 31 October 2000 in the United Kingdom and the United States by Polydor Records , Interscope Records , Wildcard Records and A & M Records .'}]}, {'value': 'The Boy ( UK ) , The Boy ft. will.i.am ( US )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will.i.am', 'summary': 'William Adams ( born March 15 , 1975 ) , known professionally as will.i.am ( pronounced Will-I-am ) , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , DJ , actor and television personality . He is the founding and lead member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . As a solo artist , will.i.am has released four solo albums , beginning with Lost Change , released in 2001 through Atlantic Records . His second solo outing , Must B 21 , was released on September 23 , 2003 . The track Go ! was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 seasons . The third album , Songs About Girls , was released on September 25 , 2007 . He released his fourth studio album , # willpower , in 2013 . As a music producer , will.i.am has produced music for other artists including Cheryl , Michael Jackson , Justin Bieber , Kesha , Britney Spears , Miley Cyrus , David Guetta , U2 , Rihanna , Lady Gaga , Usher , Justin Timberlake , A. R. Rahman , Nicki Minaj , 2NE1 , and Baby Kaely . In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas , he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998 , and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK . In addition to his music career , will.i.am has also been a judge and mentor on the television talent show series The Voice UK ( 2012-present ) , The Voice Australia ( 2014 ) , and The Voice Kids ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Polydor / Interscope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polydor', 'summary': "Polydor Records Ltd. is a German-British record label and company that operates as part of Universal Music Group . It has a close relationship with Universal 's Interscope Geffen A & M Records label , which distributes Polydor 's releases in the United States . In turn , Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom . Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH . It was renamed Polydor Ltd. in 1972 . Its artists have included The Moody Blues , The Who , Samantha Mumba , Cher Lloyd , Years & Years , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Slade , Bee Gees , The Jam , Cheryl and Girls Aloud , The Saturdays , Take That , James Brown , Fickle Friends , The Fauves , Ellie Goulding , Duffy , James Blake , Snow Patrol , Elbow , Status Quo , Elton John , Marie Osmond , Waldo de los Ríos , Ruti Olajugbagbe , Molly Hocking and American artists Lana Del Rey , Soraya , Haim , Keith O'Conner Murphy , Cher Lloyd , LANY , Azealia Banks and Canadian artist Alyssa Reid ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interscope', 'summary': "Interscope Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Interscope Geffen A & M imprint . It was founded in late 1990 by Jimmy Iovine and Ted Field as a $ 20 million joint venture with Warner Music Group 's Atlantic Records . At the time , it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A & R staff and allowing artists and producers complete creative control . It had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded , and achieved profitability in 1993 . Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014 , when he was succeeded by John Janick . In 1992 , Interscope acquired the exclusive rights to market and distribute releases from the hardcore hip hop label Death Row , whose artists included 2Pac , Dr. Dre , and Snoop Dogg , a decision which ultimately put the label at the center of the mid-1990s gangsta rap controversy . As a result , Time Warner , then-owner of Atlantic , severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $ 115 million in 1995 . In 1996 , 50% of the label was acquired for a reported $ 200 million by MCA Inc. , later known as Universal Music Group . Based in Santa Monica , California , Interscope 's roster includes Eminem , Madonna , Billie Eilish , Gwen Stefani , Imagine Dragons , Summer Walker , Kendrick Lamar , Lady Gaga , Lana Del Rey , Maroon 5 , Selena Gomez , and U2 ."}]}, {'value': '4x Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K-Ci & JoJo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K-Ci_&_JoJo', 'summary': 'K-Ci & JoJo is an American R & B duo , consisting of brothers Cedric K-Ci Hailey ( born September 2 , 1969 ) and Joel JoJo Hailey ( born June 10 , 1971 ) . Natives of Monroe , North Carolina , they are also the lead singers of the chart-topping R & B group Jodeci with the DeGrate brothers - Donald ( better known as DeVante Swing ) and Mr.Dalvin .'}]}, {'value': 'X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X_(K-Ci_&_JoJo_album)', 'summary': 'X is the third studio album by American R & B duo and brothers K-Ci & JoJo , released December 5 , 2000 on MCA . Recording sessions took place during 1999-2000 . Production was handled by various producers , including Mike Smoov , Rory Bennett , and DeVante Swing . The album peaked at number twenty on the US Billboard 200 . It achieved acceptable international charting and produced two singles that had minor success charting . The lead single Crazy would peak at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Upon its release , X received average reviews from music critics . The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of 1,000,000 copies in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Wan na Do You Right', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MCA_Records', 'summary': "MCA Records was an American record label owned by MCA Inc. , which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group ( now Universal Music Group ) , which the label was part of until its dissolution in 2003 . The label 's country division MCA Nashville is a still an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "N'Sync", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/N'Sync", 'summary': "NSYNC ( /ɛnˈsɪŋk/ , /ɪn-/ ; also stylized as *NSYNC or ' N Sync ) was an American boy band formed in Orlando , Florida , in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich . NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake , JC Chasez , Chris Kirkpatrick , Joey Fatone , and Lance Bass . After heavily publicized legal battles with their former manager Lou Pearlman and former record label Bertelsmann Music Group , the group 's second album , No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) , sold over one million copies in one day and 2.42 million copies in one week , which was a record for over fifteen years . Among the group 's singles , I Want You Back , Bye Bye Bye , This I Promise You , Girlfriend , Pop and It 's Gon na Be Me reached the top 10 in several international charts , with the last being a US Billboard Hot 100 number one . In addition to a host of Grammy Award nominations , NSYNC has performed at the World Series , the Super Bowl and the Olympic Games , and sang or recorded with Elton John , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , Janet Jackson , Britney Spears , Phil Collins , Celine Dion , Aerosmith , Nelly , Left Eye , Mary J. Blige , country music supergroup Alabama , and Gloria Estefan . NSYNC last recorded new material in 2002 . The band completed five nationwide concert tours and has sold between 50 and 70 million records , becoming the fifth-best-selling boy band in history . Rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time . Justin Timberlake went on to become one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with more than 56 million records sold throughout his solo career ."}]}, {'value': 'Celebrity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celebrity_(album)', 'summary': "Celebrity is the third and final studio album by American boy band NSYNC , released on July 24 , 2001 , by Jive Records . Due to constant criticism from critics about not being a credible group in contrast to groups such as The Beatles and the Backstreet Boys , as well as expectations to beat their previous album 's first week sales of 2.4 million copies , NSYNC began experimenting with different sounds for the album , such as R & B , electronica , two-step , and new jack swing . Similar to No Strings Attached , a wide range of producers contributed to the album , including BT , Rodney Jerkins , Brian McKnight , PAJAM , and The Neptunes . Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez were also more hands-on with production , co-writing ten of thirteen tracks , in an effort to find the album 's unique tone . After suffering from two delays due to unfinished recording sessions , Celebrity was released to generally positive reception by critics . The album was the band 's second to debut at number-one on the Billboard 200 , with first-week sales of 1,879,495 copies , the second best debut-week sales in the country at the time until the release of Adele 's 25 in 2015 . They embarked on two tours to promote the album 's release ; PopOdyssey and the Celebrity Tour . Initially , the release date of Celebrity was meant to coincide with PopOdyssey , however , constant delays meant that NSYNC performed the majority of the songs on tour before the album was released ."}]}, {'value': "Falling ( int ' l rls . bonus track )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '8x Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Jackson', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and dancer . Dubbed the King of Pop , he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music . Jackson 's contributions to music , dance , and fashion , along with his publicized personal life , made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Jackson made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records , and rose to solo stardom with his fifth studio album Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . By the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those for Beat It , Billie Jean , and Thriller from his sixth studio album Thriller ( 1982 ) , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . Their popularity helped propel the television channel MTV into a significant factor of 1980s pop culture . The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards at the 26th Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . Jackson continued to innovate with videos including Leave Me Alone and Smooth Criminal from Bad ( 1987 ) , Black or White and Remember the Time from Dangerous ( 1991 ) , Scream from HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) and Ghosts from the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix ( 1997 ) . Jackson forged a reputation as a global touring artist ."}]}, {'value': "Invincible ( int ' l rls . )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invincible_(Michael_Jackson_album)', 'summary': "Invincible is the final studio album by American singer Michael Jackson released October 30 , 2001 , on Epic Records . It was Jackson 's sixth studio album released through Epic , and his last released before his death in 2009 . An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started the multi genre production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . The album features appearances from Carlos Santana and The Notorious B.I.G . Invincible incorporates R & B , pop and soul . Similarly to Jackson 's previous material , the album explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . Unlike with Jackson 's post-Thriller studio albums , there was no world tour to promote Invincible ; a tour was planned , but canceled due to conflicts between Jackson and Sony Music Entertainment . Following Sony 's decision to abruptly end all promotion for the album , Jackson made allegations in July 2002 that Tommy Mottola was a devil and a racist who did not support his African-American artists but used them for his own personal gain . Invincible debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and in ten other countries worldwide . As well as You Rock My World , the album spawned three more singles : Cry , Butterflies and the promotional single Speechless . You Rock My World was the album 's most successful single , peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Jackson 's last top 10 hit before his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Shout ( Co-prod . w/ Teddy Riley )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shout_(Isley_Brothers_song)', 'summary': "Shout is a popular American song , originally recorded by the Isley Brothers . Released in 1959 , it was written by the brothers themselves as a call and response answer to Jackie Wilson 's Lonely Teardrops , which they would occasionally cover in live performances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Riley_(producer)', 'summary': "Edward Theodore Riley ( born October 8 , 1967 ) is an American singer , songwriter , record producer and multi-instrumentalist credited with the creation of the new jack swing genre . ( Riley credits Barry Michael Cooper for giving it its name . ) He fused hip hop and R & B in his production work with artists including Michael Jackson , Bobby Brown , Keith Sweat , Samantha Mumba , Doug E. Fresh , Today , Heavy D & the Boyz , Hi-Five , Men of Vizion and Profyle , as well as his spearheaded groups Guy and Blackstreet . Riley 's consistency and drum ideas had some influence on modern-day R & B , which since him contained more samples and rapping segments as well as singing , a practice which in part was reminiscent of the Jackson family . Along with Neo Soul style of singers such as Marvin Gaye , he has had a seminal influence on gospel and R & B music , which became more open to using rap and sound effects in their recordings ."}]}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epic_Records', 'summary': "Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 , but later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of genres , including pop , R & B , rock , and hip hop . Epic Records has released music by artists including Bobby Vinton , Glenn Miller , Tammy Wynette , George Michael , The Yardbirds , Donovan , Shakin Stevens , Europe , Cheap Trick , Meat Loaf , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Ted Nugent , Shakira , Sly & the Family Stone , The Hollies , Celine Dion , ABBA , Culture Club , Boston , The Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam , Rage Against the Machine , and Michael Jackson . Along with Arista , Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's four flagship record labels . Artists who have signed to Epic Records include Mudvayne , Fuel , French Montana , Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Future , Fifth Harmony , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Hudson , Keyshia Cole , Franz Ferdinand , Revis , Outkast , Bella Thorne , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Cheyenne Kimball , Busta Rhymes , Verbow , Rick Ross , 21 Savage , Bernard Butler , Travis Scott , DJ Khaled , Silverchair , Ultraspank , Meghan Trainor , Camila Cabello , Wrabel , Swizz Beatz , Pearl Jam and Louis Tomlinson ."}]}, {'value': 'Diamond', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_(singer)', 'summary': "Joseph Lewis Thomas ( born July 5 , 1973 ) , known mononymously as Joe , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer . Raised in Opelika , Alabama , he later relocated to New Jersey , and in 1992 he signed a record deal with Polygram Records . He rose to prominence after releasing his debut album Everything the following year . He followed it with a series of successful albums under Jive Records , including All That I Am ( 1997 ) , the international bestseller My Name Is Joe ( 2000 ) as well as the multi-certified albums Better Days ( 2001 ) and And Then . ( 2003 ) . Several songs from these albums became hit singles on the pop and R & B record charts , including the number-one hit Stutter , the top ten entries All the Things ( Your Man Wo n't Do ) , Do n't Wan na Be a Player , and I Wan na Know as well as his collaborations Faded Pictures , Thank God I Found You and Still Not a Player . Since his departure from Jive , Joe has released most of his projects independently through ventures with Kedar Massenburg and Plaid Takeover Entertainment . In 2016 , his twelfth album My Name Is Joe Thomas became his eleventh album to score a top five-placing on Billboard 's Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , while lead single So I Can Have You Back became his fourth number-one hit on the Adult R & B Songs chart over the span of three consecutive decades ( 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s ) . In 2010 , Billboard listed Joe at 48th on its list of the Top 50 R & B and Hip Hop Artists of the past 25 years . An ASCAP Award recipient for his song I Wan na Know , Joe is a seven-time Grammy Award nominee and has been nominated for numerous other awards and accolades , including a BET Award , a NAACP Image Award , and four Soul Train Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'My Name Is Joe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Name_Is_Joe_(album)', 'summary': "My Name Is Joe is the third studio album by American R & B singer Joe , released April 18 , 2000 , on Jive Records . The album was recorded in 1999 , and production was handled by Joe and several other record producers including Allen Allstar Gordon , Teddy Riley and Tim & Bob . Beforehand , Joe released All That I Am ( 1997 ) , which was his most successful album prior to the release of My Name Is Joe . Upon its release , My Name Is Joe received favorable reviews from critics , with most appreciating the love feel of the album . The album peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 and topped the US R & B/Hip-Hop Albums . It charted internationally as well , peaking within the top 10 in Netherlands and Canada as well as appearing in Australia , France , Sweden , and the UK . My Name Is Joe contained three singles - I Wan na Know , Treat Her Like a Lady , and Stutter - the first and last of which appeared within the top five of the US Billboard Hot 100 . The album has been certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , certified platinum by Music Canada , and certified silver by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stutter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stutter_(Joe_song)', 'summary': 'Stutter is a 2000 song by American R & B singer Joe . The original version of the song was produced by Roy Royalty Hamilton and Teddy Riley and written by Roy Royalty Hamilton and Ernest E. Dixon . A remix by Allen Allstar Gordon Jr. ( marketed as The Double Take Remix , due to its appearance in the 2001 film Double Take ) features rapper Mystikal , and was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States for four weeks in 2001 . It was one of just three singles to have sold over 500,000 copies in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Epic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epic_Records', 'summary': "Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 , but later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of genres , including pop , R & B , rock , and hip hop . Epic Records has released music by artists including Bobby Vinton , Glenn Miller , Tammy Wynette , George Michael , The Yardbirds , Donovan , Shakin Stevens , Europe , Cheap Trick , Meat Loaf , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Ted Nugent , Shakira , Sly & the Family Stone , The Hollies , Celine Dion , ABBA , Culture Club , Boston , The Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam , Rage Against the Machine , and Michael Jackson . Along with Arista , Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's four flagship record labels . Artists who have signed to Epic Records include Mudvayne , Fuel , French Montana , Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Future , Fifth Harmony , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Hudson , Keyshia Cole , Franz Ferdinand , Revis , Outkast , Bella Thorne , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Cheyenne Kimball , Busta Rhymes , Verbow , Rick Ross , 21 Savage , Bernard Butler , Travis Scott , DJ Khaled , Silverchair , Ultraspank , Meghan Trainor , Camila Cabello , Wrabel , Swizz Beatz , Pearl Jam and Louis Tomlinson ."}]}, {'value': 'Diamond', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Sweat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Sweat', 'summary': "Keith Douglas Sweat ( born July 22 , 1961 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and an early figure in the new jack swing musical movement . He is known for his collection of hits including I Want Her , Make It Last Forever , I 'll Give All My Love to You , Make You Sweat , Get Up on It , Twisted and Nobody . He has released 13 solo albums and 2 as a part of the R & B supergroup LSG , and discovered the groups Silk and Kut Klose ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebirth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebirth_(Keith_Sweat_album)', 'summary': "Rebirth is Keith Sweat 's eighth studio album ."}]}, {'value': 'Gots to Have It , Anything Goes , Ladies Night , 100% All Man , The Right Stuff , What Is It', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elektra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elektra_Records', 'summary': "Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group , founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt . It played an important role in the development of contemporary folk music and rock music between the 1950s and 1970s . In 2004 , it was consolidated into WMG 's Atlantic Records Group . After five years of dormancy , the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009 . As of October 2018 , Elektra was detached from the Atlantic Records umbrella and reorganized into Elektra Music Group , once again operating as an independently managed frontline label of Warner Music ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_(singer)', 'summary': "Joseph Lewis Thomas ( born July 5 , 1973 ) , known mononymously as Joe , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer . Raised in Opelika , Alabama , he later relocated to New Jersey , and in 1992 he signed a record deal with Polygram Records . He rose to prominence after releasing his debut album Everything the following year . He followed it with a series of successful albums under Jive Records , including All That I Am ( 1997 ) , the international bestseller My Name Is Joe ( 2000 ) as well as the multi-certified albums Better Days ( 2001 ) and And Then . ( 2003 ) . Several songs from these albums became hit singles on the pop and R & B record charts , including the number-one hit Stutter , the top ten entries All the Things ( Your Man Wo n't Do ) , Do n't Wan na Be a Player , and I Wan na Know as well as his collaborations Faded Pictures , Thank God I Found You and Still Not a Player . Since his departure from Jive , Joe has released most of his projects independently through ventures with Kedar Massenburg and Plaid Takeover Entertainment . In 2016 , his twelfth album My Name Is Joe Thomas became his eleventh album to score a top five-placing on Billboard 's Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , while lead single So I Can Have You Back became his fourth number-one hit on the Adult R & B Songs chart over the span of three consecutive decades ( 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s ) . In 2010 , Billboard listed Joe at 48th on its list of the Top 50 R & B and Hip Hop Artists of the past 25 years . An ASCAP Award recipient for his song I Wan na Know , Joe is a seven-time Grammy Award nominee and has been nominated for numerous other awards and accolades , including a BET Award , a NAACP Image Award , and four Soul Train Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'And Then', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/And_Then', 'summary': "And Then . is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Joe , released through Jive Records on December 2 , 2003 in the United States . It features production by Joe 's labelmate R. Kelly as well as Roy Royalty Hamilton , Kevin Shekspere Briggs , Carvin & Ivan , The Underdogs , and others . The album reached number 26 on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 121,000 copies in its first week of release . It was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweeter Than Sugar , And Then , Street Dreams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britney Spears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Britney_Spears', 'summary': "Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she appeared in stage productions and television series , before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first two studio albums , .Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! . I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , were global successes and made her the best-selling teenage artist of all-time . Referred to as the Princess of Pop , Spears is regarded as a pop icon and is credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Spears adopted more mature and provocative themes for her next two studio albums , Britney ( 2001 ) and In the Zone ( 2003 ) , and made her feature film debut in a starring role in Crossroads ( 2002 ) . Following a series of heavily publicized personal struggles and erratic public behavior , Spears 's career was interrupted , before the release of her fifth studio album Blackout ( 2007 ) , which is often critically referred to as her best work . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations led Spears to be placed on a still ongoing conservatorship . She returned to the top of record charts with her sixth and seventh studio albums , Circus ( 2008 ) and Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , respectively . In 2012 , Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of the year , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 . During the promotion of her eighth and ninth studio albums , Britney Jean ( 2013 ) and Glory ( 2016 ) , Spears embarked on a four-year concert residency , Britney : Piece of Me , at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas , which became one of the highest-grossing residencies of all-time . In 2019 , Spears announced an indefinite career hiatus and was later admitted involuntarily into a mental health facility by her conservator , leading to a court-led investigation into malpractice conducted by Spears 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'In The Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_The_Zone', 'summary': "In the Zone is the fourth studio album by American singer Britney Spears . It was released on November 12 , 2003 through Jive Records . Its eclectic music incorporates dance , house , reggae , trip hop , and hip hop styles with instrumentation from guitars , drums , synthesizers , strings , and Middle Eastern musical instruments . Its themes range from love , dancing , and in the case of songs such as Touch of My Hand , sex and masturbation . Contributions to the album 's production came from a wide range of producers , including Bloodshy & Avant , R. Kelly , Trixster , Moby , Guy Sigsworth and The Matrix . With the conclusion of the Dream Within a Dream Tour in July 2002 and the end of her relationship with Justin Timberlake , Spears planned to take a six-month break from her career ; however , work for In the Zone began later that November . She began writing songs for the album while touring internationally , despite not knowing the direction of the album . She experimented with different producers , trying to find those with whom she had chemistry . The first song recorded was Touch of My Hand , which Spears claims set the mood for the album . She co-wrote all but four tracks , and often changed the lyrics to suit herself . Spears stated she was an autobiographical songwriter , although not to the point where she felt self-exploited . She also explained that the sexual nature of In the Zone was subconscious and happened while she was in the process of developing the album ."}]}, {'value': '( I Got That ) Boom Boom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamond', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_(singer)', 'summary': 'Houston Edward Summers IV ( born October 26 , 1983 ) , known mononymously as Houston , is an American singer , best known for his hit single I Like That . Houston made headlines in 2005 when he attempted suicide in a London hotel room , and later gouged his eye out with a fork the same night . He was subsequently dropped from his contract with Capitol .'}]}, {'value': "It 's Already Written", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It's_Already_Written", 'summary': "It 's Already Written is the first and only studio album of R & B singer Houston . It was released on August 10 , 2004 , and reached # 14 on the Billboard 200 . The album was certified Gold by the RIAA ."}]}, {'value': 'Twizala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guerilla Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guerilla_Black', 'summary': "Charles Williamson ( born 1977 ) , better known by his stage name Guerilla Black , is an American rapper from Compton , California . Born in Chicago , Illinois , he came to fame after releasing his debut album Guerilla City ( 2004 ) , which featured the singles Compton featuring Beenie Man and You 're The One featuring Mario Winans . Williamson released a track titled 400 Shotz , the Funeral taking aim at The Game , Jermaine Dupri and Daz Dillinger . His latest mixtape , The Black Tapes was released in 2009 . It is notable for Williamson 's change in rapping style , a change he acknowledges on several tracks . Featured artists on the Mixtape included Hot Dollar , T-Pain , and Akon . He has been both criticized and praised for having a similar voice and delivery to The Notorious B.I.G . and even pays homage to Biggie on his Real Niggaz Say Real Shit mixtape , on the track Letter to B.I.G . Williamson also bears a resemblance to Biggie . He is the brother of rapper Hot Dollar , and both rappers are part of the Dolla Figga hip-hop collective . Williamson has also contributed both his music and performed voice work of the character Dupree in the video game 187 Ride or Die ."}]}, {'value': 'Guerilla City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guerilla_City', 'summary': 'Guerilla City is the debut studio album by West Coast Rapper Guerilla Black released on September 28 , 2004 . The LP sold 46,000 copies in its first week , and peaked at no.20 on the Billboard 200 , and has sold 200,000 copies since June 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunrise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Records', 'summary': "Virgin Records Ltd. is a British record label founded by entrepreneurs Richard Branson , Simon Draper , Nik Powell , and musician Tom Newman in 1972 . It grew to be a worldwide phenomenon over time , with the success of platinum performers such as Aaliyah , George Michael , Paula Abdul , Janet Jackson , Roy Orbison , Devo , Tangerine Dream , Genesis , Keith Richards , the Human League , Culture Club , Simple Minds , Lenny Kravitz , dc Talk , the Smashing Pumpkins , Mike Oldfield , Gorillaz , Lewis Capaldi and Spice Girls , among others . After its acquisition by Universal Music Group through its purchase of EMI in 2012 , UMG absorbed Virgin 's British operations to create Virgin EMI Records in March 2013 . Today , the operations of Virgin Records America , Inc. , the company 's North American operations founded in 1986 , are still active and headquartered in Hollywood , California , and have operated exclusively under the Capitol Music Group imprint , also owned by UMG , since 2007 . The US operations have also taken on the name Virgin Records . A minor number of artists remain on Virgin Records America 's roster , which is currently mostly occupied with European artists such as Bastille , Circa Waves , Corinne Bailey Rae , Ella Eyre , Grizfolk , Walking on Cars , Seinabo Sey , and Prides ; American artists include Knox Hamilton , L'Tric , Loren Gray , and Rise Against . Virgin Classics was founded in 1988 as part of Virgin Records . Along with EMI Classics , it too was acquired by Universal in 2012 as part of the takeover of the EMI Group . But the terms of the European Commission 's approval of the takeover required divestment of the two classical labels . Accordingly both were sold in February the following year to Warner Music Group , and this transaction was approved by the European Union that May . Warner placed the Virgin Classics artist roster and catalogue in its Erato Records division , and the Virgin Classics name , along with EMI Classics , disappeared ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eamon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eamon_(singer)', 'summary': "Eamon Doyle ( born September 19 , 1983 ) , professionally known as Eamon , is an American R & B singer-songwriter and harmonicist . He is known for his hit single , Fuck It ( I Do n't Want You Back ) . Some of the songs written by Eamon Doyle are in the style called Ho-Wop , which blends the smoothness of R & B with the grittiness of hip hop . Eamon 's songs are typically soft ballads mixed with aggressive lyrics in the theme of infidelity ."}]}, {'value': "I Do n't Want You Back", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I_Don't_Want_You_Back", 'summary': "I Do n't Want You Back is the debut album by American R & B singer Eamon , released in the United States on February 17 , 2004 . Produced by Milk Dee and Roy Royalty Hamilton , the album spawned two singles which combined modern hip hop with classic doo wop : Fuck It ( I Do n't Want You Back ) and I Love Them Ho 's ( Ho-Wop ) . The album garnered a mixed reception from critics who found the production too predictable , and the repeated profanity wearing . The album debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 106,000 copies . It was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Girl Act Right , Rather Be With You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Nozuka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Nozuka', 'summary': 'George Nozuka ( born April 28 , 1986 in New York City ) is a Canadian-American R & B singer of mixed Caucasian and Japanese descent . He is best known for his single Talk to Me , which peaked at No . 1 on the MuchMusic music-video countdown in October 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Believe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Believe_(George_Nozuka_album)', 'summary': 'George Nozuka ( born April 28 , 1986 in New York City ) is a Canadian-American R & B singer of mixed Caucasian and Japanese descent . He is best known for his single Talk to Me , which peaked at No . 1 on the MuchMusic music-video countdown in October 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Last Time', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keri Hilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keri_Hilson', 'summary': "Keri Lynn Hilson ( born December 5 , 1982 ) is an American singer , songwriter , vocal arranger and actress . She was born and raised in Decatur , Georgia and spent most of her youth working with producer Anthony Dent as a songwriter and background vocalist for several R & B and hip hop artists . By the age of 14 , Hilson had secured a record deal with the girl group D'Signe , who later disbanded . She attended Oxford College of Emory University in Georgia , while she continued writing songs for artists , including Britney Spears , The Pussycat Dolls , and Mary J. Blige , with the production and songwriting team , The Clutch . In 2006 , Hilson signed with American rapper and producer Timbaland 's record label , Mosley Music . Her breakthrough came in 2007 after appearing on Timbaland 's single The Way I Are , which topped charts around the world . Hilson 's music style is R & B , hip hop , and pop ; womanhood , sexual intimacy and love are the typical themes . Her musical influences come from her father 's side of the family . Hilson 's debut studio album , In a Perfect World. , was released in 2009 , and debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , eventually being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album spawned the hit singles , Knock You Down , Turnin Me On and I Like . It also earned Hilson two Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for Knock You Down . Her second studio album , No Boys Allowed , was released in 2010 and was considerably less successful than its predecessor ; however , it included the platinum single , Pretty Girl Rock ."}]}, {'value': 'In A Perfect World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/In_a_Perfect_World...', 'summary': "In a Perfect World . is the debut studio album of American singer-songwriter Keri Hilson . It was released on March 24 , 2009 through Zone 4 , Mosley Music Group and Interscope Records . Originally planned for a 2007 release , it was pushed back numerous times into 2008 , amid her label 's budget issues and minor single releases . The production on the album was handled primarily by Timbaland , Polow da Don and Danja , among others . The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 94,000 copies in its first week . On October 22 , 2009 , the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , following shipments in excess of 500,000 copies in the United States . Upon its release , In a Perfect World… received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics . The album earned Hilson Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration during the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards ceremony on January 31 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Do It ( iTunes bonus track )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mosley / Zone-4 / Interscope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosley_Music_Group', 'summary': "Mosley Music Group ( MMG ) is a record label founded and formed by producer Tim Timbaland Mosley . Founded in 2006 , the imprint was formerly distributed exclusively by Interscope Geffen A & M until 2014 when Timbaland made a new joint venture with L.A. Reid at Epic Records which is under Sony Music Entertainment . The label 's roster includes OneRepublic , Nelly Furtado , Keri Hilson , Ian Grey and Timbaland himself ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zone_4_(record_label)', 'summary': 'Zone 4 is an American record label created as a joint venture between the producer Polow da Don and Interscope Records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Interscope', 'summary': "Interscope Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Interscope Geffen A & M imprint . It was founded in late 1990 by Jimmy Iovine and Ted Field as a $ 20 million joint venture with Warner Music Group 's Atlantic Records . At the time , it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A & R staff and allowing artists and producers complete creative control . It had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded , and achieved profitability in 1993 . Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014 , when he was succeeded by John Janick . In 1992 , Interscope acquired the exclusive rights to market and distribute releases from the hardcore hip hop label Death Row , whose artists included 2Pac , Dr. Dre , and Snoop Dogg , a decision which ultimately put the label at the center of the mid-1990s gangsta rap controversy . As a result , Time Warner , then-owner of Atlantic , severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $ 115 million in 1995 . In 1996 , 50% of the label was acquired for a reported $ 200 million by MCA Inc. , later known as Universal Music Group . Based in Santa Monica , California , Interscope 's roster includes Eminem , Madonna , Billie Eilish , Gwen Stefani , Imagine Dragons , Summer Walker , Kendrick Lamar , Lady Gaga , Lana Del Rey , Maroon 5 , Selena Gomez , and U2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristinia DeBarge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristinia_DeBarge', 'summary': 'Kristinia Jamie DeBarge ( /krɪˈstɪniə/ ; born March 8 , 1990 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer and actress . DeBarge first appeared on national television in 2003 as a contestant on the American Idol spin-off , American Juniors . In 2009 , DeBarge signed a contract with the Island Records department Sodapop , releasing her debut album , Exposed , in July of the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'Exposed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exposed_(Kristinia_DeBarge_album)', 'summary': "Exposed is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Kristinia DeBarge , released on July 28 , 2009 by Island Records and Sodapop Records . Its music incorporates pop and R & B styles . The album debuted at number 23 on the US Billboard 200 with 16,539 copies sold the first week . DeBarge began recording the album in 2008 , and had been writing the album since 2006 . The album features production and writing from the likes of Babyface and OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder amongst others . The album spawned three different singles . The first of these singles , titled Goodbye has become DeBarge 's biggest hit to date. [ when ? ] The song reached the Top 20 in the Hot 100 , Canada , as well as the Australian Hitseekers Chart . It also charted fairly well in countries such as Sweden . The second single was Sabotage , which was released on August 18 , 2009 . Originally , the song was to be released along with Future Love , however , those plans were scrapped , and Sabotage became the stand-alone second single . Despite the success of her previous single , Sabotage failed to chart on any chart worldwide ."}]}, {'value': "It 's Got ta Be Love ( co-prod . w/ Babyface )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babyface_(musician)', 'summary': "Kenneth Brian Edmonds ( born April 10 , 1959 ) , known professionally as Babyface , is an American singer , songwriter and record producer . He has written and produced over 26 number-one R & B hits throughout his career , and has won 11 Grammy Awards . He was ranked number 20 on NME 's 50 Of The Greatest Producers Ever list ."}]}, {'value': 'Sodapop/ Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group', 'summary': "The Island Def Jam Music Group ( IDJMG ) was an American record label group formed in 1998 by combining the operations of 14+ record labels including Island Records , Def Jam Recordings , and Mercury Records . In 2011 , Motown Records was split from The Universal/Motown Records Group and subsequently became a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group . On April 1 , 2014 , Universal Music announced that Island Def Jam 's operations would be split between three entities : Island Records , Motown Records , and Def Jam Recordings ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Golja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Golja', 'summary': 'Muazana Ana Golja ( born January 31 , 1996 ) is a Canadian actress and singer . She is known for playing Zoë Rivas in the teen drama Degrassi : Next Class and Ariana Berlin in the TV movie Full Out .'}]}, {'value': 'Full Out Movie Soundtrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Full_Out', 'summary': "Full Out , also known as Full Out : The Ariana Berlin Movie , is a 2016 drama young-adult TV movie based on the life story of American gymnast Ariana Berlin . Ana Golja received a 2016 Canadian Screen Awards nomination for Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series ."}]}, {'value': 'I Feel So Good', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Production discography -- Contributions to full-length albums and compilation albums', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Roy_"Royalty"_Hamilton_1', 'intro': "Roy Hamilton III (born in Queens, New York) is an American Pop and R&B songwriter and record producer. Hamilton scored his first Number 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit when he co-wrote and co-produced Stutter for Multi-platinum R&B singer Joe. In 2002 Hamilton executive produced the Keith Sweat album Rebirth, which debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard R&B Charts. Working largely with his brother RaphaelRiffraphHamilton & Anthony M. Jones, Hamilton has been working with other acts such as Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Samantha Mumba & 'NSYNC. In 2004 Hamilton was hired as the Director of A&R for Capitol Records in Hollywood, California becoming the youngest African-American record label executive in the history of the company. During his years at Capitol Records he assisted Andy Slater & Steve Prudholme in signing and releasing many acts including MIMS & J. Holiday. He is also the grandson of the legendary R&B singer Roy Hamilton Sr. In 2006 Hamilton was hired by long-time friend Adrienne Bailon as Musical Director for her Cheetah Girls 2 summer world tour. That tour is their highest-grossing tour to date. Most recently he has co-produced Last Time, the third single from Canadian pop star George Nozuka's smash hit first album, Believe."}	null	null	Which album was by the artist known for playing Zoë Rivas in the teen drama Degrassi : Next Class ?	Full Out
017ebcb60efa4c64	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'title': 'Greece at the 2012 Summer Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grigorios Polychronidis Nikolaos Pananos Maria-Eleni Kordali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grigorios_Polychronidis', 'summary': 'Grigorios Polychronidis ( born 13 August 1981 in Batumi , Georgia ) is a Greek boccia player with a Paralympic boccia classification of BC3 . His specific disability is Spinal Muscular Atrophy . He won the gold medal during the 2012 Summer Paralympics in BC3 mixed pairs along with Maria-Eleni Kordali and Nikolaos Pananos . He also competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens and won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing . At the 2011 Boccia World Cup he won Gold in BC3 Pairs . At the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro , he was the flag bearer in Opening ceremony . He won two more medals in Rio , the silver at the Mixed Individual BC3 and the bronze medal at the Mixed Pairs BC3 , along with Nikos Pananos and Anna Ntenta .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nikolaos_Pananos', 'summary': 'Nikolaos Pananos ( Greek : Νικόλαος Πανανός ) , born on 29 March 1968 in Athens , is a Greek boccia player with a Paralympic boccia classification of BC3 . His specific disability is cerebral palsy . He won the gold medal during the 2012 Summer Paralympics in BC3 mixed pairs along with Maria-Eleni Kordali and Grigorios Polychronidis . In the 2016 Summer Paralympics he won the bronze medal at the same event .'}]}, {'value': 'Boccia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boccia_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Boccia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held in the ExCeL from 2 September to 8 September , with a maximum of 104 athletes ( 80 men , 24 women ) competing in seven events . There were four individual events , two pair events , and one team event .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed pairs BC3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boccia_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Pairs_BC3', 'summary': 'The mixed pairs BC3 boccia event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested from 2 September to 4 September at ExCeL London .'}]}, {'value': 'September 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paschalis Stathelakos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paschalis_Stathelakos', 'summary': "Paschalis Stathelakos , ( Greek : Πασχάλης Σταθελάκος ) ( born 24 February 1991 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Greece competing mainly in category F40 shot putt events . He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a gold medal in the men 's F40 shot putt event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's discus throw F40", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_discus_throw_F40", 'summary': "The Men 's Discus Throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 . A total of 10 events were contested incorporating 13 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'September 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aristeidis_Makrodimitris', 'summary': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris ( Greek : Αριστείδης Μακροδημήτρης ) is a Greek Paralympic swimmer . He won three medals at the 2012 Paralympic Games , two bronze in the 50m and 100m freestyle and a silver in the 50m backstroke . He competes in the class S2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre backstroke S2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_50_metre_backstroke_S2", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre backstroke S2 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 5 September , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two heats were held , both with five swimmers . The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': 'September 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christos Tampaxis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christos_Tampaxis', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre backstroke S1", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_50_metre_backstroke_S1", 'summary': "The men 's 50m backstroke S1 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 6 September . There were no heats in this event ."}]}, {'value': 'September 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aristeidis_Makrodimitris', 'summary': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris ( Greek : Αριστείδης Μακροδημήτρης ) is a Greek Paralympic swimmer . He won three medals at the 2012 Paralympic Games , two bronze in the 50m and 100m freestyle and a silver in the 50m backstroke . He competes in the class S2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre freestyle S2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_freestyle_S2", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre freestyle S2 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 3 September , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two heats were held , both with six swimmers . The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Dimoglou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Dimoglou', 'summary': "Alexandra Dimoglou ( born 15 December 1981 ) is a Greek Paralympic track and field athlete competing mainly in category T13 sprint events . She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There , she won a silver medal in the women 's 400 metres - T13 event , a bronze medal in the women 's 100 metres - T13 event and a bronze medal in the women 's 200 metres - T13 event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400 metres T13", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_400_metres_T13", 'summary': "The Women 's 400 metres T13 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium on 3 September . The event consisted of a single race . The T13 category is for athletes with a moderate visual impairment . Athletes in this category have a variety of visual impairments , but can typically recognize contours from a distance of 2 to 6 metres . Athletes in this category do not typically require a guide ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charalampos Taiganidis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charalampos_Taiganidis', 'summary': 'Charalampos Taiganidis ( Greek : Χαράλαμπος Ταϊγανίδης ) is a Greek Paralympic swimming champion , Paralympic gold medalist and multiple medal-winner . He competes in the S13 class . He has competed in four Paralympic games : Athens 2004 , Beijing 2008 , London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016 and has won medals in three of them ( 2004 , 2008 and 2012 ) . With a total of 10 Paralympic medals ( 4 gold , 4 silver and 2 bronze ) he holds the record among Greek athletes .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre backstroke S13", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke_S13", 'summary': "The men 's 100m backstroke S13 event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Aquatics Centre on 3 September . There were two heats ; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': 'September 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pavlos Mamalos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlos_Mamalos', 'summary': "Pavlos Mamalos ( born February 8 , 1971 ) is a Greek paralympic athlete in powerlifting , a Paralympic gold medalist and World Championships silver medalist . Mamalos has participated in four consecutive Summer Paralympics . He was first in the Rio DeJaneiro 2016 Paralympics in Men 's 107 kg , silver medalist in the 2008 Paralympics in Men 's 82.5 kg and bronze medalist in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in Men 's 90 kg . In his first Paralympic Games ( Athens , 2004 ) he took the sixth place in Men 's 90 kg ."}]}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Powerlifting at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held at ExCeL London from 30 August to 5 September , with a maximum of 200 athletes ( 120 men and 80 women ) , competing in 20 events . According to the classification rules of the International Federation for Powerlifting athletes which can not participate in weightlifting events because of a physical impairment affecting their legs or hips are deemed eligible to compete in powerlifting events at the Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 90 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Powerlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_90_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 90 kg powerlifting event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was contested on 4 September at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': 'September 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paschalis Stathelakos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paschalis_Stathelakos', 'summary': "Paschalis Stathelakos , ( Greek : Πασχάλης Σταθελάκος ) ( born 24 February 1991 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Greece competing mainly in category F40 shot putt events . He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There he won a gold medal in the men 's F40 shot putt event ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's shot put F40", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_shot_put_F40", 'summary': "The Men 's Shot Put athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 8 , 2012 . A total of 11 events were contested incorporating 19 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'September 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aristeidis_Makrodimitris', 'summary': 'Aristeidis Makrodimitris ( Greek : Αριστείδης Μακροδημήτρης ) is a Greek Paralympic swimmer . He won three medals at the 2012 Paralympic Games , two bronze in the 50m and 100m freestyle and a silver in the 50m backstroke . He competes in the class S2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Swimming at the 2012 Paralympic Games was held from 30 August to 8 September 2012 at the London Aquatics Centre in London , UK . The competition consisted of 148 events , across multiple classifications , and all swum in a long course ( 50m ) pool . Up to 600 swimmers ( 340 males , 260 females ) swum in the Games .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 metre freestyle S2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_50_metre_freestyle_S2", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre freestyle S2 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 7 September , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two heats were held , both with six swimmers . The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final ."}]}, {'value': 'September 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthi Karagianni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthi_Karagianni', 'summary': "Anthi Karagianni is a Paralympian athlete from Greece competing mainly in category F13 long jump and in sprint events . She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , Greece where she won silver medals in the T13 100m , T13 400m and F13 long jump . She also competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , China . There she won a silver medal in the women 's F13 long jump event and competed in the T13 100m and 200m events . In the 2012 Summer Paralympics she took the third place in F13 long jump , winning her fifth medal in the Paralympic Games . The Municipal Stadium Anthi Karagianni in her hometown of Kavala , Greece , was renamed in her honour in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's long jump F13", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Women's_long_jump_F13", 'summary': "The Women 's Long Jump athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 , 2012 . A total of 6 events were contested incorporating 9 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'September 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manolis Stefanoudakis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manolis_Stefanoudakis', 'summary': 'Manolis Stefanoudakis ( Greek : Μανώλης Στεφανουδάκης born 5 April 1983 ) is a Paralympian athlete from Greece who competes in category F54 throwing events . He won a bronze and a gold medal in the javelin throw at the 2012 and 2016 Paralympics , respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London , United Kingdom , from 31 August to 9 September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's javelin throw F54/55/56", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_–_Men's_javelin_throw_F54/55/56", 'summary': "The Men 's Discus Throw athletics events for the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place at the London Olympic Stadium from August 31 to September 7 . A total of 10 events were contested incorporating 13 different classifications ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Greece_at_the_2012_Summer_Paralympics_0', 'intro': 'Greece competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from August 29 to September 9, 2012. The Hellenic Paralympic Committee sent a total of 61 athletes, 47 men and 14 women, to compete in 9 sports. Greece finished 44th in the medal table, winning one gold medal and 12 in total.'}	null	null	In which 2012 Paralympic event did the medal record holder for Greece win ?	Men 's 100 metre backstroke S13
017fb1f0aeda9af9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_films_of_2005', 'title': 'List of Canadian films of 2005', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '3 Needles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_Needles', 'summary': '3 Needles is a 2005 Canadian drama film directed by Thom Fitzgerald . The title refers to the three main characters who make a deal with the Devil in order to survive a global epidemic . The plot deals with interwoven stories of persons around the world who are dealing with HIV and AIDS , and stars Shawn Ashmore , Olympia Dukakis , Lucy Liu , Stockard Channing , Chloë Sevigny , and Sandra Oh . The film was screened at various film festivals , and was given a limited release in the United States on December 1 , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Thom Fitzgerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thom_Fitzgerald', 'summary': 'Thomas Thom Fitzgerald ( born July 8 , 1968 ) is an American-Canadian film and theatre director , screenwriter , playwright and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucy Liu , Olympia Dukakis , Shawn Ashmore , Sandra Oh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Liu', 'summary': "Lucy Liu ( born December 2 , 1968 ) is an American actress , who is known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series Ally McBeal ( 1998-2002 ) , the assertive assassin O-Ren Ishii in Kill Bill , and Joan Watson in the crime-drama series Elementary ( 2012-2019 ) . Throughout her career , she has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress . She has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and has received nominations for three People 's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards . Liu 's film work includes starring in Payback ( 1999 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , Shanghai Noon ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) , Lucky Number Slevin ( 2006 ) , The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) , and Set It Up ( 2018 ) . Liu is also a voice actress and has voiced Master Viper in the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) . She also voiced Silvermist in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) , Pixie Hollow Games ( 2011 ) , Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) , The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) , and Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) . Her other voice credits include Mulan II ( 2004 ) , as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland ( 2014 ) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) . In 2008 , she starred in an ABC comedy-drama , Cashmere Mafia , as Mia Mason , which ended after one abbreviated season . The show was one of only a few American television shows to have an Asian American series lead . In 2012 , Liu joined the cast of the TNT series Southland in the recurring role of Jessica Tang , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olympia_Dukakis', 'summary': "Olympia Mary Dukakis ( born June 20 , 1931 ) is a Greek American actress . She started her career in theater , and won an Obie Award for Best Actress in 1963 for her Off-Broadway performance in Bertolt Brecht 's Man Equals Man . She later moved on to film acting , and in 1987 , she won an Academy Award , a Golden Globe , and a BAFTA nomination for her performance in Moonstruck . She received another Golden Globe nomination for Sinatra , and Emmy Award nominations for Lucky Day , More Tales of the City , and Joan of Arc ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Ashmore', 'summary': 'Shawn Robert Ashmore ( born October 7 , 1979 ) is a Canadian film and television actor . He is known for his roles as Bobby Drake / Iceman in the X-Men film series , Jake Berenson in the television series Animorphs , Agent Mike Weston in the television drama series The Following , Eric in the horror film The Ruins and Sam Spencer in the ABC series Conviction . Ashmore also plays the main character , Jack Joyce , in the 2016 video game Quantum Break , as well as Conrad in Man of Medan ( 2019 ) . He is the identical twin brother of actor Aaron Ashmore .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Oh', 'summary': "Sandra Miju Oh ( born July 20 , 1971 ) is a Canadian-American actress . She is known for her roles as Cristina Yang on the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005-2014 ) and Eve Polastri in the BBC America spy thriller series Killing Eve ( 2018-present ) . She has received many accolades , including two Golden Globe Awards , four Screen Actors Guild Awards , and eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Oh first gained recognition for her role as Rita Wu on the HBO sitcom Arliss ( 1996-2002 ) . Her later television credits include Judging Amy and American Crime , as well as voice roles on American Dad ! , American Dragon : Jake Long , The Proud Family , and Phineas and Ferb . She has appeared in films such as Bean ( 1997 ) , Last Night ( 1998 ) , The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , Under the Tuscan Sun ( 2003 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , Wilby Wonderful ( 2004 ) , Sorry , Haters ( 2005 ) , Hard Candy ( 2005 ) , The Night Listener ( 2006 ) , Blindness ( 2008 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) , and Catfight ( 2016 ) . Oh starred in the Asian-Canadian films Double Happiness ( 1994 ) , The Diary of Evelyn Lau ( 1994 ) , Long Life , Happiness & Prosperity ( 2002 ) , and Meditation Park ( 2017 ) . She won two Genie Awards for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for Last Night and Double Happiness , and won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series for The Diary of Evelyn Lau . Oh hosted the 28th Genie Awards on March 3 , 2008 , and became the first Asian woman to host the Golden Globe Awards at the 76th ceremony in 2019 . In March 2019 , she became the first Asian-Canadian woman to host Saturday Night Live , and was just the third actress of Asian descent , after Lucy Liu in 2000 and Awkwafina in 2018 . She is the first actress of Asian descent to be nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and the first Asian woman to win two Golden Globes . In 2019 , Time magazine named Oh as one of the 100 most influential people in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'AIDS Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AIDS', 'summary': 'Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms , or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness . Typically , this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms . If the infection progresses , it interferes more with the immune system , increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors which are otherwise rare in people who have normal immune function . These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss . HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex ( including anal and oral sex ) , contaminated blood transfusions , hypodermic needles , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding . Some bodily fluids , such as saliva , sweat and tears , do not transmit the virus . HIV is a member of the group of viruses known as retroviruses . Methods of prevention include safe sex , needle exchange programs , treating those who are infected , pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis , and male circumcision . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . There is no cure or vaccine ; however , antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Times Lucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Times_Lucky', 'summary': 'Seven Times Lucky is a Canadian crime drama film , released in 2004 . Directed by Gary Yates , the film stars Kevin Pollak as Harlan and Liane Balaban as Fiona , a con man and a young student who get involved in a criminal scam .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Yates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Yates_(director)', 'summary': "Gary Yates ( born in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director , producer and screenwriter . His films include Seven Times Lucky , High Life , Niagara Motel and Taken in Broad Daylight . In addition to his body of television movies for US networks , Yates ' feature films have been nominated for twelve Genie Awards and six Director 's Guild Awards . His feature film Seven Times Lucky premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and won Best Film and Best Screenplay at the Method Fest Film Festival in Los Angeles . His heist-comedy High Life premiered at the Berlin Film Festival . Johanna Schneller named High Life one of the 10 Best Films of 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Pollak , Liane Balaban , Jonas Chernick , James Tolkan , Babz Chula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Pollak', 'summary': 'Kevin Elliot Pollak ( born October 30 , 1957 ) is an American actor , impressionist , and comedian . He has appeared in over 80 films ; his roles include Sam Weinberg in the legal film A Few Good Men , Jacob Goldman in Grumpy Old Men and its sequel Grumpier Old Men ; Todd Hockney in The Usual Suspects , Phillip Green in Casino , and Bobby Chicago in End of Days . Pollak is an avid poker player . He finished 134th out of 6,598 entrants in the 2012 World Series of Poker and won $ 52,718 . [ citation needed ] He also hosts weekly home games with Hollywood celebrities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Liane_Balaban', 'summary': 'Liane Balaban ( born June 24 , 1980 ) is a Canadian actress . Her film debut was in New Waterford Girl ( 1999 ) , playing Agnes-Marie Mooney Pottie , and has since appeared in the films Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) , Last Chance Harvey ( 2009 ) , and the independent drama One Week ( 2008 ) . She has guest-starred on the television series NCIS : Los Angeles , Covert Affairs and Alphas , and joined the cast of Supernatural for its eighth season .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Chernick', 'summary': 'Jonas Chernick ( born July 16 , 1973 ) is a Canadian actor and screenwriter . His credits as an actor include the films Inertia , Lucid , Paid in Full , Seven Times Lucky , Mayday , Blood Pressure , My Awkward Sexual Adventure , How to Plan an Orgy in a Small Town , Borealis and James vs. His Future Self , and the television series The Border , At the Hotel , Living in Your Car , Degrassi , The Eleventh Hour and The Best Laid Plans . He was credited as a writer on Lucid , My Awkward Sexual Adventure , and Borealis . Originally from Winnipeg , Manitoba , where he was born and raised in a prominent local Jewish family , he is currently based in Toronto , Ontario .'}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Tolkan', 'summary': 'James Stewart Tolkan ( born June 20 , 1931 ) is a retired American actor . He is best known and remembered for his role in the films Back to the Future ( 1985 ) and Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) . Some of his other memorable film roles were in Love and Death ( 1975 ) , Top Gun ( 1986 ) , Masters of the Universe ( 1987 ) and Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Babz_Chula', 'summary': 'Babz Chula ( born Barbara Ellen Zuckerman ; March 22 , 1947 - May 7 , 2010 ) was an American-born Canadian actress . She lived most of her life in Vancouver , British Columbia .'}]}, {'value': 'Crime drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genie Award - Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genie_Award', 'summary': 'The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980-2012 . They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards ( 1949-1978 ; also known as the Etrog Awards , for sculptor Sorel Etrog , who designed the statuette ) . Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives , based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which is distributed to Academy members and industry members . Peer-group juries , assembled from volunteer members of the Academy , meet to screen the submissions and select a group of nominees . Academy members then vote on these nominations . In 2012 , the Academy announced that the Genies would merge with its sister presentation for English-language television , the Gemini Awards , to form a new award presentation known as the Canadian Screen Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Alone in the Dark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alone_in_the_Dark_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Alone in the Dark is a 2005 action horror film loosely based on the fourth installment of Infogrames ' video game series of the same name . Directed by Uwe Boll , the film stars Christian Slater as supernatural detective Edward Carnby ( the main character in the games ) , and also features a cast of Tara Reid , Stephen Dorff , Frank C. Turner , Matthew Walker , Will Sanderson , Mike Dopud , Mark Acheson , Darren Shahlavi , Karin Konoval and Ed Anders . Upon release , the film was both a commercial and a critical failure , receiving overwhelmingly negative reviews and being considered one of the worst films of all time . Despite this , a sequel was released in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Uwe Boll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uwe_Boll', 'summary': "Uwe Boll ( German : [ ˈuːvə ˈbɔl ] ; born June 22 , 1965 ) is a German restaurateur and filmmaker . He financed his own films through his production companies Boll KG and Event Film Productions . Many of his films were produced on low budgets and Boll himself had backed his projects financially or made use of crowdfunding platforms . Boll 's filmmaking career is generally divided into two distinct phases : the first consists of big budget films with a usually renowned cast , most of which received highly negative reviews from critics and gained him a reputation as a schlock maestro , with Alone in the Dark being considered one of the worst films ever made . His second phase is marked by films with a smaller budget or were independently made , relatively unknown actors and different approaches to filmmaking ; Boll 's Rampage film series , Tunnel Rats , Stoic , Amoklauf , Heart of America , Assault on Wall Street and Darfur were better received by critics . Boll decided to branch out from filmmaking in 2016 to work in the restaurant industry . He opened his Bauhaus Restaurant in Vancouver , which has earned positive reviews among food critics ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Slater , Tara Reid , Stephen Dorff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Slater', 'summary': "Christian Michael Leonard Slater ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He made his film debut with a leading role in The Legend of Billie Jean ( 1985 ) and gained wider recognition for his breakthrough role as Jason J.D . Dean , a sociopathic high school student , in the satire Heathers ( 1988 ) . He has received critical acclaim for his title-role in the USA Network television series Mr . Robot ( 2015-2019 ) , for which he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2016 , with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018 . Born in New York City to a theatrical family , Slater made his television debut at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . He attended the Dalton School , the Professional Children 's School , and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . In the 1990s , Slater starred in a number of big-budget films , including Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) , Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , FernGully : The Last Rainforest ( 1992 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , and Hard Rain ( 1998 ) as well as cult films like Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) and True Romance ( 1993 ) . Since 2000 , Slater has combined work in film and television including roles in Bobby ( 2006 ) , Breaking In ( 2011 ) , Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) , The Wife ( 2017 ) , and The Public ( 2018 ) . He has also done voice-work and theatrical roles during the same time period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tara_Reid', 'summary': "Tara Donna Reid ( born November 8 , 1975 ) is an American actress . She played Vicky in the films American Pie ( 1999 ) , American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) and American Reunion ( 2012 ) , and Bunny Lebowski in The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) . In 2013 , she starred as April Wexler in the television film Sharknado , and went on to reprise the role in five sequels ( 2013-2018 ) . Reid made her film debut in A Return to Salem 's Lot in 1987 . Her other film appearances include Urban Legend ( 1998 ) , Dr. T & the Women ( 2000 ) , Josie and the Pussycats ( 2001 ) , Van Wilder ( 2002 ) , My Boss 's Daughter ( 2003 ) , and Alone in the Dark ( 2005 ) . She had her own reality travel show on the E ! network called Taradise in 2005 , and was a housemate on the 2011 British reality series Celebrity Big Brother 8 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Dorff', 'summary': "Stephen Hartley Dorff Jr. ( born July 29 , 1973 ) is an American actor , known for portraying Roland West in the third season of HBO 's crime drama anthology series True Detective , PK in The Power of One , Stuart Sutcliffe in Backbeat , Johnny Marco in Sofia Coppola 's Somewhere , Glen in The Gate , and for his roles in Cecil B. DeMented , The Motel Life , S.F.W. , Space Truckers , and Blade as vampire-overlord Deacon Frost ."}]}, {'value': 'Sci-fi horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada-German co-production made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'An American Haunting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An_American_Haunting', 'summary': "An American Haunting is a 2005 horror film written and directed by Courtney Solomon and starring Donald Sutherland , Sissy Spacek , James D'Arcy , and Rachel Hurd-Wood . The film was previewed at the AFI Film Festival on November 5 , 2005 and was released in the UK on April 14 , 2006 with follow-up in US theaters on May 5 . The film is an international co-production between the United Kingdom , Canada , Romania , and the United States . [ citation needed ] The film is based on the novel The Bell Witch : An American Haunting by Brent Monahan . The events in the novel are based on the legend of the Bell Witch . The film switches from the 21st century to the 19th , and features a subplot about a recently divorced mother ( Susan Almgren ) whose daughter ( Isabelle Almgren-Doré ) is going through something like the same experience as Betsy Bell ."}]}, {'value': 'Courtney Solomon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtney_Solomon', 'summary': 'Courtney Solomon ( born September 1 , 1970 ) is a Canadian producer , director and screenwriter . He is the founder of the film production company After Dark Films .'}]}, {'value': "Donald Sutherland , Sissy Spacek , James D'Arcy , Rachel Hurd-Wood", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Sutherland', 'summary': "Donald McNichol Sutherland , CC ( born 17 July 1935 ) is a Canadian actor whose film career spans more than five decades . Sutherland rose to fame after starring in films including The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , Kelly 's Heroes ( 1970 ) , Klute ( 1971 ) , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Fellini 's Casanova ( 1976 ) , 1900 ( 1976 ) , Animal House ( 1978 ) , Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) , Ordinary People ( 1980 ) , and Eye of the Needle ( 1981 ) . He subsequently established himself as one of the most respected , prolific and versatile character actors from Canada . He later went on to star in many other films where he appeared either in leading or supporting roles such as A Dry White Season ( 1989 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Outbreak ( 1995 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , Without Limits ( 1998 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , Aurora Borealis ( 2006 ) and The Hunger Games franchise ( 2012-2015 ) . Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards , winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X ( 1995 ) and Path to War ( 2002 ) ; the former also earned him a Primetime Emmy Award . An inductee of the Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame , he also received a Canadian Academy Award for the drama film Threshold ( 1981 ) . Several media outlets and film critics describe him as one of the best actors who have never received an Academy Award nomination . In 2017 , he received an Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to cinema . He is the father of actors Kiefer Sutherland , Rossif Sutherland and Angus Sutherland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sissy_Spacek', 'summary': "Mary Elizabeth Sissy Spacek ( /ˈspeɪsɛk/ ; born December 25 , 1949 ) is an American actress and singer . She is the recipient of various accolades including an Academy Award , three Golden Globe Awards , two Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and nominations for four BAFTA Awards , three Primetime Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Award . She has also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Born and raised in Texas , Spacek initially aspired to a career as a singer . In 1968 , using the name Rainbo , she recorded a single , John , You 've Gone Too Far This Time . Sales of her music sputtered , however , and she was dropped from her record label . She subsequently switched her focus to acting , enrolling at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute . Spacek began her professional acting career in the early 1970s , making her debut with a minor role in Andy Warhol 's Women in Revolt ( 1971 ) and received attention for her role as Holly Sargis in Terrence Malick 's Badlands ( 1973 ) . Spacek rose to prominence with her portrayal of Carrie White in Brian De Palma 's Carrie ( 1976 ) , for which she received her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Following her appearances in the acclaimed films Welcome to L.A. ( 1976 ) and Robert Altman 's 3 Women ( 1977 ) , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Loretta Lynn in the biographical musical Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) . Her other Oscar-nominated roles include Missing ( 1982 ) , The River ( 1984 ) , Crimes of the Heart ( 1986 ) and In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) . Spacek also appeared in the films Raggedy Man ( 1981 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Affliction ( 1997 ) , The Straight Story ( 1999 ) , Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) , Nine Lives ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , Four Christmases ( 2008 ) , Get Low ( 2010 ) , The Help ( 2011 ) , and The Old Man & the Gun ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/James_D'Arcy", 'summary': "James D'Arcy ( born Simon Richard D'Arcy ; 24 August 1975 ) is an English actor . He is best known for his portrayals of Howard Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Agent Carter and the 2019 film Avengers : Endgame , and murder suspect Lee Ashworth in the second series of the ITV series Broadchurch . D'Arcy also co-starred as Colonel Winnant in Christopher Nolan 's action-thriller Dunkirk ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Hurd-Wood', 'summary': 'Rachel Clare Hurd-Wood ( born 17 August 1990 ) is an English actress and model , best known for her film roles as Wendy Darling in Peter Pan ( 2003 ) , Corrie McKenzie in Tomorrow , When the War Began ( 2010 ) and Sibyl Vane in Dorian Gray ( 2009 ) , and her television role as Rachel Maddox in Clique ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada-U.K.-Romania co-production made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Amnesia : The James Brighton Enigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amnesia:_The_James_Brighton_Enigma', 'summary': "Amnesia : The James Brighton Enigma ( French : Amnésie , l'énigme James Brighton ) is a Canadian drama film , directed by Denis Langlois and released in 2005 . The film dramatizes the true story of James Brighton , a gay mystery man suffering from dissociative amnesia who was found naked behind a dumpster in Montreal in 1998 , and was eventually confirmed as Matthew Honeycutt , a young heterosexual man from La Follette , Tennessee who was attempting to escape from his fundamentalist Christian family . The film stars Dusan Dukic as Brighton/Honeycutt ; Karyne Lemieux as Sylvie , a young woman who engages in trying to help solve the mystery of Brighton 's identity ; Louise Laprade as psychiatrist Geneviève Marler ; and Norman Helms as Félix , a man who takes Brighton in as a house guest before his real identity is confirmed . The film premiered on September 26 , 2005 at Montreal 's Cinema Quartier Latin , as a fundraising benefit gala for Gay Line/Gai Écoute , the city 's helpline for LGBT people . The film was cowinner with Tori Foster 's documentary film 533 Statements of the award for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 2006 Inside Out Film and Video Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Denis Langlois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Langlois_(director)', 'summary': "Denis Langlois ( born in Longueuil , Quebec ) is a Canadian director , screenwriter , producer , actor and editor from Quebec . He is most noted for his feature films Danny in the Sky , Amnesia : The James Brighton Enigma ( Amnésie , l'énigme James Brighton ) and A Paradise Too Far ( Yest où le paradis ? ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dusan Dukic , Louise Laprade , Norman Helms', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Soldiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Soldiers', 'summary': 'American Soldiers is a 2005 war film directed by Sidney J. Furie .'}]}, {'value': 'Sidney J. Furie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_J._Furie', 'summary': "Sidney Joseph Furie ( born February 28 , 1933 ) is a Canadian film director , screenwriter , and producer best known for his extensive work in both British and American cinema between the 1960s and early 1980s . Like his contemporaries Norman Jewison and Ted Kotcheff , he was one of earliest Canadian directors to achieve mainstream critical and financial success outside their native country at a time when its film industry was virtually nonexistent . He won a BAFTA Film Award and was nominated for a Palme d'Or for his work on the acclaimed spy thriller The Ipcress File starring Michael Caine . He is the last surviving of the three great Sidney directors of the later 20th Century : Sidney Lumet ( d.2011 ) , Sydney Pollack ( d.2008 ) and Sidney Furie . He is considered by some an auteur director , elevating otherwise unremarkable genre films through strong , creative visuals , and atmospheric direction . His 1981 horror film The Entity was declared by director Martin Scorsese as one of the scariest movies of all time , and his Vietnam War film The Boys in Company C was a major influence on Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket . He is also the co-creator of the Iron Eagle action film franchise , and directed three of its four entries ."}]}, {'value': 'Curtis Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Direct to DVD', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Audition ( L'Audition )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audition_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Audition ( French : L'Audition ) is a Canadian comedy-drama film , released in 2005 . Written and directed by Luc Picard , the film stars Picard as Louis , an unhappy middle-aged repo man who decides to pursue his long-abandoned dream of becoming an actor . He quickly lines up an opportunity to audition for a role , and rehearses for his big day with actor Philippe Chevalier ( Denis Bernard ) , while his girlfriend Suzie ( Suzanne Clément ) is preparing to leave him because she has just found out that she is pregnant but does not want her child to grow up in the atmosphere of violence created by Louis ' current job . The film was partially inspired by a letter Picard wrote to his own four-year-old son . In 2009 , it was reported that Picard had secured a deal to direct an English-language adaptation of L'Audition for an American film studio , although the film never materialized ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc Picard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Luc Picard , Suzanne Clément , Alexis Martin , Denis Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Picard', 'summary': 'Luc Picard ( born 24 September 1961 ) is a French Canadian actor , director and comedian . He was born on September 24 , 1961 in Lachine , Quebec , Canada . He has played numerous characters in diverse roles . An intense actor with piercing eyes and a nervous smile , Picard trained at the Conservatoire dArt Dramatique in Montreal and quickly became a favourite with Quebec audiences with his frequent appearances on television . During the 1990s , following his debut performance in Letters of Transit ( Les Sauf-conduits ) he slowly developed as a film star with character roles in a variety of films , especially those by Pierre Falardeau . In 2002 , Picard scored a double triumph with a Genie Award for his performance as the psychotic cult leader in Savage Messiah and a Prix Jutra for The Collector , directed by Jean Beaudin . In 2005 he directed his first feature , Audition , which was followed by Babine in 2008 , Ésimésac in 2012 , 9 in 2016 and Cross My Heart ( Les Rois mongols ) in 2017 . He is most commonly known for his portrayal of the infamous Michel Chartrand in the biographical TV series Simmone et Chartrand , where he was nominated for Gemini Awards . His acting film credits also include A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche a Kigali ) , Cap Tourmente , The Woman Who Drinks ( La Femme qui boit ) , The Last Breath ( Le Dernier souffle ) , Night Song , Isla Blanca and Bad Seeds ( Les Mauvaises herbes ) . He was formerly married to actress Isabel Richer , until they announced their split in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_Clément', 'summary': "Suzanne Clément ( born 12 May 1969 ) is a Canadian actress . She is known for her work in Xavier Dolan 's arthouse films I Killed My Mother ( 2009 ) , Laurence Anyways ( 2012 ) , and Mommy ( 2014 ) . With Emilie DeQuenne , she shared the Un Certain Regard Award for Best Actress at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival for her starring role in Laurence Anyways . She was also nominated for Best Actress at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards for the same performance ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Martin_(actor)', 'summary': "Alexis Martin ( born June 9 , 1964 in Montreal , Quebec ) is a Canadian actor and writer . A 1986 graduate of the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal , he has acted in film , television and stage productions , and has written both theatrical plays and film screenplays . As an actor , his credits have included the films Cordélia , The Party ( Le Party ) , Cosmos , Karmina , Nô , Matroni and Me ( Matroni et moi ) , August 32nd on Earth ( Un 32 août sur terre ) , The Collector ( Le Collectionneur ) , Audition ( L'Audition ) , Le Banquet , Route 132 , A Sunday in Kigali ( Un dimanche à Kigali ) , Babine , Before My Heart Falls ( Avant que mon cœur bascule ) , Bad Seeds ( Les mauvaises herbes ) and We Are Gold ( Nous sommes Gold ) , and the television series L'Amour avec un Grand A , Radio Enfer , Sous le signe du lion , Fortier , Trauma and Les Parent . His plays have included Oreille , tigre et bruit , Matroni et moi , L'An de Grâce , Bureaux , L'Apprentissage des marais and Révolutions , and he wrote the screenplays for Matroni et moi and Bad Seeds . He was a Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor at the 31st Genie Awards in 2010 for Route 132 , and for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Matroni et moi . His play Bureaux was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for French-language drama at the 2004 Governor General 's Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denis_Bernard_(actor)', 'summary': 'Denis Bernard ( born December 6 , 1957 ) is a Genie Award-winning Canadian film , television and theater actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genie Award - Supporting Actor ( Bernard ) ; Prix Jutra - Musical Score', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genie_Award', 'summary': 'The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980-2012 . They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards ( 1949-1978 ; also known as the Etrog Awards , for sculptor Sorel Etrog , who designed the statuette ) . Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives , based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which is distributed to Academy members and industry members . Peer-group juries , assembled from volunteer members of the Academy , meet to screen the submissions and select a group of nominees . Academy members then vote on these nominations . In 2012 , the Academy announced that the Genies would merge with its sister presentation for English-language television , the Gemini Awards , to form a new award presentation known as the Canadian Screen Awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prix_Jutra', 'summary': "The Prix Iris is a Canadian film award , presented annually by Québec Cinéma , which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly francophone feature film industry in Quebec . Until 2016 , it was known as the Jutra Award ( Prix Jutra , with the ceremony called La Soirée des Jutra ) in memory of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra , but Jutra 's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of allegations that Jutra had sexually abused children . Introduced in 1999 , the awards are presented for Best Film and performance , writing and technical categories such as best actor , actress , director , screenplay , et cetera . It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award , a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra . Following the withdrawal of Jutra 's name from the award , the 2016 awards were presented solely under the name Québec Cinéma pending an announcement of the award 's new permanent name . The Prix Iris name was announced in October 2016 . The trophy was designed by sculptor Charles Daudelin . The awards replaced the prix Guy-L'Écuyer , created in 1987 by Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois in memory of actor Guy L'Écuyer ."}]}, {'value': 'Aurora Borealis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora_Borealis_(film)', 'summary': 'Aurora Borealis is a 2005 romantic drama film directed by James C.E . Burke and starring Joshua Jackson , Donald Sutherland , Juliette Lewis , and Louise Fletcher . The film was produced between November 3-December 19 , 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'James C. E. Burke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joshua Jackson , Donald Sutherland , Juliette Lewis , Louise Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshua_Jackson', 'summary': "Joshua Jackson ( born June 11 , 1978 ) is a Canadian-American actor . He is known for his starring role as Pacey Witter in the teen drama series Dawson 's Creek ( 1998-2003 ) , Peter Bishop in the science fiction series Fringe ( 2008-2013 ) , Cole Lockhart in the drama series The Affair ( 2014-18 ) , and Mickey Joseph in the drama miniseries When They See Us ( 2019 ) . Jackson 's best known films include The Mighty Ducks film series ( 1992-96 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , The Skulls ( 2000 ) , and Shutter ( 2008 ) . For his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week ( 2008 ) , Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Donald_Sutherland', 'summary': "Donald McNichol Sutherland , CC ( born 17 July 1935 ) is a Canadian actor whose film career spans more than five decades . Sutherland rose to fame after starring in films including The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) , MASH ( 1970 ) , Kelly 's Heroes ( 1970 ) , Klute ( 1971 ) , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) , Fellini 's Casanova ( 1976 ) , 1900 ( 1976 ) , Animal House ( 1978 ) , Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) , Ordinary People ( 1980 ) , and Eye of the Needle ( 1981 ) . He subsequently established himself as one of the most respected , prolific and versatile character actors from Canada . He later went on to star in many other films where he appeared either in leading or supporting roles such as A Dry White Season ( 1989 ) , JFK ( 1991 ) , Outbreak ( 1995 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , Without Limits ( 1998 ) , The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) , Aurora Borealis ( 2006 ) and The Hunger Games franchise ( 2012-2015 ) . Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards , winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X ( 1995 ) and Path to War ( 2002 ) ; the former also earned him a Primetime Emmy Award . An inductee of the Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame , he also received a Canadian Academy Award for the drama film Threshold ( 1981 ) . Several media outlets and film critics describe him as one of the best actors who have never received an Academy Award nomination . In 2017 , he received an Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to cinema . He is the father of actors Kiefer Sutherland , Rossif Sutherland and Angus Sutherland ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliette_Lewis', 'summary': "Juliette Lake Lewis ( born June 21 , 1973 ) is an American actress and singer known for her portrayals of offbeat characters , often in films with dark themes . Lewis became an it girl of American cinema in the early 1990s , appearing in various independent and arthouse films . Her accolades include a Pasinetti Award , one Academy Award nomination , one Golden Globe nomination , and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . The daughter of character actor Geoffrey Lewis , Lewis began her career in television at age 14 before being cast in her first major film role as Audrey Griswold in National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) . She went on to garner international notice for her role in Martin Scorsese 's remake of Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , which saw Lewis nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , as well as the Golden Globe in the same category . Following the success of Cape Fear , Lewis had a supporting role in Woody Allen 's Husbands and Wives ( 1992 ) , followed by the thriller Kalifornia ( 1993 ) in which she portrayed a childlike woman whose boyfriend is a serial killer . She also appeared in the drama What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ( also 1993 ) , playing a young drifter . Lewis gained further notice for her lead role as Mallory Knox in Oliver Stone 's controversial satirical crime film Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) , which earned her the Pasinetti Award for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival . She subsequently starred in Kathryn Bigelow 's cult science fiction film Strange Days ( 1995 ) , and Robert Rodriguez 's vampire film From Dusk Till Dawn ( 1996 ) . In 1999 , Lewis had a leading role as a mentally-disabled woman in the drama The Other Sister . The 2000s saw Lewis appearing in a series of supporting roles in independent features and studio films , and in 2003 she earned an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress for her role in Hysterical Blindness ( 2002 ) . She went on to appear in supporting parts in such comedies as Old School ( 2003 ) and Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) , and embarked on a musical career in 2003 , forming the rock band Juliette and the Licks ; in 2009 , Lewis began releasing material as a solo artist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louise_Fletcher', 'summary': "Estelle Louise Fletcher ( born July 22 , 1934 ) , known professionally as Louise Fletcher , is an American actress . Fletcher had her acting debut in the television series Yancy Derringer in 1958 . She guest starred in the television series Wagon Train in 1959 before making her film debut in A Gathering of Eagles in 1963 . In 1974 , after a decade-long hiatus from acting in which she raised a family , Fletcher appeared in Robert Altman 's Thieves Like Us . The following year , Fletcher gained international recognition for her performance as Nurse Ratched in the drama film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress , BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . She became only the third actress to ever win an Academy Award , BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for a single performance , after Audrey Hepburn and Liza Minnelli . Other notable film roles include Exorcist II : The Heretic ( 1977 ) , Brainstorm ( 1983 ) , Firestarter ( 1984 ) , Flowers in the Attic ( 1987 ) , 2 Days in the Valley ( 1996 ) , and Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) . Later in her career , Fletcher returned to television , appearing as Winn Adami in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993-1999 ) , as well as receiving Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her guest-starring roles in the television series Picket Fences ( 1996 ) and Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) . In 2011-2012 , she appeared in a recurring role on the Showtime television series Shameless as Frank Gallagher 's foul-mouthed and hard-living mother who is serving a prison sentence for manslaughter . More recently , she portrayed the recurring role of Rosie on the Netflix series Girlboss ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Aurore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurore_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Aurore is a 2005 Quebec biographical drama movie that was directed by Luc Dionne and produced by Denise Robert and Daniel Louis . The movie is a remake of Jean-Yves Bigras 's 1952 movie La petite Aurore : l'enfant martyre ( Little Aurore : The Child Martyr ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luc Dionne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luc_Dionne', 'summary': "Luc Dionne is an award winning screenwriter and director born in Quebec in 1960 . Luc 's work is largely directed towards the French-speaking market . However , many within the industry accredit Dionne 's successful Omerta series as being an inspiration for David Chase 's hit series The Sopranos . Dionne 's adaptation of Monica la mitraille won the 2005 Genie for best screenplay . He was nominated for the same award in 2006 for Aurore ."}]}, {'value': 'Marianne Fortier , Serge Postigo , Stéphanie Lapointe , Alice Morel-Michaud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Fortier', 'summary': 'Marianne Fortier ( born 2 November 1993 in Quebec City , Quebec ) is a Canadian actress . Her breakthrough came with a leading role in the film Aurore .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Serge_Postigo', 'summary': 'Serge Postigo ( born November 14 , 1968 ) is a Canadian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stéphanie_Lapointe', 'summary': 'Stéphanie Lapointe ( born March 26 , 1984 in Brossard , Quebec ) is a Quebec singer , song writer , television and movie actress and humanitarian activist . She is best known as the winner of the second season of Star Académie , the Quebec version of Fame Academy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Morel-Michaud', 'summary': 'Alice Morel-Michaud ( born October 31 , 1998 ) is a Canadian actress . She is best known for her performance in The Pee-Wee 3D : The Winter That Changed My Life ( Les Pee-Wee 3D ) , for which she garnered a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards . Her other film and television appearances have included the films Aurore and Route 132 and the television series Trauma , Nos étés , Human Trafficking and Les Soeurs Elliot .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Based on true story of Aurore Gagnon ; a remake of the 1952 film , La petite Aurore lenfant martyre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurore_Gagnon', 'summary': "Marie-Aurore-Lucienne Gagnon , simply known as Aurore Gagnon ( 31 May 1909 - 12 February 1920 ) , was a Canadian girl who was a victim of child abuse . She died of exhaustion and blood poisoning from some 52 wounds inflicted by her stepmother , Marie-Anne Houde , and her father , Télesphore Gagnon . The story of l'enfant martyre ( English translation : The Child Martyr ) received great attention in the media and Gagnon became an icon of Quebec sociological and popular culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_petite_Aurore_l’enfant_martyre', 'summary': "Little Aurore 's Tragedy ( French : La petite Aurore : l'enfant martyre little Aurore , the child Martyr ) is a Canadian 1952 Quebec biographical drama movie that was directed by Jean-Yves Bigras and produced by Renaissance Films Distribution and Warner Bros. A classic of early Quebec cinema , La Petite Aurore lenfant martyre was based on a true story . Aurore ( Laflamme ) is 12 years old and lives with her sickly mother ( McKinnon ) and father ( Desmarteaux ) in a small village during the 1920s . A widowed neighbour ( Mitchell ) appears concerned and helpful , but Aurore discovers she actually hastens her mothers death . Her father marries the widow , and the child is forced to live with her cruel stepmother . She is systematically beaten and tortured until the local doctor ( Gagnon ) intervenes , but he is too late , and Aurore succumbs to her abuse . This film was remade in 2005 by Luc Dionne and was named Aurore ."}]}, {'value': "Bailey 's Billion $", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bailey's_Billion$", 'summary': "Bailey 's Billion $ is a 2005 Children 's feature film produced and directed by David Devine and starring Dean Cain , Laurie Holden , Jennifer Tilly , Tim Curry and Jon Lovitz ."}]}, {'value': 'David Devine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Devine_(director)', 'summary': "David Devine is a film director and producer . He is a creator of original content for film , television and digital media . He has been the CEO of both public and private companies . His 19 HBO Original films have received 12 EMMY Award nominations ( winning 5 ) and 22 Canadian Screen Award nominations ( winning 6 ) amongst a total of 80 worldwide film awards . Highlights of his directing career include Beethoven Lives Upstairs , Einstein : Light to the Power of Two , Galileo : On the Shoulders of Giants , Degas and the Dancer , Edison : The Wizard of Light and Bailey 's Billion $ . David was also the Producer and Director of the RAFFI - In - Concert Videos . David has also been a hands-on creator and producer of 16 symphonic soundtracks for his films and 6 CDs distributed on the SONY Classical label . David has been focused on addressing important creative , social and cultural issues in his films and digital media throughout his directing and producing career . By January , 2018 his films had been broadcast in over 110 countries and 3.7M DVDs had been sold . 600,000 of these DVDs have been used by teachers in elementary and middle school classrooms from 2004 to 2018 in the U.S. and Canada and over 800,000 DVDs have been sold to U.S. parents of elementary and middle school aged home schoolers ."}]}, {'value': 'Dean Cain , Laurie Holden , Jennifer Tilly , Tim Curry , Sheila McCarthy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Cain', 'summary': "Dean George Cain ( né Tanaka ; born July 31 , 1966 ) is an American actor , producer , television show host , and former football player , best known for playing the role of Clark Kent/Superman in the TV series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman . He was also host of Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! and appeared in the soap opera series Hit the Floor ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laurie_Holden', 'summary': 'Heather Laurie Holden ( born December 17 , 1969 ) is an American actress , producer , model , and human rights activist . She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in The X-Files ( 1996-2002 ) , Adele Stanton in The Majestic ( 2001 ) , Cybil Bennett in Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Amanda Dumfries in The Mist ( 2007 ) , Olivia Murray in The Shield ( 2008 ) , Andrea in The Walking Dead ( 2010-2013 ) and Renee in The Americans ( 2017-2018 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Tilly', 'summary': "Jennifer Tilly ( born Jennifer Ellen Chan ; September 16 , 1958 ) is an American actress and poker player . She is most recognised as Tiffany Valentine in the Child 's Play franchise ( 1998- ) . Her first notable acting role was on the sitcom Shaping Up ( 1984 ) , which she followed with her film debut in No Small Affair the same year . She is known for her distinctive voice and comedic timing . Tilly is a World Series of Poker Ladies ' Event bracelet winner , the first celebrity to win a World Series tournament . She is the older sister of actress Meg Tilly . Tilly came to prominence when she received an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Olive Neal in Woody Allen 's 1994 film Bullets over Broadway . She earned further acclaim , as well as Saturn Award and MTV Award nominations , for her performance in the Wachowskis ' 1996 neo-noir thriller Bound . Her other film appearances include Let It Ride ; The Fabulous Baker Boys ( 1989 ) ; Made in America ( 1993 ) ; The Getaway ( 1994 ) ; Edie & Pen ; House Arrest ( 1996 ) ; Liar Liar ( 1997 ) ; Music from Another Room ( 1998 ) ; Stuart Little ( 1999 ) ; Dancing at the Blue Iguana ( 2000 ) ; The Cat 's Meow ; Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) ; The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) ; Home on the Range ( 2004 ) ; and Terry Gilliam 's Tideland ( 2005 ) . She is recognised as an icon in the horror film community for her portrayal of Tiffany Valentine in the Child 's Play franchise ( 1998- ) . She is also known for providing the voice of Bonnie Swanson on the animated television series Family Guy ( 1999-present ) . Tilly was the recipient of a Theatre World Award in 1993 for her performance in the Off-Broadway play One Shoe Off ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Curry', 'summary': 'Timothy James Curry ( born 19 April 1946 ) is an English actor and singer . He is known for working in a diverse range of theatre , film , and television , most often portraying villainous characters . Curry rose to prominence with his portrayal of Dr. Frank-N-Furter in The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) , reprising the role he had originated in the 1973 London and the 1974 Los Angeles stage productions of The Rocky Horror Show . His other stage work includes various roles in the original West End production of Hair , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in the 1980 Broadway production of Amadeus , the Pirate King in the 1982 West End production of The Pirates of Penzance , Alan Swann in the Broadway production of My Favourite Year , and King Arthur in Broadway and West End productions of Spamalot from 2005 to 2007 . Curry received further acclaim for his film and television roles , including as Rooster Hannigan in the film adaptation of Annie ( 1982 ) , as Darkness in the fantasy film Legend ( 1985 ) , as Wadsworth in the mystery comedy film Clue ( 1985 ) , as Pennywise the Dancing Clown in the horror miniseries It ( 1990 ) , as the concierge Mr. Hector in Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) , and Long John Silver in Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) . Curry has also gained acclaim as a voice actor . His roles in animation include Captain Hook on the Fox series Peter Pan & the Pirates ( 1990-1991 ) , Hexxus in the fantasy film FernGully : The Last Rainforest ( 1992 ) , Sir Nigel Thornberry on the Nickelodeon series The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998-2004 ) and Palpatine on Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2012-2014 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheila_McCarthy', 'summary': "Sheila McCarthy ( born January 1 , 1956 ) is a Canadian actress and singer . She has worked in film , television , and on stage . McCarthy is one of Canada 's most honoured actors , having won two Genie Awards ( film ) , two Gemini Awards ( television ) , an ACTRA Award , and two Dora Awards ( theatre ) , along with multiple nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Family comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangkok Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangkok_Girl', 'summary': "Bangkok Girl is a documentary film that was both produced and directed by Jordan Clark . It is a low-budget film , having cost $ 10,000 to produce , and takes sex tourism in Bangkok as its subject . Bangkok Girl is 43 minutes long and focuses on Pla , a bargirl who is 19 years old and who guides Clark through the city . The film explores Pla 's background and how she came to be where she is . Pla began working as a bargirl at the age of 13 , and , while she had managed to avoid being forced into prostitution up until the point that the documentary was filmed , the film suggests that she will eventually be forcibly prostituted . In November 2005 , the film aired on The Lens , a program on Canada 's CBC Television . Sweden 's Sveriges Television also aired the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan Clark', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary_film', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'About sex tourism in Bangkok ; made for TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sex_tourism', 'summary': 'Sex tourism is travel to a different locale for the sake of sexual activity , particularly with prostitutes . The World Tourism Organization , a specialized agency of the United Nations , defines sex tourism as trips organized from within the tourism sector , or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks , with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Being Caribou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Being_Caribou', 'summary': 'Being Caribou is a 2005 documentary film that chronicles the travels of husband and wife Karsten Heuer and Leanne Allison following the migration of the Porcupine caribou Herd , in order to explore the Arctic Refuge drilling controversy . The journey lasted 5 months , starting from the community of Old Crow , Yukon on April 8 , 2003 and ending September 8 , 2003 . The film is produced by the National Film Board of Canada . Karsten Heuer documented this trek with Leanne Allison , which was also their honeymoon , in his book Being Caribou : Five Months on Foot with an Arctic Herd . The book was published in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Leanne Allison & Diana Wilson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Film Board documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Being Human', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Being_Human_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Being Human ( French : Histoire d'être humain ) is a 2005 documentary by Quebec film director Denys Desjardins . It was produced by Yves Bisaillon along with the production company National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) and is categorized as a length feature ."}]}, {'value': 'Denys Desjardins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denys_Desjardins', 'summary': 'Denys Desjardins ( born 1966 in Montreal , Quebec ) , is a film director , screenwriter , cinematographer , editor and film historian for more than twenty years . After completing studies in literature , film and communications , he directed several acclaimed films .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary produced with the National Film Board', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Film_Board', 'summary': "The National Film Board of Canada ( or simply National Film Board or NFB ) ( French : Office national du film du Canada , or ONF ) is Canada 's public film and digital media producer and distributor . An agency of the Government of Canada , the NFB produces and distributes documentary films , animation , web documentaries , and alternative dramas . In total , the NFB has produced over 3,000 productions since its inception , which have won over 5,000 awards . The NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage . It has English-language and French-language production branches ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beowulf & Grendel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beowulf_&_Grendel', 'summary': "Beowulf & Grendel is a 2005 film Canadian-Icelandic fantasy adventure film directed by Sturla Gunnarsson , loosely based on the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf . It stars Gerard Butler as Beowulf , Stellan Skarsgård as Hrothgar , Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as Grendel and Sarah Polley as the witch Selma . The screenplay was written by Andrew Rai Berzins . The soundtrack was composed by Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson . While some of the film remains true to the original poem , other plot elements deviate from the original poem : four new characters , Grendel 's father , the witch Selma , Father Brendan , and Grendel 's son are introduced , and several related plot points were developed specifically for the film . The film is a cooperative effort between Eurasia Motion Pictures ( Canada ) , Spice Factory ( UK ) , and Bjolfskvida ( Iceland ) , and it was filmed in Iceland . The story takes place in the early half of the sixth century AD in what is now Denmark , but the filming of the movie in Iceland provided many panoramic views of that country 's landscape . In 2006 , a documentary of the difficult making of Beowulf and Grendel , called Wrath of Gods , was released and went on to win six film awards in Europe and the U.S ."}]}, {'value': 'Sturla Gunnarsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturla_Gunnarsson', 'summary': "Sturla Gunnarsson ( born August 30 , 1951 ) is an Icelandic-Canadian film and television director and producer . Gunnarsson was born in Reykjavík in 1951 . He moved to Vancouver , British Columbia , with his parents when he was seven years old . As he grew up he became interested in filmmaking and went to the University of British Columbia where he completed undergraduate studies in English literature and graduate work in film studies . Part of the graduate program requires the production of a film . His , A Day Much Like the Others , went on to win top honours at the Canadian Student Film Festival and the European Student Film Festival . It was also screened at New York City 's Museum of Modern Art . With his formal education behind him , Gunnarsson moved to Toronto and worked initially at the National Film Board ( NFB ) . His first NFB project , After the Axe , received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature . He has since won a number of awards including Emmy Award , Genie Award and Gemini Awards , a Prix Italia , and the Prix Villes de Cannes . His documentary about David Suzuki , Force of Nature : The David Suzuki Movie , won the Peoples Choice Documentary Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival . In 2018 , Gunnarsson worked with film and story editor Nick Hector to complete the movie Sharkwater Extinction after the death of Rob Stewart ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerard Butler , Stellan Skarsgård , Sarah Polley , Ingvar Eggert Sigurdsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerard_Butler', 'summary': "Gerard James Butler ( born 13 November 1969 ) is a Scottish actor and film producer . After studying law , Butler turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) , and Tale of the Mummy ( 1998 ) . In 2000 , he starred as Dracula in the horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller . He subsequently played Attila the Hun in the miniseries Attila ( 2001 ) and then appeared in the films Reign of Fire with Christian Bale ( 2002 ) and Lara Croft : Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life with Angelina Jolie ( 2003 ) , before playing André Marek in the adaptation of Michael Crichton 's science fiction adventure Timeline ( 2003 ) . He then was cast as the role of Erik , The Phantom in Joel Schumacher 's 2004 film adaptation of the musical The Phantom of the Opera alongside Emmy Rossum . That role earned him a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor . Butler gained worldwide recognition for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Zack Snyder 's fantasy war film 300 . That role earned him nominations for an Empire Award for Best Actor and a Saturn Award for Best Actor and a win for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight . In the 2010s , he voiced the role of Stoick the Vast in the animated action-fantasy film How to Train Your Dragon , a role he later reprised in Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) , How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) , and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) . Also in the 2010s , he portrayed Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller trilogy Olympus Has Fallen , London Has Fallen , and Angel Has Fallen . He played military leader Tullus Aufidius in the 2011 film Coriolanus , a modernized adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name . He also played Sam Childers in the 2011 action biopic Machine Gun Preacher ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stellan_Skarsgård', 'summary': "Stellan John Skarsgård ( /ˈstɛlən ˈskɑːrsɡɑːrd/ ; [ a ] born 13 June 1951 ) is a Swedish actor . He is known for his roles as Jan Nyman in Breaking the Waves ( 1996 ) , Captain Tupolev in The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) , Professor Gerald Lambeau in Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) , Bootstrap Bill Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) , Bill Anderson in Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) and the sequel Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) , Commander Maximilian Richter in Angels and Demons ( 2009 ) , Martin Vanger in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) , Dr. Erik Selvig in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor ( 2011 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , and Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , The Grand Duke in Cinderella ( 2015 ) , and Boris Shcherbina in the HBO/Sky UK television miniseries Chernobyl ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Polley', 'summary': "Sarah Ellen Polley OC ( born January 8 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actress , writer , director , producer and political activist . Polley first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona , based on Beverly Cleary 's books . Subsequently this led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea ( 1990-1996 ) . She has starred in many feature films , including Exotica ( 1994 ) , The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) , Guinevere ( 1999 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , The Weight of Water ( 2000 ) , My Life Without Me ( 2003 ) , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) , Splice ( 2009 ) , and Mr. Nobody ( 2009 ) . Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her ( 2006 ) , for which she won a Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Polley 's second film , Take This Waltz ( 2011 ) , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . Her first documentary film , Stories We Tell ( 2012 ) , was awarded the $ 100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association . In 2017 , Polley executive produced the film A Better Man ( 2017 ) , and wrote the miniseries Alias Grace , based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , which Polley began adapting in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ingvar_Eggert_Sigurdsson', 'summary': "Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson ( Icelandic pronunciation : \u200b [ ˈiŋkvar ˈɛcːɛr̥t ˈsɪːɣʏr̥θsɔn ] ; born 22 November 1963 ) is an Icelandic actor who has worked extensively in Icelandic cinema . He is perhaps best known for his roles in Friðrik Þór Friðriksson 's Englar alheimsins ( Angels of the Universe ) and Baltasar Kormákur 's Mýrin ( Jar City ) and Everest . In addition to his film work , Ingvar has also acted extensively in television and stage productions , both in Iceland and overseas . Ingvar has won the Edda Award for Actor or Actress of the Year four times for his performances in Slurpinn & Co. Englar alheimsins ( Angels of the Universe ) , Kaldaljós ( Cold Light ) , and Mýrin ( Jar City ) in 1998 , 2000 , 2004 and 2006 respectively , as well as winning the Audience Award at the 2000 European Film Awards for his performance in Englar alheimsins ( Angels of the Universe ) . Apart from that he has been nominated many times for several roles in various films . [ citation needed ] The actor has become internationally known for his role as police officer Ásgeir in the Icelandic TV series Trapped ( 2015-18 ) . In May 2019 , Ingvar was awarded the Critics ' Week festival best actor award for his performance in A White , White Day ."}]}, {'value': 'Epic Action , Adventure , Fantasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Action_film', 'summary': 'Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist or protagonists are thrust into a series of events that typically include violence , extended fighting , physical feats , and frantic chases . Action films tend to feature a resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds , which include life-threatening situations , a villain , or a pursuit which usually concludes in victory for the hero ( though a small number of films in this genre have ended in the victory for the villain instead ) . Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past . However , reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed , as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic , highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism . While action has long been a recurring component in films , the action film genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects . Common action scenes in films are generally , but not limited to , explosions , car chases , fistfights , and shootouts . This genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure genres , and they may also contain elements of drama and spy fiction .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adventure_film', 'summary': 'Adventure films are a genre of film that typically use their action scenes to display and explore exotic locations in an energetic way . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fantasy_film', 'summary': 'Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes , usually magic , supernatural events , mythology , folklore , or exotic fantasy worlds . The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction films and horror films , although the genres do overlap . Fantasy films often have an element of magic , myth , wonder , escapism , and the extraordinary .'}]}, {'value': 'Adaptation of the epic poem , Beowulf ; filmed in Iceland ; Canada-Iceland-Australia co-production', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beowulf', 'summary': "Beowulf ( /ˈbeɪəwʊlf/ ; Old English : Bēowulf [ ˈbeːowulf ] ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines . It is one of the most important works of Old English literature . The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars ; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript , which was produced between 975 and 1025 . The anonymous poet is referred to by scholars as the Beowulf poet . The story is set in Scandinavia . Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , the king of the Danes , whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel . After Beowulf slays him , Grendel 's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated . Victorious , Beowulf goes home to Geatland ( Götaland in modern Sweden ) and becomes king of the Geats . Fifty years later , Beowulf defeats a dragon , but is mortally wounded in the battle . After his death , his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory . The poem survives in a single copy in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex . It has no title in the original manuscript , but has become known by the name of the story 's protagonist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Girl_(film)', 'summary': "Big Girl is a Canadian short film , directed by Renuka Jeyapalan and released in 2005 . The film depicts a battle of wills between a young girl ( Samantha Weinstein ) and her mother 's new boyfriend ( Kris Holden-Ried ) . It won the Toronto International Film Festival Award for Best Canadian Short Film at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival , and was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 27th Genie Awards . Weinstein won an ACTRA Award for Best Actress from the Toronto chapter , becoming the youngest actress ever to win that award . It screened on CBC Television 's Canadian Reflections in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Renuka Jeyapaian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samantha Weinstein , Kris Holden-Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samantha_Weinstein', 'summary': 'Samantha Gail Weinstein ( born March 20 , 1995 ) is a Canadian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kris_Holden-Reid', 'summary': 'Kris Holden-Ried ( born August 1 , 1973 ) is a Canadian actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Short', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TIFF - Best Canadian Short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival', 'summary': "The Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF , often stylized as tiff ) is one of the largest publicly attended film festivals in the world , attracting over 480,000 people annually . Since its founding in 1976 , TIFF has grown to become a permanent destination for film culture operating out of the TIFF Bell Lightbox , located in downtown Toronto . TIFF 's mission is to transform the way people see the world through film . Year-round , the TIFF Bell Lightbox offers screenings , lectures , discussions , festivals , workshops , industry support , and the chance to meet filmmakers from Canada and around the world . TIFF Bell Lightbox is located on the north west corner of King Street and John Street in downtown Toronto . In 2016 , 397 films from 83 countries were screened at 28 screens in downtown Toronto venues , welcoming an estimated 480,000 attendees , over 5,000 of whom were industry professionals . TIFF starts the Thursday night after Labour Day ( the first Monday in September in Canada ) and lasts for eleven days . Founded in 1976 , TIFF is now one of the largest and most prestigious events of its kind in the world . In 1998 , Variety magazine acknowledged that TIFF is second only to Cannes in terms of high-profile pics , stars , and market activity . In 2007 , Time noted that TIFF had grown from its place as the most influential fall film festival to the most influential film festival , period . This is partially the result of the festival 's ability and reputation for generating Oscar buzz . The festival 's People 's Choice Award - which is based on audience balloting - has emerged as an indicator of success during awards season , especially at the Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'The Big White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Big_White', 'summary': 'The Big White is a 2005 black comedy film directed by Mark Mylod starring Robin Williams , Holly Hunter , Giovanni Ribisi , Woody Harrelson , Tim Blake Nelson , W. Earl Brown and Alison Lohman .'}]}, {'value': 'Denys Desjardins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denys_Desjardins', 'summary': 'Denys Desjardins ( born 1966 in Montreal , Quebec ) , is a film director , screenwriter , cinematographer , editor and film historian for more than twenty years . After completing studies in literature , film and communications , he directed several acclaimed films .'}]}, {'value': 'Robin Williams , Holly Hunter , Giovanni Ribisi , Woody Harrelson , Tim Blake Nelson , W. Earl Brown , Alison Lohman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Williams', 'summary': "Robin McLaurin Williams ( July 21 , 1951 - August 11 , 2014 ) was an American actor and comedian . Born in Chicago , Williams began performing stand-up comedy in San Francisco and Los Angeles during the mid-1970s . After rising to fame playing the alien Mork in the sitcom Mork & Mindy , Williams established a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting . He was known for his improvisation skills and the wide variety of memorable character voices he created . Many critics have lauded Williams as one of the funniest comedians of all time . After his first starring film role in Popeye ( 1980 ) , Williams starred in numerous films that achieved critical and commercial success , including The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) ; Moscow on the Hudson ( 1984 ) ; Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) ; Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) ; Awakenings ( 1990 ) ; The Fisher King ( 1991 ) ; Patch Adams ( 1998 ) ; One Hour Photo ( 2002 ) and World 's Greatest Dad ( 2009 ) ; as well as box office hits such as Hook ( 1991 ) , Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Jumanji ( 1995 ) , The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Good Will Hunting ( 1997 ) and the Night at the Museum trilogy ( 2006-2014 ) . Williams was nominated four times for Academy Awards , winning Best Supporting Actor for his performance as psychologist Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting . He also received two Primetime Emmy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and four Grammy Awards . Williams committed suicide in 2014 at his home in Paradise Cay , California , at the age of 63 . His wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body disease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Holly_Hunter', 'summary': 'Holly Hunter ( born March 20 , 1958 ) is an American actress and producer . For her performance as Ada McGrath in the 1993 drama film The Piano , she won the Academy Award , BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress . She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Broadcast News ( 1987 ) , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Firm ( 1993 ) and again for Thirteen ( 2003 ) . A seven-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee , Hunter won for Roe vs. Wade ( 1989 ) , and The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom ( 1993 ) . She also starred in the TNT drama series Saving Grace ( 2007-10 ) . Her other film roles include Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) , Always ( 1989 ) , Home for the Holidays ( 1995 ) , Crash ( 1996 ) , O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) , The Incredibles ( 2004 ) , its sequel Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) , and The Big Sick ( 2017 ) , which earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Ribisi', 'summary': 'Antonino Giovanni Ribisi ( Italian pronunciation : [ antoˈniːno dʒoˈvanni riˈbiːzi ] ; born December 17 , 1974 ) is an American film and television actor known for his roles in the TV series Sneaky Pete , and the films Saving Private Ryan , Avatar , A Million Ways to Die in the West and Ted . He also had recurring roles in The Wonder Years , My Name Is Earl and Friends .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Woody_Harrelson', 'summary': 'Woodrow Tracy Harrelson ( born July 23 , 1961 ) is an American actor and playwright . He first became known for his role as bartender Woody Boyd on the NBC sitcom Cheers ( 1985-1993 ) , for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series from a total of five nominations . He has also received three Academy Award nominations : Best Actor for The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) and Best Supporting Actor for The Messenger ( 2009 ) , and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Blake_Nelson', 'summary': "Timothy Blake Nelson ( born May 11 , 1964 ) is an American actor , writer , and director . His most famous roles include Delmar O'Donnell in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) , Dr. Pendanski in Holes ( 2003 ) , Daniel Danny Dalton Jr. in Syriana ( 2005 ) , Dr. Samuel Sterns in The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Richard Schell in Lincoln ( 2012 ) , Buster Scruggs in The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) , and Wade Tillman/Looking Glass in the HBO series Watchmen ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/W._Earl_Brown', 'summary': "William Earl Brown ( born September 7 , 1963 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , and musician . He is perhaps best known for his role as Dan Dority on the HBO series Deadwood . He also played Kenny in the 1996 film Scream and Warren in the 1998 film There 's Something About Mary . More recently , he voiced and filmed performance capture for the character Bill in Naughty Dog 's 2013 survival horror action video game The Last of Us . He also appeared in the series American Crime and Preacher , and in the Johnny Depp true-crime film Black Mass ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alison_Lohman', 'summary': 'Alison Marion Lohman ( born September 18 , 1979 ) is an American actress . She starred as Astrid in White Oleander ( 2002 ) , and has appeared in Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) , Where the Truth Lies ( 2005 ) , The Big White ( 2005 ) , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 2005 ) , Flicka ( 2006 ) , and Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) ; as well as smaller parts in Big Fish ( 2003 ) , Beowulf ( 2007 ) , and Gamer ( 2009 ) . She has also been on television shows such as Tucker and Pasadena .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada-New Zealand co-production made with U.S. financing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Black Widow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Widow_(2005_film)', 'summary': "Black Widow , is a Film Noir Musical written by David Mortin and Patricia Fogliato and directed by the former . It is loosely based on the trial of Evelyn Dick for the murder of her husband . The film stars Martin Tielli , Mary Margaret O'Hara and Sarah Slean as Eve Hardwick , the character that is based on Evelyn Dick . Director David Mortin stated that he did not want to make the film into a biographical film , as that had already been done ( referring to the 2002 crime thriller Torso : The Evelyn Dick Story ) , but instead , focus on mythologizing the Evelyn Dick story , shaping it into the form of a 40 's era film noir . The film premiered on September 29 , 2005 , on the film festival circuit and on CBC Television in January 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'David Mortin', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sarah Slean , Martin Tielli , Mary Margaret O'Hara , Tom McCamus , Julian Richings", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Slean', 'summary': 'Sarah Hope Slean ( born June 21 , 1977 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter , musician , poet , visual artist and occasional actress . She has released eleven albums to date ( including EPs and live albums ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Tielli', 'summary': "Martin Tielli ( born 28 February 1967 in Italy ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter . He was a member of the Rheostatics , and has also released material as a solo artist and with the side project Nick Buzz . As well , he has appeared as a guest musician on albums by Barenaked Ladies , Kevin Hearn , The Waltons , Jane Siberry , Ashley MacIsaac , Meryn Cadell and Mia Sheard . He is also a painter , and created most of the album covers for the Rheostatics . Tielli 's younger brothers are Doug Tielli and John Tielli . They were members of the band People From Earth . Martin co-produced People From Earth 's 1997 album , Luvskull , with the band and Don Kerr ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Mary_Margaret_O'Hara", 'summary': "Mary Margaret O'Hara is a Canadian singer-songwriter , actress and composer . She is best known for the album Miss America , released in 1988 . She released two albums and an EP under her own name , and remains active as a live performer , as a contributor to compilation albums and as a guest collaborator on other artists ' albums ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_McCamus', 'summary': 'Tom McCamus ( born July 25 , 1955 ) is a Canadian film and theatre actor . He is most widely known for his works on the television show Mutant X and drama film Room .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julian_Richings', 'summary': 'Julian M. Richings ( born 8 September 1955 ) is an English-born Canadian actor . He has appeared in over 50 films and 20 television series .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Film Noir Musical is based on the Evelyn Dick murder case made for TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evelyn_Dick', 'summary': 'Evelyn Dick ( née MacLean : born October 13 , 1920 ) is a Canadian convicted murderer . Her trials remain one of the most sensationalized events in Canadian criminal history .'}]}, {'value': 'Bloodsuckers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloodsuckers_(2005_film)', 'summary': 'Bloodsuckers ( a.k.a . Vampire Wars : Battle for the Universe ) is a 2005 television film by Daniel Grodnik Productions directed by Matthew Hastings and produced by Gilles Laplante . Featuring Natassia Malthe and Dominic Zamprogna as the premier protagonists working as vampire hunters in space .'}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Hastings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Hastings', 'summary': 'Matthew Hastings is an American physicist , currently a Principal Researcher at Microsoft . Previously , he was a Professor at Duke University and a research scientist at the Center for Nonlinear Studies and Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory . While Hastings primarily works in Quantum information science , he made contributions to a range of topics in physics and related fields . He proved an extension of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem ( see Lieb-Robinson bounds ) to dimensions greater than one . This provided foundational mathematical insights into topological quantum computing . He disproved the additivity conjecture for the classical capacity of quantum channels , a long standing open problem in quantum Shannon theory .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominic Zamprogna , A.J . Cook , Natassia Malthe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominic_Zamprogna', 'summary': 'Dominic Zamprogna ( /zæmˈprɒɡnə/ , Italian : [ dzamˈproɲɲa ] ; born April 21 , 1979 ) is a Canadian actor and voice artist . He is perhaps best known for his roles on television series Edgemont , Battlestar Galactica and General Hospital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A.J._Cook', 'summary': 'Andrea Joy Cook ( born July 22 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actress best known for her role as Supervisory Special Agent Jennifer JJ Jareau on the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds . She has also appeared in films such as The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) , Out Cold ( 2001 ) , and Final Destination 2 ( 2003 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Natassia_Malthe', 'summary': 'Linn Natassia Malthe ( born 19 January 1974 ) is a Norwegian model and actress .'}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made for TV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bone_(2005_film)', 'summary': 'Bone is a 48-minute 2005 documentary about the first modern dance co-production between Canada and China , directed and choreographed by Nadine Thouin ( Go-On Productions/ formerly Snell Thouin Project ) in collaboration with the Beijing Modern Dance Company . The film was directed by Mila Aung-Thwin of EyeSteelFilm production company and produced by EyeSteelFilm . It had its premier at Bravo ! specialty television channel . China Times had a favorable review , saying , In the performance of Chinese and Canadian artists , we witness a sort of artistic pulling force , which may well become the future direction of art .'}]}, {'value': 'Mila Aung-Thwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mila_Aung-Thwin', 'summary': 'Mila Aung-Thwin is a Canadian documentary filmmaker , producer and activist whose films deal with social justice . He had a multi-disciplinary education in arts , journalism , and photography . In 1998 , he met his fellow director/producer Daniel Cross and co-founded with him EyeSteelFilm specializing in making documentaries . He is the vice-president of the company .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Made for TV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Boys IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Boys_IV', 'summary': 'Les Boys is a 1997 Quebec-made comedy film directed by Louis Saia . It has spawned three sequels and by any measure ( profit , box office or attendance ) is the most successful Quebec made film series of all time , and one of the most successful Canadian-made film series of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'George Mihalka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mihalka', 'summary': 'George Mihalka ( born 1953 ) is a Hungarian-born Canadian filmmaker . He is known for his 1981 slasher film My Bloody Valentine which was remade in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rémy Girard , Pierre Lebeau , Marc Messier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rémy_Girard', 'summary': 'Rémy Girard OC ( born August 10 , 1950 ) is a Canadian actor and former television host from Quebec .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Lebeau', 'summary': 'Pierre Lebeau ( born 22 July 1954 ) is a Canadian actor . He is best known for major roles in Quebec big-box movies such as Séraphin : Heart of Stone and the four-part Les Boys series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marc_Messier', 'summary': 'Marc Messier , M.S.C . ( born August 16 , 1947 ) is a Canadian actor and filmmaker .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Wikimedia list article Cinema of Canada List of Canadian films 1898–1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 vte This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2005 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_films_of_2005_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 2005.'}	null	null	Who does Kevin Pollak play in the 2005 film directed by Gary Yates ?	Harlan
017fbd76fd3ca4ed	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greenland', 'title': 'List of football clubs in Greenland', 'header': ['Club', 'City', 'Stadium ( capacity )', "Greenlandic Men 's Football Championships won"], 'data': [{'value': 'Aqigssiaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqigssiaq_Maniitsoq', 'summary': 'Aqigssiaq Maniitsoq is a sports club from Greenland based in Maniitsoq . They compete in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Maniitsoq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maniitsoq', 'summary': 'Maniitsoq , formerly Sukkertoppen , is a town in Maniitsoq Island , western Greenland located in the Qeqqata municipality . With 2,670 inhabitants as of 2013 [ update ] , it is the sixth-largest town in Greenland .'}]}, {'value': 'Manittsoq Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A.T.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.T.A._(Greenland)', 'summary': "A.T.A . is a sports and football club from Greenland , based in Tasiilaq . Their association football team did not appear in the 2007 edition of the island 's top league , the Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship , despite finishing in 4th place in 2006 . The club has not played any season since then ."}]}, {'value': 'Tasiilaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasiilaq', 'summary': 'Tasiilaq , formerly Ammassalik and Angmagssalik , is a town in the Sermersooq municipality in southeastern Greenland . With 2,017 inhabitants as of 2013 , it is the most populous community on the eastern coast , and the seventh-largest town in Greenland . The Sermilik Station , dedicated to the research of the nearby Mittivakkat Glacier , is located near the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B-67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B-67', 'summary': 'B-67 is a sports club from Greenland based in Nuuk . They compete in football , badminton and handball . In 2016 they won the Cola Cola GM by defeating Nagdlunguaq-48 3-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk', 'summary': "Nuuk ( Greenlandic pronunciation : [ nuːk ] , Danish : [ ˈnu ( ː ) k ] ; Danish : Godthåb [ ˈkɒtˌhɔˀp ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greenland . It is the seat of government and the country 's largest cultural and economic centre . The major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John 's in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland . Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenland 's population and its tallest building . Nuuk is also the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality . In January 2019 , it had a population of 17,984 . The city was founded in 1728 by the Dano-Norwegian governor Claus Paarss when he relocated Hans Egede 's earlier Hope Colony ( Haabets Koloni ) to the mainland , and was named Godthåb ( Good Hope ) . The city officially adopted its current name in 1979 , although the name Godthåb remained in use in Danish . Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape ( Danish : næs ) . It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea . Its latitude , at 64°11 ' N , makes it the world 's northernmost capital , only a few kilometres farther north than the Icelandic capital Reykjavík . The campus of the University of Greenland , hosting Statistics Greenland , and the main holdings of the Public and National Library of Greenland are at the northern end of the district , near the road to the Nuuk Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CIF-70 Qasigiannguit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIF-70_Qasigiannguit', 'summary': 'Christianshåb-70 is a sports club from Greenland based in Qasigiannguit . They compete in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Qasigiannguit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qasigiannguit', 'summary': 'Qasigiannguit , formerly Christianshåb , is a town located in western Greenland on the southeastern shore of Disko Bay in the Qeqertalik municipality . With 1,171 inhabitants in 2013 , it is the thirteenth-largest town in Greenland . The main industry is shrimp and halibut fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Qasigiannguit Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eqaluk-54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasiusaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasiusaq,_Kujalleq', 'summary': 'Tasiusaq is a settlement in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland , founded in 1933 . It is located at the Tasermiut Fjord ( Danish : Ketils Fjord ) , east of Nanortalik . Its population was 90 in 2010 . In the Greenlandic language , the name of the settlement means like a lake , referring to the lake-looking bay it situated on . The inhabitants call it Tasiisaq , which is the local dialect . There are several sheep farms in the wider Tasiusaq area ; the farms of Nalasut with 10 inhabitants , Saputit with 3 inhabitants , and Nuugaarsuk with four inhabitants . Until January , 2009 , the settlement belonged to the Nanortalik municipality . On January 1 , 2009 , the settlement became part of the Kujalleq municipality , when the Narsaq , Qaqortoq , and Nanortalik municipalities ceased to exist as administrative entities .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eqaluk-56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ikerasak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ikerasak', 'summary': 'Ikerasak is a village in the Avannaata municipality in western Greenland . It had 238 inhabitants in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grønlands Seminarius Sportklub', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grønlands_Seminarius_Sportklub', 'summary': 'Grønlands Seminariums Sportklub ( also known as GSS Nuuk ) is a sports club from Greenland based in Nuuk . They compete in football , handball and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk', 'summary': "Nuuk ( Greenlandic pronunciation : [ nuːk ] , Danish : [ ˈnu ( ː ) k ] ; Danish : Godthåb [ ˈkɒtˌhɔˀp ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greenland . It is the seat of government and the country 's largest cultural and economic centre . The major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John 's in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland . Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenland 's population and its tallest building . Nuuk is also the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality . In January 2019 , it had a population of 17,984 . The city was founded in 1728 by the Dano-Norwegian governor Claus Paarss when he relocated Hans Egede 's earlier Hope Colony ( Haabets Koloni ) to the mainland , and was named Godthåb ( Good Hope ) . The city officially adopted its current name in 1979 , although the name Godthåb remained in use in Danish . Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape ( Danish : næs ) . It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea . Its latitude , at 64°11 ' N , makes it the world 's northernmost capital , only a few kilometres farther north than the Icelandic capital Reykjavík . The campus of the University of Greenland , hosting Statistics Greenland , and the main holdings of the Public and National Library of Greenland are at the northern end of the district , near the road to the Nuuk Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G-44 Qeqertarsuaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G-44_Qeqertarsuaq', 'summary': 'G-44 is a football club based in Qeqertarsuaq , Greenland . They play in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Qeqertarsuaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qeqertarsuaq', 'summary': 'Qeqertarsuaq ( Greenlandic pronunciation : [ /qeqeʁtɑʁsuɑq̚/ ] ) is a port and town in Qeqertalik municipality , located on the south coast of Disko Island on the west coast of Greenland . Founded in 1773 , the town is now home to a campus of the University of Copenhagen known as Arctic Station . Qeqertarsuaq is the Kalaallisut name for Disko Island and is also now used for several other islands on Greenland , including those formerly known as Upernavik and Herbert Island . Qeqertarsuaq means the big island in Kalaallisut . In 2013 , the town had 845 inhabitants . The remainder of the population of the island ( less than 50 people ) lives in the Kangerluk settlement , a few hours by boat to the northwest .'}]}, {'value': 'Qeqertarsuaq Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inuit Timersoqatigiiffiat-79', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inuit_Timersoqatigiiffiat-79', 'summary': 'IT-79 is a football club based in Nuuk , Greenland . They play in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk', 'summary': "Nuuk ( Greenlandic pronunciation : [ nuːk ] , Danish : [ ˈnu ( ː ) k ] ; Danish : Godthåb [ ˈkɒtˌhɔˀp ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greenland . It is the seat of government and the country 's largest cultural and economic centre . The major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John 's in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland . Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenland 's population and its tallest building . Nuuk is also the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality . In January 2019 , it had a population of 17,984 . The city was founded in 1728 by the Dano-Norwegian governor Claus Paarss when he relocated Hans Egede 's earlier Hope Colony ( Haabets Koloni ) to the mainland , and was named Godthåb ( Good Hope ) . The city officially adopted its current name in 1979 , although the name Godthåb remained in use in Danish . Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape ( Danish : næs ) . It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea . Its latitude , at 64°11 ' N , makes it the world 's northernmost capital , only a few kilometres farther north than the Icelandic capital Reykjavík . The campus of the University of Greenland , hosting Statistics Greenland , and the main holdings of the Public and National Library of Greenland are at the northern end of the district , near the road to the Nuuk Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kissaviarsuk-33', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kissaviarsuk-33', 'summary': 'K-33 is a sports club from Greenland based in Qaqortoq . They compete in football , badminton and handball . Formed in 1933 , they are the oldest sports club still playing football in Greenland .'}]}, {'value': 'Qaqortoq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qaqortoq', 'summary': 'Qaqortoq , formerly Julianehåb , is a town in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland , located near Cape Thorvaldsen . With a population of 3,089 in 2016 , it is the most populous town in southern Greenland and the fourth-largest town on the island .'}]}, {'value': 'Qaqortoq Football Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kugsak-45', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kugsak-45', 'summary': 'Kugsak-45 is a sports club from Greenland based in Qasigiannguit . They compete in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Qasigiannguit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qasigiannguit', 'summary': 'Qasigiannguit , formerly Christianshåb , is a town located in western Greenland on the southeastern shore of Disko Bay in the Qeqertalik municipality . With 1,171 inhabitants in 2013 , it is the thirteenth-largest town in Greenland . The main industry is shrimp and halibut fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'Qasigiannguit Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Malamuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Malamuk', 'summary': 'FC Malamuk is a football club from Greenland based in Uummannaq . All league games , however , are played in the national stadium in Nuuk .'}]}, {'value': 'Uummannaq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uummannaq', 'summary': "Uummannaq is a town in the Avannaata municipality , in central-western Greenland . With 1,282 inhabitants in 2013 , it is the eleventh-largest town in Greenland , and is home to the country 's most northerly ferry terminal . Founded in 1763 as Omenak , the town is a hunting and fishing base , with a canning factory and a marble quarry . In 1932 the Universal Greenland-Filmexpedition with director Arnold Fanck realized the film SOS Eisberg near Uummannaq ."}]}, {'value': 'Uummannaq Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagdlunguaq-48', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagdlunguaq-48', 'summary': 'Nagdlunguak 1948 is a sports club from Greenland based in Ilulissat . However , all league games are played in the national stadium in Nuuk . N-48 have been national football champions eleven times . They beat Godhavn-44 1-0 in the 2019 final .'}]}, {'value': 'Ilulissat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilulissat', 'summary': "Ilulissat , formerly Jakobshavn or Jacobshaven , is the municipal seat and largest town of the Avannaata municipality in western Greenland , located approximately 350 km ( 220 mi ) north of the Arctic Circle . With the population of 4,541 as of 2013 , it is the third-largest city in Greenland , after Nuuk and Sisimiut . The city is home to almost as many sled-dogs as people . In direct translation , Ilulissat is the Kalaallisut word for Icebergs ( Danish : Isbjerge ) . The nearby Ilulissat Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and has made Ilulissat the most popular tourist destination in Greenland . Tourism is now the town 's principal industry . The city neighbours the Ilulissat Icefjord , where there are enormous icebergs from the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuuk Idraetslag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Idraetslag', 'summary': "Nuuk Idraetslag ( also known as NÛK or Nuuk IL ) is a sports club from Greenland based in Nuuk . They compete in men 's and women 's association football and handball ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk', 'summary': "Nuuk ( Greenlandic pronunciation : [ nuːk ] , Danish : [ ˈnu ( ː ) k ] ; Danish : Godthåb [ ˈkɒtˌhɔˀp ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greenland . It is the seat of government and the country 's largest cultural and economic centre . The major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. John 's in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland . Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenland 's population and its tallest building . Nuuk is also the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality . In January 2019 , it had a population of 17,984 . The city was founded in 1728 by the Dano-Norwegian governor Claus Paarss when he relocated Hans Egede 's earlier Hope Colony ( Haabets Koloni ) to the mainland , and was named Godthåb ( Good Hope ) . The city officially adopted its current name in 1979 , although the name Godthåb remained in use in Danish . Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape ( Danish : næs ) . It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the eastern shore of the Labrador Sea . Its latitude , at 64°11 ' N , makes it the world 's northernmost capital , only a few kilometres farther north than the Icelandic capital Reykjavík . The campus of the University of Greenland , hosting Statistics Greenland , and the main holdings of the Public and National Library of Greenland are at the northern end of the district , near the road to the Nuuk Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Nuuk Stadium ( 2,000 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuuk_Stadium', 'summary': 'Nuuk Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nuuk , Greenland . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity for 2,000 . FIFA 2-star artificial turf was installed at the stadium in July 2016 . The 2-star rating is the highest achievable rating for an artificial surface and is suitable for all UEFA competitions .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siumut Amerdlok Kunuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siumut_Amerdlok_Kunuk', 'summary': 'Siumut Amerdlok Kunuk is a football club based in Sisimiut , Greenland . They play in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Sisimiut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sisimiut', 'summary': 'Sisimiut , formerly known by its colonial name Holsteinsborg , is the capital and largest city of the Qeqqata municipality , and the second-largest city in Greenland , and the largest arctic city in North America . [ Note 1 ] It is located in central-western Greenland , on the coast of Davis Strait , approximately 320 km ( 200 mi ) north of Nuuk . Although now the name of the city , Sisimiut literally means the residents at the foxholes ( Danish : Beboerne ved rævehulerne ) . The site has been inhabited for the last 4,500 years , first by the Inuit peoples of the Saqqaq culture , Dorset culture , and then the Thule people , whose descendants form the majority of the current population . Artifacts from the early settlement era can be found throughout the region , favored in the past for its plentiful fauna , particularly the marine mammals providing subsistence for the early hunting societies . The population of modern Greenlanders in Sisimiut is a mix of the Inuit and Danish peoples , who first settled in the area in the 1720s , under the leadership of the Danish missionary , Hans Egede . Today , Sisimiut is the largest business center north of the national capital of Nuuk and is one of the fastest growing cities in Greenland . Fishing is the principal industry in Sisimiut , although the town has a growing industrial base . KNI and its subsidiary Pilersuisoq , a state-owned chain of all-purpose general stores in Greenland , have their base in Sisimiut . Architecturally , Sisimiut is a mix of traditional , single-family houses , and communal housing , with apartment blocks raised in the 1960s during a period of town expansion in Greenland . Sisimiut is still expanding , with the area north of the port , on the shore of the small Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay reserved for a modern suburb-style housing slated for construction in the 2010s . Several professional and general schools are based in Sisimiut , providing education to the inhabitants of the city and to those from smaller settlements in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Sisimiut Stadium ( 500 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tupilak-41', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tupilak-41', 'summary': 'Tupilak-41 is a sports club from Greenland based in Aasiaat , after having relocated from Qaanaaq . They compete in the Coca Cola GM .'}]}, {'value': 'Aasiaat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aasiaat', 'summary': "Aasiaat or Ausiait , formerly Egedesminde , is a town in the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland , located in the heart of Aasiaat Archipelago at the southern end of Disko Bay . With a population of 3,102 as of 2014 , it is Greenland 's fifth-largest town ."}]}, {'value': 'Aasiaat Stadium ( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "This is a list of football clubs located in Greenland , sorted alphabetically , and including geographical provenience , home stadium information and number of Greenlandic Men 's Football Championship won .", 'uid': 'List_of_football_clubs_in_Greenland_0', 'intro': "This is a list of football clubs located in Greenland, sorted alphabetically, and including geographical provenience, home stadium information and number of Greenlandic Men's Football Championship won."}	null	null	How many football championships have been won by the team who hails from the city with a name that translates to mean `` Icebergs ? `` ?	Eleven
018033c55f561be8	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories', 'title': 'List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories', 'header': ['Actor/Actress', 'Best Actor/Actress Awards', 'Best Supporting Actor/Actress Awards', 'Total awards', 'Total nominations'], 'data': [{'value': 'Katharine Hepburn †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn', 'summary': "Katharine Houghton Hepburn ( May 12 , 1907 - June 29 , 2003 ) was an American actress who was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years . She appeared in a range of genres , from screwball comedy to literary drama , and she received a record ( for any gender ) four Academy Awards for Lead Acting Performances , plus eight further nominations . In 1999 , Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema . She was known for her fierce independence and spirited personality . Raised in Connecticut by wealthy , progressive parents , Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College . Favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood . Her early years in film were marked with success , including an Academy Award for Best Actress for her third picture , Morning Glory ( 1933 ) , but this was followed by a series of commercial failures culminating in the critically lauded but commercially unsuccessful comedy Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , a pairing with Cary Grant . Hepburn masterminded her own comeback , buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story , which she sold on the condition that she be the star . That comedy film , again co-starring Cary Grant , was a box office success and landed her a third Academy Award nomination , plus won her other co-star , James Stewart , his only Academy Award . Both movies are now considered among the greatest comedy films . In the 1940s , she began focusing on a screen and romantic partnership with Spencer Tracy , which spanned 26 years and nine movies , although the romance with the married Tracy was hidden from the public . The partnership began with Woman of the Year ( 1942 ) , continued with Adam 's Rib ( 1949 ) , both being battle of the sexes romantic comedies , and concluded with the race-issue drama Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) , also starring Sidney Poitier ; Tracy died shortly after the movie 's filming ."}]}, {'value': "Morning Glory ( 1933 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morning_Glory_(1933_film)', 'summary': 'Morning Glory is a 1933 American Pre-Code drama film which tells the story of an eager would-be actress and her journey to stardom , and what she loses as a result . The picture stars Katharine Hepburn , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , and Adolphe Menjou , was adapted by Howard J . Green from a then-unproduced stage play of the same name by Zoë Akins , and was directed by Lowell Sherman . Hepburn won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for this movie . Morning Glory was remade in 1958 under the title Stage Struck .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 6th Academy Awards were held on March 16 , 1934 , at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Will Rogers and Rogers also presented all of the awards . Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director , and when he opened the envelope he simply announced , Come up and get it , Frank ! Frank Capra , certain he was the winner , ran to the podium to collect the Oscar , only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd , who won for Cavalcade , instead . Possibly to downplay Rogers ' gaffe , he then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage . This was the last time that the Oscars ' eligibility period was spread over two different calendar years , creating the longest time frame for which films could be nominated : the seventeen months from August 1 , 1932 , to December 31 , 1933 . This was the last time that no film had more than four nominations . Cavalcade became the fourth film to win Best Picture without a writing nomination , and the last until Hamlet ( 1948 ) at the 21st Academy Awards . Walt Disney became the first person to win consecutive Academy Awards , winning Best Short Subject , Cartoon for The Three Little Pigs after having won the same award the previous year for Flowers and Trees . It has been rumored that Marion Davies was a strong write-in candidate in the best actress category for Peg o ' My Heart ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Guess_Who's_Coming_to_Dinner", 'summary': "Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner is a 1967 American comedy-drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer , and written by William Rose . It stars Spencer Tracy , Sidney Poitier , and Katharine Hepburn , and features Hepburn 's niece Katharine Houghton . The film was one of the few films of the time to depict an interracial marriage in a positive light , as interracial marriage historically had been illegal in most states of the United States , and still was illegal in 17 states - mostly Southern states - until June 12 , 1967 , six months before the film was released , roughly two weeks after Tracy filmed his final scene ( and two days after his death ) , when anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia . The film 's Oscar-nominated score was composed by Frank De Vol . The film is notable for being the ninth and final on-screen pairing of Tracy and Hepburn , with filming ending just 17 days before Tracy 's death . Hepburn never saw the completed film , saying the memories of Tracy were too painful . The film was released in December 1967 , six months after his death . In 2017 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/40th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 40th Academy Awards honored film achievements of 1967 . Originally scheduled for April 8 , 1968 , the awards were postponed to two days later , April 10 , 1968 , because of the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Bob Hope was once again the host of the ceremony . Due to the increasing rarity of black and white feature films , the awards for cinematography , art direction and costume design were combined into single categories rather than a distinction between color and monochrome . The Best Picture nominees were an eclectic group of films reflecting the chaos of their era . The event was the first one since the 1948 awards show to feature film clips from the Best Picture nominated films . This year 's nominations also marked the first time that three different films were nominated for the Top Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress and Screenplay . The three films were Bonnie and Clyde , The Graduate and Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner . However , the winner of Best Picture was producer Walter Mirisch and director Norman Jewison 's thriller/mystery film , In the Heat of the Night ( with seven nominations and five wins - Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Screenplay , Best Film Editing and Best Sound ) . The Graduate is , as of the 91st Academy Awards , the last film to win Best Director and nothing else . Due to an all-out push by Academy President Gregory Peck , 18 of the 20 acting nominees were present at the ceremony . Only Katharine Hepburn and the late Spencer Tracy , who was nominated posthumously , were missing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Lion_in_Winter_(1968_film)', 'summary': "The Lion in Winter is a 1968 historical drama film set around the Christmas of 1183 , about political and personal turmoil among the royal family of Henry II of England , his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine , their children , and their guests . It is based on the Broadway play of the same name by James Goldman . The film was directed by Anthony Harvey , written by James Goldman , and produced by Joseph E. Levine , Jane C. Nusbaum and Martin Poll from Goldman 's adaptation of his own play , The Lion in Winter . The film stars Peter O'Toole , Katharine Hepburn , John Castle , Anthony Hopkins ( in his film debut in a major role ) , Jane Merrow , Timothy Dalton ( in his film debut ) and Nigel Terry . The film was a commercial success ( the 12th highest-grossing film of 1968 ) and won three Academy Awards , including one for Hepburn as Best Actress ( tied with Barbra Streisand ) . There was a television remake in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/41st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Academy Awards were presented on April 14 , 1969 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be staged at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion . For the first time since the 11th Academy Awards , there was no host . Oliver ! is the only winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture to receive a G-rating prior to winning the award ( several earlier Best Picture winners have received the same rating retroactively ) . By contrast , the following year would see the only X-rated film to win Best Picture , Midnight Cowboy . Oliver ! would also be the last British film to win Best Picture until Chariots of Fire in 1982 and the last movie musical to win until Chicago in 2003 ( though others have been nominated between 1969 and 2003 : Hello , Dolly ! , Fiddler on the Roof , Cabaret , All That Jazz , Beauty and the Beast , and Moulin Rouge ! ) . The year was notable for the first - and so far , only - tie for Best Actress ( or any female acting category ) . Katharine Hepburn in The Lion in Winter and Barbra Streisand in Funny Girl shared the award . Hepburn also became the second actress and third performer overall to win an acting Oscar two years in a row , after Luise Rainer in 1936 ( The Great Ziegfeld ) and 1937 ( The Good Earth ) , and Spencer Tracy in 1937 ( Captains Courageous ) and 1938 ( Boys Town ) . The previous year , Hepburn had won Best Actress for Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/On_Golden_Pond_(1981_film)', 'summary': "On Golden Pond is a 1981 American drama film directed by Mark Rydell . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson was adapted from his 1979 play of the same name . The film stars Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda ( in his final acting performance ) in the lead roles along with Jane Fonda , Doug McKeon , Dabney Coleman and William Lanteau appearing in supporting roles . The film 's narrative revolves around an aged couple , cantankerous retiree Norman Thayer and his conciliatory wife Ethel , who spend summers at their New England vacation home on the shores of idyllic Golden Pond . This year , their adult daughter , Chelsea , visits with her new fiancé and his teenage son , Billy , on their way to Europe . After leaving Billy behind to bond with Norman , Chelsea returns , attempting to repair the long-strained relationship with her aging father before it 's too late . On Golden Pond was released theatrically on December 4 , 1981 and grossed $ 119.3 million domestically , becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1981 . The film received critical acclaim for Rydell 's direction , Thompson 's screenplay and Hepburn and Fonda 's performances . The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Henry Fonda ) , Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ) . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this film and at the age of 76 became the oldest winner in the Best Actor category , while Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian . On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for the Big Five Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/54th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 54th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1982 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson . Chariots of Fire was the surprise winner ( with a leading 12 nominations , Reds had been expected to win ) of the Best Picture Oscar . It was the first time in 13 years that a British film won the Academy 's top honor . The next year 's winner , Gandhi , was also a British production . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar this year , as Best Actor for On Golden Pond . At 76 years of age , Fonda became the oldest winner in the Best Actor category in Academy history . The only other nomination he received in his career was Best Actor for his performance in The Grapes of Wrath 41 years earlier - a record gap between acting nominations . His co-star , Katharine Hepburn , won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Best Actress wins by any actress . This year 's nominations also marked the second time ( after 1967 ) that three different films were nominated for the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay . The three films were On Golden Pond , Atlantic City and Reds . However , none of them won the Best Picture prize , losing to Chariots of Fire ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meryl Streep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meryl_Streep', 'summary': "Mary Louise Meryl Streep ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American actress . Often described as the best actress of her generation , Streep is particularly known for her versatility and accents . Nominated for a record 21 Academy Awards , she has won three . Among other accolades , she has received 32 Golden Globe nominations , more than any other person , and won eight . Streep made her stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975 . In 1976 , she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for 27 Wagons Full of Cotton and A Memory of Two Mondays . In 1977 , she made her screen debut in the television film The Deadliest Season , and also made her film debut in Julia . In 1978 , she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the miniseries Holocaust , and received her first Oscar nomination for The Deer Hunter . Streep went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) , and the Academy Award for Best Actress for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) and The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) . Streep 's other Oscar-nominated roles were in The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , Silkwood ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) , The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , One True Thing ( 1998 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) . Her stage roles include The Public Theater 's 2001 revival of The Seagull , and her television roles include two projects for HBO , the acclaimed miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) , for which her performance won her another Emmy Award , and the drama series Big Little Lies ( 2019 ) . Streep 's other films that were critically and or commercially successful where she was n't nominated for an Academy Award include Julia ( 1977 ) , Manhattan ( 1979 ) , The Seduction of Joe Tynan ( 1979 ) , Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) , Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) , The River Wild ( 1994 ) , Marvin 's Room ( 1996 ) , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) , A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) , Mamma Mia ( 2008 ) and its sequel , Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) , It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) , Suffragette ( 2015 ) , Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) and Little Women ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) The Iron Lady ( 2011 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sophie's_Choice_(film)", 'summary': "Sophie 's Choice is a 1982 American drama film directed by Alan J. Pakula , who adapted William Styron 's novel of the same name . Meryl Streep stars as Sophie , a Polish immigrant who shares a boarding house in Brooklyn with her tempestuous lover , Nathan ( Kevin Kline in his feature film debut ) , and a young writer , Stingo ( Peter MacNicol ) . Streep 's performance was acclaimed , and she received the Academy Award for Best Actress . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography ( Néstor Almendros ) , Best Costume Design ( Albert Wolsky ) , Best Music ( Marvin Hamlisch ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Alan J. Pakula ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/55th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11 , 1983 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli , Dudley Moore , Richard Pryor , and Walter Matthau . The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi , which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations . Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year , ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie . Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award . She had been nominated the year before for The French Lieutenant 's Woman and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades . Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman . This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony . Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and , in subsequent years , her special aired prior to the Academy 's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet . It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Iron_Lady_(film)', 'summary': "The Iron Lady is a 2011 British-French biographical drama film based on the life and career of Margaret Thatcher ( 1925-2013 ) , a British stateswoman and politician who was the first ever female and longest-serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the 20th century . The film was directed by Phyllida Lloyd . Thatcher is portrayed primarily by Meryl Streep , and , in her formative and early political years , by Alexandra Roach . Thatcher 's husband , Denis Thatcher ( 1915-2003 ) , is portrayed by Jim Broadbent , and by Harry Lloyd as the younger Denis . Thatcher 's longest-serving cabinet member and eventual deputy , Geoffrey Howe , is portrayed by Anthony Head . While the film was met with mixed reviews , Streep 's performance was widely acclaimed , and considered to be one of the greatest of her career . She received her 17th Oscar nomination for her portrayal and ultimately won the award for the third time , 29 years after her second Oscar win . She also earned her third Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama award ( her eighth Golden Globe Award win overall ) , and her second BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The film also won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and the BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair . The film was loosely based on John Campbell 's biography The Iron Lady : Margaret Thatcher , from Grocer 's Daughter to Prime Minister ."}, {'url': '/wiki/84th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 84th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2011 in the United States and took place on February 26 , 2012 , at the Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre [ a ] in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer , with Mischer also serving as director . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004 . On June 14 , 2011 , Academy president Tom Sherak announced at a press conference that , in an attempt to further revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the 2012 ceremony would feature between five and ten Best Picture nominees depending on voting results , as opposed to a set number of nominees . In related events , the Academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12 , 2011 . On February 11 , 2012 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Milla Jovovich . The Artist won five awards , including Best Actor for Jean Dujardin , Best Director for Michel Hazanavicius , and Best Picture , the first silent feature to win an Academy Award for Best Picture since 1927 's Wings , the inaugural winner in 1929 . Other winners included Hugo also with five awards , The Iron Lady with two awards , and Beginners , The Descendants , The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Help , Midnight in Paris , The Muppets , Rango , Saving Face , A Separation , The Shore , and Undefeated with one . The telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kramer_vs._Kramer', 'summary': "Kramer vs. Kramer is a 1979 American legal drama film written and directed by Robert Benton , based on Avery Corman 's novel . The film stars Dustin Hoffman , Meryl Streep , Jane Alexander and Justin Henry . It tells the story of a couple 's divorce , its impact on their young son , and the subsequent evolution of their relationship and views on parenting . The film explores the psychology and fallout of divorce and touches upon prevailing or emerging social issues such as gender roles , women 's rights , fathers ' rights , work-life balance , and single parents . Kramer vs. Kramer was theatrically released on December 19 , 1979 , by Columbia Pictures . It was a major critical and commercial success , grossing $ 106.3 million on an $ 8 million budget , becoming the highest-grossing film of 1979 and receiving a leading nine Oscar nominations at the 52nd Academy Awards , winning five : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Hoffman ) , Best Supporting Actress ( for Streep ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/52nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their release from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis . Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry - the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever - and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Nicholson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Nicholson', 'summary': "John Joseph Nicholson ( born April 22 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker whose career has spanned more than 60 years . He is known for playing a wide range of starring or supporting roles , including comedy , romance , and darkly comic portrayals of anti-heroes and villainous characters . In many of his films , he played the eternal outsider , the sardonic drifter , someone who rebels against the social structure . His most known and celebrated films include the road drama Easy Rider ( 1969 ) ; the dramas Five Easy Pieces ( 1970 ) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) ; the comedy-dramas Carnal Knowledge ( 1971 ) , The Last Detail ( 1973 ) , Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) , Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) , As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) , and About Schmidt ( 2002 ) ; the neo-noir mystery Chinatown ( 1974 ) ; the horror film The Shining ( 1980 ) ; the biopic Reds ( 1981 ) ; the fantasy comedy The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) ; the superhero film Batman ( 1989 ) ; the legal drama A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) ; the romantic horror film Wolf ( 1994 ) ; the science fiction comedy Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) ; the comedy Anger Management ( 2003 ) ; the romantic comedy Something 's Got ta Give ( 2003 ) ; and the crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . He has also directed three films , including The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) , the sequel to Chinatown . Nicholson 's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy 's history . He has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice : one for the drama One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) and the other for the romantic comedy As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) . He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) . He is one of only three male actors to win three Academy Awards , and one of only two actors ( alongside Michael Caine ) to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s . He has won six Golden Globe Awards and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001 . In 1994 , at 57 , he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute 's Life Achievement Award ."}]}, {'value': "One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo's_Nest_(film)", 'summary': "One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman , based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey and the play version adapted from the novel by Dale Wasserman . The film stars Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy , a new patient at a mental institution , and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher , William Redfield , Will Sampson , Sydney Lassick , Brad Dourif , Danny DeVito and Christopher Lloyd in his film debut . Filming began in January 1975 and lasted three months , taking place on location in Salem , Oregon , and the surrounding area , as well as on the Oregon coast . The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital , an actual mental hospital , as this was also the setting of the novel . Considered by some to be one of the greatest films ever made , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is No . 33 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years . 100 Movies list . The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Actor in Lead Role , Actress in Lead Role , Director and Screenplay ) following It Happened One Night in 1934 , an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with The Silence of the Lambs . It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 1993 , the film was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress , and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/48th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 48th Academy Awards were presented Monday , March 29 , 1976 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC and continues to broadcast them today . The recent previous editions had been held on Tuesday night . ( NBC 's coverage of the NCAA championship basketball game aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as Indiana , 86-68 ; the undefeated Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia . The following year , the two events were again on the same night . ) Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a clean sweep of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 . French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1965 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhané Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation . At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee ( as well as the final person to receive an acting award born in the nineteenth century ) , a record that stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/As_Good_as_It_Gets', 'summary': "As Good As It Gets is a 1997 American romantic comedy film directed by James L. Brooks , who co-wrote it with Mark Andrus . The film stars Jack Nicholson as a misanthropic and obsessive-compulsive novelist , Helen Hunt as a single mother with a chronically ill son , and Greg Kinnear as a gay artist . The paintings were created for the film by New York artist Billy Sullivan . Nicholson and Hunt won the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Actress , respectively , making As Good As It Gets the most recent film to win both of the lead acting awards , and the first since 1991 's The Silence of the Lambs . It is ranked 140th on Empire magazine 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A . Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Terms of Endearment ( 1983 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment', 'summary': "Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American comedy-drama film adapted from Larry McMurtry 's 1975 novel , directed , written , and produced by James L. Brooks , and starring Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger , Jack Nicholson , Danny DeVito , Jeff Daniels , and John Lithgow . The film covers 30 years of the relationship between Aurora Greenway ( MacLaine ) and her daughter Emma ( Winger ) . The film became a major critical and commercial success . It grossed $ 108.4 million at the domestic box office becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1983 and received a leading eleven nominations at the 56th Academy Awards , and won four of the highest five : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actress ( for MacLaine ) and Best Adapted Screenplay , as well as the Best Supporting Actor ( for Nicholson ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/55th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11 , 1983 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli , Dudley Moore , Richard Pryor , and Walter Matthau . The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi , which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations . Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year , ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie . Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award . She had been nominated the year before for The French Lieutenant 's Woman and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades . Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman . This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony . Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and , in subsequent years , her special aired prior to the Academy 's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet . It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingrid Bergman †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman', 'summary': "Ingrid Bergman [ a ] ( 29 August 1915 - 29 August 1982 ) was a Swedish-American actress who starred in a variety of European and American films , television movies , and plays . She won many accolades , including three Academy Awards , two Primetime Emmy Awards , a Tony Award , four Golden Globe Awards , and a BAFTA Award . Bergman was born in Stockholm to a Swedish father and a German mother , and started her acting career in Swedish and German films . Her introduction to Americans came in the English-language remake of Intermezzo ( 1939 ) . In addition to the classic and Best-Picture-Academy-Award winning Casablanca ( 1942 ) opposite Humphrey Bogart , her notable performances from the 1940s include the dramas For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) , Gaslight ( 1944 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1945 ) , and Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) , all of which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress ; she won the award for Gaslight . She made three films with Alfred Hitchcock including Spellbound ( 1945 ) , with Gregory Peck , and Notorious ( 1946 ) , opposite Cary Grant . In 1950 she starred in Roberto Rossellini 's Stromboli , following the revelation that she was having an extramarital affair with the director . The affair and then marriage to Rossellini created a scandal in the U.S. that forced her to remain in Europe for several years , during which she starred in Rossellini 's Journey to Italy ( 1954 ) , now critically acclaimed . She made a successful return to working for a Hollywood studio in Anastasia ( 1956 ) , winning her second Academy Award for Best Actress . In 1958 , she starred for a second time with Cary Grant , this time in the popular romantic comedy Indiscreet . In her later years , she won her third Academy Award , this one for Best Supporting Actress , for her small performance in Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) . In 1978 she worked with director Ingmar Bergman ( no relation ) in Autumn Sonata , for which she received her sixth Academy Award nomination for Best Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'Gaslight ( 1944 ) Anastasia ( 1956 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaslight_(1944_film)', 'summary': "Gaslight is a 1944 American psychological-thriller film , adapted from Patrick Hamilton 's 1938 play Gas Light , about a woman whose husband slowly manipulates her into believing that she is going insane . The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Screenplay ; winning two for Best Actress and Best Production Design . The 1944 version was the second version to be filmed , following the British film Gaslight , directed by Thorold Dickinson and released in 1940 . This 1944 version was directed by George Cukor and starred Ingrid Bergman , Charles Boyer , Joseph Cotten , and 18-year-old Angela Lansbury in an Oscar-nominated screen debut ( Supporting Actress ) . Gaslight had a larger scale and budget than the earlier film , and lends a different feel to the material . To avoid confusion with the first film , this version was originally given the title The Murder in Thornton Square in the UK . This film features numerous deviations from the original stage play , though the central drama remains , of a husband trying to drive his wife insane in order to distract her from his criminal activities . In 2019 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/17th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 17th Academy Awards marked the first time the complete awards ceremony was broadcast nationally , on the Blue Network ( ABC Radio ) . Bob Hope hosted the 70-minute broadcast , which included film clips that required explanation for the radio audience . This tradition ended abruptly after the 1948 ceremony as a result of the Paramount antitrust decrees , only to return gradually since the late 1960s . [ citation needed ] This is the first year that the Best Picture category was limited to five pictures . This was also the first and only time an individual was nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for playing the same role in the same film : Barry Fitzgerald for the character of Father Fitzgibbon in Going My Way . He won for Best Supporting Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anastasia_(1956_film)', 'summary': 'Anastasia is a 1956 American historical drama film directed by Anatole Litvak and written by Arthur Laurents . Set in interwar France , the film follows the story of a suicidal amnesiac ( Ingrid Bergman ) , whose remarkable resemblance to the Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia - the youngest daughter of the late Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna , who is rumored to have survived the execution of her family - draws her into a plot devised by the former Russian White General Bounine ( Yul Brynner ) and his associates to swindle from the Grand Duchess an inheritance of £10 million . However , the ultimate hurdle to their plan is the exiled Russian aristocracy - in particular the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna ( Helen Hayes ) - whom their handpicked claimant must convince of her legitimacy if they wish for their scheme to succeed . The origins of Anastasia lie in a play written by Marcelle Maurette , which was in turn inspired by Anna Anderson , the most famous of the many Anastasia impostors who appeared after the death of the Imperial family in July 1918 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/29th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "During the 29th Academy Awards , the regular competitive category of Best Foreign Language Film was introduced , instead of only being recognized as a Special Achievement Award or as a Best Picture nominee ( as in 1938 ) . The first winner in this new category was Federico Fellini 's La Strada with Anthony Quinn and a second nomination for Best Original Screenplay . Its win would help spur an interest in foreign-language films . Another Fellini film , Nights of Cabiria would win the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar in the following year . This was also the first year that all of the five Best Picture nominees were in color . It was also the first Oscar telecast to be videotaped for later broadcast , especially for those network affiliates that did n't want to broadcast the event live . All of the major awards winners were large-scale epics - Mike Todd 's Around the World in 80 Days , The King and I , Anastasia , George Stevens ' Giant , Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments ( the highest-grossing film of the year ) , King Vidor 's War and Peace and William Wyler 's Friendly Persuasion . And the trend toward blockbusters and colorful spectaculars was established for years to come , with The Bridge on the River Kwai , Gigi , and Ben-Hur being subsequent Best Picture champions . The Best Original Story category had two interesting quirks this year . First , the Oscar for Best Original Story for The Brave One was awarded to Robert Rich , a pseudonym of Dalton Trumbo , who was blacklisted at the time and thus unable to receive credit under his own name . Second , Edward Bernds and Elwood Ullman withdrew their names from consideration in this category for their work on High Society , as the nomination had been intended for the musical starring Grace Kelly , while Bernds and Ullman had instead written a Bowery Boys film of the same name . In fact , the nomination was a double mistake , as High Society was based on the play and film The Philadelphia Story and probably would not have qualified as an original story anyway ."}]}, {'value': 'Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)', 'summary': 'Murder on the Orient Express is a 1974 British mystery film directed by Sidney Lumet , produced by John Brabourne and Richard Goodwin , and based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie . The film features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot ( Albert Finney ) , who is asked to investigate the murder of an American business tycoon aboard the Orient Express train . The suspects are portrayed by an all-star cast , including Lauren Bacall , Ingrid Bergman , Sean Connery , John Gielgud , Vanessa Redgrave , Michael York , Jacqueline Bisset , Anthony Perkins and Wendy Hiller . The screenplay is by Paul Dehn as well as an uncredited Anthony Shaffer . [ failed verification ] The film was a commercial and critical success . It received six nominations at the 47th Academy Awards : Best Actor ( Finney ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Bergman ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Cinematography and Best Costume Design . Of these nominations , Bergman was the only winner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/47th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Academy Awards were presented Tuesday , April 8 , 1975 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope , Shirley MacLaine , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Frank Sinatra . This was the last year NBC aired the ceremonies before ABC secured broadcasting rights , which they still hold to this day . The success of The Godfather Part II was notable ; it received twice as many Oscars as its predecessor ( six ) and duplicated its feat of three Best Supporting Actor nominations ( as of the 90th Academy Awards , the last film to receive three nominations in a single acting category ) . Between the two of them , father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards , with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score ( with Nino Rota ) and Francis for Picture , Director , and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material ( with Mario Puzo ) . This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio : all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Day-Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis', 'summary': "Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis ( born 29 April 1957 ) is a retired English actor . One of the most respected actors of his generation , he has also been hailed as one of the greatest actors in cinema history . He has received numerous awards throughout his career , including three Academy Awards for Best Actor , making him the only male actor to have three wins in the Best Actor category and one of only three male actors to win three Oscars . He won four BAFTA Awards for Best Actor , three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards . In June 2014 , he received a knighthood for services to drama . Born and raised in London , Day-Lewis excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre before being accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School , which he attended for three years . Despite his traditional training at the Bristol Old Vic , he is considered a method actor , known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles . Displaying a mercurial intensity , he would often remain completely in character throughout the shooting schedules of his films , even to the point of adversely affecting his health . He is one of the most selective actors in the film industry , having starred in only six films since 1998 , with as many as five years between roles . Protective of his private life , he rarely gives interviews , and makes very few public appearances . Day-Lewis shifted between theatre and film for most of the early 1980s , joining the Royal Shakespeare Company and playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night 's Dream , before appearing in the 1984 film The Bounty . He starred in My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) , his first critically acclaimed role , and gained further public notice with A Room with a View ( 1985 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'My Left Foot ( 1989 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) Lincoln ( 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/My_Left_Foot', 'summary': "My Left Foot : The Story of Christy Brown , also known simply as My Left Foot , is a 1989 Irish biographical comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan and starring Daniel Day-Lewis , Brenda Fricker , Ray McAnally , Hugh O'Conor and Fiona Shaw . It tells the story of Christy Brown ( Day-Lewis ) , an Irishman born with cerebral palsy , who could control only his left foot . Brown grew up in a poor working-class family , and became a writer and artist . Also starring in the film are Julie Hale , Alison Whelan , Kirsten Sheridan , Declan Croghan , Eanna MacLiam , Marie Conmee , and Cyril Cusack . It is a partly fictional biography , adapted by Shane Connaughton and Jim Sheridan from the book My Left Foot by Brown . The film was well received by critics and audiences , with Day-Lewis and Fricker 's performances being widely acclaimed . Day-Lewis won the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor , while Brenda Fricker won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was additionally nominated for three other Oscars , including Best Adapted Screenplay for Shane Connaughton and Jim Sheridan , Best Director for Sheridan and the Academy Award for Best Picture . An Irish and British co-production , the British Film Institute ranked My Left Foot the 53rd greatest British film of the 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1989 and took place on March 26 , 1990 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 3 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd . Driving Miss Daisy won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy , the oldest person at the time to win a competitive acting Oscar . Other winners included Glory with three awards , Born on the Fourth of July , The Little Mermaid , and My Left Foot with two , and The Abyss , Balance , Batman , Cinema Paradiso , Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt , Dead Poets Society , Henry V , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Johnstown Flood , and Work Experience with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/There_Will_Be_Blood', 'summary': "There Will Be Blood is a 2007 American epic drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson loosely based on the novel Oil ! by Upton Sinclair . It stars Daniel Day-Lewis as a silver miner-turned-oilman on a ruthless quest for wealth during Southern California 's oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Paul Dano , Kevin J. O'Connor , Ciarán Hinds , and Dillon Freasier also feature in the film . The film was produced by Ghoulardi Film Company and distributed by Paramount Vantage and Miramax Films . It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the Silver Bear Award for Best Director and a Special Artistic Contribution Award for Jonny Greenwood 's score . The film grossed $ 76.2 million worldwide against its $ 25 million budget . There Will Be Blood received significant critical praise for its cinematography , direction , screenplay , and particularly the performance of Day-Lewis , who won Oscar , BAFTA , Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , NYFCC and IFTA Best Actor awards for the role . It appears on several lists of the greatest films of the 21st century , and appeared on many critics ' top ten lists for the year , notably the American Film Institute , the National Society of Film Critics , the National Board of Review , and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association . At the 80th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for eight Oscars ( tying with another Paramount Vantage/Miramax co-production No Country for Old Men ) . The nominations included the Best Picture and Best Director for Anderson . The film won two Oscars , the Best Actor for Day-Lewis and the Best Cinematography for Robert Elswit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/80th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 80th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2007 and took place on February 24 , 2008 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J , Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the second time , having previously presided over the 78th ceremony held in 2006 . Two weeks earlier in a gala at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on February 9 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jessica Alba . No Country for Old Men won the most awards of the ceremony with four including Best Picture . Other winners included The Bourne Ultimatum with three awards , La Vie en Rose ( La môme ) and There Will Be Blood with two awards , and Atonement , The Counterfeiters , Elizabeth : The Golden Age , Freeheld , The Golden Compass , Juno , Michael Clayton , The Mozart of Pickpockets , Once , Peter & the Wolf , Ratatouille , Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , and Taxi to the Dark Side with one . The telecast garnered 31 million viewers , making it the least watched Oscar broadcast since 1974 , when Nielsen began keeping records of viewership .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Lincoln is a 2012 historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon-Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook , and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting roles . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives . The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy , through their respective production companies , Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy/Marshall Company . Filming began October 17 , 2011 , and ended on December 19 , 2011 . Lincoln premiered on October 8 , 2012 at the New York Film Festival . The film was co-produced by American companies DreamWorks Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and Participant Media , with Indian company Reliance Entertainment , and released theatrically by Touchstone Pictures in North America on November 9 , 2012 . The film was distributed by 20th Century in international territories . Lincoln received significant praise for the acting , especially Day-Lewis 's performance , as well as Spielberg 's direction , and production values . In December 2012 , the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama , Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor ( Motion Picture - Drama ) for Day-Lewis . At the 85th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director ; it won for Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day-Lewis . The film was also a commercial success , grossing over $ 275 million at the box office ."}, {'url': '/wiki/85th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 85th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2012 and took place on February 24 , 2013 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was the first in the Academy 's 85-year history to adopt the phrase The Oscars as the ceremony 's official name during the broadcast and marketing . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer . Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time . In related events , the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1 , 2012 . On February 9 , 2013 , in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana . Life of Pi won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee . Argo won three awards , including Best Picture , the fourth film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture without its director nominated . Other winners included Les Misérables also with three awards , Django Unchained , Lincoln , and Skyfall with two , and Amour , Anna Karenina , Brave , Curfew , Inocente , Paperman , Searching for Sugar Man , Silver Linings Playbook and Zero Dark Thirty with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Brennan †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Brennan', 'summary': 'Walter Andrew Brennan ( July 25 , 1894 - September 21 , 1974 ) was an American actor and singer . He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1936 , 1938 , and 1940 , making him one of only three male actors to win three Academy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) The Westerner ( 1940 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Come_and_Get_It_(1936_film)', 'summary': 'Come and Get It is a 1936 American drama film directed by Howard Hawks and William Wyler . The screenplay by Jane Murfin and Jules Furthman is based on the 1935 novel of the same title by Edna Ferber .'}, {'url': '/wiki/9th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 9th Academy Awards were held on March 4 , 1937 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by George Jessel ; music was provided by the Victor Young Orchestra , which at the time featured Spike Jones on drums . This ceremony marked the first time when the categories of Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress were included in the awards list . My Man Godfrey became the first film to receive nominations in all four acting categories , but did not win in any category . It is the only such film to not receive a nomination for Best Picture , and was the only one to lose all of its nominations until Sunset Boulevard at the 23rd Academy Awards . It was also the first of four films to receive four acting nominations without one for Best Picture , followed by I Remember Mama ( 1948 ) , Othello ( 1965 ) , and Doubt ( 2008 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kentucky_(film)', 'summary': "Kentucky is a 1938 Technicolor film with Loretta Young , Richard Greene , and Walter Brennan . It was directed by David Butler . It is a Romeo and Juliet story of lovers Jack and Sally , set amidst Kentucky horseracing , in which a family feud goes back to the Civil War and is kept alive by Sally 's Uncle Peter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/11th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 11th Academy Awards were held on February 23 , 1939 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . It was the first Academy Awards show without any official host . This was also the first ceremony in which a foreign language film ( Jean Renoir 's Grand Illusion ) was nominated for Best Picture . Frank Capra became the first person to win three Best Director awards , to be followed by John Ford ( who would go on to win four ) and William Wyler . This was the first of only two times in Oscar history that three of the four acting awards were won by repeat winners ; only Fay Bainter was a first time award winner . The only other time that this happened was at the 67th Academy Awards in 1994 . Fay Bainter also was the first actress in the history of the Oscars to receive two acting nominations in the same year . In addition , Spencer Tracy became the first of only two lead actors to win two years in a row ; the other one , Tom Hanks , also did so in 1994 . Radio coverage was banned at the 1939 ceremony . A reporter from KNX , Los Angeles , which had been reporting from the Academy Awards since 1930 , locked himself into a booth and was able to broadcast for a few minutes before security guards broke down the door . Partial radio coverage was permitted again at the 1942 ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Westerner_(1940_film)', 'summary': "The Westerner is a 1940 American film directed by William Wyler and starring Gary Cooper , Walter Brennan , and Doris Davenport . Written by Niven Busch , Stuart N. Lake , and Jo Swerling , the film is about a self-appointed hanging judge in Vinegaroon , Texas , who befriends a saddle tramp who opposes the judge 's policy against homesteaders . The film is often remembered for one of Walter Brennan 's best performances , as Judge Roy Bean , which led to his winning his record-setting third Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . James Basevi and Stuart N. Lake also received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction , Black and White and Best Story , respectively . The supporting cast features Dana Andrews , Chill Wills , and Forrest Tucker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/13th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 13th Academy Awards honored American film achievements in 1940 . This was the first year that sealed envelopes were used to keep secret the names of the winners which led to the famous phrase : May I have the envelope , please ? The accounting firm of Price Waterhouse was hired to count the ballots , after the fiasco of leaked voting results in 1939 by the Los Angeles Times . For the first time , the award for Best Screenplay was split into two separate categories : Best Original Screenplay and Best Screenplay . Independent producer David O. Selznick , who had produced the previous year 's big winner Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , also produced the Best Picture winner in 1940 , Rebecca - and campaigned heavily for its win . Selznick was the first to produce two consecutive winners of the Best Picture Oscar . Although Rebecca had eleven nominations , it only won for Best Picture and Best Cinematography ( Black and White ) , marking the last time a film would win Best Picture but not win for either directing , acting , or writing . The film 's distributor - United Artists - was the last of the original film studios ( the others were Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , Columbia , 20th Century-Fox , Warner Bros. , RKO Radio , Universal , and Paramount ) to win the Best Picture Oscar . Rebecca was the first American-made film directed by Alfred Hitchcock , and the only film from him to win Best Picture . Hitchcock had two films nominated for Best Picture , the other being Foreign Correspondent . Two other directors also had two films in the running this year : Sam Wood ( Our Town and Kitty Foyle ) and John Ford ( The Long Voyage Home and The Grapes of Wrath , which won Best Director ) . Pinocchio was the first animated film to take home competitive Oscars , for both Best Original Score and Best Original Song , starting a long tradition of animated films winning in these categories ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bette Davis †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bette_Davis', 'summary': 'Ruth Elizabeth Bette Davis ( /ˈbɛti/ ; April 5 , 1908 - October 6 , 1989 ) was an American actress of film , television and theater . With a career spanning 60 years and 100 acting credits , she is regarded as one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood history . She was noted for playing unsympathetic , sardonic characters , and was famous for her performances in a range of film genres , from contemporary crime melodramas to historical films , suspense horror , and occasional comedies , although her greater successes were in romantic dramas . A recipient of two Academy Awards , she was the first thespian to garner ten nominations . After appearing in Broadway plays , the 22-year old Davis moved to Hollywood in 1930 . After some unsuccessful films , she had her critical breakthrough playing a vulgar waitress in Of Human Bondage ( 1934 ) , although , contentiously , she was not among the three nominees for the Academy Award for Best Actress that year . The next year , her strong performance as a down-and-out actress in Dangerous ( 1935 ) did land her her first Best Actress nomination , and she won the award . In 1937 , she tried to free herself from her contract with Warner Brothers Studio ; although she lost the legal case , it marked the start of more than a decade as one of the most celebrated leading ladies of US cinema , known for her forceful and intense style . Her portrayal of a strong-willed 1850s southern belle in Jezebel ( 1938 ) won her a second Academy Award for Best Actress and was the first of five consecutive years she received a nomination . The others were for Dark Victory ( 1939 ) , The Letter ( 1940 ) , The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) and Now , Voyager ( 1942 ) . Davis gained a reputation as a perfectionist who could be highly combative and confrontational with studio executives and film directors as well as with her co-stars . Her forthright manner , idiosyncratic speech , and ubiquitous cigarette contributed to a public persona that has been often imitated .'}]}, {'value': 'Dangerous ( 1935 ) Jezebel ( 1938 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dangerous_(film)', 'summary': 'Dangerous is a 1935 American drama film directed by Alfred E. Green and starring Bette Davis in her first Oscar-winning role . The screenplay by Laird Doyle is based on his story Hard Luck Dame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/8th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 8th Academy Awards were held on March 5 , 1936 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Frank Capra . This was the first year in which the gold statuettes were called Oscars . The category of Best Dance Direction was introduced this year . The DGA successfully lobbied for its elimination three years later . Mutiny on the Bounty became the last film to date to win Best Picture and nothing else ( following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel ) , and the only film to receive three nominations for Best Actor . This was the second and last year that write-in votes were allowed at the Oscars . A Midsummer Night 's Dream became the only film to win a write-in Oscar , taking Best Cinematography ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jezebel_(1938_film)', 'summary': 'Jezebel is a 1938 American romantic drama film released by Warner Bros. and directed by William Wyler . It stars Bette Davis and Henry Fonda , supported by George Brent , Margaret Lindsay , Donald Crisp , Richard Cromwell , and Fay Bainter . The film was adapted by Clements Ripley , Abem Finkel , John Huston , and Robert Buckner , from the play by Owen Davis Sr . The film tells the story of a headstrong young Southern woman during the antebellum period whose actions cost her the man she loves . The film is based on a 1933 stage play . Tallulah Bankhead was originally slated for the stage role , but fell severely ill during rehearsals and was replaced by Miriam Hopkins .'}, {'url': '/wiki/11th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 11th Academy Awards were held on February 23 , 1939 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . It was the first Academy Awards show without any official host . This was also the first ceremony in which a foreign language film ( Jean Renoir 's Grand Illusion ) was nominated for Best Picture . Frank Capra became the first person to win three Best Director awards , to be followed by John Ford ( who would go on to win four ) and William Wyler . This was the first of only two times in Oscar history that three of the four acting awards were won by repeat winners ; only Fay Bainter was a first time award winner . The only other time that this happened was at the 67th Academy Awards in 1994 . Fay Bainter also was the first actress in the history of the Oscars to receive two acting nominations in the same year . In addition , Spencer Tracy became the first of only two lead actors to win two years in a row ; the other one , Tom Hanks , also did so in 1994 . Radio coverage was banned at the 1939 ceremony . A reporter from KNX , Los Angeles , which had been reporting from the Academy Awards since 1930 , locked himself into a booth and was able to broadcast for a few minutes before security guards broke down the door . Partial radio coverage was permitted again at the 1942 ceremony ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spencer Tracy †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Tracy', 'summary': "Spencer Bonaventure Tracy ( April 5 , 1900 - June 10 , 1967 ) was an American actor , noted for his natural performing style and versatility . One of the major stars of Hollywood 's Golden Age , Tracy won two Academy Awards for Best Actor from nine nominations , sharing the record for nominations in the category with Laurence Olivier . Tracy first discovered his talent for acting while attending Ripon College , and he later received a scholarship for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . He spent seven years in the theatre , working in a succession of stock companies and intermittently on Broadway . Tracy 's breakthrough came in 1930 , when his lead performance in The Last Mile caught the attention of Hollywood . After a successful film debut in John Ford 's Up the River starring Tracy and Humphrey Bogart , he was signed to a contract with Fox Film Corporation . His five years with Fox featured one acting tour de force after another that were usually ignored at the box office , and he remained largely unknown to audiences after 25 films , almost all of them starring Tracy as the leading man . None of them were hits although The Power and the Glory ( 1933 ) features arguably his most acclaimed performance in retrospect . In 1935 , Tracy joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , at the time Hollywood 's most prestigious studio . His career flourished with a series of hit films , and in 1937 and 1938 he won consecutive Oscars for Captains Courageous and Boys Town . He made three smash hit films supporting Clark Gable , the studio 's principal leading man , firmly fixing the notion of Gable and Tracy as a team in the public imagination . By the 1940s , Tracy was one of the studio 's top stars ."}]}, {'value': 'Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Boys Town ( 1938 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captains_Courageous_(1937_film)', 'summary': 'Captains Courageous is a 1937 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer adventure film . Based on the novel by Rudyard Kipling , Captains Courageous : A Story of the Grand Banks , it had its world premiere at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles . The movie was produced by Louis D. Lighton and directed by Victor Fleming . Filmed in black-and-white , Captains Courageous was advertised by MGM as a coming-of-age classic with exciting action sequences . Backgrounds and exteriors for the film were shot on location in Port aux Basques , Newfoundland and Shelburne , Nova Scotia in Canada , and Gloucester , Massachusetts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/10th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 10th Academy Awards were originally scheduled for March 3 , 1938 , but due to the Los Angeles flood of 1938 were held on March 10 , 1938 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . It was hosted by Bob Burns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boys_Town_(film)', 'summary': "Boys Town is a 1938 biographical drama film based on Father Edward J. Flanagan 's work with a group of underprivileged and delinquent boys in a home that he founded and named Boys Town . It stars Spencer Tracy as Father Edward J. Flanagan , and Mickey Rooney with Henry Hull , Leslie Fenton , and Gene Reynolds . The film was written by Dore Schary , Eleanore Griffin , and John Meehan , and was directed by Norman Taurog . Legendary Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studio head Louis B. Mayer , who was a Belorussian-Canadian-American Jew known for his respect for the Catholic Church , later called this his favorite film of his long tenure at MGM . Although the story is largely fictional , it is based upon a real man and a real place . Boys Town is a community outside Omaha , Nebraska . In 1943 Boys Town adopted as its image and logo a sculpture of a boy carrying a younger boy on his back , captioned He ai n't heavy , Father .he 's my brother . In 1941 , MGM made a sequel , Men of Boys Town , with Spencer Tracy and Mickey Rooney reprising their roles from the earlier film ."}, {'url': '/wiki/11th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 11th Academy Awards were held on February 23 , 1939 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . It was the first Academy Awards show without any official host . This was also the first ceremony in which a foreign language film ( Jean Renoir 's Grand Illusion ) was nominated for Best Picture . Frank Capra became the first person to win three Best Director awards , to be followed by John Ford ( who would go on to win four ) and William Wyler . This was the first of only two times in Oscar history that three of the four acting awards were won by repeat winners ; only Fay Bainter was a first time award winner . The only other time that this happened was at the 67th Academy Awards in 1994 . Fay Bainter also was the first actress in the history of the Oscars to receive two acting nominations in the same year . In addition , Spencer Tracy became the first of only two lead actors to win two years in a row ; the other one , Tom Hanks , also did so in 1994 . Radio coverage was banned at the 1939 ceremony . A reporter from KNX , Los Angeles , which had been reporting from the Academy Awards since 1930 , locked himself into a booth and was able to broadcast for a few minutes before security guards broke down the door . Partial radio coverage was permitted again at the 1942 ceremony ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlon Brando †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlon_Brando', 'summary': "Marlon Brando Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 - July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor and film director with a career spanning 60 years , during which he won the Oscar for Best Actor twice . He is well-regarded for his cultural influence on 20th-century film . Brando was an activist for many causes , notably the civil rights movement and various Native American movements . Having studied with Stella Adler in the 1940s , he is credited with being one of the first actors to bring the Stanislavski system of acting and Method Acting , derived from the Stanislavski system , to mainstream audiences . He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise , and an Academy Award , for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebellious motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaptation of James Michener 's 1954 novel . The 1960s saw Brando 's career take a commercial and critical downturn . He directed and starred in the cult western One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of notable box-office failures , beginning with Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) . After ten years of underachieving , he agreed to do a screen test as Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather ( 1972 ) . He got the part , and subsequently won his second Academy Award in a performance critics consider among his greatest ."}]}, {'value': 'On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) The Godfather ( 1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On_the_Waterfront', 'summary': "On the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film , directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg . It stars Marlon Brando and features Karl Malden , Lee J. Cobb , Rod Steiger , Pat Henning , and Eva Marie Saint in her film debut . The soundtrack score was composed by Leonard Bernstein . The film was suggested by Crime on the Waterfront by Malcolm Johnson , a series of articles published in November-December 1948 in the New York Sun which won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting , but the screenplay by Budd Schulberg is directly based on his own original story . The film focuses on union violence and corruption amongst longshoremen , while detailing widespread corruption , extortion , and racketeering on the waterfronts of Hoboken , New Jersey . On the Waterfront was a critical and commercial success . It received twelve Academy Award nominations and won eight , including Best Picture , Best Actor for Brando , Best Supporting Actress for Saint , and Best Director for Kazan . In 1997 , it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the eighth-greatest American movie of all time ; in AFI 's 2007 list , it was ranked 19th . It is Bernstein 's only original film score not adapted from a stage production with songs . In 1989 , On the Waterfront was deemed culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/27th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 27th Academy Awards honored the best films released in 1954 . The Best Picture winner , On the Waterfront , was produced by Sam Spiegel and directed by Elia Kazan . It had twelve nominations and eight wins , matching two other films , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) , though those each had thirteen nominations . On the Waterfront was the third film to receive five acting nominations , and the first to receive three in the Best Supporting Actor category . A rematch occurred in the category of Best Actor between Marlon Brando and Humphrey Bogart following Bogart 's upset victory three years earlier . In a surprise win ( Bing Crosby was the favored nominee ) , Brando received his first Oscar for his performance in On the Waterfront , which is now seen as one of the most justified upsets in Oscar history . The win was a culmination of four consecutive Best Actor nominations for Brando ( starting with A Streetcar Named Desire in 1951 ) , a record that remains unmatched to this day . Grace Kelly won Best Actress for The Country Girl in another upset . Judy Garland , who was heavily favored to win Best Actress for the movie A Star Is Born , could not attend the ceremony as she had only recently given birth to her third child . Cameras were set up in her room so she could express her thanks in the likely case of her winning . Groucho Marx later sent her a telegram expressing that her loss was the biggest robbery since Brink 's . Another major upset was the title song from the 20th Century Fox film Three Coins in the Fountain winning the Best Song award over The Man That Got Away from A Star Is Born ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Godfather', 'summary': "The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy , based on Mario Puzo 's best-selling novel of the same name . It is the first installment in The Godfather trilogy . It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the father and son of a fictional New York crime family . The story , spanning 1945 to 1955 , chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone ( Brando ) , focusing on the transformation of the son Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) , raised to have a life outside of crime , from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss . Paramount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for the price of $ 80,000 , before it gained popularity . Studio executives had trouble finding a director ; their first few candidates turned down the position before Coppola signed on to direct the film . They and Coppola disagreed over the casting for several characters , in particular , Vito and Michael . Filming took place primarily on location around New York and in Sicily , and was completed ahead of schedule . The musical score was composed principally by Nino Rota , with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola . The Godfather premiered at the Loew 's State Theatre on March 15 , 1972 , and was released in the United States on March 24 , 1972 . It was the highest-grossing film of 1972 , and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made , with a gross between $ 246-287 million at the box office . The film received universal acclaim from critics and audiences , with praise going toward the performances of its cast , particularly by Brando and Pacino , the directing , screenplay , cinematography , editing , score , and portrayal of the mafia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/45th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Academy Awards were presented Tuesday , March 27 , 1973 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California , honoring the best films of 1972 . The ceremonies were presided over by Carol Burnett , Michael Caine , Charlton Heston , and Rock Hudson . The ceremony was marked by Marlon Brando 's boycott of the Oscars and his sending of Sacheen Littlefeather to explain why he would not show up to collect his Best Actor award for The Godfather , and by Charlie Chaplin 's only competitive Oscar win for Best Original Dramatic Score for his 20-year-old film Limelight , which was eligible because it did not screen in Los Angeles until 1972 . Chaplin had received honorary Academy Awards in 1929 and 1972 . Cabaret , Bob Fosse 's adaptation of the Broadway stage musical , set a record for the most Oscars won without winning Best Picture . Best Picture winner The Godfather received only three Academy Awards . This year was the first time that two African American women received nominations for Best Actress . This was also the first year when all the Oscar winners were brought out on stage at the end of the ceremony ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Lemmon †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Lemmon', 'summary': "John Uhler Lemmon III ( February 8 , 1925 - June 27 , 2001 ) was an American actor who was nominated for an Academy Award eight times , winning twice . He starred in over 60 films , such as Mister Roberts ( 1955 , for which he won the year 's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ) , Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) , The Apartment ( 1960 ) , Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) , Irma la Douce ( 1963 ) , The Great Race ( 1965 ) , The Odd Couple ( 1968 , and its sequel The Odd Couple II ( 1998 ) , both with frequent co-star Walter Matthau ) , Save the Tiger ( 1973 , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor ) , The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , Missing ( 1982 ) , and Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Save the Tiger ( 1973 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Save_the_Tiger', 'summary': 'Save the Tiger is a 1973 drama film about moral conflict in contemporary America directed by John G. Avildsen , and starring Jack Lemmon , Jack Gilford , Laurie Heineman , Thayer David , Lara Parker , and Liv Lindeland . The screenplay was adapted by Steve Shagan from his novel of the same title . Lemmon won the 1973 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Harry Stoner ( making him the first of six actors to win Oscars for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor ) , an executive in the garment industry who struggles with the complexity of modern life versus the simplicity of his youth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/46th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Academy Awards were presented on Tuesday , April 2 , 1974 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Burt Reynolds , Diana Ross , John Huston , and David Niven . The Sting won 7 awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for George Roy Hill . The Exorcist and The Way We Were were the only other films to win multiple awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Mister Roberts ( 1955 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mister_Roberts_(1955_film)', 'summary': 'Mister Roberts is a 1955 American Warnercolor in CinemaScope comedy-drama film directed by John Ford and Mervyn LeRoy , and featuring an all-star cast including Henry Fonda as Mister Roberts , James Cagney as Captain Morton , William Powell ( in his final film appearance ) as Doc , and Jack Lemmon as Ensign Pulver . Based on the 1946 novel and 1948 Broadway play , the film was nominated for the three Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Sound , Recording ( William A. Mueller ) , with Jack Lemmon winning the award for Best Supporting Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/28th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 28th Academy Awards were presented at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles , California . Marty , a simple and low-budget film usually uncharacteristic of Best Picture recipients , became the shortest film ( as well as the second Palme d'Or winner ) to win the top honor . This was the final year in which the Best Foreign Language Film was a Special/Honorary award . Beginning with the 29th Academy Awards , it became a competitive category ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denzel Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denzel_Washington', 'summary': 'Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. ( born December 28 , 1954 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He has received two Golden Globe awards , one Tony Award , and two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for his role as corrupt detective Alonzo Harris in the crime thriller Training Day ( 2001 ) . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of his generation , and is considered an American cultural icon . Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s , including his portrayals of real-life figures such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) , Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , boxer Rubin Hurricane Carter in The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , football coach Herman Boone in Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) , poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) , and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster ( 2007 ) . He has been a featured actor in films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee , Antoine Fuqua , and Tony Scott . In 2016 , he received the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2002 , Washington made his directorial debut with the biographical film Antwone Fisher . His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) . His third film , Fences ( 2016 ) , in which he also starred , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture .'}]}, {'value': 'Training Day ( 2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Training_Day', 'summary': "Training Day is a 2001 American crime thriller film directed by Antoine Fuqua , and written by David Ayer . Denzel Washington and Ethan Hawke star as two LAPD narcotics officers over a 12-hour period in the gang-ridden neighborhoods of Westlake , Echo Park and South Central Los Angeles . The film was released on October 5 , 2001 and grossed $ 104 million worldwide . The film received positive reviews , with Washington 's performance being particularly praised and earning him the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 74th Academy Awards . His co-star Ethan Hawke was nominated for Best Supporting Actor . A television series based on the film , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer , was announced in August 2015 and premiered February 2 , 2017 on CBS ."}, {'url': '/wiki/74th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 74th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 24 , 2002 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2001 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Laura Ziskin and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the fourth time . She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 71st ceremony in 1999 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Charlize Theron . A Beautiful Mind won four awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Ron Howard . Other winners included The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring also with four awards , Black Hawk Down , and Moulin Rouge ! with two , and The Accountant , For the Birds , Gosford Park , Iris , Monster 's Ball , Monsters , Inc. , Murder on a Sunday Morning , No Man 's Land , Pearl Harbor , Shrek , Thoth , and Training Day , with one . Despite a record length of four hours and twenty-three minutes , the telecast garnered nearly 42 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Glory ( 1989 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)', 'summary': "Glory is a 1989 American war film directed by Edward Zwick about the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment , the Union Army 's second African-American regiment in the American Civil War . It stars Matthew Broderick as Colonel Robert Gould Shaw , the regiment 's commanding officer , and Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes , and Morgan Freeman as fictional members of the 54th . The screenplay by Kevin Jarre was based on the books Lay This Laurel by Lincoln Kirstein and One Gallant Rush by Peter Burchard , and the personal letters of Shaw . The film depicts the soldiers of the 54th from the formation of their regiment to their heroic actions at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner . Glory was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three , including Best Supporting Actor for Washington . It won many other awards from , among others , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , the Golden Globe Awards , the Kansas City Film Critics Circle , the Political Film Society , and the NAACP Image Awards . The film was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions , and distributed by Tri-Star Pictures in the United States . It premiered in limited release in the United States on December 14 , 1989 , and in wide release on February 16 , 1990 , making $ 27 million on an $ 18 million budget . The soundtrack , composed by James Horner and performed in part by Boys Choir of Harlem , was released on January 23 , 1990 . The home video was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . On June 2 , 2009 , a widescreen Blu-ray version , featuring the director 's commentary and deleted scenes , was released ."}, {'url': '/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1989 and took place on March 26 , 1990 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 3 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd . Driving Miss Daisy won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy , the oldest person at the time to win a competitive acting Oscar . Other winners included Glory with three awards , Born on the Fourth of July , The Little Mermaid , and My Left Foot with two , and The Abyss , Balance , Batman , Cinema Paradiso , Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt , Dead Poets Society , Henry V , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Johnstown Flood , and Work Experience with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cate Blanchett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cate_Blanchett', 'summary': "Catherine Elise Blanchett AC ( /ˈblæntʃət/ ; born 14 May 1969 ) is an Australian actress and theatre director . One of Australia 's most accomplished actresses , she is known for her roles in both high-profile , mainstream productions and low-budget independent films . Blanchett is the recipient of numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and three British Academy Film Awards . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007 and in 2018 , she was ranked among the highest-paid actresses in the world . After graduating from the National Institute of Dramatic Art , Blanchett began her acting career on the Australian stage , taking on roles in Electra in 1992 and Hamlet in 1994 . She came to international attention for portraying Elizabeth I in the drama film Elizabeth ( 1998 ) , for which she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress and earned her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in the biopic The Aviator ( 2004 ) , earned her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing a neurotic former socialite in the drama Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) . Her other Oscar-nominated roles were in the dramas Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( 2007 ) , I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) , and Carol ( 2015 ) . Blanchett 's most commercially successful films include The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001-2003 ) and The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-2014 ) , Babel ( 2006 ) , The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) , the How to Train Your Dragon film trilogy ( 2014-2019 ) , Cinderella ( 2015 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , and Ocean 's 8 ( 2018 ) . From 2008 to 2013 , Blanchett and her husband Andrew Upton served as the artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company . Some of her stage roles during this period were in revivals of A Streetcar Named Desire , Uncle Vanya , and The Maids . She made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , for which she received a Tony Award nomination ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Jasmine ( 2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Jasmine', 'summary': "Blue Jasmine is a 2013 American black comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen . The film tells the story of a formerly rich Manhattan socialite ( Cate Blanchett ) who falls on hard times and has to move into her working class sisters ( Sally Hawkins ) apartment in San Francisco . Blue Jasmine received praise from critics , particularly for Blanchett 's performance . Blanchett won the Academy Award for Best Actress , and Hawkins and Allen were nominated for Best Supporting Actress and Original Screenplay , respectively . Blanchett also won the Golden Globe Award , the SAG Award , and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The film was a box office success , earning $ 97.5 million worldwide against a budget of $ 18 million . The film had a limited release on July 26 , 2013 , in New York and Los Angeles , before expanding nationwide on August 23 , 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 86th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2013 and took place on March 2 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2014 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted the show for the second time , having previously hosted the 79th ceremony held in 2007 . In related events , the Academy held its 5th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 16 , 2013 . On February 15 , 2014 , in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Kristen Bell and Michael B. Jordan . 12 Years a Slave won three awards including Best Picture . Gravity won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón . Other winners included Dallas Buyers Club also with three awards , Frozen , and The Great Gatsby with two , and Blue Jasmine , The Great Beauty , Helium , Her , The Lady in Number 6 , Mr Hublot , and 20 Feet from Stardom with one . The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Aviator ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)', 'summary': "The Aviator is a 2004 American epic biographical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by John Logan . It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes , Cate Blanchett as Katharine Hepburn , and Kate Beckinsale as Ava Gardner . The supporting cast features Ian Holm , John C. Reilly , Alec Baldwin , Jude Law as Errol Flynn , Gwen Stefani as Jean Harlow , Kelli Garner as Faith Domergue , Matt Ross , Willem Dafoe , Alan Alda , and Edward Herrmann . Based on the 1993 non-fiction book Howard Hughes : The Secret Life by Charles Higham , the film depicts the life of Howard Hughes , an aviation pioneer and director of Hell 's Angels . The film portrays his life from 1927-1947 during which time Hughes became a successful film producer and an aviation magnate while simultaneously growing more unstable due to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . The Aviator was released in the United States on December 25 , 2004 . The film grossed $ 214 million at the box office . At the 77th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for DiCaprio , and Best Supporting Actor for Alda , winning five : Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , and Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett ."}, {'url': '/wiki/77th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 77th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on February 27 , 2005 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2004 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel & Spa in Pasadena , California held on February 12 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Scarlett Johansson . The Aviator won the most awards of the night with five . Million Dollar Baby won four awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included The Incredibles , and Ray with two awards , and Born into Brothels , Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Finding Neverland , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Mighty Times : The Children 's March , The Motorcycle Diaries , Ryan , The Sea Inside , Sideways , Spider-Man 2 and Wasp each with one . The telecast garnered over 42 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert De Niro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_De_Niro', 'summary': "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. ( /də ˈnɪəroʊ/ , Italian : [ de ˈniːro ] ; born August 17 , 1943 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the Golden Lion , the AFI Life Achievement Award , Presidential Medal of Freedom , and has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . He also has Italian citizenship . De Niro was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II ; he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull . De Niro 's first major film roles were in the sports drama Bang the Drum Slowly ( 1973 ) and Scorsese 's crime film Mean Streets ( 1973 ) . He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) and Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , both directed by Scorsese . De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Cimino 's Vietnam war drama The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Penny Marshall 's drama Awakenings ( 1990 ) , and David O. Russell 's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . He earned BAFTA Award nominations for playing Rupert Pupkin in the black comedy The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) and gangster Jimmy Conway in the crime film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , for his work in the musical drama New York , New York ( 1977 ) , the action comedy Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , the gangster comedy Analyze This ( 1999 ) , and the comedy Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) . Other notable performances include roles in 1900 ( 1976 ) , The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) , Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) , The Mission ( 1986 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , This Boy 's Life ( 1993 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , Casino ( 1995 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , Joker ( 2019 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) . He has directed and starred in films such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) and the spy film The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Raging Bull ( 1980 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raging_Bull', 'summary': "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta 's memoir Raging Bull : My Story . The film , distributed by United Artists , stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta , an Italian-American middleweight boxer whose self-destructive and obsessive rage , sexual jealousy , and animalistic appetite destroyed his relationship with his wife and family . Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey , LaMotta 's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons , and Cathy Moriarty as his wife . Nicholas Colasanto , Theresa Saldana , and Frank Vincent all play supporting roles in the film . Scorsese was initially reluctant to develop the project , though he eventually came to relate to LaMotta 's story . Schrader re-wrote Martin 's first screenplay , and Scorsese and De Niro together made uncredited contributions thereafter . Pesci was an unknown actor prior to the film , as was Moriarty , who was suggested for her role by Pesci . During principal photography , each of the boxing scenes was choreographed for a specific visual style and De Niro gained approximately 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) to portray LaMotta in his later post-boxing years . Scorsese was exacting in the process of editing and mixing the film , expecting it to be his last major feature . Raging Bull premiered in New York on November 14 , 1980 and was released in theaters on December 19 , 1980 . The film had a lukewarm box office of $ 23.4 million against its $ 18 million budget . The film received mixed reviews upon its release ; while De Niro 's performance and the editing were widely acclaimed , it garnered criticism due to its violent content ."}, {'url': '/wiki/53rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 53rd Academy Awards , honoring the best in film for 1980 , were presented March 31 , 1981 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies , which were presided over by Johnny Carson , were originally scheduled for the previous day but were postponed due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan . David Lynch 's The Elephant Man and Martin Scorsese 's Raging Bull , with eight nominations each , had the most nominations of this year 's films . Their nominations included Best Picture , Best Actor and Best Director . Michael Apted 's Coal Miner 's Daughter received seven nominations while Ordinary People and Tess received six . The year 's winner of acting categories also marked as the closest span ever between the four winners , all of whom were under 40 when they won the award . Robert De Niro was 37 when awarded Best Actor , Sissy Spacek was 31 when awarded Best Actress , Timothy Hutton was 20 when awarded Best Supporting Actor , and Mary Steenburgen was 28 when awarded Best Supporting Actress . In addition , Hutton was the youngest ever Best Supporting Actor winner . His award was one of four that Ordinary People won , more than any other movie ; the movie also won Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Redford and Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Alvin Sargent . The lack of recognition for Christopher Tucker 's make-up work on The Elephant Man prompted the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year . Best Supporting Actress nominee Eva Le Gallienne was born in 1899 , which made her the last acting nominee to be born in the nineteenth century . As of 2019 [ update ] , this is the earliest Oscars for which all five directing nominees are still living ."}]}, {'value': 'The Godfather Part II ( 1974 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_II', 'summary': "The Godfather Part II is a 1974 American epic crime film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola from the screenplay co-written with Mario Puzo , starring Al Pacino and Robert De Niro . It is the second installment in The Godfather trilogy . Partially based on Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather , the film is both sequel and prequel to The Godfather , presenting parallel dramas : one picks up the 1958 story of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) , the new Don of the Corleone crime family , protecting the family business in the aftermath of an attempt on his life ; the prequel covers the journey of his father , Vito Corleone ( De Niro ) , from his Sicilian childhood to the founding of his family enterprise in New York City . Following the success of the first film , Paramount Pictures began developing a follow up to the film , with much of the same cast and crew returning . Coppola , who was given more control on the film , had wanted to make both a sequel and a prequel to the film to tell the story of the rise of Vito and the fall of Michael . Principal photography began in October 1973 and wrapped up in June 1974 . The Godfather Part II premiered in New York City on December 12 , 1974 , and was released in the United States on December 20 , 1974 , receiving divided reviews from critics but its reputation , however , improved rapidly and it soon became the subject of critical re-evaluation . It grossed between $ 48- $ 88 million worldwide on a $ 13 million budget . The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards at the 47th Academy Awards and became the first sequel to win for Best Picture . Its six Oscar wins also included Best Director for Coppola , Best Supporting Actor for De Niro and Best Adapted Screenplay for Coppola and Puzo . Pacino won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Both The Godfather Part II and its predecessor remain highly influential films , especially in the gangster genre , and the former has been reevaluated ."}, {'url': '/wiki/47th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Academy Awards were presented Tuesday , April 8 , 1975 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope , Shirley MacLaine , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Frank Sinatra . This was the last year NBC aired the ceremonies before ABC secured broadcasting rights , which they still hold to this day . The success of The Godfather Part II was notable ; it received twice as many Oscars as its predecessor ( six ) and duplicated its feat of three Best Supporting Actor nominations ( as of the 90th Academy Awards , the last film to receive three nominations in a single acting category ) . Between the two of them , father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards , with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score ( with Nino Rota ) and Francis for Picture , Director , and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material ( with Mario Puzo ) . This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio : all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jane Fonda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jane_Fonda', 'summary': "Jane Seymour Fonda ( born December 21 , 1937 ) is an American actress , political activist , and former fashion model . She is the recipient of various accolades including two Academy Awards , two BAFTA Awards , seven Golden Globe Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , the AFI Life Achievement Award , and the Honorary Golden Lion . Born to actor Henry Fonda and socialite Frances Ford Seymour , Fonda made her acting debut with the 1960 Broadway play There Was a Little Girl , for which she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play , and made her screen debut later the same year with the romantic comedy Tall Story . She rose to prominence in the 1960s with such films as Period of Adjustment ( 1962 ) , Sunday in New York ( 1963 ) , Cat Ballou ( 1965 ) , Barefoot in the Park ( 1967 ) , and Barbarella ( 1968 ) . Her first husband was Barbarella director Roger Vadim . A seven-time Academy Award nominee , she received her first nomination for They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) , and went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress twice in the 1970s for Klute ( 1971 ) and Coming Home ( 1978 ) . Her other nominations were for Julia ( 1977 ) , The China Syndrome ( 1979 ) , On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) , and The Morning After ( 1986 ) . Consecutive hits Fun with Dick and Jane ( 1977 ) , California Suite ( 1978 ) , The Electric Horseman ( 1979 ) , and 9 to 5 ( 1980 ) sustained Fonda 's box-office drawing power , and she won a Primetime Emmy Award for her performance in the TV film The Dollmaker ( 1984 ) . In 1982 , she released her first exercise video , Jane Fonda 's Workout , which became the highest-selling VHS of all time . It would be the first of 22 such videos over the next 13 years , which would collectively sell over 17 million copies . Divorced from her second husband Tom Hayden , she married billionaire media mogul Ted Turner in 1991 and retired from acting , following a row of commercially unsuccessful films concluded by Stanley & Iris ( 1990 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Klute ( 1971 ) Coming Home ( 1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klute', 'summary': "Klute is a 1971 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed and produced by Alan J. Pakula , written by Andy and Dave Lewis , and starring Jane Fonda , Donald Sutherland , Charles Cioffi , and Roy Scheider . It tells the story of a high-priced prostitute who assists a detective in solving a missing persons case . Klute is the first installment of what has informally come to be known as Pakula 's paranoia trilogy . The other two films are The Parallax View ( 1974 ) and All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) . The music was composed by Michael Small . Upon its release , the film received widespread critical acclaim for its direction , screenplay , and performances - in particular that of Jane Fonda . Fonda won an Academy Award for Best Actress , and the film was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay . Klute was a commercial success , grossing US $ 12 million ( equivalent to $ 75,756,779 in 2019 ) against a US $ 2.5 million ( equivalent to $ 15,782,662 in 2019 ) budget ."}, {'url': '/wiki/44th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 44th Academy Awards were presented April 10 , 1972 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Helen Hayes , Alan King , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Jack Lemmon . One of the highlights of the evening was the appearance of Betty Grable , battling cancer at the time , who made one of her last public appearances . She appeared along with one of her leading men from the 1940s , singer Dick Haymes , to present the musical scoring awards . Grable died the following year . This was the first time in the history of the Awards in which the nominees were shown on superimposed pictures while being announced .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coming_Home_(1978_film)', 'summary': "Coming Home is a 1978 American drama film directed by Hal Ashby from a screenplay written by Waldo Salt and Robert C. Jones from a story by Nancy Dowd . It stars Jane Fonda , Jon Voight , Bruce Dern , Penelope Milford , Robert Carradine and Robert Ginty . The film 's narrative follows a perplexed woman , her Marine husband , and a paraplegic Vietnam War veteran she meets while her husband is deployed in Vietnam . The film was released theatrically on February 15 , 1978 . Upon release , the film was a critical and commercial success with critics acclaiming the direction , screenplay and performances while the film grossed $ 36 million worldwide against a budget of $ 3 million becoming the 15th highest-grossing film of 1978 , while receiving eight nominations at the 51st Academy Awards , winning the Oscars for Best Actress ( Fonda ) , Best Actor ( Voight ) and Best Original Screenplay . Coming Home is one of only 12 films in history to be on two lists of rare Oscar accomplishments ; nominations for the Big Five Oscars and nominations in all acting categories ."}, {'url': '/wiki/51st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 51st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1978 and took place on April 9 , 1979 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 7:00 p.m. PST / 10:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 22 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Jack Haley Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the first time . Three days earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on April 6 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Gregory Peck and Christopher Reeve . The Deer Hunter won five awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Coming Home with three awards , Midnight Express with two awards , and The Buddy Holly Story , California Suite , Days of Heaven , Death on the Nile , The Flight of the Gossamer Condor , Get Out Your Handkerchiefs , Heaven Can Wait , Scared Straight ! , Special Delivery , Superman , Teenage Father and Thank God It 's Friday with one ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dustin Hoffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman', 'summary': "Dustin Lee Hoffman ( born August 8 , 1937 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and emotionally vulnerable characters . He is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy Awards , six Golden Globe Awards ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award ) , four BAFTAs , three Drama Desk Awards , and two Emmy Awards . Hoffman received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1999 and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in 2012 . Hoffman first drew critical praise for starring in the play Eh ? , for which he won a Theatre World Award and a Drama Desk Award . His breakthrough film role was as Benjamin Braddock in critically acclaimed and iconic The Graduate ( 1967 ) . Since that time , Hoffman 's career has largely been focused on the cinema , with sporadic returns to television and to the stage . Hoffman 's films include Midnight Cowboy , Little Big Man , Papillon , Lenny , Marathon Man , All the President 's Men , Kramer vs. Kramer , Tootsie , Rain Man , Hook , and Wag the Dog . He made his directorial debut in 2012 , with Quartet , and has done voice work for the Kung Fu Panda film series and The Tale of Despereaux ."}]}, {'value': 'Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Rain Man ( 1988 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kramer_vs._Kramer', 'summary': "Kramer vs. Kramer is a 1979 American legal drama film written and directed by Robert Benton , based on Avery Corman 's novel . The film stars Dustin Hoffman , Meryl Streep , Jane Alexander and Justin Henry . It tells the story of a couple 's divorce , its impact on their young son , and the subsequent evolution of their relationship and views on parenting . The film explores the psychology and fallout of divorce and touches upon prevailing or emerging social issues such as gender roles , women 's rights , fathers ' rights , work-life balance , and single parents . Kramer vs. Kramer was theatrically released on December 19 , 1979 , by Columbia Pictures . It was a major critical and commercial success , grossing $ 106.3 million on an $ 8 million budget , becoming the highest-grossing film of 1979 and receiving a leading nine Oscar nominations at the 52nd Academy Awards , winning five : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Hoffman ) , Best Supporting Actress ( for Streep ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/52nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their release from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis . Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry - the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever - and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rain_Man', 'summary': "Rain Man is a 1988 American comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass . It tells the story of abrasive , selfish young wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt ( Tom Cruise ) , who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed all of his multimillion-dollar estate to his other son , Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ) , an autistic savant , of whose existence Charlie was unaware . Charlie is left with only his father 's beloved vintage car and rosebushes . Valeria Golino also stars as Charlie 's girlfriend Susanna . Morrow created the character of Raymond after meeting Kim Peek , a real-life savant ; his characterization was based on both Peek and Bill Sackter , a good friend of Morrow who was the subject of Bill , an earlier film that Morrow wrote . Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988 . The film won four Oscars at the 61st Academy Awards ( March 1989 ) , including Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay , Best Director , and Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hoffman . Its crew received an additional four nominations . The film also won the Golden Bear at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/61st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 61st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1988 , and took place on Wednesday , March 29 , 1989 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis . Ten days earlier , in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson . Rain Man won four awards , including the Best Picture . Other winners included Who Framed Roger Rabbit , also four wins ( three competitive and one special ) ; Dangerous Liaisons , with three awards ; and The Accused , The Accidental Tourist , A Fish Called Wanda , The Appointments of Dennis Jennings , Beetlejuice , Bird , Hôtel Terminus : The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie , The Milagro Beanfield War , Mississippi Burning , Pelle the Conqueror , Tin Toy , Working Girl , and You Do n't Have to Die with one each . The telecast garnered almost 43 million viewers in the United States , the highest since the 56th ceremony in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Caine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Caine', 'summary': "Sir Michael Caine , CBE ( /keɪn/ ; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. , 14 March 1933 ) is an English actor , film producer and author . He has appeared in more than 130 films in a career spanning over 60 years and is considered a British film icon . Known for his cockney accent , Caine was born in Southeast London . He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films , including Zulu ( 1964 ) , The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) , Alfie ( 1966 ) , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter ( 1971 ) , The Last Valley ( 1971 ) , Sleuth ( 1972 ) , for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination , The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) . He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s , with Educating Rita ( 1983 ) , earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . In 1986 , he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen 's Hannah and Her Sisters . Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) . This was his first starring role in several years , which led to a career resurgence in the late 1990s , receiving his second Golden Globe Award for his performance in Little Voice in 1998 and his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules , the following year . Caine played Nigel Powers in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember , and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy . He appeared in several other of Nolan 's films , including The Prestige ( 2006 ) , Inception ( 2010 ) and Interstellar ( 2014 ) . He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón 's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn 's action comedy film Kingsman : The Secret Service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannah_and_Her_Sisters', 'summary': "Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 American comedy-drama film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family over two years that begins and ends with a family Thanksgiving dinner . The film was written and directed by Woody Allen , who stars along with Mia Farrow as Hannah , Michael Caine as her husband , and Barbara Hershey and Dianne Wiest as her sisters . The film 's ensemble cast also includes Carrie Fisher , Farrow 's mother Maureen O'Sullivan , Lloyd Nolan ( who died four-and-a-half months before the film 's release ) , Max von Sydow , and Julie Kavner . Daniel Stern , Richard Jenkins , Fred Melamed , Lewis Black , Joanna Gleason , John Turturro , and Julia Louis-Dreyfus all have minor roles , while Tony Roberts and Sam Waterston make uncredited cameo appearances . Several of Farrow 's children , including Soon-Yi Previn ( who married Allen in 1997 ) , have credited and uncredited roles , mostly as Thanksgiving extras . Hannah and Her Sisters was , for a long time , Allen 's biggest box office hit ( forgoing adjustment for inflation ) , with a North American gross of US $ 40 million . The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay , Best Supporting Actor , and Best Supporting Actress . It is often considered one of Allen 's major works , with critics continuing to praise its writing and ensemble cast ."}, {'url': '/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 59th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 30 , 1987 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1986 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actors Chevy Chase , Paul Hogan , and Goldie Hawn co-hosted the show . Hawn hosted the gala for the second time , having previously been a co-host of the 48th ceremony held in 1976 . Meanwhile , this was Chase and Hogan 's first Oscars hosting stint . Eight days earlier , in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 22 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Catherine Hicks . Platoon won four awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Hannah and Her Sisters and A Room with a View with three awards , Aliens with two awards , and Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got , The Assault , Children of a Lesser God , The Color of Money , Down and Out in America , The Fly , A Greek Tragedy , The Mission , Precious Images , Round Midnight , Top Gun , and Women - for America , for the World with one ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cider_House_Rules_(film)', 'summary': 'The Cider House Rules is a 1999 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures . It was written by John Irving and is based on his novel of the same name . Its story follows Homer Wells , who lives in a World War II-era Maine orphanage run by a doctor who trained him , and his journey after leaving the orphanage . The film stars Tobey Maguire , Charlize Theron , Delroy Lindo , Paul Rudd , Michael Caine , Jane Alexander , Kathy Baker , Kieran Culkin , Heavy D , Kate Nelligan , and Erykah Badu . The film was produced by Miramax Films and FilmColony and premiered at the 56th Venice Film Festival . It grossed $ 110,098 in its opening weekend and $ 88.5 million worldwide , against a budget of $ 24 million . It was positively reviewed and has a 71% approval rating based on 112 votes on Rotten Tomatoes . The film won two Academy Awards : Irving won the Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published , while Michael Caine won his second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , along with four other nominations at the 72nd Academy Awards . Irving documented his involvement in bringing the novel to the screen in his book , My Movie Business .'}, {'url': '/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 72nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1999 and took place on March 26 , 2000 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by husband-and-wife producing team Richard and Lili Fini Zanuck and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the seventh time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 70th ceremony held in 1998 . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California held on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Salma Hayek . American Beauty won five awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included The Matrix with four awards , The Cider House Rules and Topsy-Turvy with two , and All About My Mother , Boys Do n't Cry , Girl , Interrupted , King Gimp , My Mother Dreams the Satan 's Disciples in New York , The Old Man and the Sea , One Day in September , The Red Violin , Sleepy Hollow , and Tarzan with one . The telecast garnered almost 47 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Hanks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Hanks', 'summary': "Thomas Jeffrey Hanks ( born July 9 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as Splash ( 1984 ) , Bachelor Party ( 1984 ) , Big ( 1988 ) , Turner & Hooch ( 1989 ) , A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) , You 've Got Mail ( 1998 ) , The Green Mile ( 1999 ) , Cast Away ( 2000 ) , Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) , Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) , Sully ( 2016 ) , and A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood ( 2019 ) . He has also starred in the Robert Langdon films , and he voices Sheriff Woody in the Toy Story film series . He is one of the most popular and recognizable film stars worldwide , and he is widely regarded as an American cultural icon . Hanks has collaborated with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date : Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , The Terminal ( 2004 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and The Post ( 2017 ) , as well as the 2001 miniseries Band of Brothers , which launched Hanks as a successful director , producer , and screenwriter . In 2010 , Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries The Pacific . Hanks ' films have grossed more than $ 4.9 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $ 9.96 billion worldwide , making him the fifth-highest-grossing actor in North America . His awards include a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Philadelphia ( 1993 ) , as well as a Golden Globe Award , an Academy Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a People 's Choice Award for Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) . Hanks is one of only two actors to win the Academy Award for Best Actor in consecutive years , Spencer Tracy being the other . In 2004 , he received the Stanley Kubrick Britannia Award for Excellence in Film from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) . In 2014 , he received a Kennedy Center Honor , and in 2016 , he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama , as well as the French Legion of Honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_(film)', 'summary': 'Philadelphia is a 1993 American legal drama film written by Ron Nyswaner , directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington . It was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge HIV/AIDS , homosexuality , and homophobia . For his role as Andrew Beckett , Hanks won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 66th Academy Awards , while the song Streets of Philadelphia by Bruce Springsteen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song . Nyswaner was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay , but lost to Jane Campion for The Piano .'}, {'url': '/wiki/66th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 66th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1993 and took place on March 21 , 1994 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the first time . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on February 26 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern . Schindler 's List won seven awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg . Other winners included Jurassic Park and The Piano with three awards each , Philadelphia with two awards , and The Age of Innocence , Belle Epoque , Defending Our Lives , The Fugitive , I Am a Promise : The Children of Stanton Elementary School , Mrs. Doubtfire , Schwarzfahrer and The Wrong Trousers with one . The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Forrest_Gump', 'summary': "Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth . It is based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom , and stars Tom Hanks , Robin Wright , Gary Sinise , Mykelti Williamson , and Sally Field . The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump ( Hanks ) , a slow-witted but kind-hearted man from Alabama who witnesses and unwittingly influences several defining historical events in the 20th century United States . The film differs substantially from the novel . Principal photography took place in late 1993 , mainly in Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and to develop other scenes . The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film . Forrest Gump was released in the United States on July 6 , 1994 and received favorable reviews for Zemeckis ' directing , Hanks ' performance , the visual effects , the music and the script . The film was an enormous success at the box office ; it became the top-grossing film in America released that year and earned over US $ 677 million worldwide during its theatrical run , making it the second highest-grossing film of 1994 . The soundtrack sold over 12 million copies . Forrest Gump won the Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Hanks , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Visual Effects , and Best Film Editing . It won many other awards and nominations , including Golden Globes , People 's Choice Awards , and Young Artist Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 27 , 1995 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis . Forrest Gump won six awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included Ed Wood , The Lion King , and Speed with two awards , and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , Blue Sky , Bob 's Birthday , Bullets over Broadway , Burnt by the Sun , Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life , Legends of the Fall , The Madness of King George , Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision , Pulp Fiction , A Time for Justice and Trevor with one . The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jessica Lange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Lange', 'summary': "Jessica Phyllis Lange ( /læŋ/ ; born April 20 , 1949 ) is an American actress . She is the thirteenth actress in history to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting , having won two Academy Awards , three Primetime Emmy Awards , one Tony Award , one Screen Actors Guild Award , and five Golden Globe Awards . Additionally , she is the second actress in history to win the Academy Award for Best Actress after winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , the third actress and first performer since 1943 to receive two Oscar nominations within the same year , the fifth actress and ninth performer to win Oscars in both the lead and supporting acting categories , and is tied as the sixth most Oscar-nominated actress in history . Lange holds the record for the most Golden Globe nominations in the Best Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television category , and is the second actress with the most Golden Globe nominations in history . She is the only performer ever to win Primetime Emmy Awards in both the Outstanding Supporting Actress and Outstanding Lead Actress categories for the same miniseries . Lange has also garnered one Critics Choice Award and three Dorian Awards , making her the most honored actress by the Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association . In 1998 , Entertainment Weekly listed Lange among the 25 Greatest Actresses of the 1990s . In 2014 , Lange was scheduled to receive a star on The Hollywood Walk of Fame , though she has yet to claim it . Lange made her professional film debut in Dino De Laurentiis 's 1976 remake of the 1933 action-adventure classic King Kong , for which she also won her first Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year . In 1983 , she won her second Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as a soap opera star in Tootsie ( 1982 ) and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of the troubled actress Frances Farmer in Frances ( 1982 ) . Lange received three more nominations for Country ( 1984 ) , Sweet Dreams ( 1985 ) and Music Box ( 1989 ) , before winning her third Golden Globe Award , and the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as a manic depressive housewife in Blue Sky ( 1994 ) . In 2010 , she won her first Primetime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ' famed aunt , Big Edie , in HBO 's Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Sky ( 1994 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Sky_(1994_film)', 'summary': "Blue Sky is a 1994 American drama film , about a nuclear coverup , and the last film directed by Tony Richardson . It was adapted by Rama Stagner , Arlene Sarner and Jerry Leichtling . It stars Jessica Lange , Tommy Lee Jones , Powers Boothe , Carrie Snodgress , Amy Locane , Galynn Duggan , and Chris O'Donnell . The original music score was composed by Jack Nitzsche . Filmed from May 14 to July 16 , 1990 , the film was completed in 1991 , but because of the bankruptcy of Orion Pictures , it sat on the shelf until 1994 , three years after Richardson 's death on November 14 , 1991 . Despite this , it won critical praise and Lange won the 1994 Academy Award for Best Actress , along with the Golden Globe Award and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association award . The film is based on Rama Stagner-Blum 's real life and the relationship between her parents , Clyde and Gloria Lee Moore-Stagner , during the 1960s while her father was in the army . They later divorced and Gloria remarried before dying in 1982 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 27 , 1995 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis . Forrest Gump won six awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included Ed Wood , The Lion King , and Speed with two awards , and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , Blue Sky , Bob 's Birthday , Bullets over Broadway , Burnt by the Sun , Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life , Legends of the Fall , The Madness of King George , Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision , Pulp Fiction , A Time for Justice and Trevor with one . The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tootsie ( 1982 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tootsie', 'summary': 'Tootsie is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Dustin Hoffman . Its supporting cast includes Jessica Lange , Teri Garr , Dabney Coleman , Bill Murray , Charles Durning , George Gaynes , Geena Davis , Doris Belack and Pollack . The film tells the story of a talented but volatile actor whose reputation for being difficult forces him to adopt a new identity as a woman in order to land a job . The film was adapted by Larry Gelbart , Barry Levinson ( uncredited ) , Elaine May ( uncredited ) and Murray Schisgal from a story by Gelbart and Don McGuire . The film was a major critical and financial success , the second most profitable film of 1982 , and was nominated for ten Academy Awards including Best Picture . Lange was the only winner , for Best Supporting Actress . In 1998 the Library of Congress deemed the film culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . The theme song , It Might Be You , was performed by Stephen Bishop , with music by Dave Grusin and a lyric by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was a Top 40 hit in the United States and hit No . 1 on the adult contemporary chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/55th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11 , 1983 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli , Dudley Moore , Richard Pryor , and Walter Matthau . The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi , which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations . Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year , ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie . Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award . She had been nominated the year before for The French Lieutenant 's Woman and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades . Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman . This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony . Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and , in subsequent years , her special aired prior to the Academy 's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet . It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maggie Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maggie_Smith', 'summary': "Dame Margaret Natalie Smith CH DBE ( born 28 December 1934 ) is an English actress . She has had an extensive , varied career on stage , film , and television , spanning over 68 years . Smith has appeared in more than 60 films , and is one of Britain 's most recognisable actresses . She was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990 for contributions to the performing arts , and a Companion of Honour in 2014 for services to drama . Smith began her career on stage as a student , performing at the Oxford Playhouse in 1952 , and made her professional debut on Broadway in New Faces of '56 . For her work on the London stage , she has won a record six Best Actress Evening Standard Awards : for The Private Ear , and The Public Eye ( both 1962 ) , Hedda Gabler ( 1970 ) , Virginia ( 1981 ) , The Way of the World ( 1984 ) , Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) and A German Life ( 2019 ) . She received Tony Award nominations for Private Lives ( 1975 ) and Night and Day ( 1979 ) , before winning the 1990 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for Lettice and Lovage . She appeared in Stratford Shakespeare Festival productions of Antony and Cleopatra ( 1976 ) and Macbeth ( 1978 ) , and West End productions of A Delicate Balance ( 1997 ) and The Breath of Life ( 2002 ) . She received the Society of London Theatre Special Award in 2010 . On screen , Smith first drew praise for the crime film Nowhere to Go ( 1958 ) , for which she received her first nomination for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) Award . She has won two Academy Awards , winning Best Actress for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) and Best Supporting Actress for California Suite ( 1978 ) . She is one of only seven actresses to have won in both categories ."}]}, {'value': 'The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Prime_of_Miss_Jean_Brodie_(film)', 'summary': "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is a 1969 British drama film directed by Ronald Neame and written by Jay Presson Allen . It stars Maggie Smith in the title role as an unrestrained teacher at a girls ' school in Edinburgh . The screenplay was based on the novel of the same name by Muriel Spark ."}, {'url': '/wiki/42nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Academy Awards were presented April 7 , 1970 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . For the second year in a row , there was no official host . Awards were presented by seventeen Friends of Oscar : Bob Hope , John Wayne , Barbra Streisand , Fred Astaire , Jon Voight , Myrna Loy , Clint Eastwood , Raquel Welch , Candice Bergen , James Earl Jones , Katharine Ross , Cliff Robertson , Ali MacGraw , Barbara McNair , Elliott Gould , Claudia Cardinale , and Elizabeth Taylor . This was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be broadcast via satellite to an international audience , but only outside North America . Mexico and Brazil were the sole countries to broadcast the event live . This is currently the highest rated of the televised Academy Awards ceremonies , according to Nielsen ratings . Midnight Cowboy became the first - and so far , the only - X-rated film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . Its rating has since been downgraded to R. The previous year had seen the only G-rated film to win Best Picture , Carol Reed 's Oliver ! . They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? set an Oscar record by receiving nine nominations without one for Best Picture . This was the last time until the 68th Academy Awards wherein none of the four acting winners had appeared in Best Picture nominees , as well as the first time where every acting nomination , as well as every major nominated film , was in color ."}]}, {'value': 'California Suite ( 1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Suite', 'summary': 'California Suite is a 1976 play by Neil Simon . Similar in structure to his earlier Plaza Suite , the comedy is composed of four playlets set in Suite 203-04 , which consists of a living room and an adjoining bedroom with an ensuite bath , in The Beverly Hills Hotel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/51st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 51st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1978 and took place on April 9 , 1979 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 7:00 p.m. PST / 10:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 22 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Jack Haley Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the first time . Three days earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on April 6 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Gregory Peck and Christopher Reeve . The Deer Hunter won five awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Coming Home with three awards , Midnight Express with two awards , and The Buddy Holly Story , California Suite , Days of Heaven , Death on the Nile , The Flight of the Gossamer Condor , Get Out Your Handkerchiefs , Heaven Can Wait , Scared Straight ! , Special Delivery , Superman , Teenage Father and Thank God It 's Friday with one ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Cooper †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Cooper', 'summary': "Gary Cooper ( born Frank James Cooper ; May 7 , 1901 - May 13 , 1961 ) was an American actor known for his natural , authentic , understated acting style and screen performances . Cooper 's career spanned 36 years , from 1925 to 1961 , and included leading roles in 84 feature films . He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood . His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women , and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres . His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen . Throughout his career , he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero . Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider , but soon landed acting roles . After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films , he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture , The Virginian . In the early 1930s , he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms ( 1932 ) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer ( 1935 ) . During the height of his career , Cooper portrayed a new type of hero - a champion of the common man - in films such as Mr . Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) , Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) , and For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) . In the postwar years , he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead ( 1949 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergeant York ( 1941 ) High Noon ( 1952 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergeant_York_(film)', 'summary': "Sergeant York is a 1941 American biographical film about the life of Alvin York , one of the most-decorated American soldiers of World War I . It was directed by Howard Hawks and was the highest-grossing film of the year . The film was based on the diary of Sergeant Alvin York , as edited by Tom Skeyhill , and adapted by Harry Chandlee , Abem Finkel , John Huston , Howard E. Koch , and Sam Cowan ( uncredited ) . York refused , several times , to authorize a film version of his life story , but finally yielded to persistent efforts in order to finance the creation of an interdenominational Bible school . The story that York insisted on Gary Cooper for the title role derives from the fact that producer Jesse L. Lasky recruited Cooper by writing a plea that he accept the role and then signed York 's name to the telegram . Cooper went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal . The film also won for Best Film Editing and was nominated in nine other categories , including Best Picture , Director ( Hawks ) , Supporting Actor ( Walter Brennan ) , and Supporting Actress ( Margaret Wycherly ) . The American Film Institute ranked the film 57th in the its 100 most inspirational American movies . It also rated Alvin York 35th in its list of the top 50 heroes in American cinema . In 2008 , Sergeant York was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/14th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 14th Academy Awards honored film achievements in 1941 and was held in the Biltmore Bowl at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony is now considered notable , in retrospect , as the year in which Citizen Kane failed to win Best Picture , which instead was awarded to John Ford 's How Green Was My Valley . Ford won his third award for Best Director , becoming the second to accomplish three wins in that category , and the first to win in consecutive years ( having won for The Grapes of Wrath the previous year ) . Most public attention was focused on the Best Actress race between sibling rivals Joan Fontaine in Alfred Hitchcocks Suspicion and Olivia de Havilland for Hold Back the Dawn . Fontaines victory was the only time a performer won for a role in a Hitchcock film . This was also the first year in which documentaries were included . The first Oscar for a documentary was awarded to Churchill 's Island . The Little Foxes established a new high of nine nominations without winning a single Oscar . Its mark was matched by Peyton Place in 1957 , and exceeded by The Turning Point and The Color Purple , both of which received 11 nominations without a win . Citizen Kane , often later designated as the greatest film ever made in a number of polls , was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but won only one , for Best Original Screenplay . A portion of the ceremony was broadcast by CBS Radio ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Noon', 'summary': "High Noon is a 1952 American Western film produced by Stanley Kramer from a screenplay by Carl Foreman , directed by Fred Zinnemann , and starring Gary Cooper . The plot , depicted in real time , centers on a town marshal who is torn between his sense of duty and his love for his new bride and who must face a gang of killers alone . Though mired in controversy with political overtones at the time of its release , the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won four ( Actor , Editing , Music-Score , and Music-Song ) as well as four Golden Globe Awards ( Actor , Supporting Actress , Score , and Cinematography-Black and White ) . The award-winning score was written by Russian-born composer Dimitri Tiomkin . High Noon was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant in 1989 , the NFR 's first year of existence . An iconic film whose story has been partly or completely repeated in later film productions , the ending scenes especially inspired a next-to-endless number of later films , including but not just limited to westerns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/25th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City . It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center . A major upset occurred when the heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere listed the film among the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon , and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well . The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 91st Academy Awards , it has not happened since ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Katharine Hepburn won four Academy Awards ( all for Best Actress ) , more than any other actor or actress in the history of the award . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception . Throughout the history of the Academy Awards , there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , or Best Supporting Actress . [ 1 ] The only restriction is that actors can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . [ 2 ] This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way . [ 3 ] As of 2019 [ update ] , 42 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories . Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards . [ 4 ] Five have won three Academy Awards : Daniel Day-Lewis ( three Best Actor awards ) , Meryl Streep ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , Jack Nicholson ( two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award ) , [ 5 ] Ingrid Bergman ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , [ 6 ] and Walter Brennan ( three Best Supporting Actor awards ) , [ 7 ] Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940 , followed by Hepburn in 1968 , Bergman in 1974 , Nicholson in 1997 , Streep in 2011 , and most recently Day-Lewis in 2012 . Of the six , only Nicholson , Streep , and Day-Lewis are still living . While there is no restriction on a performer winning the Best Actor/Actress and Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards in the same year for two different roles in two different movies , this has yet to happen . † = deceased', 'uid': 'List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories_0', 'intro': 'The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception. Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress. The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance. This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way. As of 2020[update], 43 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards. Five have won three Academy Awards: Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards), Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award), Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards), Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day-Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day-Lewis are still living. While there is no restriction on a performer winning the Best Actor/Actress and Best Supporting Actor/Actress awards in the same year for two different roles in two different movies, this has yet to happen.'}	null	null	This actress has two wins including one for an American black comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen ?	Cate Blanchett
018049466df2858b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grand_Prix_(athletics)', 'title': 'British Grand Prix (athletics)', 'header': ['Event', 'Record', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '100 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/100_metres', 'summary': 'The 100 metres , or 100-metre dash , is a sprint race in track and field competitions . The shortest common outdoor running distance , it is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics . It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women . The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983 .'}]}, {'value': '9.77 ( +1.5 m/s )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asafa Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asafa_Powell', 'summary': 'Asafa Powell , CD ( born 23 November 1982 ) is a Jamaican sprinter who specialises in the 100 metres . He set the 100 metres world record twice , between June 2005 and May 2008 with times of 9.77 and 9.74 seconds . Powell has consistently broken the 10-second barrier in competition , with his personal best of 9.72 s ranking fourth on the all-time list of male 100 metre athletes . As of 1 September 2016 , Powell has broken the ten-second barrier more times than anyone else - 97 times . He currently holds the world record for the 100 yard dash with a time of 9.09 s , set on 27 May 2010 in Ostrava , Czech Republic . At the 2016 Rio Olympic Games he won a gold medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay . Powell competed in the 100 m at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 Olympics , finishing fifth in 2004 and 2008 and eighth after injuring his groin during the race in 2012 . At the 2007 Osaka World Championships , he won a bronze and a silver medal in the 100 m and 4 x 100 m relay respectively , and he was successful at the Commonwealth Games , winning two golds and one silver medal . At the 2009 World Championships , he won the 100 m bronze and relay gold . Powell has won five times at the IAAF World Athletics Final and was the former 100 m world record holder in the event . Powell had tested positive for the drug oxilofrine in 2013 and withdrew from the 2013 World Athletics Championships as a result . Powell and fellow Jamaican Sprinter , Sherone Simpson had taken the supplement Ephiphany D1 as part of their training regimen , not knowing it contained oxilofrine .'}]}, {'value': 'Jamaica', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/200_metres', 'summary': "The 200 metres ( also spelt 200 meters ) is a sprint running event . On an outdoor race 400 m track , the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight , so a combination of techniques are needed to successfully run the race . A slightly shorter race , called the stadion and run on a straight track , was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games . The 200 m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes predominantly rely on anaerobic energy system during the 200 m sprint . Similarly to other sprint distances , the 200 m begins from the starting blocks . When the sprinters adopt the 'set ' position in the blocks they are able to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles . This enables them to stride forwards more powerfully when the race begins and start faster . In the United States and elsewhere , athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash ( 201.168 m ) instead of the 200 m ( 218.723 yards ) , though the distance is now obsolete . The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200 m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds , but other conversion methods exist . Another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight , which was run on tracks that contained such a straight . Initially , when the International Amateur Athletic Association ( now known as the International Association of Athletics Federations ) started to ratify world records in 1912 , only records set on a straight track were eligible for consideration . In 1951 , the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track ."}]}, {'value': '19.94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(athlete)', 'summary': "Michael Duane Johnson ( born September 13 , 1967 ) is an American retired sprinter who won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals in the span of his career . He formerly held the world and Olympic records in the 200 m and 400 m , as well as the world record in the indoor 400 m. He also once held the world 's best time in the 300 m. Johnson is generally considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the history of track and field . Johnson is the only male athlete in history to win both the 200 metres and 400 metres events at the same Olympics , a feat he accomplished at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . Johnson is also the only man to successfully defend his Olympic title in the 400 m , having done so at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . Aside from his Olympic success , Johnson accumulated eight gold medals at the World Championships and is tied with Carl Lewis for the third most gold medals won by a runner ( after Usain Bolt and Allyson Felix ) . Johnson 's stiff upright running position and very short steps defied the conventional wisdom that a high knee lift was necessary for maximum speed . As of 2012 , Johnson holds 13 of the top 100 times for the 200 metres and 27 of the top 100 times for the 400 metres . Of those , he holds 14 of the top 25 times for the 400 metres . He broke 44 seconds for the 400 metres twenty-two times , more than twice as many times as any other athlete . Johnson currently holds the national records for the 200 , 300 and 400 metres . The 4 x 400 metres relay world record was anchored by Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 September 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/300_metres', 'summary': 'The 300 metres is an uncommon sprinting event in track and field competitions .'}]}, {'value': '31.56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Walker_(athlete)', 'summary': "Douglas Walker ( born 28 July 1973 in Inverness ) , also known as Doug or Dougie Walker , is a former Scottish sprinter . He represented Scotland at the Commonwealth Games in 1994 and 1998 . He was a relay medallist at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics and at the 1998 European Athletics Championships he claimed a 200 metres/relay gold medal double . Educated at George Heriot 's School in Edinburgh , in 1998 he became European champion in both 200 metres and 4x100 metres relay . With 31.56 seconds he is the European record holder in 300 metres , although this distance is rarely run . He failed a drugs test in 1998 for an anabolic steroid , nandrolone , one of a number of high-profile positives in that year attributed to a tainted supplement , Maximuscle but was acquitted in 1999 by UK Athletics . IAAF did however overturn that decision and he received a two-year doping ban in 2000 . Despite an attempted comeback following his suspension , the ban effectively ended his elite level athletics career ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 July 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/400_metres', 'summary': "The 400 metres , or 400 metre dash , is a sprinting event in track and field competitions . It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women . On a standard outdoor running track , it is one lap around the track . Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course . In many countries , athletes previously competed in the 440 yard dash ( 402.336 m ) - which is a quarter of a mile and was referred to as the 'quarter-mile ' - instead of the 400 m ( 437.445 yards ) , though this distance is now obsolete . Like other sprint disciplines , the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks . The runners take up position in the blocks on the 'ready ' command , adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the 'set ' command , and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter 's pistol . The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability . Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event , but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap . While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event , there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400 metre athletes is open to debate . The current men 's world record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa , with a time of 43.03 seconds ; van Niekerk is also the Olympic champion . Steven Gardiner is the reigning World Champion ."}]}, {'value': '44.23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirani James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirani_James', 'summary': "Kirani James ( born 1 September 1992 ) is a Grenadian sprinter who specializes in the 200 and 400 metres . He won the 400 m at the World Championships in 2011 and the 2012 London Olympics . He is Grenada 's first and only Olympic medalist . Prodigious from a young age , he ran the fastest 400 m times ever by a 14-year-old and a 15-year-old . He won a series of gold medals at the CARIFTA Games and the Commonwealth Youth Games and rose on the international stage with 400 m silver medals at the 2007 World Youth and 2008 World Junior Championships . James became the first athlete to run a 200/400 double at the 2009 World Youth Championships and was the 2010 World Junior Champion . James received an athletic scholarship at the University of Alabama and won back-to-back NCAA Outdoor Championship titles in his first two years . He is the third fastest of all-time indoors ( 44.80 seconds ) and ran a personal best of 43.74 at a 2014 Diamond League event in Lausanne . James is one of only nine athletes ( along with Valerie Adams , Usain Bolt , Veronica Campbell-Brown , Jacques Freitag , Yelena Isinbayeva , Jana Pittman , Dani Samuels and David Storl ) to win world championships at the youth , junior , and senior level of an athletic event ."}]}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '600 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/600_metres', 'summary': 'The 600 metres is a rarely run middle-distance running event in track and field competitions . It is most often run at high school indoor track and field competitions .'}]}, {'value': '1:13.10 DLR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League', 'summary': "The Diamond League is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions comprising 15 of the best invitational athletics meetings . The series sits in the top tier of the World Athletics ( formerly known as the IAAF ) one-day meeting competitions . The inaugural season was in 2010 . It was designed to replace the IAAF Golden League , which had been held annually since 1998 . The full sponsorship name is the Wanda Diamond League , the result of an agreement with Wanda Group that was announced in December 2019 . While the Golden League was formed to increase the profile of the leading European athletics competitions , the Diamond League 's aim is to enhance the worldwide appeal of athletics by going outside Europe for the first time . In addition to the original Golden League members ( except Berlin ) and other traditional European competitions , the series now includes events in China , Qatar , Morocco , and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'David Rudisha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Rudisha', 'summary': "David Lekuta Rudisha , MBS ( born 17 December 1988 ) is a Kenyan middle-distance runner . He is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic champion , 2-time World Champion ( 2011 and 2015 ) , and world record holder in the 800 metres . Rudisha is the first and only person to ever run under 1:41 for the event , and he holds the three fastest , six of the eight fastest , and half of the twenty fastest times ever run in this event . He also holds the world 's best time in the 500m , with a time of 57.69 , [ a ] and the African record for the 600m , with a time of 1:13.10 . Rudisha has won a record 3 consecutive Track & Field Athlete of the Year awards ( tied with Carl Lewis ) , and also won the IAAF World Athlete of the Year award in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/800_metres', 'summary': "The 800 metres , or 800 meters ( US spelling ) , is a common track running event . It is the shortest common middle-distance running event . The 800 metres is run over two laps of the track ( 400-metre track ) and has been an Olympic event since the first games in 1896 . During indoor track season the event is usually run on a 200-metre track , therefore requiring four laps . The event was derived from the imperial measurement of a half a mile ( 880 yards ) , a traditional English racing distance . Imperial racing distances were common in the United States . American high schools ( in the name of the NFHS ) were the last to convert to metric distances in 1980 , following the NCAA 's conversion in 1976 . Countries associated to the English system converted to metric distances after the 1966 Commonwealth Games . 800 m is 4.67 m less than half a mile . The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed . Both the aerobic and anaerobic systems are being taxed to a high extent , thus the 800-metre athlete is required to combine training between both systems . Runners in this event are often fast enough to compete in the 400 metres or the 4 × 400 metres relay but only Alberto Juantorena and Jarmila Kratochvílová have won major international titles at 400 m and 800 m. If they are so inclined , 400 m runners are usually encouraged to run the 200 metres while 800 m runners are encouraged to run the 1500 metres or long distance events ."}]}, {'value': '1:42.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Korir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmanuel_Korir', 'summary': 'Emmanuel Korir ( born June 15 , 1995 ) is a middle-distance runner from Kenya . In 2017 , he set the indoor world record for 600 meters . As of 22 July 2018 he is ranked as the sixth fastest athlete over 800 m of all time , with a personal best of 1:42.05 . In 2017 , he left the UTEP Miners for a professional running contract with Nike , Inc . While at UTEP , he was coached by gold medalist Paul Ereng .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 August 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1500 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1500_metres', 'summary': "The 1500 metres or 1,500-metre run ( typically pronounced 'fifteen-hundred metres ' ) is the foremost middle distance track event in athletics . The distance has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 and the World Championships in Athletics since 1983 . It is equivalent to 1.5 kilometers or approximately \u200b15⁄16 miles . The demands of the race are similar to that of the 800 metres , but with a slightly higher emphasis on aerobic endurance and a slightly lower sprint speed requirement . The 1500 metre race is predominantly aerobic , but anaerobic conditioning is also required . Each lap run during the world-record race run by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in 1998 in Rome , Italy averaged just under 55 seconds ( or under 13.8 seconds per 100 metres ) . 1,500 metres is three and three-quarter laps around a 400-metre track . During the 1970s and 1980s this race was dominated by British runners , along with an occasional Finn , American , or New Zealander , but through the 1990s many African runners began to win Olympic medals in this race , especially runners from Kenya , Morocco and Algeria . In the Modern Olympic Games , the men 's 1,500-metre race has been contested from the beginning , and at every Olympic Games since . The first winner , in 1896 , was Edwin Flack of Australia , who also won the first gold medal in the 800-metre race . The women 's 1,500-metre race was first added to the Summer Olympics in 1972 , and the winner of the first gold medal was Lyudmila Bragina of the Soviet Union . During the Olympic Games of 1972 through 2008 , the women 's 1,500-metre race has been won by three Soviets plus one Russian , one Italian , one Romanian , one Briton , one Kenyan , and two Algerians ."}]}, {'value': '3:29.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asbel Kiprop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop', 'summary': 'Asbel Kiprop ( born 30 June 1989 ) is a Kenyan middle-distance runner , who specialises in the 1500 metres . He was awarded the 1500 m gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics after the original winner , Rashid Ramzi , tested positive for doping . Kiprop has won three World Championship titles in the event , in 2011 , 2013 and 2015 . Kiprop failed his own doping test in November 2017 and received a four-year doping ban . He won his first major title at the 2007 All-Africa Games , taking the 1500 m gold medal , and also won the event at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics , improving upon a bronze medal performance from 2008 . His personal best for the distance is 3:26.69 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mile_run', 'summary': "The mile run ( 1,760 yards or exactly 1,609.344 metres ) is a middle-distance foot race . The history of the mile run event began in England , where it was used as a distance for gambling races . It survived track and field 's switch to metric distances in the 1900s and retained its popularity , with the chase for the four-minute mile in the 1950s a high point for the race . In spite of the roughly equivalent 1500 metres race , the mile run is present in all fields of athletics and it remains the only imperial distance for which the IAAF records an official world record . Although the mile does not feature at any major championship competition , the Wanamaker Mile , Dream Mile , and Bowerman Mile races are among the foremost annual middle-distance races indoors and outdoors , respectively . The current mile world record holders are Morocco 's Hicham El Guerrouj with a time of 3:43.13 and Sifan Hassan of The Netherlands with the women 's record of 4:12.33 ."}]}, {'value': '3:51.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asbel Kiprop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asbel_Kiprop', 'summary': 'Asbel Kiprop ( born 30 June 1989 ) is a Kenyan middle-distance runner , who specialises in the 1500 metres . He was awarded the 1500 m gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics after the original winner , Rashid Ramzi , tested positive for doping . Kiprop has won three World Championship titles in the event , in 2011 , 2013 and 2015 . Kiprop failed his own doping test in November 2017 and received a four-year doping ban . He won his first major title at the 2007 All-Africa Games , taking the 1500 m gold medal , and also won the event at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics , improving upon a bronze medal performance from 2008 . His personal best for the distance is 3:26.69 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 August 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3000 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3000_metres', 'summary': "The 3000 metres or 3000-metre run is a track running event , also commonly known as the 3K or 3K run , where 7.5 laps are completed around an outdoor 400 m track or 15 laps around a 200 m indoor track . It is debated whether the 3000m should be classified as a middle distance or long distance event . In elite level competition , 3000 m pace is more comparable to the pace found in the longer 5000 metres event , rather than mile pace . The world record performance for 3000 m equates to a pace of 58.76 seconds per 400 m , which is closer to the 60.58 seconds for 5000 m than the 55.46 seconds for the mile . However , the 3000 m does require some anaerobic conditioning and an elite athlete needs to develop a high tolerance to lactic acid , as does the mile runner . Thus , the 3000 m demands a balance of aerobic endurance needed for the 5000 m and lactic acid tolerance needed for the Mile . In men 's athletics , 3000 metres has been an Olympic discipline only as a team race at the 1912 , 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics . It has not been contested at any of the IAAF outdoor championships , but is occasionally hosted at annual elite track and field meetings . It is often featured in indoor track and field programmes and is the longest distance event present at the IAAF World Indoor Championships . In women 's athletics , 3000 metres was a standard event in the Olympic Games ( 1984 to 1992 ) and World Championships ( 1980 to 1993 ) . The event was discontinued at World Championship and Olympic level after the 1993 World Championships in Athletics - Qu Yunxia being the final gold medal winner at the event . Starting with the 1995 World Championships in Athletics and the 1996 Olympic Games , it was replaced by 5000 metres , with other IAAF-organized championships following suit ."}]}, {'value': '7:26.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenenisa Bekele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele', 'summary': "Kenenisa Bekele ( Oromo : Qananiisaa baqqalaa ; Amharic : ቀነኒሳ በቀለ ; born 13 June 1982 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner and the current world record and Olympic record holder in both the 5000-metre and 10,000-metre events . He won the gold medal in both the 5000 m and 10,000 m events at the 2008 Summer Olympics . At the 2004 Olympics he won the gold medal in the 10,000 m and the silver medal in the 5000 m. He is married to actress Danawit Gebregziabher and he has one younger brother , Tariku Bekele , who is also an accomplished world-class distance runner . He is the most successful runner in the history of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , with six long ( 12 km ) course and five short ( 4 km ) course titles . He won the 10,000 m title at the World Championships in Athletics in 2003 , 2005 , 2007 and 2009 ( matching Haile Gebrselassie 's four in a row win streak ) . Kenenisa was unbeaten over 10,000 m from his debut in 2003 until 2011 , when he failed to finish at the World Championships final . At the 2009 World Championships in Athletics he became the first man to win both 5000 m and 10,000 m title at the same championships . Over 5000 m he has also won an Olympic silver ( 2004 ) , World Championship bronze ( 2003 ) , two African Championship titles and one All-Africa Games gold medal . He also won the 3000 metres title at the 2006 World Indoor Championships . On 6 April 2014 , he produced the sixth fastest marathon debut ever on a record-eligible course with his victory at the Paris Marathon , in a course record time of 2:05:04 . On 25 September 2016 , Kenenisa won the Berlin Marathon in a time of 2:03:03 , a new personal best , then the third-fastest marathon of all time . On 29 September 2019 , he again won the Berlin Marathon in a time of 2:01:41 , two seconds slower than the world record of 2:01:39 set by Eliud Kipchoge in the 2018 Berlin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 July 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two miles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Two_miles', 'summary': "The 2 mile ( 10,560 feet or exactly 3,218.688 metres ) is a historic running distance . Like the mile run , it is still contested at some invitational meets , perhaps because it provides an easier record to break for meet promoters ( and corresponding bonus payment for participants ) , as well as its historical chronology . It is largely superseded by the 3000 m and 5000 m , and by the 3200 m in NFHS American high school competitions . The IAAF no longer keeps official world records for this distance ; they are called world best instead . The world best for men is 7:58.61 set by Kenyan Daniel Komen in Hechtel , Belgium on 19 July 1997 . The women 's record is 8:58.58 , set by Ethiopian Meseret Defar in Brussels , Belgium on 14 September 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '8:07.85 DLR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League', 'summary': "The Diamond League is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions comprising 15 of the best invitational athletics meetings . The series sits in the top tier of the World Athletics ( formerly known as the IAAF ) one-day meeting competitions . The inaugural season was in 2010 . It was designed to replace the IAAF Golden League , which had been held annually since 1998 . The full sponsorship name is the Wanda Diamond League , the result of an agreement with Wanda Group that was announced in December 2019 . While the Golden League was formed to increase the profile of the leading European athletics competitions , the Diamond League 's aim is to enhance the worldwide appeal of athletics by going outside Europe for the first time . In addition to the original Golden League members ( except Berlin ) and other traditional European competitions , the series now includes events in China , Qatar , Morocco , and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Mo Farah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mo_Farah', 'summary': "Sir Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah , CBE OLY ( born 23 March 1983 ) is a British distance runner . The most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history , he is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medalist in both the 5000 m and 10,000 m. Farah is the second athlete in modern Olympic Games history , after Lasse Virén , to win both the 5000 m and 10,000 m titles at successive Olympic Games . He also completed the 'distance double ' at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics . He was the second man in history , after Kenenisa Bekele , to win long-distance doubles at successive Olympics and World Championships , and the first in history to defend both distance titles in both major global competitions - a feat described as the 'quadruple-double ' . Since finishing 2nd in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , Farah had an unbroken streak of ten global final wins ( the 5000m in 2011 , the 10,000m in 2017 and the double in 2012 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 ) . The streak ended in Farah 's final championship track race , when he finished second to Ethiopia 's Muktar Edris in the 2017 5000 metres final . In his final track race , the 2017 Diamond League Final in Zurich in August 2017 , Farah gained his revenge , edging out world champion Edris to win his only IAAF Diamond League title at 5000 metres . On the track , he mostly competed over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres , but has run competitively from 1500 metres to the marathon . In 2017 he indicated his intention to switch wholly to road racing following victory at his final track race , the 2017 IAAF Diamond League 5000 metres final . His running style has been described as bouncy and tactical , which he has attempted to alter for a more efficient and energy-saving stride pattern , especially in the longer distances . Farah runs distance races tactically , a style which is aided by his quick sprint finish . Born in Mogadishu , Somalia , to an Isaaq Somali family from Gabiley , Somaliland , Farah went on to be based in London and ran for Newham and Essex Beagles athletics club , training at St Mary 's University College , Twickenham from 2001 to 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 August 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5000 m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5000_metres', 'summary': "The 5000 metres or 5000-metre run ( approximately 3.1 mi or 16,404 ft ) is a common long-distance running event in track and field . It is one of the track events in the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics , run over 12.5 laps of a standard track . The same distance in road running is called a 5K run . The 5000 m has been present on the Olympic programme since 1912 for men and since 1996 for women . Prior to 1996 , women had competed in an Olympic 3000 metres race since 1984 . The 5000 m has been held at each of the World Championships in Athletics in men 's competition and since 1995 in women 's . The event is almost the same length as the dolichos race held at the Ancient Olympic Games , introduced in 720 BCE . While mainly run as an outdoor event , the 5000 m is sometimes run on an indoor track . The IAAF keeps official records for both outdoor and indoor 5000-metre track events ."}]}, {'value': '13:00.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincent Chepkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Chepkok', 'summary': "Vincent Kiprop Chepkok ( born 5 July 1988 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specializes in the 5000 metres . Chepkok was born in Kapkitony in the Keiyo District of Kenya 's Rift Valley Province . He won the silver medal in the junior race at the 2007 World Cross Country Championships , finished ninth at the 2009 World Championships and seventh at the 2009 World Athletics Final . He gained a major 5000 m win on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit , winning at the British Grand Prix . He came second at the Cross Internacional Zornotza behind Joseph Ebuya at the start of 2011 . He gained a place on the senior Kenyan World team after coming third at the Kenyan National Cross Country Championships . He repeated that position at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , securing the bronze medal behind Imane Merga and Paul Tanui , as well as sharing in the team gold with the Kenyan men . On the 2011 IAAF Diamond League circuit he was third at the Golden Gala , won at Athletissima , then came third at the Memorial van Damme final to place second overall in the 5000 m rankings . At the start of the cross country season in November 2011 , he came fourth at the Cross de Atapuerca but won the Cross de Soria a week later . He finished second to Edwin Soi at the Campaccio race , then finished behind Ebuya at the Cross Zornotza for a second year running . Chepkok was fifth at the 2012 African Cross Country Championships in March , taking the team title with Kenya . He was runner-up behind Sammy Kitwara at the World 's Best 10K that month ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 July 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110 m hurdles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/110_metres_hurdles', 'summary': "The 110 metres hurdles , or 110-metre hurdles , is a hurdling track and field event for men . It is included in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympic Games . The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles . As part of a racing event , ten hurdles of 1.067 metres ( 3.5 ft or 42 inches ) in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110 metres . They are positioned so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner . Fallen hurdles do not carry a fixed time penalty for the runners , but they have a significant pull-over weight which slows down the run . Like the 100 metres sprint , the 110 metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks . For the 110 m hurdles , the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72 metres ( 45 ft ) from the starting line . The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14 metres ( 30 ft ) from each other , and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 14.02 metres ( 46 ft ) long . The Olympic Games have included the 110 metre hurdles in their program since 1896 . The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80 metres from 1932 to 1968 . Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics , the women 's race was set at 100 metres ."}]}, {'value': '12.95 ( -0.9 m/s )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aries Merritt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aries_Merritt', 'summary': 'Aries Merritt ( born July 24 , 1985 ) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the 110 metre hurdles , and currently holds the world record in that event with a time of 12.80 s set on September 7 , 2012 . He won the gold medal in the 110 metre hurdles at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 August 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '400 m hurdles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/400_metres_hurdles', 'summary': "The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event . The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women . On a standard outdoor track , 400 metres is the length of the inside lane , once around the stadium . Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track . The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force , to prevent injury to the runners . Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over , runners prefer to clear them cleanly , as touching them during the race slows runners down . The best male athletes can run the 400 m hurdles in a time of around 47 seconds , while the best female athletes achieve a time of around 53 seconds . The current men 's and women 's world record holders are Kevin Young with 46.78 seconds and Dalilah Muhammad with 52.16 seconds . Compared to the 400 metres run , the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer . The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics - being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '47.67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Young', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Young_(athlete)', 'summary': "Kevin C. Young ( born in September 16 , 1966 ) is a former American athlete . He was the winner of the 400 metres hurdles at the 1992 Summer Olympics . In the final of this event he set a world record and Olympic record of 46.78 seconds , which remains unbeaten , and the first time 47 seconds was broken . He became the 400 m hurdles world champion the following year , winning at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics with a time of 47.18 seconds . He had an unusual hurdling technique of switching between 12 and 13 strides between the hurdles , departing from the 13-stride technique popularized by Edwin Moses . Young 's performances declined after 1993 . He was inducted into the National Track & Field Hall of Fame in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 August 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3000 m steeplechase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase', 'summary': 'The 3000 metres steeplechase or 3000-meter steeplechase is the most common distance for the steeplechase in track and field . It is an obstacle race over the distance of the 3000 metres , which derives its name from the horse racing steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '8:00.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conseslus Kipruto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conseslus_Kipruto', 'summary': 'Conseslus Kipruto ( born 8 December 1994 ) is a Kenyan middle distance runner who competes in the 3000 metre steeplechase . He won the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics , 2017 and 2019 World Championships . Kipruto also won the World Youth and in 2012 the World Junior titles in the steeplechase . He also ranks second on the all-time junior lists with 8:01.16 . He set his personal best of 8:00.12 minutes at the Birmingham Diamond League event in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_jump', 'summary': "The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it . In its modern most practiced format , a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing . In the modern era , athletes run towards the bar and use the Fosbury Flop method of jumping , leaping head first with their back to the bar . Since ancient times , competitors have introduced increasingly effective techniques to arrive at the current form . The discipline is , alongside the pole vault , one of two vertical clearance events to feature on the Olympic athletics programme . It is contested at the World Championships in Athletics and IAAF World Indoor Championships , and is a common occurrence at track and field meetings . The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women , having been held at the 1928 Olympic Games . Javier Sotomayor ( Cuba ) is the current men 's record holder with a jump of 2.45 m ( 8 ft 1⁄4 in ) set in 1993 - the longest standing record in the history of the men 's high jump . Stefka Kostadinova ( Bulgaria ) has held the women 's world record at 2.09 m ( 6 ft 10 1⁄4 in ) since 1987 , also the longest-held record in the event ."}]}, {'value': '2.40 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mutaz Essa Barshim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mutaz_Essa_Barshim', 'summary': 'Mutaz Essa Barshim ( Arabic : معتز عيسى برشم ; born 24 June 1991 ) is a Qatari athlete who is specialized in high jump . He is the national record and Asian record holder with a best mark of 2.43 m ( 7 ft 11 1⁄2 in ) . He won a gold medal at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London and at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha . Barshim also won bronze at the London 2012 Summer Olympics , and silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio . He was earlier the Asian Indoor and World Junior champion in 2010 , and won the high jump gold medals at the 2011 Asian Athletics Championships and 2011 Military World Games . Mutaz jumps off his left foot , using the Fosbury Flop technique , with a pronounced backwards arch over the bar . One of his brothers , Muamer , is also a high jumper .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 August 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_jump', 'summary': 'The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed , strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point . Along with the triple jump , the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the horizontal jumps . This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948 .'}]}, {'value': '8.53 m ( +1.5 m/s )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luvo Manyonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luvo_Manyonga', 'summary': 'Luvo Manyonga ( born 8 January 1991 ) is a South African track and field athlete who specialises in the long jump . He won the 2017 World Championship in London and the 2018 Commonwealth Games title in the Gold Coast , Australia . He was the Olympic silver medallist in 2016 in Rio de Janeiro . Manyonga was world junior champion in 2010 , and the African Games champion in 2011 . He competed at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , placing fifth . He was the runner-up at the 2016 African Championships in Athletics . He holds a personal best of 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 1⁄2 in ) , set in 2017 in Potchefstroom .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18 August 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_jump', 'summary': "The triple jump , sometimes referred to as the hop , step and jump or the hop , skip and jump , is a track and field event , similar to the long jump . As a group , the two events are referred to as the horizontal jumps . The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop , a bound and then a jump into the sand pit . The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games ' inception in 1896 . According to IAAF rules , the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off ; in the step he shall land on the other foot , from which , subsequently , the jump is performed . The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards , with a jump of 18.29 m ( 60 ft 0.08 in ) , and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine , with a jump of 15.50 m ( 50 ft 10.24 in ) . Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg ."}]}, {'value': '17.74 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Olsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Olsson', 'summary': 'Christian Olsson ( born 25 January 1980 in Gothenburg ) is a former Swedish athlete competing in high jump and triple jump . He won an Olympic gold medal , one gold and one silver medal in the World Championships and two gold medals in the European Championships as well as a further two golds in the World Indoor championships . He also won the overall IAAF Golden League jackpot in 2004 where he cashed in 500,000 US dollars ( after splitting the million dollar pot with Tonique Williams-Darling ) . From 2007 to his retirement in 2012 , he was beset by injuries which left him largely on the sidelines and unable to compete at top level competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 July 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shot_put', 'summary': "The shot put is a track and field event involving putting ( pushing rather than throwing ) a heavy spherical ball - the shot - as far as possible . The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896 , and women 's competition began in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '22.45 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Cantwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Cantwell', 'summary': 'Christian Cantwell ( born September 30 , 1980 in Jefferson City , Missouri ) is a World Champion American shot putter . He placed 4th at the 2012 London Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 June 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Discus_throw', 'summary': 'The discus throw ( pronunciation ) , also known as disc throw , is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc - called a discus - in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors . It is an ancient sport , as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discobolus . Although not part of the modern pentathlon , it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon , which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC , and is part of the modern decathlon .'}]}, {'value': '69.83 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piotr Małachowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piotr_Małachowski', 'summary': 'Piotr Małachowski ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈpjɔtr mawaˈxɔfski ] ; born 7 June 1983 ) is a Polish discus thrower , two-time silver medalist at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics . His personal best throw is 71.84 metres , ranks him fifth in all-time longest discus throw distances , achieved on 8 June 2013 at Hengelo , the Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 July 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javelin_throw', 'summary': "The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin , a spear about 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) in length , is thrown . The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area . Javelin throwing is an event of both the men 's decathlon and the women 's heptathlon ."}]}, {'value': '95.66 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Železný', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Železný', 'summary': 'Jan Železný ( Czech pronunciation : [ jan ˈʒɛlɛzniː ] ( listen ) ; born 16 June 1966 ) is a retired Czech track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . He was a World and Olympic Champion and holds the world record with a throw of 98.48 m. Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era , he also has the second , third and fourth best performances of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 August 1993', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Meeting records -- Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'British_Grand_Prix_(athletics)_0', 'intro': 'The Birmingham Grand Prix, formerly known as the British Grand Prix, is an annual athletics meeting. Since 2010 it has been a part of the Diamond League series of track and field meets.'}	null	null	What is the Record for the person who at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games won a gold medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay ?	9.77 ( +1.5 m/s )
01827f7a5dfe5dd3	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'France at the 1992 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinne Niogret Véronique Claudel Anne Briand-Bouthiaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corinne_Niogret', 'summary': 'Corinne Niogret ( born 20 November 1972 in Nantua , Ain ) is a former French biathlete . She won 2 Olympic medals and 15 medals in the Biathlon World Championships . In 1999/2000 she finished 3rd in the overall World Cup , and she has a total of 8 victories in World Cup races .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Véronique_Claudel', 'summary': 'Véronique Claudel ( born 22 November 1966 in Cornimont , France ) is a former French biathlete . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , she won a gold medal with the French relay team . She won an Olympic bronze medal in 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anne_Briand-Bouthiaux', 'summary': "Anne Briand ( born 2 June 1968 , in Mulhouse ) . Is a former French biathlete . She belonged to the world 's best biathletes in the early 1990s . At the 1992 Olympics in Albertville , the first time this competition was introduced at the olympic level she won a gold medal with the French relay team . in 1995 she won the world title in the sprint event and also won the overall World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Biathlon at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of six biathlon events . They were held at Les Saisies , about 40 kilometres from the host city of Albertville . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 1992 . The 1992 Games were the first in which women competed in biathlon . Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the EUN ( former Soviet nations competing in a unified team ) biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games . Something went very wrong with his transfusion , and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3 x 7.5 km relay", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edgar Grospiron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgar_Grospiron', 'summary': 'Edgar Grospiron ( born 17 March 1969 ) is a French freestyle skier and Olympic champion . He won a gold medal at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . He received a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer . At the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics he was Chef de mission for the French Team . He was in charge of the Annecy bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics , which did not win .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing was an official sport discipline for the first time at the 1992 Winter Olympics , with medals awarded in the moguls event . The venue was Tignes about 85 km from host city Albertville .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's moguls", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabrice Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabrice_Guy', 'summary': 'Fabrice Guy ( born 30 December 1968 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) is a former French nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville he won gold in the 15 km individual , then won a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . He also has two medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event in 1991 and a bronze medal in the 15 km individual event in 1997 . Guy also won the Nordic combined event at the 1992 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Nordic combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two athletic disciplines ( ski jumping and cross-country skiing ) , held from 11 February to 17 February . The ski jumping portion and the 15 km cross-country portion of the Nordic Combined event were both held at Courchevel-le Praz . A temporary cross-country stadium was constructed in a field directly adjacent ( east ) to the Tremplin du Praz ski jump outrun . All other cross-country and Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franck Piccard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franck_Piccard', 'summary': 'Franck Piccard ( born 17 September 1965 ) is a French former Alpine skier . A native of Les Saisies , Piccard won a total of four Alpine skiing World Cup races . At the 1988 Olympics in Calgary he won a gold medal in the Super-G competition ( the first Olympic gold-medal for a French ski racer since 1968 , when Jean-Claude Killy became a three-times gold-medalist ) and a bronze medal in the downhill . At the 1992 Olympics in Albertville he won a silver medal in the downhill . He also could achieve a bronze-medal in the Super-G-Race at the FIS Alpine Skiing World Championships 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's downhill", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carole Merle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carole_Merle', 'summary': 'Carole Merle ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.ʁɔl mɛʁl ] ; born 24 January 1964 ) is a former French Alpine skier . A specialist of Giant Slalom and Super-G , she won 22 World Cup races , 6 World Cup season titles and 1 World Championship gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's super-G", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabelle Duchesnay Paul Duchesnay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabelle_Duchesnay', 'summary': 'Isabelle Duchesnay ( born December 18 , 1963 in Aylmer , Quebec , Canada ) is a retired ice dancer who represented France for most of her career . With her brother Paul Duchesnay , she is the 1991 World champion and the 1992 Olympic silver medalist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Duchesnay', 'summary': 'Paul Duchesnay ( born July 31 , 1961 in Metz , France ) is a retired ice dancer who represented France for most of his career . With his sister Isabelle Duchesnay , he is the 1991 World champion and the 1992 Olympic silver medalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The figure skating events at the 1992 Winter Olympic Games were held at the Halle Olympique located next to the Théâtre des Cérémonies , two kilometres southwest of downtown Albertville . The final placements were decided by factored placements . In the men 's singles , ladies ' singles and the pairs event , the short program ( SP ) was factored by 0.5 , one-third ( 33.3% ) of the total score , while the free skating ( FS ) was factored by 1.0 , two-thirds ( 66.7% ) of the total score . In ice dance , the two compulsory dances ( CD ) were factored by a total of 0.4 ( 0.2 each dance ) , which was 20% of the total score ( 10% each dance ) . The original dance ( OD ) was factored by 0.6 ( 30% of the total score ) , while the free dance ( FD ) was factored by 1.0 ( 50% of the total score ) . In the result of factored placements being tied , the free skating was the tie-breaker . At the 1992 Winter Olympics , the short program was called the original program . The 1992 Winter Olympics was also the first time that the men 's and ladies ' events did not include a compulsory figures competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice dancing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olivier Allamand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Allamand', 'summary': 'Olivier Allamand ( born July 31 , 1969 ) is a French freestyle skier and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville .'}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Freestyle skiing was an official sport discipline for the first time at the 1992 Winter Olympics , with medals awarded in the moguls event . The venue was Tignes about 85 km from host city Albertville .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's moguls", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvain Guillaume', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvain_Guillaume', 'summary': 'Sylvain Guillaume ( born 6 July 1968 in Champagnole , Jura ) is a former French nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville he won a silver in the 15 km individual , then a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . He also won a bronze medal in the 15 km individual at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario .'}]}, {'value': 'Nordic combined', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Nordic combined event at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two athletic disciplines ( ski jumping and cross-country skiing ) , held from 11 February to 17 February . The ski jumping portion and the 15 km cross-country portion of the Nordic Combined event were both held at Courchevel-le Praz . A temporary cross-country stadium was constructed in a field directly adjacent ( east ) to the Tremplin du Praz ski jump outrun . All other cross-country and Biathlon competitions were held at Les Saisies .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's individual", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence Masnada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence_Masnada', 'summary': 'Florence Masnada ( born 16 December 1968 in Vizille ) is a retired French alpine skier , who won two bronze Olympic medals . She is the only French woman who have won the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup , in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine Skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville , France , consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held 9-22 February . The men 's races were held at Val dIsère , except for the slalom , which was at Les Menuires . All five women 's events were conducted at Méribel ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's combined", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'France_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'France was the host nation for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. It was the third time that France had hosted the Winter Olympic Games (after the 1924 Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Games in Grenoble), and the fifth time overall (after the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, both in Paris).'}	null	null	In what city was the silver medalist born whose sport event was held from February 11th to February 17th ?	Champagnole
01873329b09f8fd7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_IAAF_World_Road_Running_Championships', 'title': '2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lornah Kiplagat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lornah_Kiplagat', 'summary': 'Lornah Kiplagat ( born 1 May 1974 ) is a Dutch long-distance runner . She was born in Kabiemit , Rift Valley Province , Kenya and came to the Netherlands in 1999 . She gained Dutch citizenship in 2003 and has competed for the Netherlands since . She runs not only road events but also in cross country and track and field . She ran at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , was the 2007 gold medallist at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , and took three straight World Road Running Championship titles from 2006 to 2008 . In the marathon , she holds a best time of 2:22:22 hours and has won major races in Rotterdam , Amsterdam and Osaka . She currently holds the world road record over 5 kilometres and 10 miles . Her best times over 20 km and the half marathon distance were world records from 2007 to 2011 and remain the second fastest times ever . Part of a highly successful family of runners , her relatives include Sylvia Kibet , Hilda Kibet and Susan Sirma . She is the founder of the famous high altitude training centre in Iten Kenya . The centre is at 2400 metres high above sea level . Elite athletes and recreational runners from all over the world visit HATC every year for training .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '1:06:25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Jepkosgei Keitany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Jepkosgei_Keitany', 'summary': "Mary Jepkosgei Keitany ( born 18 January 1982 ) is a Kenyan long distance runner . She is the world record holder in a women-only marathon , having won the 2017 London Marathon in a time of 2:17:01 . As of November 2019 , she sits third all-time at both the marathon and half marathon . Her former half marathon best of 1:05:50 ( 2011 ) lived three years as the women 's world record . She also has held the world record at 10 miles ( 50:05 minutes ) , 20 kilometres ( 1:02:36 ) , and 25 kilometres ( 1:19:53 ) , all of which were set in road races . In August 2018 she was honored by the Shoe4Africa foundation who funded and built the Mary Keitany Shoe4Africa school in Torokwonin , Baringo County , Kenya . She and her husband Charles sit on the Shoe4Africa school board ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:06:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pamela Chepchumba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Chepchumba', 'summary': 'Pamela Chepchumba ( born March 8 , 1979 in Kapsait , West Pokot District ) is an athlete from Kenya . Her best achievements are from cross country running . Aged only 13 , Chemchumba competed at the 1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing 27th in the junior race . Still at junior level , she participated in the 1994 and 1995 edition of IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing 7th and 10th respectively . At the time she took a break in running to concentrate in schooling , where she was lagging . She went to Kapkenda Secondary School in 1997 . Pamela Chepchumba was suspended for two years after testing positive for EPO at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Lausanne , Switzerland . She had finished sixth , but was disqualified . She returned in 2005 and won the Udine Half Marathon . Her husband Boaz Kimaiyo is also a runner , as is her younger brother Nicholas Koech , who mainly competes in road races . She has two daughters ( as of 2007 ) . She is managed by Federico Rosa and coached by Eric Kimaiyo .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bezunesh Bekele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bezunesh_Bekele', 'summary': 'Bezunesh Bekele ( full name Bezunesh Bekele Sertsu , also written Bizunesh Bekele ; born 29 January 1983 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in cross-country running and marathons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atsede Habtamu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atsede_Habtamu', 'summary': 'Atsede Habtamu Besuye ( born 26 October 1987 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running and the marathon distance . She came to prominence at the IAAF World Road Running Championships in 2007 where , at the age of nineteen , she ran a time of 1:08:29 for the half marathon - a record for a teenage athlete . She stepped up to the marathon a couple of years later and was runner-up on her debut at the Dubai Marathon . She ran at the Boston Marathon later that year but had her first success at the Berlin Marathon , which she won in a personal best time of 2:24:47 . She ran course records to win at the 2010 Eindhoven Marathon , 2011 Daegu Marathon and 2012 Tokyo Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everline Kimwei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everline_Kimwei', 'summary': "Everline Kemunto Kimwei ( born 25 August 1987 ) is a Kenyan female long-distance runner . Her greatest achievement was a team gold medal at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships , where she was sixth . She is joint-holder of the African record for the ekiden marathon relay , courtesy of her winning run for Kenya at the 2006 Chiba Ekiden . Kimwei won a team silver medal as a junior at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . She holds the world junior bests for the 15K and 20K distances , with times of 47:39 minutes and 65:04 minutes , respectively . Both these marks were achieved at the 2006 Kobe Women 's Half Marathon , which she won . Kimwei was based in Japan for much of her teenage life and was highly successful there . She won the Matsue 10K and Sanyo Women 's Half Marathon in both 2005 and 2007 . She also had top three finishes at the Nobeoka Golden Games , Shizuoka International , Hyogo Relays and Sapporo Half Marathon . She was the 2007 Japanese Corporate champion over 10K . Her brief marathon running career began at the 2008 Mumbai Marathon , where she recorded a lifetime best of 2:32:51 hours . She followed this with a run at the 2008 London Marathon , where she failed to finish ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chisato Osaki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:08:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luminița Talpoș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminița_Talpoș', 'summary': 'Luminiţa Talpoş ( born October 9 , 1972 in Craiova , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alice Timbilil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alice_Timbilil', 'summary': 'Alice Jemeli Timbilil ( born 1 February 1983 in Moiben , Uasin Gishu District ) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner . She is a two-time Olympian , having competed over 10,000 metres at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics . She initially started her career on the track , becoming the World Youth Champion in the 10,000 m and running at the 1999 World Championships in Athletics at the age of sixteen . She won a junior silver medal at the 2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and made her Olympic track debut the following year . She continued to mix track and cross country , making her second Olympic appearance at the 2004 Athens Games and securing a senior silver at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . After taking 2006 out due to the birth of her first child , she returned in 2007 and switched her focus to road running competitions . She represented Kenya at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships and won the Saint Silvester Road Race . She made her marathon debut in 2008 and took her first win in the event two years later at the 2010 Amsterdam Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Tecuţă/Gherasim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Gherasim', 'summary': 'Camelia Alina Gherasim ( née Tecuţă , born November 10 , 1971 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . Gherasim competed in the marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She has won a number of road races including the 1996 Paris Marathon , the 2005 Monaco Marathon ( 2:43:44 ) , and the 2006 California International Marathon ( 2:34:23 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atsede Baysa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atsede_Baysa', 'summary': 'Atsede Baysa Tesema , also known as Atsede Bayisa ( born 16 April 1987 ) , is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . She has won the Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon and Paris Marathon twice . She has also won at the Xiamen International Marathon and the Istanbul Marathon . She represented Ethiopia at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships ( taking the team silver ) and at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in the marathon race . She was the half marathon silver medallist at the 2007 All-Africa Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akane Taira', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshimi Ozaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshimi_Ozaki', 'summary': "Yoshimi Ozaki ( 尾崎好美 , Ozaki Yoshimi , born July 1 , 1981 ) is a Japanese long-distance runner , who specializes in the marathon . She won the 2008 Tokyo Women 's Marathon in a personal best time of 2:23:30 hours . A year later she took the silver medal in the event at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . Ozaki has won international team medals with Japan at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She represented Japan in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She is coached by former world marathon medallist Sachiko Yamashita ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Timofeyeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Timofeyeva', 'summary': 'Irina Nikolayevna Timofeyeva ( Russian : Ирина Николаевна Тимофеева ; born 5 April 1970 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in running the marathon . She won the Singapore Marathon in 2005 and the Paris Marathon in 2006 . She ran for Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics , placing seventh in the marathon race . She won the Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon in 2009 . She was banned from the sport for two years , starting 6 September 2016 , due to abnormalities in her biological passport .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Ivanova', 'summary': "Alina Petrovna Ivanova ( Russian : Алина Петровна Иванова ; born March 16 , 1969 in Kildishevo , Yadrinsky District , Chuvash ASSR ) is a retired Russian race walker , best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deena Kastor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deena_Kastor', 'summary': "Deena Michelle Kastor ( née Drossin ; born February 14 , 1973 ) is an American long-distance runner . She holds American records in the marathon and numerous road distances . She won the bronze medal in the women 's marathon at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . She is also an eight-time national champion in cross country ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Glok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olga_Glok', 'summary': 'Olga Glok ( Russian : Ольга Глок ; born 16 December 1982 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . She represented her country at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . She has a marathon best of 2:27:18 hours and has won the Prague Marathon and Twin Cities Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidia Simon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidia_Simon', 'summary': 'Lidia Slăvuțeanu-Șimon ( born 4 September 1973 ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . She competed in the Olympic marathon five times ( 1996-2012 ) , winning a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . She is also a former marathon world champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genet Getaneh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genet_Getaneh', 'summary': 'Genet Getaneh Wendimagegnehu ( born 6 January 1986 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in half marathon and marathon competitions . She represented Ethiopia at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2007 and 2008 , finishing fourth at the latter race . She is a two-time winner of the Great Ethiopian Run and won the 2010 Zevenheuvelenloop . She has a personal best of 2:25:38 hours for the marathon and 1:08:18 hours for the half marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krisztina Papp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krisztina_Papp', 'summary': 'Krisztina Papp ( born 17 December 1982 ) is a Hungarian long distance runner . She is the national indoor record holder over 5000 m. She was selected as Female Athlete of the Year by the Hungarian Athletics Association in 2006 , 2009 and 2010 . Papp began her international career as a junior with appearances at the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics and the 2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . In her first year as a senior athlete she ran for Hungary in the finals of the 3000 metres at the 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships and the 5000 metres outdoors at the 2002 European Athletics Championships . She was the gold medallist in the 10,000 metres at the 2003 European Athletics U23 Championships the following year . Papp had her Olympic debut at the 2004 Athens Games , running in the heats of the 5000 m , and also debuted over the half marathon distance that year , becoming the Hungarian under-23 champion . Track running remained her focus over the next two seasons : she was eighth in the 5000 m at the 2006 European Athletics Championships and took the bronze medal at the 2006 European Cup 10,000m , as well as making appearances at the IAAF World Athletics Final . She took her first victory at the Budapest Half Marathon in September 2007 ( going on to win twice more in 2009 and 2010 ) . That year she made her international road running debut , coming 20th at the 2006 IAAF World Road Running Championships in Udine with a career best time of 1:10:53 hours . Returning to the track , she ran at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and reached the 5000 m finals at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2010 European Athletics Championships . She was also eighth over 10,000 m at the latter event . She opened 2011 with a third-place finish at the Stramilano half marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PB', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_IAAF_World_Road_Running_Championships_1', 'intro': "The 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships were held in Udine, Italy on 14 October 2007. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race."}	null	null	Which organization recognized in 2008 the woman who finished second in the IAAF World Road Running Championships held in 2007 by constructing a school ?	Shoe4Africa
01875cf0d30b0b14	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly', 'title': 'Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly', 'header': ['S. No', 'Constituency', 'Elected Member', 'Party affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purola ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purola_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': 'Purola ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand a northern state of India . Purola is part of Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Raj Kumar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Kumar_(politician)', 'summary': 'Raj Kumar is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand . He represents the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yamunotri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamunotri', 'summary': "Yamunotri is the source of the Yamuna River and the seat of the Goddess Yamuna in Hinduism . It is situated at an altitude of 3,293 metres ( 10,804 ft ) in the Garhwal Himalayas and located approximately 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) North of Uttarkashi , the headquarters of the Uttarkashi district in the Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Chhota Char Dham pilgrimage . The sacred shrine of Yamunotri , source of the river Yamuna , is the westernmost shrine in the Garhwal Himalayas , perched atop a flank of Bandar Poonch Parvat . The chief attraction at Yamunotri is the temple devoted to the Goddess Yamuna and the holy thermal springs at Janki Chatti ( 7 km . Away ) . The actual source , a frozen lake of ice and glacier ( Champasar Glacier ) located on the Kalind Mountain at a height of 4,421 m above sea level , about 1 km further up , is not frequented generally as it is not accessible ; hence the shrine has been located on the foot of the hill . The approach is extremely difficult and pilgrims therefore offer puja at the temple itself . The temple of Yamuna , on the left bank of the Yamuna , was constructed by Maharaja Pratap Shah of Tehri Garhwal . The deity is made of black marble . The Yamuna , like the Ganges , has been elevated to the status of a divine mother for the Hindus and has been held responsible for nurturing and developing the Indian civilization . Close to the temple are hot water springs gushing out from the mountain cavities ."}]}, {'value': 'Kedar Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedar_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Kedar Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Yamunotri constituency in Uttarkashi district . He has been an MLA from 2007-2012 and has presently won second time in 2017 from Yamunotri . Has been active in political life since college days when he was elected the general secretary from DAV college dehradun . Has been a successful lawyer before quitting practise and contesting elections since 2002 when Uttarakhand first went into elections .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangotri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangotri', 'summary': 'Gangotri is a town and a Nagar Panchayat ( municipality ) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi and origin of River Ganges . It is on the Greater Himalayan Range , at a height of 3,100 metres ( 10,200 ft ) . According to popular Hindu legend , it was here that Goddess Ganga descended when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair .'}]}, {'value': 'Gopal Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Gopal Singh Rawat is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Gangotri constituency in Uttarkashi district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Badrinath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badrinath', 'summary': "Badrinath is a holy town and a nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand , India . It is one of the four sites in India 's Char Dham pilgrimage and gets its name from the temple of Badrinath ."}]}, {'value': 'Mahendra Bhatt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahendra_Bhatt', 'summary': 'Mahendra Bhatt is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Bhatt was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Nandaprayag constituency in Chamoli district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tharali ( SC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munni Devi Shah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karnaprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnaprayag', 'summary': 'Karnaprayag is a city and municipal board in Chamoli District in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Karnaprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , situated at the confluence of the Alaknanda , and Pindar River .'}]}, {'value': 'Surendra Singh Negi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surendra_Singh_Negi', 'summary': 'Surendra Singh Negi is an Uttarkhand politician . He is a former MLA of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Kotdwar . He is a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a minister in the Cabinets of Shri N. D. Tiwari , Shri Vijay Bahuguna and Shri Harish Rawat . In 2012 Assembly election , he defeated B. C. Khanduri by 4,623 votes .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kedarnath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kedarnath_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '7-Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 7-केदारनाथ विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Ukhimath Tehsil & KC Chopta Jakhani of Rudraprayag Tehsil . area . Kedarnath Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Rudraprayag ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Manoj Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manoj_Rawat', 'summary': 'Manoj Rawat is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . He represents the Kedarnath ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Manoj is a member of the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudraprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudraprayag', 'summary': 'Rudraprayag is a town and a municipality in Rudraprayag district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand . Rudraprayag is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River , the point of confluence of rivers Alaknanda and Mandakini . Kedarnath , a Hindu holy town is located 86 km from Rudraprayag . The man eating Leopard of Rudraprayag hunted and written about by Jim Corbett dwelled here .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharat Singh Rawat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharat_Singh_Rawat', 'summary': 'Bharat Singh Chaudhari is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Rawat was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Lansdowne constituency in Pauri Garhwal district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghansali ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghansali', 'summary': 'Ghansali is a small town situated almost 65 kilometres from New Tehri and is an important market for adjacent areas . This small town is situated at bank of Bal Ganga and Bhilangana River and also a confluence point of these two river at the height of 976 Meters from sea level .'}]}, {'value': 'Shakti Lal Shah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devprayag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devprayag', 'summary': 'Devprayag ( Deva prayāga ) is a town and a nagar panchayat ( municipality ) in Tehri Garhwal district in the state of Uttarakhand , India , and is one of the Panch Prayag ( five confluences ) of Alaknanda River where Alaknanda , Saraswati ( invisible as it is underground ) and Bhagirathi rivers meet and take the name Ganga .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinod Kandari', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narendranagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narendranagar', 'summary': 'Narendranagar is a town and a municipal board in Tehri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Subodh Uniyal ( Cabinet Minister )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subodh_Uniyal', 'summary': 'Subodh Uniyal is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Uniyal is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Narendra Nagar constituency in Tehri Garhwal district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pratapnagar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vijay Singh Panwar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tehri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tehri_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '13-Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : १३-टिहरी विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . Tehri Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dhan Singh Negi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Negi', 'summary': 'Dhan Singh Negi is a Youth face of BJP & leading Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Negi is currently a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Tehri constituency in Tehri Garhwal district . Negi won the 2017 Assembly election by the widest margin ever in an election for Tehri assembly seat , defeating an incumbent Cabinet minister . In earlier role he has been Chairman of Aanchal Milk Cooperative Society in Tehri Garhwal between 2009-2012 . Dhan Singh Negi is well known leading voice of rural villages and is acclaimed for his proactive approach , out of box thinking and passion to help .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhanaulti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhanaulti', 'summary': 'Dhanaulti is a hill station situated in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range located 24 km ( 15 mi ) from the hill station of Mussoorie'}]}, {'value': 'Pritam Singh Panwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pritam_Singh_Panwar', 'summary': 'Pritam Singh Panwar is an Uttarakhand Kranti Dal leader and member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in India . He was elected from Yamunotri constituency in the 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election and 2012 . In 2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , he defeated to Kedar Singh Rawat of Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chakrata ( ST )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chakrata_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '15-Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 15 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Chakrata area of Dehradun District . This seat is previously known as Chakrata Constituency before 2002 Delimitation Chakrata Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pritam Singh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Uttarakhand_politician)', 'summary': 'Pritam Singh is an Indian politician who is the current President of Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee ( Uttarakhand PCC ) . He is a four term Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly . During the Congress government ( 2002-2007 & 2012-2017 ) in Uttarakhand he had served as a Cabinet Minister for Home , Rural Development , Food and Civil Supplies , Panchayti Raj and Minor Irrigation in Government of Uttarakhand.He was also elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1993 . Singh represents Chakrata ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . He is a member of the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'INC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vikasnagar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vikasnagar_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '16-Vikasnagar Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 16 विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of the Indian state of Uttarakhand . It includes the Vikasnagar area of Dehradun District . Vikasnagar is adjacent to Himachal Pradesh district sirmour and paonta .VikasnagarTehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Munna Singh Chauhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munna_Singh_Chauhan', 'summary': 'Munna Singh Chauhan is an Indian politician , four time MLA , two times in Uttarakhandand member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Chauhan was a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Vikasnagar constituency in Dehradun district .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sahaspur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahaspur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '17-Sahaspur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 17-सहसपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area.Two times Congress . Industrial area selaqui ia part of sahaspur . Educational hub sudduwala is also here.This Sahaspur assembly seat is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sahdev Singh Pundir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sahdev_Singh_Pundir', 'summary': 'Sahdev Singh Pundir is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Pundir is a member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Sahaspur constituency in Dehradun district . He holds a Bachelor degree in Arts . Pundir has been Vice-President of the BJP State Unit and is known to be a very amiable person .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dharampur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dharampur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '18-Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 18-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . This seat is previously known as Laxman Chowk Constituency before 2008 Delimitation . only in 2017 vidhan Sabha bjp won this seat from Congress hands Dharampur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vinod Chamoli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vinod_Chamoli', 'summary': 'Vinod Chamoli is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand and a two term Mayor of Dehradun Municipal Corporation from 3 May 2008 - 3 May 2018 . Chamoli represents the Dharampur ( Uttarakhand Assembly constituency ) . Chamoli is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . he defeated three-time Congress MLA Dinesh Agarwal .'}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raipur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raipur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '19-Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 19-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Raipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': "Umesh Sharma 'Kau '", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umesh_Sharma', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajpur Road ( SC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajpur_(Uttarakhand_Assembly_constituency)', 'summary': '20-Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency ( Hindi : 20-विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र ) is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India . It includes Dehradun Cantonment area . Rajpur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of Tehri Garhwal ( Lok Sabha constituency ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Khajan Das', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BJP', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of current Assembly members [ 3 ]', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly_3', 'intro': "The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, also known as the Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha, is a unicameral governing and law making body of Uttarakhand, one of the 28 States in India, and is seated at Dehradun, the interim capital of Uttarakhand, with 70 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Following the Bharatiya Janta Party's historic win in 2017 election, the current Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Leader of the House is Trivendra Singh Rawat. The Speaker of the Assembly is Premchand Aggarwal. Baby Rani Maurya is the current Governor of Uttarakhand. Between 2002 and 2020, Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly had 71 seats, including one reserved seat for the member of Anglo-Indian community that was abolished on 25 January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, reducing the strength of Assembly from 71 to 70 seats."}	null	null	What was the constituency known as before the 2008 Delimitation represented by the two term Mayor of Dehradun Municipal Corporation ?	Laxman Chowk
018ac17bc87ea48e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Romania at the 2008 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Dumitru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Dumitru', 'summary': 'Alina Dumitru ( Romanian pronunciation : [ aˈlina duˈmitru ] ; born 30 August 1982 ) is a Romanian judoka , one-time Olympic champion and eight-time European champion . At the 2008 Summer Olympics she defeated Japanese double gold medallist Ryoko Tani , who until then had been undefeated in major international competitions for 12 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Judo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 15 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . This was the fifth Olympics for Driulys González ( Cuba ) , Mária Pekli ( Australia ) , Ryoko Tamura-Tani ( Japan ) . The only other judokas to compete at five Olympics are Belgian Robert Van de Walle and Puerto Rican judoka-bobsledder Jorge Bonnet .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg judo competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 9 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . Preliminary rounds started at 12:00 pm CST . Repechage finals , semifinals , bouts for bronze medals , and the final were held at 6:00 pm CST . This event was the lightest of the women 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 48 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts ."}]}, {'value': 'August 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgeta Andrunache Viorica Susanu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgeta_Andrunache', 'summary': "Georgeta Damian ( born 14 April 1976 in Botoșani , Romania ) is a female rower from Romania and winner of five Olympic gold medals . She married the rower Valeriu Andruanche in 2006 . Damian rowed in the Romanian Women 's eight , that won the World Rowing Championships in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 , and the 2000 Summer Olympics , where she also won the Women 's pairs . With Viorica Susanu , she won the World Championships in the pairs in 2001 and 2002 , and at the 2004 Summer Olympics she won gold medals in both pairs and eights . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won gold in the women 's pairs with Susanu , and bronze in the eights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Viorica_Susanu', 'summary': "Viorica Susanu ( born 29 October 1975 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian rower and winner of four Olympic Gold medals . Susanu rowed in the Romanian women 's eight that won the World Rowing Championships in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 , and the 2000 Summer Olympics . In 2001 and 2002 , rowing with Georgeta Damian , she won the World Championships in the women 's pair , setting a world 's best time in 2002 , while continuing to row in the eight . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , she won gold medals in both the pair and the eight , and in 2008 the pair ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 17 , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's coxless pair", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_coxless_pair", 'summary': "Women 's coxless pair competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held between August 9 and 16 at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park . This rowing event is a sweep rowing event , meaning that each boat rower has one oar and rows on only one side . The crew consists of two rowers , with no coxswain used . The competition consists of multiple rounds . Finals were held to determine the placing of each boat ; these finals were given letters with those nearer to the beginning of the alphabet meaning a better ranking . During the first round two heats were held . The top boats in each heat advanced directly to the A final , while all of the other boats were sent to the repechage . Two repechage heats were held , with the top two boats in each of the repechage heats going on to the A final . The remaining finishers in the repechages competed in the B final . The A final determined the medals , along with other rankings through 6th place . The B final determined the remaining ( 7th through 10th ) places ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantina Diṭă-Tomescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantina_Diṭă-Tomescu', 'summary': 'Constantina Diță ( formerly Constantina Diță-Tomescu born on January 23 , 1970 in Turburea , Gorj County ) , is a Romanian long-distance runner , who specializes mainly in the half marathon and marathon . She was the marathon gold medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , having previously won a bronze medal at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also represented her country at the Olympics in 2000 and 2004 . She has a marathon best of 2:21:30 hours . She was the champion at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - the first Romanian to win that honour . She was the 2004 Chicago Marathon winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics were held during the last ten days of the games , from August 15 to August 24 , 2008 , at the Beijing National Stadium . The Olympic sport of athletics is split into four distinct sets of events : track and field events , road running events , and racewalking events . Both men and women had very similar schedules of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , as their schedule lacked the 50 km race walk . In addition , both the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon are reflected in the women 's schedule by the 100 m hurdles and heptathlon , respectively . The Olympic record was broken in 17 returning events . In five events , including the inaugural women 's 3000 m steeplechase , the world record was broken . The athletics was , alongside the Olympic cycling events , one of the few large sports programmes in which the host nation fared comparatively poorly in terms of medals won . Despite a haul of 100 medals at the games as a whole , Chinese athletes took home two bronze medals from the athletics events . The country 's foremost athlete Liu Xiang , the 2004 Olympic champion in the 110 metres hurdles , had to withdraw after a false start due to injury . In the years following the events , results were significantly affected by doping findings ; 19 of the 47 events have had amendments to their medal rankings as a result of testing and retesting of samples taken at or before the Games . Multiple medalists have been sanctioned for doping violations ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_marathon", 'summary': "The women 's marathon at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 17 around an urban circuit specifically designed for the competition at Beijing , and finished in the Beijing National Stadium . The qualifying standards were 2:37.00 ( A standard ) and 2:42.00 ( B standard ) . There were a total number of 82 competitors from 42 nations . The winner was Constantina Diṭă-Tomescu of Romania who at one point took a lead of over a minute and maintained it ahead of the chasing pack all the way into the stadium . She completed the marathon in a time of 2:26:44 . In second place was Catherine Ndereba of Kenya who completed the race in 2:27:06 , closely followed by bronze medalist Zhou Chunxiu of China who finished in a time of 2:27:07 . World record holder Paula Radcliffe of Great Britain took part in the race despite injury problems that bothered her throughout the previous year . However , she did not feature for much of the race and had to pause and do some exercises to rid herself of cramps at one point . She then proceeded to finish the marathon in 23rd place in a time of 2:32:38 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Izbașa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Izbașa', 'summary': 'Sandra Raluca Izbașa ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈsandra izˈbaʃa ] ; born 18 June 1990 ) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania . She is a double Olympic champion , having won the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and vault at the 2012 Olympics . She is also a winner of two Olympic bronze medals ( as part of the Romanian team in 2008 and 2012 ) and multiple World Championship and European Championship medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2008 Summer Olympics , three different gymnastics disciplines were contested : artistic gymnastics , rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline . The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 9-19 . The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium on August 21-24 . The trampoline events were also held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 16-19 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's floor", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_floor", 'summary': "Women 's floor competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 17 at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium . The eight competitors ( with a maximum of two per nation ) with the highest scores in the qualifying round proceed to the women 's floor finals . There , each gymnast performs again ; the scores from the final round ( ignoring qualification ) determine final ranking ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Maria Brânză', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Maria_Brânză', 'summary': "Ana Maria Popescu , formerly known as Ana Maria Brânză ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈana maˈri.a ˈbrɨnzə ] , born 26 November 1984 ) , is a Romanian épée fencer . She earned the silver medal in the individual épée event at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and the gold medal in the 2013 European Fencing Championships . She won the women 's épée World Cup series a record-equalling three times ( 2007-08 , 2008-09 , and 2012-13 ) , with thirteen World Cup titles to her name . With the Romanian team she was twice World champion ( 2010 and 2011 ) and six-times European champion ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , and 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Convention Center .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's épée", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_épée", 'summary': "The women 's épée fencing competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place on August 13 at the Olympic Green Convention Centre . The épée competition consisted of a five-round single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers . Fencing was done to 15 touches or to the completion of three three-minute rounds if neither fencer reached 15 touches by then . At the end of time , the higher-scoring fencer was the winner ; a tie resulted in an additional one-minute sudden-death time period . This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand ; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute , the predetermined draw-winner won the bout ."}]}, {'value': 'August 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mihai Covaliu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mihai_Covaliu', 'summary': "Mihai Claudiu Covaliu ( born 5 November 1977 in Brașov ) is a Romanian retired sabre fencer , Olympic champion in 2000 and world champion in 2005 , and coach of the Romanian men 's sabre team . He is also ex-president of the Romanian Fencing Federation and , from 2016 , president of the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Fencing competitions at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics were held from August 9 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Convention Center .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's sabre", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_sabre", 'summary': "The men 's sabre fencing competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place on August 12 at the Olympic Green Convention Centre . The sabre competition consisted of a five-round single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers . Fencing was done to 15 touches or to the completion of three three-minute rounds if neither fencer reached 15 touches by then . At the end of time , the higher-scoring fencer was the winner ; a tie resulted in an additional one-minute sudden-death time period . This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand ; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute , the predetermined draw-winner won the bout ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreea Acatrinei Gabriela Drăgoi Andreea Grigore Sandra Izbașa Steliana Nistor Anamaria Tamarjan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreea_Acatrinei', 'summary': 'Andreea Roxana Acatrinei ( born April 7 , 1992 ) is a Romanian artistic gymnast . She won a bronze medal with the Romanian team at the 2008 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gabriela_Drăgoi', 'summary': 'Gabriela Drăgoi ( born August 28 , 1992 , in Buzău , Romania ) is a Romanian artistic gymnast . She is an Olympic bronze medalist and a European gold medalist with the team . Individually , she is a European bronze medalist on balance beam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreea_Grigore', 'summary': 'Andreea Florentina Grigore ( born 11 April 1991 in Bucharest , Romania ) is a Romanian artistic gymnast . She is an Olympic bronze medalist and a world bronze medalist with the team . She was a successful junior gymnast winning three silver medals at the 2006 Junior European Championships ( team , floor and beam ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Izbașa', 'summary': 'Sandra Raluca Izbașa ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈsandra izˈbaʃa ] ; born 18 June 1990 ) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania . She is a double Olympic champion , having won the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and vault at the 2012 Olympics . She is also a winner of two Olympic bronze medals ( as part of the Romanian team in 2008 and 2012 ) and multiple World Championship and European Championship medals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steliana_Nistor', 'summary': 'Steliana Nistor ( born 15 September 1989 ) is a Romanian former artistic gymnast . She was a key member of the Romanian team between 2006 and 2008 , where she helped the Romania win team bronze medals at the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 Olympics . Individually , she is the 2007 world all-around and beam silver medallist , the 2007 and 2008 European silver medallist on the uneven bars and the 2007 bronze medallist on the balance beam . Nistor was a strong all-around competitor but her best events were balance beam and uneven bars .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anamaria_Tamarjan', 'summary': 'Anamaria Tămârjan ( born May 8 , 1991 ) is a Romanian artistic gymnast . She is a bronze Olympic medalist and a gold European medalist with the team . Individually , she is a European silver medalist on balance beam and a bronze medalist on floor . Her favorite events are the floor and the balance beam .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2008 Summer Olympics , three different gymnastics disciplines were contested : artistic gymnastics , rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline . The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 9-19 . The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium on August 21-24 . The trampoline events were also held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 16-19 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's artistic team all-around", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_artistic_team_all-around", 'summary': "The women 's artistic team all-around competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 13 , 2008 . Teams qualified through the general artistic qualification performances . Each team was composed of six gymnasts . Five of those gymnasts performed on each of the four apparatus , and four of those scores counted towards the team total . The eight teams with the best combined scores in the qualification moved on to the team final . In the team final , each team selected three gymnasts to compete on each apparatus . All three scores counted for the team score ; the three scores on each apparatus were summed to give a final team score ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constanța Burcică Viorica Susanu Rodica Șerban Beniko Barabas Simona Mușat Ioana Papuc Georgeta Andrunache Doina Ignat Elena Georgescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanța_Burcică', 'summary': "Constanța Burcică ( née Pipotă ; born 15 March 1971 in Sohatu , Călărași County ) is a Romanian Olympic rower . She won the first three instances of the women 's lightweight double scull at the Olympic regatta , in 1996 , 2000 and 2004 . At the 1996 Olympics , Burcică and her partner Camelia Macoviciuc took the inaugural lightweight double scull event . Burcică and her new partner Angela Alupei took the gold medal at the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games in the women 's lightweight double scull event . They also took first place at the Rowing World Cup twice in 2000 , in Vienna , Austria and in Lucerne , Switzerland , and second place at the 2004 World Cup in Lucerne ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Viorica_Susanu', 'summary': "Viorica Susanu ( born 29 October 1975 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian rower and winner of four Olympic Gold medals . Susanu rowed in the Romanian women 's eight that won the World Rowing Championships in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 , and the 2000 Summer Olympics . In 2001 and 2002 , rowing with Georgeta Damian , she won the World Championships in the women 's pair , setting a world 's best time in 2002 , while continuing to row in the eight . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , she won gold medals in both the pair and the eight , and in 2008 the pair ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rodica_Șerban', 'summary': "Rodica Maria Şerban , née Florea ( born 26 May 1983 ) is a Romanian rower . She achieved success in women 's eight , where she won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics , bronze at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 2005 World Rowing Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beniko_Barabas', 'summary': "Enikő Mironcic ( born 21 July 1986 ) is a Romanian rower . She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where she won a bronze medal in women 's eight . She had previously been on the team that won a silver medal for Romania at the 2005 World Rowing Championships , also in the eight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Simona_Mușat', 'summary': "Simona Dumitrita Muşat ( née Strimbeschi , born 16 September 1981 ) is a Romanian rower . She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where she won a bronze medal in women 's eight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ioana_Papuc', 'summary': "Ioana Cristina Rotaru ( née Papuc , 4 January 1984 ) is a Romanian rower . She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where she won a bronze medal in women 's eight . At the 2004 Summer Olympics she won a gold medal at the same discipline . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she was part of the Romanian team that finished 4th ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgeta_Andrunache', 'summary': "Georgeta Damian ( born 14 April 1976 in Botoșani , Romania ) is a female rower from Romania and winner of five Olympic gold medals . She married the rower Valeriu Andruanche in 2006 . Damian rowed in the Romanian Women 's eight , that won the World Rowing Championships in 1997 , 1998 and 1999 , and the 2000 Summer Olympics , where she also won the Women 's pairs . With Viorica Susanu , she won the World Championships in the pairs in 2001 and 2002 , and at the 2004 Summer Olympics she won gold medals in both pairs and eights . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won gold in the women 's pairs with Susanu , and bronze in the eights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Doina_Ignat', 'summary': 'Doina Ignat ( born 20 December 1968 in Rădăuți-Prut , Botoşani ) is a Romanian rower , who has won six Olympic medals during her career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elena_Georgescu', 'summary': "Elena Georgescu ( née Nedelcu , born 10 April 1964 in Bucharest ) is a Romanian coxswain who has won five Olympic medals in the women 's eight event . She competed until 1991 under her maiden name ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 17 , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's eight", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_eight", 'summary': "Women 's eight competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held on August 11 ( heats ) , 13 ( Repechage ) and 17 ( Final A ) , at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park . This rowing event is a sweep rowing event , meaning that each rower has one oar and rows on only one side . Eight rowers and one coxswain crew each boat . The seven teams competing are placed into two heats , of four and three boats each . The fastest boat in each of those heats moves directly on to the final , while the rest of the boats are sent to the repechage . The repechage is a single heat , with the top four of the five boats advancing to the final . The repechage loser is given an overall rank of 7th place , last in the event . The other six boats , competing in the final , are ranked according to their finish in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gheorghiță Ștefan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gheorghiță_Ștefan', 'summary': "Gheorghiță Ștefan ( also known as Ștefan Gheorghiță , born January 17 , 1986 in Bucharest ) is a male freestyle wrestler from Romania . He participated in men 's freestyle 74 kg at 2008 Summer Olympics . He lost the bronze medal fight against Murad Gaidarov . However , after a positive doping test Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan was in November 2016 stripped of the silver medal . Ștefan Gheorghiță was therefore moved up to a bronze medal position . In 2016 , he married Romanian judoka Corina Căprioriu ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , were held at the China Agricultural University Gymnasium from 12-21 August 2008 . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the freestyle events with 18 gold medals being awarded . This was the second Olympics with women 's wrestling as an event ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 74 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_74_kg", 'summary': "Men 's freestyle 74 kg competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , was held on August 20 at the China Agricultural University Gymnasium . This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament , with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals . The two finalists faced off for gold and silver medals . Each wrestler who lost to one of the two finalists moved into the repechage , culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket . Each bout consisted of up to three rounds , lasting two minutes apiece . The wrestler who scored more points in each round was the winner of that rounds ; the bout finished when one wrestler had won two rounds ( and thus the match ) ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20 / 18 Nov 2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Romania_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Romania competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, be held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. Romania intended to send 104 competitors to Beijing, although the delegation was reduced to 102 when two Romanian athletes were suspended for doping before the start of the Olympics. The Romanian delegation for Beijing was the smallest Romanian Olympic delegation since the 1989 Revolution. Romanians competed in 16 sports, including athletics, archery, handball, gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, diving, weightlifting, fencing, table tennis, shooting, tennis, judo, boxing, kayak-canoeing and rowing."}	null	null	Who many times was the gold medalist in women 's 48 kg judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics European champion ?	eight
018b9a3506d008ad	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Cup', 'title': 'FAI Cup', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Score', 'Runner-up', 'Venue', 'Attendance'], 'data': [{'value': '1921-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1921–22_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1921-22 was the first ever edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 14 January 1922 and concluded on 8 April with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ A ] of 10,000 people watched St James 's Gate complete the League and Cup Double by defeating Shamrock Rovers in a fixture marred by violence . The winning goal was scored by John Jack Kelly ."}]}, {'value': "St. James 's Gate", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", 'summary': "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '15,000 / 10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922-23', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922–23_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1922-23 [ A ] was the second edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 6 January 1923 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 14,000 people watched Belfast side Alton United of the Falls League defeat Shelbourne 1-0 . The Falls League 's affiliation to the FAI , [ C ] rather than the IFA , allowed the club to compete in the cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Alton United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alton_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Alton United F.C . is a defunct Irish football club who were based in Belfast , Northern Ireland and played in the Falls District League . During their time in the Falls District League , Alton United played their home matches in the Falls Road area of Belfast at Shauns Park and also at Celtic Park , the home ground of Belfast Celtic , on the Donegall Road in West Belfast . The Falls League was affiliated to the Dublin-based Football Association of Ireland , which had been formed in 1921 as a breakaway from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association . The Falls Road was a largely Roman Catholic Nationalist area , and some football fans there regarded the IFA as a Unionist-dominated body . Belfast Celtic , the best Catholic-supported club , had withdrawn from the Irish League in 1920 , during the instability of the Irish War of Independence , and many of its players turned out for Falls League sides , including Alton United . The high point of Alton United 's existence came when they played Shelbourne in the 1923 Irish Free State Cup Final at Dalymount Park . United were heavy underdogs going into the game and bookies had stopped taken bets on Shelbourne to win the game . United surprisingly beat Shelbourne 1-0 with the single goal scored by Andy McSherry . In late 1923 , the FAI was admitted to FIFA on condition that it confine its operation to the Irish Free State . Thus , the Falls League was disaffiliated . In 1924 , Belfast Celtic re-entered the Irish League , and the Falls League faded ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.', 'summary': "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923-24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1923–24_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1923-24 [ A ] was the third edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 5 January 1924 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 18,000 people watched Dinny Hannon secure Athlone Town 's sole FAI Cup title by defeating Cork side Fordsons ."}]}, {'value': 'Athlone Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athlone_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Athlone Town Association Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bhaile Áth Luain ) is an Irish football club from Athlone who are playing in the League of Ireland . The club is the oldest in the League as it was founded in 1887 . First elected to the League of Ireland in 1922 , they play their home matches in Lissywollen their new stadium which opened in 2007 . The club 's colours are blue and black . Away kits vary from year to year although orange and black has been worn most recently ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fordsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_F.C.', 'summary': "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1924-25', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1924–25_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1924-25 [ A ] was the fourth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 3 January 1925 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 23,000 people packed the stadium to capacity as record holders Shamrock Rovers defeated Ringsend rivals Shelbourne to claim their first title ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.', 'summary': "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '23,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925-26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1925–26_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1925-26 [ A ] was the fifth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 9 January 1926 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 25,000 [ C ] people watched inspirational goalkeeper Bill O'Hagan guide Fordsons to their first and only FAI Cup title by defeating the defending champions Shamrock Rovers ."}]}, {'value': 'Fordsons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_F.C.', 'summary': "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ."}]}, {'value': '3 - 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1926-27', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1926–27_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1926-27 [ A ] was the sixth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 8 January 1927 and concluded on 9 April with the final replay held at Shelbourne Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 10,000 people watched Leinster Senior League side Drumcondra defeat Brideville in the first final to be decided in extra time . Drumcondra completed a cup double having already won the FAI Intermediate Cup"}]}, {'value': 'Drumcondra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumcondra_F.C.', 'summary': 'Drumcondra Football Club is an Irish association football club based in the Clonturk district of Drumcondra , Dublin . Their senior team play in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division . Drumcondra also field teams in the Amateur Football League , the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League and the Dublin & District Schoolboys League . In 1926-27 Drumcondra were the inaugural winners of the FAI Intermediate Cup and in the same season they also won the FAI Cup . They subsequently played in the League of Ireland from 1928-29 until 1971-72 . During this time they won five League of Ireland titles and a further four FAI Cups . In 1972 they merged with their Northside , Dublin neighbours , Home Farm . The new club was briefly known as Home Farm-Drumcondra . The modern club was reformed in 2008 following the merger of Drumcondra A.F.C . and Drumcondra Athletic .'}]}, {'value': '1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Brideville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brideville_FC', 'summary': 'Brideville Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in The Liberties , Dublin . They were active during the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , playing in both the League of Ireland and the Leinster Senior League . They were the first ever winners of the FAI Junior Cup and also played in two FAI Cup finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Shelbourne Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shelbourne_Park', 'summary': 'Shelbourne Park is a greyhound racing stadium in the south Dublin inner city suburb of Ringsend .'}]}, {'value': '25,000 / 10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927-28', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1927–28_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1927-28 [ A ] was the seventh edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 7 January 1928 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 25,000 people watched amateur side Bohemians defeat defending champions Drumcondra to secure a quadruple of trophies ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.', 'summary': "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ."}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drumcondra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drumcondra_F.C.', 'summary': 'Drumcondra Football Club is an Irish association football club based in the Clonturk district of Drumcondra , Dublin . Their senior team play in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division . Drumcondra also field teams in the Amateur Football League , the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League and the Dublin & District Schoolboys League . In 1926-27 Drumcondra were the inaugural winners of the FAI Intermediate Cup and in the same season they also won the FAI Cup . They subsequently played in the League of Ireland from 1928-29 until 1971-72 . During this time they won five League of Ireland titles and a further four FAI Cups . In 1972 they merged with their Northside , Dublin neighbours , Home Farm . The new club was briefly known as Home Farm-Drumcondra . The modern club was reformed in 2008 following the merger of Drumcondra A.F.C . and Drumcondra Athletic .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1928-29', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1928–29_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1928-29 [ A ] was the eighth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 5 January 1929 and concluded on 6 April with the final replay held at Shelbourne Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of approximately 15,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers win the first of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating holders Bohemians ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '0 - 0 / 3 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Bohemians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.', 'summary': "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Shelbourne Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shelbourne_Park', 'summary': 'Shelbourne Park is a greyhound racing stadium in the south Dublin inner city suburb of Ringsend .'}]}, {'value': '22,000 / 15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929-30', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1929–30_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1929-30 [ A ] was the ninth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 4 January 1930 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 17,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the second of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Brideville with a controversial late goal ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brideville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brideville_FC', 'summary': 'Brideville Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in The Liberties , Dublin . They were active during the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , playing in both the League of Ireland and the Leinster Senior League . They were the first ever winners of the FAI Junior Cup and also played in two FAI Cup finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930-31', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1930–31_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1930-31 [ A ] was the tenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 28 December 1930 and concluded on 9 May 1931 with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 10,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the third of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Dundalk ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Dundalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '20,000 / 10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1931-32', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1931–32_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1931-32 [ A ] was the eleventh edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 27 December 1931 and concluded on 17 April 1932 with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 32,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim the fourth of five FAI Cup titles in a row by defeating Dolphin ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolphin_F.C._(Dublin)', 'summary': "Dolphin Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in the Dublin suburb of Dolphin 's Barn . They played in the League of Ireland between 1930-31 and 1936-37 . In 1934-35 they were League of Ireland champions . After St James 's Gate , Shamrock Rovers , Bohemians , Shelbourne and Dundalk , Dolphin became the sixth club to win the League of Ireland title . In 1931-32 and 1932-33 Dolphin played in two successive FAI Cup finals , losing both games to Shamrock Rovers . Between 1930 and 1931 and 1932-33 Dolphin also played in three successive Leinster Senior Cup finals , winning the cup in 1931-32 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '32,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932-33', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1932–33_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1932-33 [ A ] was the twelfth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 26 December 1932 and concluded on 26 March 1933 with the final replay held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 18,000 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their fifth FAI Cup title in a row by defeating Dolphin ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '3 - 3 / 3 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolphin_F.C._(Dublin)', 'summary': "Dolphin Football Club was an Irish association football club , originally based in the Dublin suburb of Dolphin 's Barn . They played in the League of Ireland between 1930-31 and 1936-37 . In 1934-35 they were League of Ireland champions . After St James 's Gate , Shamrock Rovers , Bohemians , Shelbourne and Dundalk , Dolphin became the sixth club to win the League of Ireland title . In 1931-32 and 1932-33 Dolphin played in two successive FAI Cup finals , losing both games to Shamrock Rovers . Between 1930 and 1931 and 1932-33 Dolphin also played in three successive Leinster Senior Cup finals , winning the cup in 1931-32 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '22,000 / 18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933-34', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1933–34_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1933-34 [ A ] was the thirteenth awarding of Ireland 's premier cup competition prize , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 13 January 1934 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 21,000 people watched Cork claim their sole FAI Cup title by defeating inaugural winners , St James 's Gate ."}]}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_F.C.', 'summary': "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ."}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. James 's Gate", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", 'summary': "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '21,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934-35', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1934–35_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1934-35 [ A ] was the fourteenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 13 January 1935 and concluded on 14 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 22,000 people watched Bohemians defeat Dundalk in a high-scoring finale ."}]}, {'value': 'Bohemians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bohemian_F.C.', 'summary': "Bohemian Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Bóithéamaigh ) , more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs , is a semi-professional football club from Dublin , Ireland . Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland , and are the oldest League of Ireland club in continuous existence . Bohs are the third most successful club in League of Ireland football history , having won the League of Ireland title 11 times , the FAI Cup 7 times , the League of Ireland Shield 6 times and the League of Ireland Cup 3 times . Prior to the establishment of the Football Association of Ireland and League of Ireland , Bohemians competed in the Irish Football League and Irish Cup , which were at the time all-Ireland competitions . During that period they won the Irish Cup once and finished runners up 5 times . They share the record for most wins in European competition with archrivals Shamrock Rovers and hold the record for Leinster Senior Cup wins with 32 cups claimed . Bohemians were founded on 6 September 1890 in the Phoenix Park Gate Lodge beside the North Circular Road entrance and played its first games in the Park 's Polo Grounds . They were one of the founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 , after their withdrawal from the Irish Football League . They established themselves as a major force within the first 15 years of the League of Ireland , winning 5 league titles , 2 FAI Cups and 4 Shields , but struggled for decades after that , largely due to their strict amateur status , going 34 seasons without winning a major trophy . Bohemians dropped their amateur ethos in 1969 and proceeded to win 2 League titles , 2 FAI Cups and 2 League cups during the 1970s . They suffered a further decline throughout the 1980s and most of the 1990s before claiming League and Cup doubles in 2001 and 2008 , alongside the 2003 and most recently 2009 title wins . Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough ."}]}, {'value': '4 - 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '22,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935-36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1935–36_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1935-36 [ A ] was the fifteenth edition of Ireland 's premier cup competition , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 1 January 1936 and concluded on 19 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 30,946 people watched Shamrock Rovers claim their seventh title by defeating Cork ."}]}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_F.C.', 'summary': "Cork Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Cork . They were founded as Fords F.C . and later became known as Fordsons F.C . They played in the League of Ireland between 1924-25 and 1937-38 . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as St James 's Gate , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , the club had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the Ford Motor Company , a major employer in the city at the time . In 1930 , however , Ford ended its association with the club and they were renamed Cork . The club folded in 1938 and were replaced in the League of Ireland by a new club , Cork City ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '30,946', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936-37', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1936–37_FAI_Cup', 'summary': "The FAI Cup 1936-37 [ A ] was the sixteenth awarding of Ireland 's premier cup competition prize , The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup . The tournament began on 9 January 1937 and concluded on 18 April with the final held at Dalymount Park , Dublin . An official attendance [ B ] of 24,000 people watched Waterford , captained by Tom Arrigan , claim their first FAI Cup title by defeating St James 's Gate ."}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_United_F.C.', 'summary': 'Waterford Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Phort Láirge ) is an Irish association football club based in Waterford . The club finished top of the 2017 League of Ireland First Division , winning promotion to the 2018 League of Ireland Premier Division . The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930 . Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park , but has now moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre .'}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. James 's Gate", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", 'summary': "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1937-38', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. James 's Gate", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._James's_Gate_F.C.", 'summary': "St James 's Gate Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Drimnagh/Crumlin , Dublin . They played in the League of Ireland between 1921-22 and 1943-44 and again from 1990-91 until 1995-96 . Gate were the inaugural winners of both the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup . Like several fellow early League of Ireland clubs , such as Fordsons , Jacobs , Midland Athletic and Dundalk , Gate had their origins as a factory or works team . They were initially the football team of the St James 's Gate Brewery , the home of Guinness . Their senior men 's team currently play in the Leinster Senior League ."}]}, {'value': '2 - 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundalk_F.C.', 'summary': "Dundalk Football Club ( /dʌnˈdɔːk/ ; Irish : Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan ) is a professional association football club in Dundalk , Ireland . Dundalk compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of Irish football , and are the reigning League Champions and League of Ireland Cup holders , having won both in 2019 . Founded in 1903 as the works-team of the Great Northern Railway company , they played in junior competition until they joined the Leinster Senior League in 1922 . After four seasons in that division , they were elected to the Free State League , which later became the League of Ireland , in 1926 . In 1932-33 they became the first club from outside Dublin to win the league title , and have won at least one league title or FAI Cup in every decade since . They are now the second most successful club in the League 's history , and the most successful in the Premier Division era . In 1936 they moved from their original home at the Athletic Grounds in the town centre to their present ground , Oriel Park . The team has played in white shirts since 1927 , and adopted the present colours of white shirts with black shorts in 1940 . The club 's crest was also adopted in 1927 and is based on the town 's old Corporation Arms . Dundalk made their European debut as League Champions in the 1963-64 European Cup , and became the first Irish side to win an away match in Europe the same season . In the 1979-80 European Cup they reached the last 16 , which was their best European performance until 2016 . That season they reached the group stage of the 2016-17 Europa League , and became the first team from Ireland to both win points and win a match at that level of European competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938-39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C.', 'summary': "Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Shíol Bhroin ) is an Irish association football club based in Drumcondra , Dublin , who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Shelbourne were founded in Dublin in 1895 . In 1904 the club joined the Irish Football League , which was then an all Ireland competition , before becoming founding members of the League of Ireland in 1921 . Shelbourne have won the league 13 times and are one of three clubs to have won both the IFA Cup and the FAI Cup . They play their home matches at Tolka Park , in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra . The club colours are primarily red and white , with home jerseys being predominantly red . Shels is the club 's most common nickname , an abbreviation of Shelbourne . In the 2004/05 European season , Shelbourne became the first Irish club to reach the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League . Their performances in European competition and former striker Jason Byrne being capped for the Republic of Ireland whilst with the club , gained Shelbourne international exposure . The club lost their Premier Division licence for the 2007 season due to the club 's debt situation . Although the club was saved , since then , Shelbourne have mainly played in the second tier of the League of Ireland ."}]}, {'value': '1 - 1 / 1 - 0 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Sligo Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sligo Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí Shligigh ) is a professional Irish football club playing in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland . The club was founded in 1928 and have been in the League of Ireland since 1934 . The club is a co-operative venture , owned by the people of Sligo . Rovers have played at The Showgrounds since their inception . They recently won a third FAI Cup in four years and in the season previous to this recent cup win became the 2012 Premier Division Champions , winning the league with two games to spare . In total they have won three Leagues , five FAI Cups , two League cups .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '30,000 / 25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939-40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shamrock Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige ) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght , South Dublin . The club 's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most successful club in the Republic of Ireland . The club has won the League of Ireland title a record 17 times and the FAI Cup a record 25 times . Shamrock Rovers have supplied more players to the Republic of Ireland national football team ( 62 ) than any other club . In All-Ireland competitions , such as the Intercity Cup , they hold the record for winning the most titles , having won seven cups overall . Shamrock Rovers were founded in Ringsend , Dublin . The official date of the club 's foundation is 1899 . They won the League title at the first attempt in the 1922-23 season and established themselves as Republic of Ireland most successful club by 1949 , winning 44 major trophies . During the 1950s , the club won three League titles and two FAI Cups and became the first Irish team to compete in European competition , playing in the European Cup in 1957 . They followed this by winning a record six FAI Cups in succession in the 1960s , when they were also one of the European club teams that spent the summer of 1967 in the United States , founding the United Soccer Association . They won the first of four League titles in a row in 1983-84 , after a long decline . The club played at Glenmalure Park from 1926 to 1987 , when the owners controversially sold the stadium to property developers ."}]}, {'value': '3 - 0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sligo Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': 'Sligo Rovers Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Ruagairí Shligigh ) is a professional Irish football club playing in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland . The club was founded in 1928 and have been in the League of Ireland since 1934 . The club is a co-operative venture , owned by the people of Sligo . Rovers have played at The Showgrounds since their inception . They recently won a third FAI Cup in four years and in the season previous to this recent cup win became the 2012 Premier Division Champions , winning the league with two games to spare . In total they have won three Leagues , five FAI Cups , two League cups .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '38,509', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940-41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cork United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cork_United_F.C._(1940)', 'summary': 'Cork United Football Club was a League of Ireland club based in Cork from 1940 until 1948 .'}]}, {'value': '2 - 2 / 3 - 1 ( R )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Replay_(sports)', 'summary': 'A replay ( also called a rematch ) is the repetition of a match in many sports .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterford_F.C.', 'summary': 'Waterford Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Phort Láirge ) is an Irish association football club based in Waterford . The club finished top of the 2017 League of Ireland First Division , winning promotion to the 2018 League of Ireland Premier Division . The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930 . Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park , but has now moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Dalymount Park / Dalymount Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalymount_Park', 'summary': "Dalymount Park ( Irish : Páirc Cnocán Uí Dhálaigh ) is a football stadium in Phibsborough on the Northside of Dublin , Ireland . It is the home of Bohemian F.C. , who have played there since the early 20th century . Affectionately known as Dalyer by fans , it was also historically the home of Irish football , holding many Irish internationals and FAI Cup finals . It has also hosted UEFA Champions League qualifiers , UEFA Cup and UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup matches . However , the ground was largely undeveloped between the 1940s and the 2000s , and has now fallen out of use as a major venue , except for the home games of Bohemians . The ground has also been used as a home ground by other League of Ireland teams , including Shamrock Rovers , Dublin City F.C . and Sporting Fingal , and will be used by Shelbourne F.C . once it has been developed ."}]}, {'value': '30,132 / 13,057', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'FAI Cup Finals', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'FAI_Cup_0', 'intro': 'The Football Association of Ireland Senior Challenge Cup (FAI Cup), known as the Extra.ie FAI Cup for sponsorship reasons, is a knock-out association football competition contested annually by teams from the Republic of Ireland (as well as Derry City from Northern Ireland). Organised by the FAI (Football Association of Ireland), the competition is currently sponsored by Extra.ie. It was known as the Free State Cup from 1923 to 1936. Shamrock Rovers hold the record of most wins with 25. As of November 2019, the current holders are Shamrock Rovers'}	null	null	How many times have the runners-up in the first FAI Cup won the League of Ireland title ?	17
018c524c65b3740e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_League', 'title': 'K3 League', 'header': ['Club', 'From', 'To', 'Current League'], 'data': [{'value': 'Daegu Korea Powertrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daegu_Korea_Powertrain_FC', 'summary': 'Daegu KAPEC FC ( Korean : 대구 한국파워트레인 축구단 ) is a South Korean association football club based in the city of Daegu . It was a member of the K3 League in 2007 , but withdrew from the league when unable to find a suitable home venue for the 2008 season .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_United_FC', 'summary': 'Changwon United FC was a South Korean football club , based in Changwon . Founded as Changwon Doodae FC in 1998 , the club changed its name to Changwon United FC in August 2007 . It used to be a member of the K3 League , but withdrew from it during the 2008 season .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 ( 1st stage )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul Pabal FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Pabal_FC', 'summary': 'Seoul Pabal FC was a South Korean soccer club based in Eunpyeong-gu , Seoul . It was a member of the K3 League , an amateur league and the third tier of league football in South Korea . The club competed in the 2007 K3 League season as Eunpyeong Chung-goo Sungshim Hospital before changing its name to Seoul Pabal ahead of the 2008 season . After the 2008 season , the club was closed due to it being proved that some players engaged in the manipulation of the game .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeonju Ongoeul FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeonju_Ongoeul_FC', 'summary': 'Jeonju Ongoeul was a South Korean soccer club based in the city of Jeonju . It was a member of the K3 League , an amateur league and the third tier of league football in South Korea . Since 2008 , the club has been participated in the Korean football league setup but confirmed it would withdraw from the league owing to the financial stringency before the 2010 season began .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samcheok Shinwoo Electronics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samcheok_Shinwoo_Electronics_FC', 'summary': 'Samcheok Shinwoo Electronics FC was a South Korean football club based in the city of Samcheok . It was established in Hwaseong in 2006 as Hwaseong Shinwoo Electronics FC . It moved its home to Samcheok in 2008 , changing its name to Samcheok Shinwoo Electronics FC . It was a member of the Challengers League , an amateur league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea . The club withdraw from the league at the end of the 2010 season .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yongin Citizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin_Citizen_FC', 'summary': 'Yongin Citizen Football Club was a South Korean football club based in the city of Yongin . It was a member of the K3 League , an amateur league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea , but withdrew from the league in 2010 due to financial difficulties .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucheon FC 1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucheon_FC_1995', 'summary': 'Bucheon FC 1995 is a South Korean professional football club located in the city of Bucheon , which is currently a member of the K League 2 . The club was founded by a group of former Bucheon SK supporters after the move of Bucheon SK to Jeju at the beginning of 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K League 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K_League_2', 'summary': 'The K League 2 ( Hangul : K리그2 ) is a South Korean professional association football league . Being the second tier of the South Korean football league system , it is currently contested by ten clubs , and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the K League 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Namyangju United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namyangju_United_FC', 'summary': 'Namyangju United Football Club is a South Korean soccer club based in the city of Namyangju . It is a member of the Challengers League , an amateur league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea . 2008 was its first season of participation in the Korean football league setup . The club withdraw from the league at the end of the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asan United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asan_United_FC', 'summary': "Asan United was a South Korean football club based in the city of Asan . It was a founder member of the Challengers League , an amateur league and the third tier of league football in South Korea in 2007 . The club was dissolved in 2015 after merging with Cheonan FC . The club was founded in 2005 as Asan FC . In December 2007 , the name of the club was changed to Asan United FC . In March 2009 , club 's name was changed to Asan Citizen FC . After the 2011 season , the club was relocated to Yesan County nearby Asan and changed the name . In the 2013 season , the club re-changed name to Asan United FC ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seoul FC Martyrs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_FC_Martyrs', 'summary': 'Seoul FC Martyrs was a South Korean football club based in the Gangbuk-gu district of Seoul .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeonggwang FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeonggwang_FC', 'summary': "Jeonnam Yeonggwang Football Club ( Korean : 전남 영광 FC ) , also known as Chunnam Youngkwang FC , is a South Korean football club based in Yeonggwang , South Jeolla . From 2010 season , Jeonnam Yeonggwang FC plays in the Challengers League , the third tier of Korean football . Yeonggwang FC 's home stadium is Yeonggwang Sportium ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_FC', 'summary': 'Busan FC is a South Korean football club based in the Busan . The club is a member of the K3 League Basic , an semi-professional league football in South Korea , since the 2017 season .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buyeo FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buyeo_FC', 'summary': 'Buyeo FC is a South Korean football club based in the county of Buyeo . The club is a member of the K3 League , an semi-professional league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea , since the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheongju City FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheongju_City_FC', 'summary': 'Cheongju City Football Club was a South Korean football club based in the city of Cheongju . The club , originally named Cheonan FC and based in the city of Cheonan , rebranded to Cheongju City FC in February 2016 . In October 2018 , the club merged with Cheongju FC .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merged to Cheongju FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheongju_FC', 'summary': 'Cheongju FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Cheongju , currently playing in the K3 League , the third division of South Korean football . The club was previously named Chungju Solveige ( Cheongju Solweis ) and competed in the Amateur League . In the 2009 season , the club joined the K3 League after changing its name to Cheongju Jikji FC . In 2018 , the club merged with Cheongju City FC .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Uijeongbu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Uijeongbu', 'summary': 'FC Uijeongbu ( Korean : FC 의정부 ) is a South Korean amateur football club based in Uijeongbu , South Korea . They currently play in the K3 League Basic , fifth tier of the South Korean football league system .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defunct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chungju Citizen FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Citizen_FC', 'summary': 'Chungju Citizen FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Chungju . The club is a member of the K4 League , a semi-professional league and the fourth tier of football in South Korea , since the 2020 season .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K4 League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K4_League', 'summary': 'The K4 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea . Created in 2020 , it is a considered the fourth tier of South Korean football league system . After the 2019 season , the former K3 League Advanced and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K4 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul Nowon United FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Nowon_United_FC', 'summary': 'Seoul Nowon United FC ( Korean : 서울 노원 유나이티드 FC ) is a South Korean semi-professional football club based in Nowon District , Seoul . It currently competes in the fourth tier of the South Korean football league system , the K4 League . Until 2018 , the club was named Seoul United FC .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K4 League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K4_League', 'summary': 'The K4 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea . Created in 2020 , it is a considered the fourth tier of South Korean football league system . After the 2019 season , the former K3 League Advanced and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K4 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Seoul Jungnang FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seoul_Jungnang_FC', 'summary': 'Seoul Jungnang FC ( Hangul : 서울 중랑 축구단 ) is a South Korean football club based in the city of Jungnang-gu , Seoul . The club is a member of the K4 League , a semi-professional league and the fourth tier of football in South Korea . It was founded on 27 February 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K4 League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K4_League', 'summary': 'The K4 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea . Created in 2020 , it is a considered the fourth tier of South Korean football league system . After the 2019 season , the former K3 League Advanced and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K4 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Pocheon Citizen FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pocheon_Citizen_FC', 'summary': 'Pocheon Citizen FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Pocheon . The club is a member of the K4 League , a semi-professional league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K4 League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K4_League', 'summary': 'The K4 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea . Created in 2020 , it is a considered the fourth tier of South Korean football league system . After the 2019 season , the former K3 League Advanced and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K4 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Icheon Citizen FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icheon_Citizen_FC', 'summary': 'Icheon Citizen FC ( Korean : 이천 시민축구단 ) is a South Korean football club based in Icheon City . It is a member of the K4 League , a semi-professional league and the fourth tier of football in South Korea . The club was founded in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K4 League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/K4_League', 'summary': 'The K4 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea . Created in 2020 , it is a considered the fourth tier of South Korean football league system . After the 2019 season , the former K3 League Advanced and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K4 League .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Clubs -- Former clubs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Challengers_League_0', 'intro': 'The K3 League is a semi-professional football competition in South Korea. Created in 2020, it is a considered the third tier of South Korean football league system. After the 2019 season, the former Korea National League, K3 League Advanced, and K3 League Basic went defunct and got rebranded into the K3 and K4 League.'}	null	null	What is the 'From ' year of the club that was established in Hwaseong in 2006 ?	2007
018c679d8c798572	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Malta_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Malta at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Élise Pellegrin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Élise_Pellegrin', 'summary': 'Élise Pellegrin ( born May 7 , 1991 ) is a Maltese-French alpine skier who has competed since 2006 . Pellegrin was born in Blois , France , and qualified to compete for Malta at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , becoming the first Winter Olympian to represent the country . Although Pellegrin was born in France , her great-grandfather had moved to France from Malta , which gave her the opportunity to compete for the country . Pellegrin was also the flagbearer for Malta at the opening ceremony . In the giant slalom , Pellegrin completed the first run in 1:36.85 to finish 72nd from 88 starters . In the second run , she recorded a slightly faster time of 1:36.27 for an aggregate time of 3:13.12 that enabled her to climb up the rankings and finish 65th of the 67 skiers who completed both runs . In her preferred discipline , the slalom , Pellegrin completed the opening run in 1:07.10 to finish 52nd from 86 starters . She then showed a remarkable improvement in her second run , completing the course in 1:02.73 for an overall 2:09.83 . This lifted her in the final standings to 42nd out of 49 skiers who completed both runs .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Chetcuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Chetcuti', 'summary': "Andrew Chetcuti ( born 19 November 1992 in Pietà ) is a Maltese freestyle and butterfly swimmer specialising in short course events . He holds 5 individual national records , and 2 in relays . Chetcuti was one of five athletes to represent Team Malta in the 2012 Summer Olympics . Chetcuti placed third in the 100 m freestyle , but did not qualify for the semi-finals . He competed in the Men 's 100 m freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . He placed 51st in the heats with a time of 51.37 seconds . He did not qualify for the semifinals . He was the flagbearer for Malta during the Parade of Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The swimming competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 13 August at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium . The women 's open-water marathon was held on August 15 , and the men 's open water race on August 16 in Fort Copacabana ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Élise Pellegrin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Élise_Pellegrin', 'summary': 'Élise Pellegrin ( born May 7 , 1991 ) is a Maltese-French alpine skier who has competed since 2006 . Pellegrin was born in Blois , France , and qualified to compete for Malta at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , becoming the first Winter Olympian to represent the country . Although Pellegrin was born in France , her great-grandfather had moved to France from Malta , which gave her the opportunity to compete for the country . Pellegrin was also the flagbearer for Malta at the opening ceremony . In the giant slalom , Pellegrin completed the first run in 1:36.85 to finish 72nd from 88 starters . In the second run , she recorded a slightly faster time of 1:36.27 for an aggregate time of 3:13.12 that enabled her to climb up the rankings and finish 65th of the 67 skiers who completed both runs . In her preferred discipline , the slalom , Pellegrin completed the opening run in 1:07.10 to finish 52nd from 86 starters . She then showed a remarkable improvement in her second run , completing the course in 1:02.73 for an overall 2:09.83 . This lifted her in the final standings to 42nd out of 49 skiers who completed both runs .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Chetcuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Chetcuti', 'summary': "William Chetcuti ( born 7 January 1985 ) is a Maltese sport shooter who specializes in the double trap . He won the 2011 World Cup event in Beijing and the 2004 European Junior Championship where he set what is still a world record . He was the first Maltese shooter to win a World Cup medal . At the 2004 Olympic Games he finished in joint sixth place in the double trap qualification . Following a shoot-off he finished ninth , missing out on a place among the top six , who progressed to the final round . He was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony . He won a bronze medal at both the 2002 and 2006 Commonwealth Games . He then finished sixth at the 2008 World Championships . At the 2008 Olympic Games he again finished in joint sixth place in the double trap qualification . Following a shoot-off he finished eighth . William claimed gold at the Double Trap Men Final in 2011 , finishing on the highest step of the podium with a total score of 185 targets . He also won Malta 's first Olympic quota place in any sport and has participated in the London 2012 Olympic Games , finishing in ninth ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 6 August at the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich . Fifteen events were included with 390 athletes taking part . The events were the same as in 2008 . The competitions were originally planned for the National Shooting Centre in Bisley , Surrey , and the temporary solution at the Royal Artillery Barracks ( which is in the River Zone ) was adopted later after the International Olympic Committee expressed concerns about the distance between London and Bisley . Since the pistols used in the 25m and 50m shooting events were deemed by HM Government as prohibited in England , Scotland and Wales after the Dunblane Massacre , special dispensation had to be granted by the UK Government and security criteria met by LOCOG to allow certain events to go ahead .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcon Bezzina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcon_Bezzina', 'summary': 'Marcon Bezzina ( born 11 September 1985 ) is a Maltese judoka . She originally competed in the lightweight ( −57 kg ) class . She competed at the 2004 Olympic Games , lost her first match , reached the repechage round , but lost again . She later switched to the half middleweight ( −63 kg ) class . She won a bronze medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Championships , and was the Maltese flagbearer at the 2008 Olympic Games . In the Olympic tournament she lost her first match , and did not reach the repechage .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Judo competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from August 9 to August 15 at the Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium . This was the fifth Olympics for Driulys González ( Cuba ) , Mária Pekli ( Australia ) , Ryoko Tamura-Tani ( Japan ) . The only other judokas to compete at five Olympics are Belgian Robert Van de Walle and Puerto Rican judoka-bobsledder Jorge Bonnet .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Chetcuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Chetcuti', 'summary': "William Chetcuti ( born 7 January 1985 ) is a Maltese sport shooter who specializes in the double trap . He won the 2011 World Cup event in Beijing and the 2004 European Junior Championship where he set what is still a world record . He was the first Maltese shooter to win a World Cup medal . At the 2004 Olympic Games he finished in joint sixth place in the double trap qualification . Following a shoot-off he finished ninth , missing out on a place among the top six , who progressed to the final round . He was the flag bearer at the opening ceremony . He won a bronze medal at both the 2002 and 2006 Commonwealth Games . He then finished sixth at the 2008 World Championships . At the 2008 Olympic Games he again finished in joint sixth place in the double trap qualification . Following a shoot-off he finished eighth . William claimed gold at the Double Trap Men Final in 2011 , finishing on the highest step of the podium with a total score of 185 targets . He also won Malta 's first Olympic quota place in any sport and has participated in the London 2012 Olympic Games , finishing in ninth ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurie Pace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurie_Pace', 'summary': 'Laurie Pace ( born 9 February 1966 ) is a former judoka from Malta , who competed for her native country at three consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1992 . Her best performance was winning the bronze medal at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Judo events at the 2000 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Galea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Galea', 'summary': "Angela Galea ( born May 5 , 1983 ) is a Maltese former swimmer , who specialized in butterfly events . She is a two-time Olympian ( 2000 and 2004 ) , a three-time champion at the Games of the Small States of Europe ( GSSE ) , and a multiple-time Maltese record holder in both freestyle and butterfly ( 50 , 100 , and 200 m ) . In preparation for her Games , she was trained for the Italian Olympic team , under the guidance of head coach Maurizio Cocconi . Galea made her first Maltese team , as a 17-year-old teen , at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . Swimming in heat one of the women 's 100 m butterfly , she posted a Maltese record of 1:07.88 to pick up a second seed and forty-sixth overall against Swaziland 's Lisa de la Motte and Micronesia 's Tracy Ann Route . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Galea qualified again for the 100 m butterfly by receiving a Universality place from FINA . She lowered a Maltese record and posted her entry time of 1:03.62 from GSSE in Valletta , held a year before the Olympics . She participated in the same heat as Sydney against five other swimmers , including 16-year-old Kateryna Zubkova of Ukraine . Despite of good recovery in the last 50 metres , Galea came up short in fourth place with a time of 1:05.47 , just a 3.25-second margin behind winner Zubkova . Galea failed to advance into the semifinals , as she placed thirty-sixth overall on the first day of preliminaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The swimming competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held at the Georgia Tech Aquatic Center in Atlanta , United States . There were 762 competitors from 117 countries . This was the last Olympics where swimming B-finals were held . At the time of the games , the facility had a temporary 50m warm-up pool located behind the locker rooms and entry concourse ( on the ground ) ; as well as a temporary roof , and open walls ( there were wall-like structures/curtains at the diving well and turning end of the pool ) . The open walls allowed for temporary seating to be in place during the games . A wall and new roof have since been placed on the facility .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurie Pace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurie_Pace', 'summary': 'Laurie Pace ( born 9 February 1966 ) is a former judoka from Malta , who competed for her native country at three consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1992 . Her best performance was winning the bronze medal at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics was contested in fourteen weight classes , seven each for men and women . The seven men 's weight classes continued to be those first used in 1980 . This was the first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka ; women competed in 1988 as a demonstration sport ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joanna Agius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joanna_Agius', 'summary': 'Joanna Agius ( born 25 June 1958 ) is a Maltese archer . She competed in the 1980 , 1984 , and 1988 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Four events were contested in archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . These events included team competitions for the first time in modern Olympic archery . Men 's and women 's individual competitions continued to be part of the schedule as well . The format for the individual competition was altered for the first time since the 1972 Summer Olympics . In Seoul , instead of all archers using the double FITA round to determine rankings , a sort of elimination plan was introduced . Each archer shot a single FITA round to determine initial rankings . Most archers were cut from the competition after this , with only 24 advancing . These archers then shot one-fourth the number of arrows normal for a FITA round , with these scores being used to drop more archers . This process was repeated until only 8 archers finished the fourth segment of the second round ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Bonello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . sailing was always a part of the Olympic program . The Sailing program of 1984 consisted of a total of seven sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class seven races were scheduled from 31 July 1984 to 8 August 1984 of the coast of Long Beach , Los Angeles County , California at the Pacific Ocean . Los Angeles hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time , having previously done so during the 1932 Summer Olympics . The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frans Chetcuti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Dynamo Shooting Range in Mytishchi in eastern part of Moscow between 20 and 26 July . Seven events were contested . Alhtough events were mixed , i.e . open to both men and women , all medals were swept by men , and there were only 5 women competing compared to 77 in Los Angeles 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Grech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Grech_(sport_shooter)', 'summary': 'Joseph Grech ( born 26 March 1935 ) is a Maltese former sports shooter . He competed at the 1960 , 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich comprised eight events . The running target event was re-added to the programme , after last appearing in 1956 . The events were held between 27 August and 2 September 1972 . All events were mixed , meaning both men and women were allowed to compete in the same events , against each other . Four women competed in these games .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1968 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968 ) , officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City , Mexico , from October 12 to the 27th . These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country . They were the first Games to use an all-weather ( smooth ) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track . The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year , after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government 's repression . The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Grasso', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Dowling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Dowling', 'summary': "Christopher Dowling ( born 15 June 1944 ) is a Maltese former swimmer . He competed in the men 's 100 metre freestyle at the 1960 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , 15 swimming events were contested , eight for men and seven for women . There was a total of 380 participants from 45 countries competing . For the first time , the 4×100 metres medley relay was contested . The United States topped the medal standings with a total of 15 medals .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom from 29 July to 14 August 1948 . After a twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes , sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed The Flying Housewife , the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis X. Zammit Cutajar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1936 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1936 ) , officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin , Nazi Germany . Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona , Spain , on 26 April 1931 , at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona . It marked the second and final time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games . To outdo the Los Angeles games of 1932 , Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built , as well as six gymnasiums and many other smaller arenas . The games were the first to be televised , and radio broadcasts reached 41 countries . Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $ 7 million . Her film , titled Olympia , pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports . Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and antisemitism , and the official Nazi party paper , the Völkischer Beobachter , wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games . German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part by a variety of methods , although some women swimmers from the Jewish sports club , Hakoah Vienna , did take part . Jewish athletes from other countries seem to have been side-lined in order not to offend the Nazi regime . Total ticket revenues were 7.5 million Reichsmark , generating a profit of over one million ℛℳ . The official budget did not include outlays by the city of Berlin ( which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5 million ℛℳ ) or outlays of the German national government ( which did not make its costs public , but is estimated to have spent US $ 30 million ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Godfrey Craig', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of flag bearers', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Malta_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Malta at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}	null	null	What was the quickest the person who carried the Maltese flag during the Olympic Games of 2018 completed the giant slalom during the Olymic Games ?	1:36.27
018c6f259f536e2a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethel Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethel_Church_(Morning_Sun,_Iowa)', 'summary': "Bethel Church is a historic church building in rural Morning Sun , Iowa , United States . The congregation was organized by the Wapello mission of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Iowa in 1854 . In addition to the Morning Sun congregation , the Wapello mission included congregations in Concord , Long Creek , and two in Wapello . The property for the church building and its adjacent cemetery was donated by Merit Jamison . Members of the congregation built the building under the supervision of stonemason Francis McGraw . The limestone structure is a Vernacular form of Iowa folk architecture . The small cornice returns are influenced by the Greek Revival style . The plain interior features plastered walls , plank flooring and wood-carved furnishings from the church 's early years . The iron fence that runs along the gravel road was added in 1861 . The church is no used for regularly scheduled services . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 22 , 1979 ( # 79003698 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast of Morning Sun , off U.S. Route 61 41°06′37″N 91°11′14″W / 41.11035833°N 91.18711389°W / 41.11035833 ; -91.18711389 ( Bethel Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_61', 'summary': "U.S. Route 61 or U.S. Highway 61 ( US 61 ) is a major United States highway which extends 1,400 miles ( 2,300 km ) between New Orleans , Louisiana and the city of Wyoming , Minnesota . The highway generally follows the course of the Mississippi River , and is designated the Great River Road for much of its route . As of 2004 , the highway 's northern terminus in Wyoming , Minnesota , is at an intersection with Interstate 35 ( I-35 ) . Until 1991 , the highway extended north on what is now Minnesota State Highway 61 ( MN 61 ) through Duluth and across the Canada-U.S. border , near Grand Portage . Its southern terminus in New Orleans is at an intersection with U.S. Route 90 ( US 90 ) . The highway is often called the Blues Highway because it connects Saint Paul , Minnesota ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Memphis , Tennessee ; the Mississippi Delta , and New Orleans . The route was an important south-north connection in the days before the interstate highway system . Many southerners traveled north along US 61 while going to St. Louis and Saint Paul . The highway has a long musical history , being the supposed location where singer-songwriter Robert Johnson made a deal with the Devil for his successes . The road later gave its name to Minnesota native Bob Dylan 's album Highway 61 Revisited and to the song of the same name , which imagines all sorts of fantastical events ( including World War III ) occurring alongside it . Other notable songs named for the highway include a blues song recorded in 1957 by Sunnyland Slim ; one in 1962 by Johnny Young ; and a 1981 song , 61 Highway , by bluesman James Son Thomas . To denote US 61 's significance in blues music history , there are two markers on the route which are part of the Mississippi Blues Trail : 61 Highway in Vicksburg , Mississippi and Highway 61 Blues in Tunica , Mississippi ."}]}, {'value': 'Morning Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morning_Sun,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Morning Sun is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 836 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Community Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_Building_(Columbus_Junction,_Iowa)', 'summary': "The Community Building , also known as Columbus Junction School 1882-1920 , is a historic building located in Columbus Junction , Iowa , United States . It houses the Columbus Community Heritage Museum , and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . The building was constructed as a school and served the function from 1882 to 1920 . After being renovated by the Works Progress Administration it served as a gathering place for various community functions . The building was damaged in a fire in the 1960s and the first floor was restored to serve as a library and meeting room . Subsequently , the building has been renovated into a community history museum . The two-story brick structure is basically a large block with a wing on the south side . The entire structure is capped with a hip roof . The Vernacular style building features a prominent belfry , which is a reconstruction . The building 's brick exterior appears to be a better quality than what was generally manufactured in Columbus Junction so it is assumed it was imported from elsewhere ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1973 ( # 73000735 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122 E. Maple St. 41°16′36″N 91°21′37″W / 41.276667°N 91.360278°W / 41.276667 ; -91.360278 ( Community Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Junction,_Iowa', 'summary': "Columbus Junction is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 1,899 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area . Columbus Junction is home of the historic Swinging Bridge , found one block south of Highway 92 near downtown . The 262-foot-long steel cable and wood suspension bridge was built in 1922 as an elevated walkway connecting Third and Fourth Streets . The Columbus Community School District ( which serves Columbus Junction , Columbus City , Fredonia , Cotter , Conesville , and other surrounding townships ) is based in Columbus Junction . The school 's colors are blue and white and their mascot is a wildcat . The city 's largest employer is a Tyson Foods meat processing plant located just north of the city on Highway 70 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commercial Hotel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotel_Wapello', 'summary': "The Hotel Wapello is a historic building located in Wapello , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 as Commercial Hotel . The hotel opened in 1906 as the Commercial Hotel . It is actually a combination of two buildings . The older section is at the end of the building in the middle of the block . It was built as a school in 1853 and served that purpose until 1879 . In 1887 the second floor became the law office of F. W. Tatlock , and he rented out the first floor . Gus Tiemeyer bought the building in 1901 and operated a livery stable , which was located on the corner where the newer section of the building stands . Wapello had one good hotel and the Traveling Man 's Hotel served that purpose until it was destroyed in a fire in 1905 . Wapello architect and contractor H. O. Pease designed the hotel wing . It , like the older school building , is two stories tall . The two buildings are joined with a door into the hallway of the hotel wing ."}]}, {'value': 'August 30 , 2001 ( # 01000912 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '227 N. Main St. 41°10′52″N 91°11′13″W / 41.181111°N 91.186944°W / 41.181111 ; -91.186944 ( Commercial Hotel )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wapello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wapello,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Wapello is a city in and the county seat of Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 2,067 at the 2010 census . Wapello is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Line Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Line_Bridge_(Columbus_Junction,_Iowa)', 'summary': "County Line Bridge is a historic structure located in a rural area west of Columbus Junction , Iowa , United States . The Louisa County Board of Supervisors approved the petition of Thomas Anwyl in April 1893 to build a bridge over Long Creek on the Louisa-Washington county line . They awarded a $ 1,174 contract to the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company of Minneapolis to build two bridges . The second span was the Gipple 's Quarry Bridge over Buffington Creek in Elm Grove Township . The bridge span is supported by cast iron columns that were manufactured by the Cast Iron Pile and Bridge Company of Keosauqua , Iowa . The steel components were rolled by Carnegie , Gillette-Herzog in Pittsburgh . The pony truss bridge is typical of those built in the same era in Iowa , however , like Gipple 's Quarry Bridge it has an unusual lower chord configuration with end panels that slope downward from the bearing shoes to the center panels . It has subsequently been abandoned . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 15 , 1998 ( # 98000513 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140th block of County Line Rd . over Long Creek 41°16′01″N 91°29′07″W / 41.266944°N 91.485139°W / 41.266944 ; -91.485139 ( County Line Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Junction,_Iowa', 'summary': "Columbus Junction is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 1,899 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area . Columbus Junction is home of the historic Swinging Bridge , found one block south of Highway 92 near downtown . The 262-foot-long steel cable and wood suspension bridge was built in 1922 as an elevated walkway connecting Third and Fourth Streets . The Columbus Community School District ( which serves Columbus Junction , Columbus City , Fredonia , Cotter , Conesville , and other surrounding townships ) is based in Columbus Junction . The school 's colors are blue and white and their mascot is a wildcat . The city 's largest employer is a Tyson Foods meat processing plant located just north of the city on Highway 70 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florence-Council On The Iowa Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence-Council_On_The_Iowa_Site', 'summary': "Florence-Council On The Iowa Site is a former town site and Native American village site located near Oakville , Iowa , United States in Louisa County . The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978 . Florence was a settlement along the Iowa River that existed from 1836 to 1846 . Prior to that , it was the village site of the Sauk people and home to Black Hawk and Keokuk , who debated here retaking the tribal lands in Illinois . It was at this place where the followers of Black Hawk rallied before they crossed into Illinois to reclaim their lands , which led to the Black Hawk War of 1832 . In the treaty that followed the hostilities , the area was known as Keokuk 's Principal Village . Florence developed after the Native Americans left the area in 1836 . There is no record of the village having ever been platted , but it did contain a tavern , at least one retail establishment and a ferry service . A post office was established on July 5 , 1839 with John Deihl , a merchant , as postmaster . It was discontinued on February 11 , 1846 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1978 ( # 78001243 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'At the site of the now-gone village of Florence 41°06′29″N 91°06′57″W / 41.108056°N 91.115833°W / 41.108056 ; -91.115833 ( Florence-Council On The Iowa Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakville,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Oakville is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 173 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gipple 's Quarry Bridge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gipple's_Quarry_Bridge", 'summary': "Gipple 's Quarry Bridge is a historic structure located in a rural area southwest of Columbus Junction , Iowa , United States . The Louisa County Board of Supervisors approved the petition of T.J. Gipple in April 1893 to replace a timber pile bridge over Buffington Creek , which was near his stone quarry . They awarded a $ 1,174 contract to the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company of Minneapolis to build two bridges . The second span was the County Line Bridge over Long Creek in Columbus Township . The bridge span is supported by stone masonry abutments and piers . The steel components of the bridge were rolled by Carnegie , Gillette-Herzog in Pittsburgh . The pony truss bridge is typical of those built in the same era in Iowa , however , like County Line Bridge it has an unusual lower chord configuration with end panels that slope downward from the bearing shoes to the center panels . It has subsequently been abandoned . The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 15 , 1998 ( # 98000512 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "100 block of V Ave. over Buffington Creek 41°12′17″N 91°24′31″W / 41.204722°N 91.408611°W / 41.204722 ; -91.408611 ( Gipple 's Quarry Bridge )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Junction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Junction,_Iowa', 'summary': "Columbus Junction is a city in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 1,899 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area . Columbus Junction is home of the historic Swinging Bridge , found one block south of Highway 92 near downtown . The 262-foot-long steel cable and wood suspension bridge was built in 1922 as an elevated walkway connecting Third and Fourth Streets . The Columbus Community School District ( which serves Columbus Junction , Columbus City , Fredonia , Cotter , Conesville , and other surrounding townships ) is based in Columbus Junction . The school 's colors are blue and white and their mascot is a wildcat . The city 's largest employer is a Tyson Foods meat processing plant located just north of the city on Highway 70 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisa County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisa_County_Courthouse_(Iowa)', 'summary': 'The Louisa County Courthouse in Wapello , Iowa , United States , was built in 1928 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource . The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration .'}]}, {'value': 'July 2 , 1981 ( # 81000253 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. 41°10′43″N 91°11′10″W / 41.178611°N 91.186111°W / 41.178611 ; -91.186111 ( Louisa County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wapello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wapello,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Wapello is a city in and the county seat of Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The population was 2,067 at the 2010 census . Wapello is part of the Muscatine Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toolesboro Mound Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toolesboro_Mound_Group', 'summary': 'The Toolesboro Mound Group , a National Historic Landmark , is a group of Havana Hopewell culture earthworks on the north bank of the Iowa River near its discharge into the Mississippi . The mounds are owned and displayed to the public by the State Historical Society of Iowa . The mound group is located east of Wapello , Iowa , near the unincorporated community of Toolesboro .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000337 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6568 Toolesboro Rd . 41°08′34″N 91°03′50″W / 41.142778°N 91.063889°W / 41.142778 ; -91.063889 ( Toolesboro Mound Group )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toolesboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toolesboro,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Toolesboro is an unincorporated community in Louisa County , Iowa , United States . The Toolesboro Mound Group , a National Historic Landmark , lies nearby . Toolesboro was platted about 1837 by William L. Toole .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Louisa County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa_20', 'intro': "This is a list of properties and historic districts in Iowa that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Iowa's 99 counties, adding up to over 2,300 total."}	null	null	Which of the places in Wapello is older ?	Commercial Hotel
018cc34213953661	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'title': 'Sevens Grand Prix Series', 'header': ['Team', 'Champions', 'Runners-up', 'Third', 'Fourth'], 'data': [{'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The Portugal national rugby sevens team played for the first time in 1992 , at the Catania Sevens , World Cup 1993 European Qualifier . [ citation needed ] The team plays in competitions such as the World Sevens Series , the European Sevens Grand Prix Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens . Portugal has a record of eight European titles - in 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2011 - although Portugal has not made the semifinals since 2012 . [ citation needed ] Pedro Leal and Gonçalo Foro are two notable sevens players .'}]}, {'value': '8 ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2002 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Heidelberg , Germany . It was the first edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Portugal won the first edition by defeating Georgia 24-14 in the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2003_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': 'Nine one-day qualifying rugby sevens competitions took place in Amsterdam , Netherlands ( 17 May 2003 ) , Prague , Czech Republic ( 24 May 2003 ) , Lunel , France ( 24 May 2003 ) , Sopot , Poland ( 31 May 2003 ) , Makarska , Croatia ( 7 June 2003 ) , Madrid , Spain ( 14 June 2003 ) , Lisbon , Portugal ( 21 June 2003 ) , Budapest , Romania ( 28 June 2002 ) , and Tbilisi , Georgia ( 28 June 2003 ) . Following these competitions twelve teams consisting of Georgia , France , Portugal , Germany , Scotland , Croatia , Romania , Ukraine , Poland , Spain , Czech Republic , and Netherlands were deemed to have qualified for the European Sevens Championship hosted in Heidelberg , Germany ( 16-17 August 2003 ) . However , before the tournament commenced Scotland withdrew and Switzerland replaced them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2004_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2004 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain . It was the third edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2005 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fourth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2006 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fifth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Final :"}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2008 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the seventh edition of the European Sevens championship and also functioned as a qualifying tournament for the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2010 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the ninth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2011_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The Sevens Grand Prix Series 2011 is the tenth edition of the European Sevens Championship .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2012 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 11th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The series was held in three phases ( GPS 1-3 ) hosted by France ( Lyon ) , Russia ( Moscow ) and Denmark ( Odense ) . The tournament was won by France , who defeated Portugal 21-12 in the final . England , winner of the first two phases of the tournament , were considered to be favourites but eliminated by France in the quarter-finals . England were the overall champions of the tournament .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2013 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 12th year of the annual rugby Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The 2013 Series consisted of two tournaments , held in Lyon , France and Bucharest , Romania . England won both legs , winning the overall 2013 Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The Russia national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens .'}]}, {'value': '4 ( 2007 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2007 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the sixth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2009 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the eighth edition of the European Sevens championship and was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . The tournament differed from the previous seasons event as the number of participating men 's teams had been reduced from twelve to ten . Instead , a women 's tournament was held alongside the men 's , also consisting of ten teams . The men 's tournament was won by Russia , while England took out the women 's title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2016 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series competition was restructured from the previous year , now with four divisions : Sevens Grand Prix Series , the Trophy , Conference 1 , and Conference 2 . In preparation for the 2016 Olympics , instead of England , Scotland , and Wales fielding their own teams , two unified teams , the Great Britain Royals and the Great Britain Lions , took part in the Grand Prix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix served as a European qualifier not only for the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier tournament , but for two bids among the teams not already qualified for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2005 , 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2005 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fourth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2006 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fifth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Final :"}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2010 , 2013 , 2018 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2010 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the ninth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2013 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 12th year of the annual rugby Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The 2013 Series consisted of two tournaments , held in Lyon , France and Bucharest , Romania . England won both legs , winning the overall 2013 Series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2018 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series serves as a qualifying tournament for the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier . The three top placing 2018-2019 non-core World Series teams - Ireland , Germany , and Russia - advance to the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualification tournament . Ireland won the series , winning three out of the four tournaments . The non-hosting team with the fewest points - Sweden - is relegated to the 2019 Trophy tournament .'}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2011 , 2014 , 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The Sevens Grand Prix Series 2011 is the tenth edition of the European Sevens Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2014 Sevens Grand Prix Series is the 13th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': "The 2015 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was an Olympic qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics which was held over three legs in the cities of Moscow , Lyon and Exeter . The top team qualified directly to the Olympic Games , whereas the runner-up qualified to the Final Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2016 . France won the 2015 Rugby Europe Men 's Sevens Championship , and qualified directly to the 2016 Summer Olympics . Spain finished second and qualified directly to the Final 2016 Men 's Olympic Qualification Tournament , avoiding the Rugby Europe Repechage Tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The France national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens , and other international tournaments .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2014 , 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2014 Sevens Grand Prix Series is the 13th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': "The 2015 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was an Olympic qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics which was held over three legs in the cities of Moscow , Lyon and Exeter . The top team qualified directly to the Olympic Games , whereas the runner-up qualified to the Final Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2016 . France won the 2015 Rugby Europe Men 's Sevens Championship , and qualified directly to the 2016 Summer Olympics . Spain finished second and qualified directly to the Final 2016 Men 's Olympic Qualification Tournament , avoiding the Rugby Europe Repechage Tournament ."}]}, {'value': '7 ( 2003 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2016 , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': 'Nine one-day qualifying rugby sevens competitions took place in Amsterdam , Netherlands ( 17 May 2003 ) , Prague , Czech Republic ( 24 May 2003 ) , Lunel , France ( 24 May 2003 ) , Sopot , Poland ( 31 May 2003 ) , Makarska , Croatia ( 7 June 2003 ) , Madrid , Spain ( 14 June 2003 ) , Lisbon , Portugal ( 21 June 2003 ) , Budapest , Romania ( 28 June 2002 ) , and Tbilisi , Georgia ( 28 June 2003 ) . Following these competitions twelve teams consisting of Georgia , France , Portugal , Germany , Scotland , Croatia , Romania , Ukraine , Poland , Spain , Czech Republic , and Netherlands were deemed to have qualified for the European Sevens Championship hosted in Heidelberg , Germany ( 16-17 August 2003 ) . However , before the tournament commenced Scotland withdrew and Switzerland replaced them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2007_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2007 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the sixth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2009 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the eighth edition of the European Sevens championship and was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . The tournament differed from the previous seasons event as the number of participating men 's teams had been reduced from twelve to ten . Instead , a women 's tournament was held alongside the men 's , also consisting of ten teams . The men 's tournament was won by Russia , while England took out the women 's title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2010 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the ninth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2013 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 12th year of the annual rugby Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The 2013 Series consisted of two tournaments , held in Lyon , France and Bucharest , Romania . England won both legs , winning the overall 2013 Series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2016 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series competition was restructured from the previous year , now with four divisions : Sevens Grand Prix Series , the Trophy , Conference 1 , and Conference 2 . In preparation for the 2016 Olympics , instead of England , Scotland , and Wales fielding their own teams , two unified teams , the Great Britain Royals and the Great Britain Lions , took part in the Grand Prix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was the eighteenth edition of the continental championship for rugby sevens in Europe . The series took place over two legs , the first at Moscow in Russia and the second at Łódź in Poland . France won in Moscow but Germany won the Łódź tournament to take out the series championship title for the first time . Germany , Italy and Portugal , as the three highest-placed nations without core team status on the World Rugby Sevens Series , gained entry to the inaugural World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series for a chance to qualify to the World Sevens Series in 2020-21 . The Moscow leg of the tournament also served as a pre-qualifier for the 2020 Summer Olympics . The nine highest-placed eligible European teams from that tournament advanced to the Olympic regional qualifier held in Colomiers , France .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2012 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2012 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 11th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The series was held in three phases ( GPS 1-3 ) hosted by France ( Lyon ) , Russia ( Moscow ) and Denmark ( Odense ) . The tournament was won by France , who defeated Portugal 21-12 in the final . England , winner of the first two phases of the tournament , were considered to be favourites but eliminated by France in the quarter-finals . England were the overall champions of the tournament .'}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2002 , 2005 , 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2002 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Heidelberg , Germany . It was the first edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Portugal won the first edition by defeating Georgia 24-14 in the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2005_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2005 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fourth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2006 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fifth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Final :"}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The England national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games . England 's best finish in the Sevens Series is second place , which they have achieved four times , most recently in the 2016-17 season . They have once won the Rugby World Cup Sevens - the inaugural tournament in 1993 . The England Sevens team has generated several notable sevens players . Ben Gollings holds the record for points scored on the Sevens Series with 2,652 points . Dan Norton holds the record for tries scored on the Sevens Series with 346 tries as of December 2019 . England 's Simon Amor ( 2004 ) and Ollie Phillips ( 2009 ) have each won a World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year award ."}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2012 , 2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2012 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 11th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The series was held in three phases ( GPS 1-3 ) hosted by France ( Lyon ) , Russia ( Moscow ) and Denmark ( Odense ) . The tournament was won by France , who defeated Portugal 21-12 in the final . England , winner of the first two phases of the tournament , were considered to be favourites but eliminated by France in the quarter-finals . England were the overall champions of the tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2013 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 12th year of the annual rugby Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The 2013 Series consisted of two tournaments , held in Lyon , France and Bucharest , Romania . England won both legs , winning the overall 2013 Series .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2011 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The Sevens Grand Prix Series 2011 is the tenth edition of the European Sevens Championship .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2014 , 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2014 Sevens Grand Prix Series is the 13th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': "The 2015 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was an Olympic qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics which was held over three legs in the cities of Moscow , Lyon and Exeter . The top team qualified directly to the Olympic Games , whereas the runner-up qualified to the Final Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2016 . France won the 2015 Rugby Europe Men 's Sevens Championship , and qualified directly to the 2016 Summer Olympics . Spain finished second and qualified directly to the Final 2016 Men 's Olympic Qualification Tournament , avoiding the Rugby Europe Repechage Tournament ."}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2018 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2018 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series serves as a qualifying tournament for the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier . The three top placing 2018-2019 non-core World Series teams - Ireland , Germany , and Russia - advance to the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualification tournament . Ireland won the series , winning three out of the four tournaments . The non-hosting team with the fewest points - Sweden - is relegated to the 2019 Trophy tournament .'}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The Ireland national rugby sevens team competes annually in European competition . Ireland participates in the Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series , having been promoted to the Grand Prix competition after winning the 2016 Rugby Europe Trophy division . Ireland has previously competed in individual tournaments within World Rugby Sevens Series , and has stated its goal of winning promotion to core team status in the World Series . Ireland also competes in quadrennial rugby sevens tournaments . Ireland has competed in most Rugby World Cup Sevens since the 1993 inaugural event . The team also competes during European qualifying phases for the Summer Olympics , but failed to qualify for the inaugural rugby sevens competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics . Following the announcement in 2009 that rugby sevens would be an Olympic sport beginning in 2016 , the Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) created a men 's rugby sevens program in 2014 . The IRFU announced in 2015 its goal to field a national sevens team that has a chance to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics and joins the Sevens World Series by 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2018 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2018 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series serves as a qualifying tournament for the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier . The three top placing 2018-2019 non-core World Series teams - Ireland , Germany , and Russia - advance to the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualification tournament . Ireland won the series , winning three out of the four tournaments . The non-hosting team with the fewest points - Sweden - is relegated to the 2019 Trophy tournament .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix served as a European qualifier not only for the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier tournament , but for two bids among the teams not already qualified for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens .'}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2004 , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2004 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain . It was the third edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was the eighteenth edition of the continental championship for rugby sevens in Europe . The series took place over two legs , the first at Moscow in Russia and the second at Łódź in Poland . France won in Moscow but Germany won the Łódź tournament to take out the series championship title for the first time . Germany , Italy and Portugal , as the three highest-placed nations without core team status on the World Rugby Sevens Series , gained entry to the inaugural World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series for a chance to qualify to the World Sevens Series in 2020-21 . The Moscow leg of the tournament also served as a pre-qualifier for the 2020 Summer Olympics . The nine highest-placed eligible European teams from that tournament advanced to the Olympic regional qualifier held in Colomiers , France .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2008 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the seventh edition of the European Sevens championship and also functioned as a qualifying tournament for the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The German national rugby sevens team competes in the top-level European sevens competition , the Sevens Grand Prix Series . In 2012 , Germany finished eleventh out of twelve teams and avoided relegation . The team also unsuccessfully took part in the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens qualifying tournament in Moscow in July 2012 . In 2015 Germany qualified to the Final 2016 Olympic Qualification Tournament , where they failed to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics . In 2019 the German national team won the 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series , an equivalent to European Championships in other team sports .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was the eighteenth edition of the continental championship for rugby sevens in Europe . The series took place over two legs , the first at Moscow in Russia and the second at Łódź in Poland . France won in Moscow but Germany won the Łódź tournament to take out the series championship title for the first time . Germany , Italy and Portugal , as the three highest-placed nations without core team status on the World Rugby Sevens Series , gained entry to the inaugural World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series for a chance to qualify to the World Sevens Series in 2020-21 . The Moscow leg of the tournament also served as a pre-qualifier for the 2020 Summer Olympics . The nine highest-placed eligible European teams from that tournament advanced to the Olympic regional qualifier held in Colomiers , France .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2018 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2018 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series serves as a qualifying tournament for the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier . The three top placing 2018-2019 non-core World Series teams - Ireland , Germany , and Russia - advance to the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualification tournament . Ireland won the series , winning three out of the four tournaments . The non-hosting team with the fewest points - Sweden - is relegated to the 2019 Trophy tournament .'}]}, {'value': '1 ( 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2002 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Heidelberg , Germany . It was the first edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Portugal won the first edition by defeating Georgia 24-14 in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2003 , 2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': 'Nine one-day qualifying rugby sevens competitions took place in Amsterdam , Netherlands ( 17 May 2003 ) , Prague , Czech Republic ( 24 May 2003 ) , Lunel , France ( 24 May 2003 ) , Sopot , Poland ( 31 May 2003 ) , Makarska , Croatia ( 7 June 2003 ) , Madrid , Spain ( 14 June 2003 ) , Lisbon , Portugal ( 21 June 2003 ) , Budapest , Romania ( 28 June 2002 ) , and Tbilisi , Georgia ( 28 June 2003 ) . Following these competitions twelve teams consisting of Georgia , France , Portugal , Germany , Scotland , Croatia , Romania , Ukraine , Poland , Spain , Czech Republic , and Netherlands were deemed to have qualified for the European Sevens Championship hosted in Heidelberg , Germany ( 16-17 August 2003 ) . However , before the tournament commenced Scotland withdrew and Switzerland replaced them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2016 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series competition was restructured from the previous year , now with four divisions : Sevens Grand Prix Series , the Trophy , Conference 1 , and Conference 2 . In preparation for the 2016 Olympics , instead of England , Scotland , and Wales fielding their own teams , two unified teams , the Great Britain Royals and the Great Britain Lions , took part in the Grand Prix .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "Spain 's national rugby sevens team is one of 15 core teams participating in all ten tournaments of the World Rugby Sevens Series , having qualified by winning the 2017 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier tournament . Spain participated as a core team in the 2012-13 IRB Sevens World Series , but was relegated the following season . The team trains together at the country 's Olympic training facilities in Madrid , which itself has been a result of the sport entering its first Olympic cycle . Spain won the 2016 Olympic qualifying repechage tournament by beating Samoa 22-19 to qualify for the last available qualifying spot for the 2016 Summer Olympics . The team also competes annually in Rugby Europe 's Sevens Grand Prix Series tournament ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2015 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': "The 2015 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was an Olympic qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics which was held over three legs in the cities of Moscow , Lyon and Exeter . The top team qualified directly to the Olympic Games , whereas the runner-up qualified to the Final Olympic Qualification Tournament in 2016 . France won the 2015 Rugby Europe Men 's Sevens Championship , and qualified directly to the 2016 Summer Olympics . Spain finished second and qualified directly to the Final 2016 Men 's Olympic Qualification Tournament , avoiding the Rugby Europe Repechage Tournament ."}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2011 , 2016 , 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The Sevens Grand Prix Series 2011 is the tenth edition of the European Sevens Championship .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2016 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series competition was restructured from the previous year , now with four divisions : Sevens Grand Prix Series , the Trophy , Conference 1 , and Conference 2 . In preparation for the 2016 Olympics , instead of England , Scotland , and Wales fielding their own teams , two unified teams , the Great Britain Royals and the Great Britain Lions , took part in the Grand Prix .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix served as a European qualifier not only for the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier tournament , but for two bids among the teams not already qualified for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens .'}]}, {'value': '5 ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2019 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2007 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the sixth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2009 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the eighth edition of the European Sevens championship and was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . The tournament differed from the previous seasons event as the number of participating men 's teams had been reduced from twelve to ten . Instead , a women 's tournament was held alongside the men 's , also consisting of ten teams . The men 's tournament was won by Russia , while England took out the women 's title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2010 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the ninth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2012_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2012 Sevens Grand Prix Series was the 11th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby . The series was held in three phases ( GPS 1-3 ) hosted by France ( Lyon ) , Russia ( Moscow ) and Denmark ( Odense ) . The tournament was won by France , who defeated Portugal 21-12 in the final . England , winner of the first two phases of the tournament , were considered to be favourites but eliminated by France in the quarter-finals . England were the overall champions of the tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2019_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series was the eighteenth edition of the continental championship for rugby sevens in Europe . The series took place over two legs , the first at Moscow in Russia and the second at Łódź in Poland . France won in Moscow but Germany won the Łódź tournament to take out the series championship title for the first time . Germany , Italy and Portugal , as the three highest-placed nations without core team status on the World Rugby Sevens Series , gained entry to the inaugural World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series for a chance to qualify to the World Sevens Series in 2020-21 . The Moscow leg of the tournament also served as a pre-qualifier for the 2020 Summer Olympics . The nine highest-placed eligible European teams from that tournament advanced to the Olympic regional qualifier held in Colomiers , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The Italy national rugby sevens team has occasionally competed in the IRB Sevens World Series since the series ' was introduced in 1999 , although they do not participate in every leg . Their first ( and currently only ) ever points in the World Series came in 2003 , when they scored four points in the Cardiff leg of the series . Italy also competes in the Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series each summer . Italy also plays qualifying matches for two quadrennial tournaments - the Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Summer Olympics . Italy has participated in the Sevens World Cup multiple times , but has not qualified for the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2004 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain . It was the third edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': '3 ( 2005 , 2006 , 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2005 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fourth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2006_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2006 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the fifth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Final :"}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2009 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the eighth edition of the European Sevens championship and was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . The tournament differed from the previous seasons event as the number of participating men 's teams had been reduced from twelve to ten . Instead , a women 's tournament was held alongside the men 's , also consisting of ten teams . The men 's tournament was won by Russia , while England took out the women 's title ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The Georgia national rugby sevens team is a minor national sevens side . Georgia plays every summer in the Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series . They have occasionally qualified to play in certain legs of the World Rugby Sevens Series , but they have never been a core team on the Sevens Series . Georgia has participated for qualifying for the Olympics , but has never qualified to play in the Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2002 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Heidelberg , Germany . It was the first edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) . Portugal won the first edition by defeating Georgia 24-14 in the final ."}]}, {'value': '2 ( 2003 , 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': 'Nine one-day qualifying rugby sevens competitions took place in Amsterdam , Netherlands ( 17 May 2003 ) , Prague , Czech Republic ( 24 May 2003 ) , Lunel , France ( 24 May 2003 ) , Sopot , Poland ( 31 May 2003 ) , Makarska , Croatia ( 7 June 2003 ) , Madrid , Spain ( 14 June 2003 ) , Lisbon , Portugal ( 21 June 2003 ) , Budapest , Romania ( 28 June 2002 ) , and Tbilisi , Georgia ( 28 June 2003 ) . Following these competitions twelve teams consisting of Georgia , France , Portugal , Germany , Scotland , Croatia , Romania , Ukraine , Poland , Spain , Czech Republic , and Netherlands were deemed to have qualified for the European Sevens Championship hosted in Heidelberg , Germany ( 16-17 August 2003 ) . However , before the tournament commenced Scotland withdrew and Switzerland replaced them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2008_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2008 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the seventh edition of the European Sevens championship and also functioned as a qualifying tournament for the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The Scotland national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Commonwealth Games . The head coach is John Dalziel , supported by manager John Manson and skills coach Graham Shiel . During 2006 , the side were in danger of no longer competing in the Sevens World Series due to the financial problems faced by the Scottish Rugby Union . However , they gained a reprieve when the International Rugby Board announced that a leg of the Sevens World Series would be held at Murrayfield in Edinburgh , starting in 2007 . The SRU then announced that the Scotland sevens team would compete in all eight legs of the Sevens World Series , and draw players from the country 's national academy . Scotland were champions of the 2016 London Sevens ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2014 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': '2014 Sevens Grand Prix Series is the 13th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series ( formerly known as the European Sevens Championship ) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA - Association of European Rugby .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2004 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Palma de Mallorca , Spain . It was the third edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , the Rugby World Cup Sevens and in the Commonwealth Games . Wales were the World Cup Sevens Champions after winning the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens in the United Arab Emirates . But they relinquished that title after failing to defend their crown at the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Moscow . The Welsh sevens squad was disbanded by the Welsh Rugby Union due to financial constraints . After a three-year absence , the Wales sevens team returned to international competition in the 2006-07 season . They competed at half of the eight tournaments and won the plate competition ( fifth place ) at each of them . [ citation needed ] They repeated this feat at the 2006 Commonwealth Games . The star of the 2005-06 squad was Neath and Ospreys player James Hook . Hook has since progressed to the full Welsh national side . In 2006-07 , Wales competed in the Dubai , South Africa , Australia , Hong Kong , Scotland and England legs of the IRB 's World Sevens Series , reaching the semi-finals of the cup at Twickenham and Murrayfield . Wales have been a core team that has competed in all legs of the IRB Sevens Series since the 2007-08 season . At the 2016 USA Sevens , Wales beat Canada , Portugal , Scotland and France to win the Bowl final and claim 9th place ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2008 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Hanover , Germany . It was the seventh edition of the European Sevens championship and also functioned as a qualifying tournament for the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2017 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_Rugby_Europe_Sevens_Grand_Prix_Series', 'summary': 'The 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix served as a European qualifier not only for the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier tournament , but for two bids among the teams not already qualified for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens .'}]}, {'value': 'Moldova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moldova_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The Moldova national rugby sevens team is a minor national sevens side . Moldova finished third at the 2007 European Sevens Championship .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( 2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_European_Sevens_Championship', 'summary': "The 2007 European Sevens Championship was a rugby sevens competition , with the final held in Moscow , Russia . It was the sixth edition of the European Sevens championship . The event was organised by rugby 's European governing body , the FIRA - Association of European Rugby ( FIRA-AER ) ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Top division -- Team records', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sevens_Grand_prix_series_0', 'intro': 'The Rugby Europe Sevens, whose main division is the Sevens Grand Prix Series, are a series of rugby sevens tournaments held by Rugby Europe. It was formerly known as the FIRA-AER Sevens until 2013, with only one annual tournament prior to 2011, when it was reorganized as a series of tournaments, following the model of the World Rugby Sevens Series, and named the Sevens Grand Prix Series. Rugby Europe also sponsors continental sevens tournaments divided into multiple divisions, incorporating a promotion/relegation system.'}	null	null	What did the 2nd championship win for the team with the most top 4 finishes qualify them for ?	2016 Summer Olympics
018d9b144b0205c2	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Nebraska', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Nebraska', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bertrand Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steamboat_Bertrand', 'summary': 'The steamboat Bertrand , carrying cargo up the Missouri River to Virginia City , Montana Territory , sank on April 1 , 1865 , after hitting a snag in the river north of Omaha , Nebraska . Half of its cargo was recovered 100 years later . Today , the artifacts are displayed in a museum at the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge near Missouri Valley , Iowa . The display makes up the largest intact collection of Civil War-era artifacts in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'March 24 , 1969 ( # 69000138 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge 41°31′24″N 96°01′44″W / 41.523333°N 96.028889°W / 41.523333 ; -96.028889 ( Bertrand Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeSoto_National_Wildlife_Refuge', 'summary': "DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge , created in 1958 , is located along the banks of the Missouri River in the U.S. states of Iowa and Nebraska . The 8,362-acre ( 33.83 km2 ) refuge ( 46% in Iowa , 54% in Nebraska ) preserves an area that would have been otherwise lost to cultivation . In 1960 , an Army Corps of Engineers channelization project on the Missouri River moved the main river channel in the area to the west . The former river channel became DeSoto Lake , a seven-mile long oxbow lake . As a result , part of the Nebraska portion of the refuge lies on the east side of the Missouri River . For over 20 years after construction , the lake was used for recreational boating , with half of the lake designated for watersports and the other half a no-wake zone for wildlife habitat and fishing . The lake was so popular that access was limited by the park 's rangers to keep the boat traffic down on the lake on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . The lake 's marina , snack bar , swimming area and boat ramps were all removed , and restrictions were placed on boat operation . Today , the refuge is home to around 30 mammal species , including white-tailed deer , beavers , opossums , raccoons , fox squirrels , muskrats and coyotes . Many bird species also inhabit the refuge , such as bald eagles , great blue herons , egrets , pelicans , turkeys and cardinals . The refuge is also a major stopover on the Central Flyway bird migration route ; the population of migratory birds increases substantially in the spring and fall months . The numbers of snow geese used to frequently be in the hundreds of thousands , but for unknown reasons has substantially dropped for only a few thousand a year ( not at once ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair_High_School_(Blair,_Nebraska)', 'summary': "Blair High School is a public high school in Blair , Nebraska , United States . It is a part of Blair Community Schools . The 140,000-square-foot ( 13,000 m2 ) building was built in 1970 at a cost of $ 2.2 million . Sitting on 75 acres ( 300,000 m2 ) of land , it services approximately 750 students . The school 's former building , built in 1889 , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1991 . The original building was a two-story building in the Richardsonian Romanesque style , with a two-story Colonial Revival addition in 1929 and a one-story flat brick annex added in 1969 . The building has been converted to apartments , offices , and a social hall . The school 's newspaper , known as The Bear Tracks , is a student-made paper consisting of seven sections , and is issued at the end of every month . The school 's colors are purple and white ; its athletic teams are the Bears . Blair High School is a member of the Eastern Midlands Conference and competes in Class B athletics and in mostly Class A fine arts . Blair High School 's main rivals include Elkhorn and Gretna ."}]}, {'value': 'March 14 , 1991 ( # 91000300 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of 16th and Colfax Sts . 41°32′24″N 96°08′10″W / 41.54°N 96.136111°W / 41.54 ; -96.136111 ( Blair High School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraham Castetter House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Castetter_House', 'summary': "The Abraham Castetter House is a historic house in Blair , Nebraska . It was built in 1876 for Abraham Castetter , who served as Washington County 's county clerk and later founded The Banking House of A. Castetter . The house was designed in the Second Empire and Eclectic architectural styles . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 25 , 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 25 , 1982 ( # 82003203 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1815 Grant St. 41°32′30″N 96°08′23″W / 41.54159°N 96.13967°W / 41.54159 ; -96.13967 ( Abraham Castetter House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congregational Church of Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congregational_Church_of_Blair', 'summary': 'The Congregational Church of Blair at 16th and Colfax Sts . in Blair , Nebraska is a Carpenter Gothic church that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979 . The church was founded in 1870 . The building was constructed in 1874 by local builder George Sutherland , according to a design by Omaha architect Charles F. Driscoll whose plans won out over architect A. Roberts , each of whom received $ 25 for their submissions . Carpenter Gothic style is rare in the state , and this is believed to be the only non-Episcopalian church example . ( Architect Richard Upjohn popularized the style for rural Episcopalian churches . ) It was renovated and extended in 1884 , 1908 , and 1957 . Driscoll also designed the NRHP-listed Ideal Steam Laundry , in Fremont , Nebraska .'}]}, {'value': 'February 1 , 1979 ( # 79001457 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th and Colfax Sts . 41°32′27″N 96°08′11″W / 41.540972°N 96.136444°W / 41.540972 ; -96.136444 ( Congregational Church of Blair )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'C.C . Crowell , Jr. House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.C._Crowell,_Jr._House', 'summary': 'The C.C . Crowell Jr. House is a historic house in Blair , Nebraska . It was built in 1901 for C.C . Crowell , Jr. , a businessman who bequeathed it to the United Methodist Church upon his death . It was remodelled as a retirement facility for Methodists and renamed the Crowell Memorial Home . It was subsequently remodelled as a private residence . The house was designed in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne architectural styles . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 19 , 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1982 ( # 82003204 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2138 Washington St. 41°32′39″N 96°08′42″W / 41.5441°N 96.14505°W / 41.5441 ; -96.14505 ( C.C . Crowell , Jr. House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Engineer Cantonment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engineer_Cantonment', 'summary': 'Engineer Cantonment is an archaeological site in Washington County , in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States . Located in the floodplain of the Missouri River near present-day Omaha , Nebraska , it was the temporary winter camp of the scientific party of the Yellowstone Expedition . From October 1819 to June 1820 , the party studied the geology and biology of the vicinity , and met with the local indigenous peoples . Their eight-month study of the biota has been described as the first biodiversity inventory undertaken in the United States . The site was not used again after the departure of the expedition , and its location was forgotten . In 2003 , it was rediscovered , and investigated during the 2003-05 archaeological seasons . In 2015 , it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2015 ( # 15000795 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Fort Calhoun is a city in Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 908 at the 2010 census . The city includes Fort Atkinson , the first fort built west of the Missouri River .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fontanelle Township Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fontanelle_Township_Hall', 'summary': 'The Fontanelle Township Hall is a historic one-story building in Fontanelle , Nebraska . It was built with bricks under the supervision of H.J . Carpenter in 1896 . Inside , there are polling booths , and wooden tongue-in-groove wainscotting [ . ] on all four walls . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since September 9 , 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 9 , 1982 ( # 82003205 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10976 8th Street 41°32′14″N 96°25′40″W / 41.537361°N 96.427667°W / 41.537361 ; -96.427667 ( Fontanelle Township Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fontanelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fontanelle,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Fontanelle is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Dodge and Washington counties , Nebraska , United States . The site of repeated incursions by the neighboring Pawnee tribe , Fontanelle was an early boom town in the Nebraska Territory , but waned in importance after failing to secure a railroad connection in the late 19th century . The 1860 Federal Census showed the town having dozens of residents , including farmers , carpenters , blacksmiths , clergymen , lawyers , and other professions . The town dwindled from a population of 500 to a few dozen after an early university left in the 1870s , it failed to get a railroad connection , and the nation suffered a financial depression .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Atkinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)', 'summary': 'Fort Atkinson was the first United States Army post to be established west of the Missouri River in the unorganized region of the Louisiana Purchase of the United States . Located just east of present-day Fort Calhoun , Nebraska , the fort was erected in 1819 and abandoned in 1827 . The site is now known as Fort Atkinson State Historical Park and is a National Historic Landmark . A replica fort was constructed by the state at the site during the 1980s-1990s . The post , which included soldiers , traders , trappers , and other frontier people , has been credited by the Nebraska State Legislature as the first town in Nebraska . Founded almost 30 years before the creation of the Nebraska Territory , Fort Atkinson had more than 1,000 residents . It included a brickyard , lime kiln , stone quarry , grist mill , saw mill , and cooper shop .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000454 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 mile east of Fort Calhoun 41°27′23″N 96°00′49″W / 41.456389°N 96.013611°W / 41.456389 ; -96.013611 ( Fort Atkinson )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Fort Calhoun is a city in Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 908 at the 2010 census . The city includes Fort Atkinson , the first fort built west of the Missouri River .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfred H. and Sarah Frahm House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_H._and_Sarah_Frahm_House', 'summary': 'The Alfred H. and Sarah Frahm House is a historic house in Fort Calhoun , Nebraska . It was built in 1905 for Alfred H. Frahm , who lived here with his wife , nee Sarah Case Beales , and their daughter , Catharine Comly Frahm . It was designed in the Classical Revival style by Fisher and Lawrie , an architectural firm based in Omaha . When Catherine Comly Frahm died in 1994 , the house was conveyed to the Washington County Historical Association . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 2 , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2 , 2006 ( # 06000101 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220 S. 15th St. 41°27′14″N 96°01′41″W / 41.45398°N 96.02803°W / 41.45398 ; -96.02803 ( Alfred H. and Sarah Frahm House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Fort Calhoun is a city in Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 908 at the 2010 census . The city includes Fort Atkinson , the first fort built west of the Missouri River .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gottsch Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 8 , 2016 ( # 16000516 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17201 Dutch Hall Rd . 41°23′35″N 96°11′02″W / 41.393150°N 96.184008°W / 41.393150 ; -96.184008 ( Gottsch Farmstead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bennington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bennington,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Bennington is a city in Douglas County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,458 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Creek School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23 , 2001 ( # 01000167 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Creek Lane 41°27′33″N 96°05′15″W / 41.4591°N 96.08748°W / 41.4591 ; -96.08748 ( Long Creek School )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George A. Marshall House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 5 , 2018 ( # 100003096 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '301 N 8th St. 41°27′09″N 96°21′28″W / 41.4526°N 96.3579°W / 41.4526 ; -96.3579 ( George A. Marshall House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Arlington is a village in Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 1,243 at the 2010 census . Arlington is named after Arlington , Virginia .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old McDonald Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 5 , 2001 ( # 01000714 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of Blair above Mill Creek 41°30′01″N 96°08′00″W / 41.500278°N 96.133333°W / 41.500278 ; -96.133333 ( Old McDonald Farm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Parker Archeological Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Parker_Archeological_Site', 'summary': 'The Frank Parker Archeological Site , near Florence , Nebraska , is an archeological site which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 . It is associated with Frank Parker and has designations 25WN1 and 25DO169 . It is a prehistoric village site and a processing site and was listed for its potential to yield information in the future .'}]}, {'value': 'March 4 , 2009 ( # 09000069 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Fort Calhoun is a city in Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 908 at the 2010 census . The city includes Fort Atkinson , the first fort built west of the Missouri River .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trinity Seminary Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1980 ( # 80004528 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'College Dr. 41°33′02″N 96°08′39″W / 41.550556°N 96.144167°W / 41.550556 ; -96.144167 ( Trinity Seminary Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_County_Courthouse_(Nebraska)', 'summary': 'The Washington County Courthouse in Blair , Nebraska was built during 1889-91 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . It was designed by Lincoln , Nebraska , architect O.H . Placey . It has four corner towers and a central dome . Its north and west pediments include metal sculpture . An unusual feature is the pedimental sculpture in two pediments , consisting of painted metal forms . These include symbolism of cornucopia , wheat , pumpkins [ which ] call attention to the fertile agricultural foundation of the county , while the ship in full sail likely recalls the immigrant experience and the shields symbolize county government .'}]}, {'value': 'January 10 , 1990 ( # 89002221 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th St. between Colfax and South Sts . 41°32′24″N 96°08′06″W / 41.54°N 96.135°W / 41.54 ; -96.135 ( Washington County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair,_Nebraska', 'summary': 'Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Nebraska , United States . The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census . Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Nebraska_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Nebraska. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.'}	null	null	What is the population of the town that was constructed in 1874 by local builder George Sutherland ?	7,990
018e41e66fedd1e5	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A_de_México', 'title': 'Serie A de México', 'header': ['Club', 'Manager', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Affiliate'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlético Irapuato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irapuato_F.C.', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Irapuato is a professional football club , based in Irapuato , Guanajuato , Mexico . They are currently playing in the Serie A in the Liga Premier . Irapuato has mostly played in the Promotion League of Mexico ( formerly Primera División A or Ascenso MX . From 2000 to 2004 , the team briefly rose to prominence in the Liga MX reaching the playoffs . Historically , Irapuato has spent over 26 years in the Primera División , never quite excelling to challenge for the title . The team was relegated from the Primera División in 2004 but not because of their on-field performance , but because of financial irregularities . In 2013 , the team then took a turn for the worse being relegated to Liga Premier , the Third Division of Mexico for a year . The team briefly returned to Ascenso MX in May 2014 when Ballenas Galeana , decided to move to Irapuato , and also change their name to Club Irapuato , once again giving Irapuato a football team . But that team was relegated too after a couple of mediocre seasons to Liga Premier , were they play to this day .'}]}, {'value': 'Omar Arellano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omar_Arellano_Nuño', 'summary': 'Omar Arellano Nuño ( born May 29 , 1967 in Tampico , Tamaulipas ) is a former Mexican football midfielder and current manager of Irapuato F.C . As of April 2009 he was the manager at Chivas Guadalajara , and he managed Necaxa in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Irapuato , Guanajuato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irapuato', 'summary': "Irapuato is a Mexican town ( and municipality ) located at the foot of the Arandas Hill ( in Spanish : Cerro de Arandas ) , in the central region of the state of Guanajuato . It lies between the Silao River and the Guanajuato River , a tributary of the Lerma River , at 1,724 m ( 5,656 ft ) above sea level . It is located at 20°40′N 101°21′W / 20.667°N 101.350°W / 20.667 ; -101.350 . The city is the second-largest in the state ( only behind León ) , with a population of 342,561 according to the 2005 census , while its municipality has a population of 529,440 . The municipality has an area of 845.16 km² ( 326.32 sq mi ) and includes numerous smaller outlying communities . The city 's main industry is agriculture and it is famous for its strawberries and the raising of pigs and cattle . The fruits and flowers of Irapuato 's luxurious gardens are well known throughout Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guanajuato', 'summary': "Guanajuato ( Spanish pronunciation : [ gwanaˈxwato ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato . The largest city in the state is León . Guanajuato is in central Mexico . It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west , Zacatecas to the northwest , San Luis Potosí to the north , Querétaro to the east , and Michoacán to the south . It covers an area of 30,608 km2 ( 11,818 sq mi ) . Guanajuato is between the arid north of the country and the lusher south , and it is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt , the Mexican Plateau . It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the now capital city of Guanajuato , but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock . Mining and agriculture were the mainstays of the state 's economy , but have since been eclipsed by the secondary sector . Guanajuato has particularly seen growth in the automotive industry . The state is home to several historically important cities , especially those along the Bicentennial Route , which retraces the path of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 's insurgent army at the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence . This route begins at Dolores Hidalgo , and passes though the Sanctuary of Atotonilco , San Miguel de Allende , Celaya , and the capital of Guanajuato ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergio León Chávez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Sergio_León_Chávez', 'summary': 'Estadio Sergio León Chávez is a Multi-purpose stadium in the city of Irapuato . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 25,000 people . The stadium was built in 1967 and hosted group C of the FIFA World Cup in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis_Premier', 'summary': 'The Club Atlético de San Luis Premier play in the Liga Premier in San Luis Potosí City , Mexico and is the official reserve team for Atlético San Luis .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio Servín', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soledad de Graciano Sánchez , San Luis Potosí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soledad_de_Graciano_Sánchez', 'summary': "Soledad de Graciano Sánchez is the second-largest city of the state of San Luis Potosí in Mexico . It lies adjacent to the east side of the state 's capital city of San Luis Potosí in the west-central part of the state . The city is the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name . The city had a 2005 census population of 215,968 , while the municipality 's population was 226,803 . The municipality has an area of 280.95 km² ( 108.475 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Luis_Potosí', 'summary': "San Luis Potosí ( Spanish pronunciation : [ san ˈlwis potoˈsi ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí City . It is located in North-Central Mexico and is bordered by seven other Mexican states : Nuevo León to the north ; Tamaulipas to the north-east ; Veracruz to the east ; Hidalgo , Querétaro and Guanajuato to the south ; and Zacatecas to north-west . In addition to the capital city , the state 's largest cities include Ciudad Valles , Matehuala , Rioverde , and Tamazunchale ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva 21 de Marzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unidad_Deportiva_21_de_Marzo', 'summary': 'The Unidad Deportiva 21 de Marzo is a multi-use stadium in Soledad de Graciano Sánchez , San Luis Potosí , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Santos de Soledad . The stadium has a capacity of 3,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlético San Luis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_San_Luis', 'summary': "Club Atlético de San Luis , commonly known as Atlético San Luis , is a Mexican professional football club based in San Luis Potosí , replacing San Luis Potosí 's Liga MX team San Luis FC after its relocation . San Luis was promoted to Liga MX in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'CAFESSA Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deportivo_CAFESSA_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Deportivo CAFESSA Jalisco , commonly known as CAFESSA Jalisco , is a Mexican football club based in Guadalajara . The club was founded in 2015 , and currently plays in the Serie A of Liga Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaime Durán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Durán', 'summary': 'Jaime Durán Gómez ( born December 2 , 1981 in El Grullo , Jalisco ) is a former Mexican football player who last played as a defender for Puebla .'}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara , Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara', 'summary': "Guadalajara ( /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/ , Spanish : [ ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Jalisco , and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara . The city is in the central region of Jalisco in the Western-Pacific area of Mexico . With a population of 1,460,148 inhabitants , it is Mexico 's second most populous municipality . The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a reported population of 5,002,466 inhabitants , making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico , behind Mexico City . The municipality is the second most densely populated in Mexico , the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico . It is a strong business and economic center in the Bajío region . Guadalajara is the tenth-largest Latin American city in population , urban area and gross domestic product . The city 's economy is based on services and industry , especially information technology , with many international firms having regional offices and manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area , and several domestic IT companies headquartered in the city . Other , more traditional industries , such as shoes , textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors . Guadalajara is a major Mexican cultural center , as it is considered by most to be the home of the famous mariachi genre of music , and plays host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the Guadalajara International Film Festival , the Guadalajara International Book Fair , and other globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds . It is home to C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most popular football clubs in Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jalisco', 'summary': "Jalisco ( UK : /həˈliːskoʊ/ , US : /hɑːˈ- , həˈlɪskoʊ/ , Spanish : [ xaˈlisko ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco [ esˈtaðo ˈliβɾe i soβeˈɾano ðe xaˈlisko ] ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states which are Nayarit , Zacatecas , Aguascalientes , Guanajuato , Michoacán and Colima . Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities , and its capital city is Guadalajara . Jalisco is one of the most important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history . Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture , particularly outside Mexico City , are originally from Jalisco , such as mariachi , ranchera music , birria , tequila , jaripeo , etc. , hence the state 's motto : Jalisco es México . Economically , it is ranked third in the country , with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area , the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico . The state is home to two significant indigenous populations , the Huichols and the Nahuas . There is also a significant foreign population , mostly from the United States and Canada , living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Jalisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jalisco', 'summary': 'The Jalisco Stadium is a football stadium located in Guadalajara , Mexico . It is the third largest Mexican football stadium behind Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico Universitario . The facility is located in the city of Guadalajara , Jalisco , 400 kilometers north-west of Mexico City , and has a maximum capacity of 55,110 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '55,110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cafetaleros de Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cafetaleros_de_Chiapas_Premier', 'summary': 'The Club Cafetaleros de Chiapas Premier plays in the Liga Premier in Tapachula , Chiapas , Mexico and is the official reserve team for Cafetaleros de Chiapas .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Valverde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tapachula , Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapachula', 'summary': 'Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez , simply known as Tapachula , is a city and municipality located in the far southeast of the state of Chiapas in Mexico , near the Guatemalan border and the Pacific Ocean . It is one of the most important cities of Chiapas economically as the capital of the agriculturally rich Soconusco region as well as port for trade between Mexico and Central America . The area was originally inhabited by the Mames as a region under the control of the Mame state of Xelaju but was first established as a city by the Aztecs in the 13th century . Most of its economic importance has come since the late 19th century with the establishment of coffee plantations . This agricultural production began a history of migration into the area which continues to this day and has left the city with a significant Asian and German cultural presence as well as large Mayan and Nahua indigenous populations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chiapas', 'summary': 'Chiapas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtʃjapas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas ) , is one of the 32 states that make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is divided into 124 municipalities as of September 2017 and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez . Other important population centers in Chiapas include Ocosingo , Tapachula , San Cristóbal de las Casas , Comitán and Arriaga . It is the southernmost state in Mexico . It is located in Southeastern Mexico , and it borders the states of Oaxaca to the west , Veracruz to the northwest and Tabasco to the north , and by the Petén , Quiché , Huehuetenango and San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast . Chiapas has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the south . In general , Chiapas has a humid , tropical climate . In the north , in the area bordering Tabasco , near Teapa , rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm ( 120 in ) per year . In the past , natural vegetation in this region was lowland , tall perennial rainforest , but this vegetation has been almost completely cleared to allow agriculture and ranching . Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean , but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula . On the several parallel sierras or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas , climate can be quite temperate and foggy , allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo , home to a handful of resplendent quetzals and horned guans . Chiapas is home to the ancient Mayan ruins of Palenque , Yaxchilán , Bonampak , Chinkultic and Toniná .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico de Tapachula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_de_Tapachula', 'summary': "Estadio Olímpico de Tapachula is a multi-purpose stadium in Tapachula , Chiapas , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cafetaleros de Chiapas Premier . The stadium seats 22,000 people . In 2015 the stadium was renovated in order to house Tapachula 's Ascenso MX franchise , Cafetaleros de Tapachula . In 2017 the stadium expanded to 22,000 , adding 11,000 more seats from its 2015 renovation ."}]}, {'value': '21,018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cafetaleros de Chiapas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cafetaleros_de_Chiapas', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol Cafetaleros de Chiapas is a Mexican football club based in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez , Chiapas currently competing in Ascenso MX , the second tier of Mexican football .'}]}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul_Hidalgo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Cruz Azul Hidalgo , also known as Cruz Azul Hidalgo , is a professional football club in Mexico who last played in the Liga Premier league of Mexico . Their stadium was the Estadio 10 de Diciembre located in Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ( previously name the town of Jasso ) in Hidalgo and was the affiliate team of Cruz Azul . The team dissolved in 2014 after Zacatepec 1948 bought their spot to remain in Ascenso MX . But has a team in the Liga Premier de Ascenso , replace Cruz Azul Jasso .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Roberto Pérez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Roberto_Pérez', 'summary': 'Carlos Roberto Pérez Loarca ( born July 12 , 1968 ) is a Mexican football manager and former player . He was born in Querétaro City , Querétaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul , Hidalgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)', 'summary': "Hidalgo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈðalɣo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Hidalgo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo ) , is one of the 32 states which constitute the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto . In 1869 , Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo . He appointed as capital of the state the city of Pachuca to which was added the name de Soto in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto , who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state . The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence . It is located in Eastern Mexico . Hidalgo is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north , Puebla on the east , Tlaxcala and State of Mexico on the south and Querétaro on the west . The state has a number of relatively intact native cultures such as the Otomi . There are also three notable immigrant cultures , those of the descendants of Cornish miners from Cornwall ( located in South West England ) who arrived in the 19th century , a few self-proclaimed Italian descendants , and a small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century . The state contains a number of ecotourism , cultural and archeological attractions including the Huasteca area , the ruins of Tula , natural hot water springs , old haciendas and mountain ranges . Hidalgo is known for its mountainous terrain but part of the state is on a coastal plain . With a population of 2.665 million and an area of roughly 20,813 square km , Hidalgo is one of Mexico 's smaller states ."}]}, {'value': '10 de Diciembre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_10_de_Diciembre', 'summary': 'Estadio 10 de Diciembre is a multi-use stadium in the Mexican town of Jasso . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cruz Azul Hidalgo and Cruz Azul Premier . The stadium holds 14,500 people and opened in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '14,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cruz Azul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cruz_Azul', 'summary': "Cruz Azul ( pronounced [ kɾus a'sool ] ) is a Mexican football club that plays in the top division of Mexican football , Liga MX . Originally from Hidalgo in the town of Jasso ( now part of the city cooperative Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul ) , south of Tula de Allende , the club moved to Mexico City in 1971 . Estadio Azteca , the nation 's largest sports venue , served as their home venue until 1996 , when they moved to the Estadio Azul . After 22 years , however , the team returned to the Azteca at the conclusion of the 2017-18 Liga MX season . Its headquarters are in La Noria , a suburb within Xochimilco in the southern part of Mexico City . Cruz Azul has been the Primera División champion eight times , trailing Toluca 's 10 , C.D . Guadalajara 's 12 , and Club América 's 13 . Cruz Azul 's six titles makes it the second-most successful club in the history of the CONCACAF Champions League , the most prestigious international club competition in North American football , trailing intracity rival Club America . Cruz Azul was also the first CONCACAF team to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores , the most prestigious club competition in South American football ( which invited top Liga MX clubs from 1998 to 2017 ) , losing on penalties to Argentine football giants Boca Juniors in 2001 . In the 1968-69 season , Cruz Azul was the first CONCACAF club ( and third worldwide ) to complete a rare Continental Treble , winning the Mexican Primera División championship , the Copa México national tournament , and the CONCACAF Champions League . The International Federation of Football History & Statistics , in its Club World Ranking for year ending December 31 , 2014 , places Cruz Azul as the 99th-best club in the world and the third-best club in CONCACAF . According to several polls published , Cruz Azul is the third-most popular team in Mexico , behind only C.D ."}]}, {'value': 'Inter Playa del Carmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Playa_del_Carmen', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol Inter Playa del Carmen is Mexican football club that plays in the Liga Premier . The club is based in Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Palacios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Palacios', 'summary': 'Marco Antonio Palacios Redorta ( born 6 March 1981 ) , commonly known as Pikolin is a retired Mexican footballer who last played for Monarcas Morelia on loan from Pumas UNAM . He made his debut with the Club Universidad Nacional under-17 Squad at the age of 16 along with his twin brother Alejandro . He made his professional debut with Club Universidad Nacional ( also known as Universidad Autonoma De Mexico , or U.N.A.M . ) at age 21 sporting the jersey number 23 , and made it through the ranks by 2004 . In 2005 , he was a regular starter in the Copa Sudamericana , but he lost his starting position in the regular league games . He has acquired two honors , that of Mexican Torneo de Clausura ( [ Season ] Closure Tournament ) ( 2004 ) and of Torneo de Apertura ( 2004 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Playa del Carmen , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen', 'summary': "Playa del Carmen ( Spanish pronunciation : [ 'plaʝa ðel 'kaɾmen ] ) is a city located along the Caribbean Sea in the municipality of Solidaridad , in the state of Quintana Roo , Mexico . It is a popular tourist area in eastern Mexico . Playa del Carmen features a wide array of tourist activities due to its geographical location in the Riviera Maya . It has also been the destination of PGA Tour golf tournaments and the set location for various television shows . The town has become one of the fastest to grow in population size in Mexico ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva Mario Villanueva Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unidad_Deportiva_Mario_Villanueva_Madrid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '7,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Marina', 'summary': 'The Fútbol Club Marina Central de Reservas , commonly known as Cañoneros Marina , is a Mexican football club based in Mexico City . The club was founded on 2012 , and currently plays in Serie A .'}]}, {'value': 'José Gerardo Espinoza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milpa Alta , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milpa_Alta', 'summary': "Milpa Alta is one of the 16 alcaldías into which Mexico 's capital , Mexico City is divided . It lies in the southeast corner of the nation 's capital , bordering the State of Mexico and Morelos . It is the second largest and most rural of all the boroughs with the lowest population . It is also one of the most traditional areas of the city , with over 700 religious and secular festivals during the year and an economy based on agriculture and food processing , especially the production of nopal cactus , barbacoa and mole sauce ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Momoxco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Momoxco', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneros de Cancún', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pioneros_de_Cancún', 'summary': 'Deportivo Pioneros de Cancún F.C is Mexican football team that plays in the Liga Premier Serie A who resides in Cancún , México .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Bracamontes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Bracamontes', 'summary': 'Carlos Alejandro Bracamontes Zenizo ( born January 4 , 1959 ) is a Mexican football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Cancún , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cancún', 'summary': "Cancún ( /kænˈkuːn/ or /kɑːn-/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ kaŋˈkun ] pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a city in southeast Mexico on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . It is a significant tourist destination in Mexico and the seat of the municipality of Benito Juárez . The city is on the Caribbean Sea and is one of Mexico 's easternmost points . Cancún is just north of Mexico 's Caribbean coast resort band known as the Riviera Maya . In older English-language documents , the citys name is sometimes spelled Cancoon , an attempt to convey the sound of the name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Andrés_Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "The Estadio Olímpico Andrés Quintana Roo is a 17,289-seat stadium in Cancún , Quintana Roo , Mexico . It is the home field of Ascenso MX 's Atlante F.C . The stadium was inaugurated on August 11 , 2007 , in a game against Universidad Nacional . Atlante F.C . won in this stadium their 3rd league title in Apertura 2007 against Universidad Nacional . The Houston Dynamo became the first Major League Soccer team to play in the stadium on March 3 , 2009 , when the club were defeated by Atlante in the second leg of the CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinals ."}]}, {'value': '17,289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reboceros de La Piedad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reboceros_de_La_Piedad', 'summary': 'Club de Fútbol La Piedad is a Mexican football club based in La Piedad , Michoacán . The club currently plays in the Liga Premier de Ascenso de Mexico in the Liga Premier . Reboceros was founded in 1951 by football players from Perros Bravos neighborhood , most of them were craftsman working with leather and textile .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Rincón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Piedad , Michoacán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Piedad', 'summary': "La Piedad de Cabadas is a city and its surrounding municipality ( La Piedad municipality ) located at Coordinates : 20°20′N 102°01′W / 20.333°N 102.017°W / 20.333 ; -102.017 in the north-west of the Mexican state of Michoacán , bordering Jalisco and Guanajuato . The original colonial name was San Sebastián . It is bordered by the town of Santa Ana Pacueco , Guanajuato . Both towns straddle the Lerma River . La Piedad 's population was 99,837 inhabitants in the 2010 census ( 250,000 including its metropolitan area ) . The municipality has an area of 284.11 km² ( 109.7 sq mi ) . It is bordered by the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michoacán', 'summary': 'Michoacán , formally Michoacán de Ocampo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ mitʃoaˈkan de oˈkampo ] ( listen ) ) , officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo ( English : Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo ) , is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico . The state is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia ( formerly called Valladolid ) . The city was named after José María Morelos , one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence . Michoacán is located in Western Mexico , and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest . It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest , Guanajuato to the north , Querétaro to the northeast , the State of México to the east , and Guerrero to the southeast . The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl : Michhuahcān [ mit͡ʃˈwaʔkaːn ] from michhuah [ ˈmit͡ʃwaʔ ] ( possessor of fish ) and -cān [ kaːn ] ( place of ) and means place of the fishermen referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro . In pre-Hispanic times , the area was the home of the Purépecha Empire , which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter . After the Spanish conquest , the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period . The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence . Today , the state is still home to a sizable population of Purépecha people as well as minor populations of Otomi and Nahua . The economy is based on agriculture , fishing , mining and some industry . The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area , which was the center of the Purépecha Empire , also the national or state parks which include the winter grounds of the monarch butterflies ( Mariposas Monarca ) and the park where the Cupatitzio River has its main source .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan N. López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Juan_N._López', 'summary': 'Estadio Juan N. López is a football stadium located in La Piedad , Michoacán , Mexico . It is home to Segunda División de México ( Mexico Second Division ) club La Piedad . It opened in 1994 and has a setting capacity of 13,356 .'}]}, {'value': '13,356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Canamy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Canamy', 'summary': 'Club Sporting Canamy is a Mexican football club that plays in the Liga Premier after their objective to promote from the Tercera División de México was a success in the 2014-15 season finished as runner-up . The club is based in Oaxtepec , Morelos after a relocation from Mexico City after 2016-17 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gerardo Durón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oaxtepec , Morelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oaxtepec', 'summary': 'Oaxtepec is a town within the municipality of Yautepec and the Cuautla metropolitan area in the northern part of the Mexican state of Morelos . Its main industry is tourism , mostly aimed at the inhabitants of nearby Mexico City , and the town possesses various aquatic resorts and hotels . The climate is tropical and the countryside very lush . Oaxtepec has 6,939 inhabitants . During the XIX Olympiad in 1968 , Oaxtepec was the venue and staging area for the World Youth Camp component of the Cultural Olympiad .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Morelos', 'summary': 'Morelos ( Spanish pronunciation : [ moˈɾelos ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca . Morelos is a landlocked state located in South-Central Mexico . It is bordered by the states of México to the north-east and north-west , Puebla to the east , and Guerrero to the southwest . Mexico City is situated north of Morelos . Morelos is the second-smallest state in the nation , just after Tlaxcala . It was part of the very large province , then State of Mexico until 1869 , when Benito Juárez decreed that its territory would be separated and named in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón , who defended the city of Cuautla from royalist forces during the Mexican War of Independence . Most of the state enjoys a warm climate year-round , which is good for the raising of sugar cane and other crops . Morelos has attracted visitors from the Valley of Mexico since Aztec times . The state is also known for the Chinelos , a type of costumed dancer that appears at festivals , especially Carnival , which is celebrated in a number of communities in the state . It is also home to the Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl , a designated World Heritage Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Olímpico de Oaxtepec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Olímpico_de_Oaxtepec', 'summary': 'The Estadio Olímpico de Oaxtepec is a multi-use stadium in Oaxtepec , Morelos , Mexico . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium for Sporting Canamy . The stadium has a capacity of 9,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '9,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tlaxcala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tlaxcala_F.C.', 'summary': 'Tlaxcala Fútbol Club , commonly known as Coyotes de Tlaxcala , is a Mexican football club based in Tlaxcala . The club was founded in 2013 , and currently plays in the third tier , Serie A de México . Tlaxcala won automatic promotion to Ascenso MX in the 2016-17 season , but their promotion was put on hold until the 2018-19 season as their stadium failed to meet league requirements .'}]}, {'value': 'Lorenzo Sáez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanacamilpa , Tlaxcala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanacamilpa_de_Mariano_Arista', 'summary': 'Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista is a municipality in Tlaxcala in south-eastern Mexico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tlaxcala', 'summary': "Tlaxcala ( /tlɑːsˈkɑːlə/ ; Spanish : [ tla ( k ) sˈkala ] ( listen ) , [ tla ( ɣ ) sˈkala ] ; from Nahuatl languages : Tlaxcallān Nahuatl pronunciation : [ tɬaʃˈkalːaːn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala . It is located in East-Central Mexico , in the altiplano region , with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental . It is bordered by the states of Puebla to the north , east and south , México to the west and Hidalgo to the northwest . It is the smallest state of the republic , accounting for only 0.2% of the country 's territory . The state is named after its capital , Tlaxcala , which was also the name of the Pre-Columbian city and culture . The Tlaxcalans allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs , with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of colonial period . After Mexican Independence , Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory , until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation . Most of the state 's economy is based on agriculture , light industry and tourism . The tourist industry is rooted in Tlaxcala 's long history with major attractions being archeological sites such as Cacaxtla and colonial constructions in and around Tlaxcala city ."}]}, {'value': 'Unidad Deportiva José Brindis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional_Premier', 'summary': "Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier is a professional football team that plays in the Mexican Football League . They are currently playing in the Liga Premier ( Mexico 's Third Division ) . Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier is affiliated with Club Universidad Nacional who plays in the Liga MX . The games are held in the Mexico City neighborhood of Coyoacán in the Estadio La Cantera ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Humberto González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Humberto_González', 'summary': 'Carlos Humberto González Rolón ( born March 11 , 1977 ) is a retired Mexican football player . Born in Guadalajara , he played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Coyoacán , Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coyoacán', 'summary': 'Coyoacán ( US : /ˌkɔɪoʊəˈkɑːn/ KOY-oh-ə-KAHN , Spanish : [ koʝoaˈkan ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality ( alcaldía ) of Mexico City and the former village which is now the boroughs historic center . The name comes from Nahuatl and most likely means place of coyotes , when the Aztecs named a pre-Hispanic village on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco which was dominated by the Tepanec people . Against Aztec domination , these people welcomed Hernán Cortés and the Spanish , who used the area as a headquarters during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and made it the first capital of New Spain between 1521 and 1523 . The village , later municipality , of Coyoacan remained completely independent of Mexico City through the colonial period into the 19th century . In 1857 , the area was incorporated into the Federal District when this district was expanded . In 1928 , the borough was created when the Federal District was divided into sixteen boroughs . The urban sprawl of Mexico City reached the borough in the mid 20th century , turning farms , former lakes and forests into developed areas , but many of the former villages have kept their original layouts , plazas and narrow streets and have conserved structures built from the 16th to the early 20th centuries . This has made the borough of Coyoacan , especially its historic center , a popular place to visit on weekends .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mexico_City', 'summary': "Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , American Spanish : [ sjuˈða ( ð ) ðe ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; abbreviated as CDMX , Nahuatl languages : Āltepētl Mēxihco ) , is one of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico and the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America . It is one of the most important cultural and financial centres in the world . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2,240 meters ( 7,350 ft ) . The city has 16 alcaldías , formerly known as boroughs . The 2009 population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million , which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere , the eleventh-largest agglomeration ( 2017 ) , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $ 411 billion in 2011 , making Greater Mexico City one of the most productive urban areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico 's GDP , and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP . If it were an independent country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America , five times as large as Costa Rica and about the same size as Peru . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by indigenous people , the other being Quito , Ecuador . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 , it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'La Cantera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UNAM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional', 'summary': "Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A.C. , commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM , Pumas UNAM , UNAM , or Pumas , is a Mexican league football club based in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City . Club Universidad Nacional represent the National Autonomous University of Mexico ( UNAM ) and play their home matches at Estadio Olímpico Universitario , located on UNAM 's main campus . Universidad Nacional is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico . They have won seven Primera División championships and four international titles . The team is also known for their youth development system which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez , Manuel Negrete , Luis Flores , Claudio Suárez , Luis García , Alberto García Aspe , David Patiño , Jorge Campos , Gerardo Torrado , Efraín Juárez , Héctor Moreno , Pablo Barrera , Israel Castro , Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo ."}]}, {'value': 'Yalmakán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yalmakán_F.C.', 'summary': 'The Yalmakán Fútbol Club , commonly known as Yalmakán , is a Mexican football club based in Chetumal . The club was founded in 2013 , and currently plays in the Serie A of Liga Premier .'}]}, {'value': 'Víctor Manuel Morales', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chetumal , Quintana Roo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chetumal', 'summary': "Chetumal ( UK : /ˌtʃɛtʊˈmɑːl/ , US : /ˌtʃeɪtuˈ-/ , Spanish : [ tʃetuˈmal ] ( listen ) ; Yucatec Maya : Chactemàal [ tɕʰaktʰe̞mɐː˨˩l ] , lit . Place of the Red Wood ) is a city on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico . It is the capital of the state of Quintana Roo and the municipal seat of the Municipality of Othón P. Blanco . In 2010 it had a population of 151,243 people . The city is situated on the western side of Chetumal Bay , near the mouth of the Río Hondo . Chetumal is an important port for the region and operates as Mexico 's main trading gateway with the neighboring country of Belize . Goods are transported via a road connecting Chetumal with Belize City to the south , and also via coastal merchant ships . There is a commercial airport , Chetumal International Airport , with airline service . Because of its location on the Caribbean coastline , it is vulnerable to tropical cyclones ; Hurricane Janet and Hurricane Dean , both Category 5 storms , made landfall near Chetumal in 1955 and 2007 respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quintana_Roo', 'summary': "Quintana Roo ( /kɪnˌtɑːnə ˈroʊ ( oʊ ) / kin-TAH-nə ROH ( -oh ) , Spanish : [ kinˈtana ˈroo ] ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo ) , is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal . Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest , and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize , along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south . As Mexico 's easternmost state , Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico . The state previously covered 44,705 square kilometers ( 17,261 sq mi ) and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state . However , in 2013 , Mexico 's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo , Campeche , and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997 , siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán . Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún , the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres , and the towns of Bacalar , Playa del Carmen and Akumal , as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben , Cobá , Kohunlich , Muyil , Tulum , Xel-Há , and Xcaret . The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state . The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers . Many migrants come from Yucatán , Campeche , Tabasco , and Veracruz . The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location , the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007 , which made landfall with sustained winds of 280 km/h ( 170 mph ) , with gusts up to 320 km/h ( 200 mph ) ."}]}, {'value': 'José López Portillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams for 2019–20 season -- Group 2', 'section_text': 'CAFESSAAt . San LuisC . Azul Hgo.IrapuatoMexico CityLa PiedadPionerosSp . CanamyInter PlayaCafetalerosTlaxcalaYalmakánMexico City teamsMarina UNAM Location of teams in the 2019–20 Serie A Group 2', 'uid': 'Liga_Premier_de_Ascenso_1', 'intro': 'N/A'}	null	null	What is the capacity of the third largest Mexican football stadium ?	55,110
01902cc1783bb54f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Athletic_Association', 'title': 'Colonial Athletic Association', 'header': ['Season', 'Regular Season Champion', 'Conference Record'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots', 'summary': 'The George Mason Patriots are the athletic teams of George Mason University ( GMU ) of Fairfax , Virginia . The Patriots compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .'}]}, {'value': '4-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Eagles', 'summary': 'The American Eagles are the athletics teams that represent the American University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I competition . American is a member of the Patriot League in all sports except wrestling , where it is a member of the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Many of the teams have gone on to win championships over the years , particularly their field hockey , volleyball , and wrestling teams . The team colors are red and blue .'}]}, {'value': '5-0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Eagles', 'summary': 'The American Eagles are the athletics teams that represent the American University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I competition . American is a member of the Patriot League in all sports except wrestling , where it is a member of the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Many of the teams have gone on to win championships over the years , particularly their field hockey , volleyball , and wrestling teams . The team colors are red and blue .'}]}, {'value': '6-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots', 'summary': 'The George Mason Patriots are the athletic teams of George Mason University ( GMU ) of Fairfax , Virginia . The Patriots compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .'}]}, {'value': '5-0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_&_Mary_Tribe', 'summary': "The William & Mary Tribe are the athletic teams for the College of William & Mary . The name refers to the unity and camaraderie that William & Mary student-athletes display when competing in the classroom and on the field . The school 's mascot is a griffin . The mythical animal reflects the school 's history of heraldry and evokes symbols of both colonial and national America . William & Mary has won two team national championships ( both in men 's tennis ) , the AIAW championships in women 's golf , the NAIA championships in women 's gymnastics , thirteen USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships , and many individual national championships . The College has more conference championships than any other school in the Colonial Athletic Association . As of the end of the 2010-11 academic year , the Tribe had won 101 conference championships . Dating back to the athletic program 's beginning , there have been over 159 conference titles in all . William & Mary is the second-oldest university in the United States . Since the founding of its athletic program in 1893 the school 's athletes have worn different colours and nicknames . From 1893 to 1909 William & Mary football players were known simply as the Orange and White ; this reflected the official school colors at that time . From 1910 to 1916 the team colors changed , and the new nickname , The Orange and Black , reflected this ."}]}, {'value': '6-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen', 'summary': "The Navy Midshipmen are the athletic teams that represent the United States Naval Academy . The academy sponsors 33 varsity sports teams and 12 club sport teams . Both men 's and women 's teams are called Navy Midshipmen or Mids . They participate in the NCAA 's Division I , as a non-football member of the Patriot League , a football-only member of the American Athletic Conference in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , and a member of the Collegiate Sprint Football League ( men ) , Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( men ) , Eastern Association of Women 's Rowing Colleges , Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League ( men ) , and Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Navy is also one of approximately 300 members of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) . The most important sporting event at the academy is the annual Army-Navy Game . The 2014 season marked Navy 's 13th consecutive victory over Army . The three major service academies ( Navy , Air Force , and Army ) compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) . Participation in athletics is , in general , mandatory at the Naval Academy and most Midshipmen not on an intercollegiate team must participate actively in intramural or club sports . There are exceptions for non-athletic Brigade Support Activities such as YP Squadron ( a professional surface warfare training activity providing midshipmen the opportunity to earn the Craftmaster Badge ) or the Drum and Bugle Corps . Varsity-letter winners wear a specially-issued blue cardigan with a large gold N patch affixed . If they belong to a team that beats Army in any sport designated Star competition , they are also awarded a gold star ( N-Star ) to affix near the N for each such victory ."}]}, {'value': '5-1-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots', 'summary': 'The George Mason Patriots are the athletic teams of George Mason University ( GMU ) of Fairfax , Virginia . The Patriots compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .'}]}, {'value': '6-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Mason', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Mason_Patriots', 'summary': 'The George Mason Patriots are the athletic teams of George Mason University ( GMU ) of Fairfax , Virginia . The Patriots compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .'}]}, {'value': '6-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes', 'summary': "The James Madison University Dukes are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent James Madison University ( JMU ) , in Harrisonburg , Virginia . The name Dukes is derived from Samuel Page Duke , the university 's second president . JMU is a charter member of the Colonial Athletic Association , which sponsors sports at the NCAA Division I level . In football , JMU participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I , formerly known as Division I-AA . The university mascot , Duke Dog , is frequently seen at all sporting events , and the school colors are royal purple and gold . JMU has won five NCAA national championships , third-most among Virginia colleges and universities . JMU 's women 's athletics tradition is among the oldest in the nation , dating nearly back to the institution 's founding in 1908 . Strong intercollegiate programs for women have been in place at the university since the early 1920s , and JMU was among the first of the nation 's institutions to provide well-rounded overall intercollegiate offerings for females . Men 's athletics began at JMU during the late 1940s , and a comprehensive program for men began evolving in the late 1960s when the university became fully coeducational ."}]}, {'value': '6-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_&_Mary_Tribe', 'summary': "The William & Mary Tribe are the athletic teams for the College of William & Mary . The name refers to the unity and camaraderie that William & Mary student-athletes display when competing in the classroom and on the field . The school 's mascot is a griffin . The mythical animal reflects the school 's history of heraldry and evokes symbols of both colonial and national America . William & Mary has won two team national championships ( both in men 's tennis ) , the AIAW championships in women 's golf , the NAIA championships in women 's gymnastics , thirteen USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships , and many individual national championships . The College has more conference championships than any other school in the Colonial Athletic Association . As of the end of the 2010-11 academic year , the Tribe had won 101 conference championships . Dating back to the athletic program 's beginning , there have been over 159 conference titles in all . William & Mary is the second-oldest university in the United States . Since the founding of its athletic program in 1893 the school 's athletes have worn different colours and nicknames . From 1893 to 1909 William & Mary football players were known simply as the Orange and White ; this reflected the official school colors at that time . From 1910 to 1916 the team colors changed , and the new nickname , The Orange and Black , reflected this ."}]}, {'value': '5-0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes', 'summary': "The James Madison University Dukes are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent James Madison University ( JMU ) , in Harrisonburg , Virginia . The name Dukes is derived from Samuel Page Duke , the university 's second president . JMU is a charter member of the Colonial Athletic Association , which sponsors sports at the NCAA Division I level . In football , JMU participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I , formerly known as Division I-AA . The university mascot , Duke Dog , is frequently seen at all sporting events , and the school colors are royal purple and gold . JMU has won five NCAA national championships , third-most among Virginia colleges and universities . JMU 's women 's athletics tradition is among the oldest in the nation , dating nearly back to the institution 's founding in 1908 . Strong intercollegiate programs for women have been in place at the university since the early 1920s , and JMU was among the first of the nation 's institutions to provide well-rounded overall intercollegiate offerings for females . Men 's athletics began at JMU during the late 1940s , and a comprehensive program for men began evolving in the late 1960s when the university became fully coeducational ."}]}, {'value': '7-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes', 'summary': "The James Madison University Dukes are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent James Madison University ( JMU ) , in Harrisonburg , Virginia . The name Dukes is derived from Samuel Page Duke , the university 's second president . JMU is a charter member of the Colonial Athletic Association , which sponsors sports at the NCAA Division I level . In football , JMU participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I , formerly known as Division I-AA . The university mascot , Duke Dog , is frequently seen at all sporting events , and the school colors are royal purple and gold . JMU has won five NCAA national championships , third-most among Virginia colleges and universities . JMU 's women 's athletics tradition is among the oldest in the nation , dating nearly back to the institution 's founding in 1908 . Strong intercollegiate programs for women have been in place at the university since the early 1920s , and JMU was among the first of the nation 's institutions to provide well-rounded overall intercollegiate offerings for females . Men 's athletics began at JMU during the late 1940s , and a comprehensive program for men began evolving in the late 1960s when the university became fully coeducational ."}]}, {'value': '6-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_&_Mary_Tribe', 'summary': "The William & Mary Tribe are the athletic teams for the College of William & Mary . The name refers to the unity and camaraderie that William & Mary student-athletes display when competing in the classroom and on the field . The school 's mascot is a griffin . The mythical animal reflects the school 's history of heraldry and evokes symbols of both colonial and national America . William & Mary has won two team national championships ( both in men 's tennis ) , the AIAW championships in women 's golf , the NAIA championships in women 's gymnastics , thirteen USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships , and many individual national championships . The College has more conference championships than any other school in the Colonial Athletic Association . As of the end of the 2010-11 academic year , the Tribe had won 101 conference championships . Dating back to the athletic program 's beginning , there have been over 159 conference titles in all . William & Mary is the second-oldest university in the United States . Since the founding of its athletic program in 1893 the school 's athletes have worn different colours and nicknames . From 1893 to 1909 William & Mary football players were known simply as the Orange and White ; this reflected the official school colors at that time . From 1910 to 1916 the team colors changed , and the new nickname , The Orange and Black , reflected this ."}]}, {'value': '6-2-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William & Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_&_Mary_Tribe', 'summary': "The William & Mary Tribe are the athletic teams for the College of William & Mary . The name refers to the unity and camaraderie that William & Mary student-athletes display when competing in the classroom and on the field . The school 's mascot is a griffin . The mythical animal reflects the school 's history of heraldry and evokes symbols of both colonial and national America . William & Mary has won two team national championships ( both in men 's tennis ) , the AIAW championships in women 's golf , the NAIA championships in women 's gymnastics , thirteen USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships , and many individual national championships . The College has more conference championships than any other school in the Colonial Athletic Association . As of the end of the 2010-11 academic year , the Tribe had won 101 conference championships . Dating back to the athletic program 's beginning , there have been over 159 conference titles in all . William & Mary is the second-oldest university in the United States . Since the founding of its athletic program in 1893 the school 's athletes have worn different colours and nicknames . From 1893 to 1909 William & Mary football players were known simply as the Orange and White ; this reflected the official school colors at that time . From 1910 to 1916 the team colors changed , and the new nickname , The Orange and Black , reflected this ."}]}, {'value': '8-0-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Eagles', 'summary': 'The American Eagles are the athletics teams that represent the American University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I competition . American is a member of the Patriot League in all sports except wrestling , where it is a member of the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association . Many of the teams have gone on to win championships over the years , particularly their field hockey , volleyball , and wrestling teams . The team colors are red and blue .'}]}, {'value': '6-0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VCU', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/VCU_Rams_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The VCU Rams men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Virginia Commonwealth University , an NCAA Division I member school located in the state 's capital of Richmond . The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . Since their foundation , the team has won three conference championships , all of which came in the Colonial Athletic Association , and four regular season titles . The Rams have qualified for seven NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championships , most recently coming in 2012 . Most of the team 's success has come within the last 15 seasons , as they first reached the NCAA Tournament in 1997 . The program 's best performance in the tournament came in 2004 , when the Rams reached the quarterfinals of the tournament , knocking off the top seed , Wake Forest , in the process . The Rams are presently coached by David Giffard , who was a former assistant coach under Caleb Porter for the Akron Zips ."}]}, {'value': '7-0-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dominion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_and_Lady_Monarchs', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs are composed of 19 teams representing Old Dominion University in intercollegiate athletics , including men 's and women 's basketball , golf , soccer , sailing , swimming & diving , and tennis . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and wrestling . Women 's sports include field hockey , lacrosse , rowing , and volleyball . The Monarchs compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and are members of Conference USA ( C-USA ) as their primary conference affiliation . The football team played one season as an independent as part of the transition to FBS and began competing as a full football-playing member of C-USA in 2014 . Old Dominion 's field hockey team competes in the Big East Conference . The field hockey program had previously announced that it would join the original Big East for the 2013-14 school year . However , following the split of the original Big East , the two successor conferences , the new Big East and the American Athletic Conference , agreed that The American would not sponsor field hockey , and the new Big East would take in all of The American 's programs in those sports as associate members . The women 's lacrosse team spent the 2013-14 academic year as an independent before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference as an associate member effective July 1 , 2014 . In 2017 it was announced that Old Dominion Women 's Lacrosse would compete in the Big East Conference beginning in 2019 . In 2014 the women 's rowing team became an associate member of the Big 12 Conference , which effectively took over sponsorship of that sport from C-USA . Later , the University announced that the rowing team would change it 's conference affiliation and compete in the American Athletic Conference beginning in the 2018-19 school year Following the move to Conference USA , the men 's swimming and diving team competed for two years as an independent , as C-USA does not sponsor the sport ."}]}, {'value': '7-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison_Dukes', 'summary': "The James Madison University Dukes are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent James Madison University ( JMU ) , in Harrisonburg , Virginia . The name Dukes is derived from Samuel Page Duke , the university 's second president . JMU is a charter member of the Colonial Athletic Association , which sponsors sports at the NCAA Division I level . In football , JMU participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of Division I , formerly known as Division I-AA . The university mascot , Duke Dog , is frequently seen at all sporting events , and the school colors are royal purple and gold . JMU has won five NCAA national championships , third-most among Virginia colleges and universities . JMU 's women 's athletics tradition is among the oldest in the nation , dating nearly back to the institution 's founding in 1908 . Strong intercollegiate programs for women have been in place at the university since the early 1920s , and JMU was among the first of the nation 's institutions to provide well-rounded overall intercollegiate offerings for females . Men 's athletics began at JMU during the late 1940s , and a comprehensive program for men began evolving in the late 1960s when the university became fully coeducational ."}]}, {'value': '7-1-0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Dominion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Dominion_Monarchs_and_Lady_Monarchs', 'summary': "The Old Dominion Monarchs and Lady Monarchs are composed of 19 teams representing Old Dominion University in intercollegiate athletics , including men 's and women 's basketball , golf , soccer , sailing , swimming & diving , and tennis . Men 's sports include baseball , football , and wrestling . Women 's sports include field hockey , lacrosse , rowing , and volleyball . The Monarchs compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and are members of Conference USA ( C-USA ) as their primary conference affiliation . The football team played one season as an independent as part of the transition to FBS and began competing as a full football-playing member of C-USA in 2014 . Old Dominion 's field hockey team competes in the Big East Conference . The field hockey program had previously announced that it would join the original Big East for the 2013-14 school year . However , following the split of the original Big East , the two successor conferences , the new Big East and the American Athletic Conference , agreed that The American would not sponsor field hockey , and the new Big East would take in all of The American 's programs in those sports as associate members . The women 's lacrosse team spent the 2013-14 academic year as an independent before joining the Atlantic Sun Conference as an associate member effective July 1 , 2014 . In 2017 it was announced that Old Dominion Women 's Lacrosse would compete in the Big East Conference beginning in 2019 . In 2014 the women 's rowing team became an associate member of the Big 12 Conference , which effectively took over sponsorship of that sport from C-USA . Later , the University announced that the rowing team would change it 's conference affiliation and compete in the American Athletic Conference beginning in the 2018-19 school year Following the move to Conference USA , the men 's swimming and diving team competed for two years as an independent , as C-USA does not sponsor the sport ."}]}, {'value': '3-0-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VCU', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/VCU_Rams_men's_soccer", 'summary': "The VCU Rams men 's soccer team is an intercollegiate varsity sports team of Virginia Commonwealth University , an NCAA Division I member school located in the state 's capital of Richmond . The team is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference . Since their foundation , the team has won three conference championships , all of which came in the Colonial Athletic Association , and four regular season titles . The Rams have qualified for seven NCAA Division I Men 's Soccer Championships , most recently coming in 2012 . Most of the team 's success has come within the last 15 seasons , as they first reached the NCAA Tournament in 1997 . The program 's best performance in the tournament came in 2004 , when the Rams reached the quarterfinals of the tournament , knocking off the top seed , Wake Forest , in the process . The Rams are presently coached by David Giffard , who was a former assistant coach under Caleb Porter for the Akron Zips ."}]}, {'value': '7-1-1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Men 's soccer -- Regular season champions", 'section_text': 'List of CAA regular season champions . [ 16 ]', 'uid': 'Colonial_Athletic_Association_14', 'intro': "The Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division I whose full members are located in East Coast states from Massachusetts to South Carolina. Most of its members are public universities, and the conference is headquartered in Richmond. The CAA was historically a Southern conference until the addition of four schools in the Northeast (of five that joined from rival conference America East) after the turn of the 21st century, which added balance to the conference. The CAA was founded in 1979 as the ECAC South basketball league. It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985 when it added championships in other sports (although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports). As of 2006, it organizes championships in 21 men's and women's sports. The addition of Northeastern University in 2005 gave the conference the NCAA minimum of six football programs needed to sponsor football. For the 2007 football season, all of the Atlantic 10 Conference's football programs joined the CAA football conference, as agreed in May 2005."}	null	null	What is the team name of the 1986 regular season champion of the Colonial Athletic Association ?	Patriots
019040c291f76ad4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loja_Province', 'title': 'Loja Province', 'header': ['Canton', 'Pop . ( 2010 )', 'Area ( km² )', 'Seat/capital'], 'data': [{'value': 'Calvas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvas_Canton', 'summary': 'Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010 :'}]}, {'value': '28,185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '841,1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cariamanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cariamanga', 'summary': 'Cariamanga is a town in the Loja Province of Ecuador . It is the capital of the Calvas Canton .'}]}, {'value': 'Catamayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catamayo_Canton', 'summary': "Catamayo Canton is a canton of Loja Province in Ecuador . Its seat is Catamayo . It is located in the north of the province , bordered by the cantons of Loja , Gonzanamá , Olmedo , and Chaguarpamba . In it is located the largest and most fertile valley of the province , and is the location of the Monterrey Sugar Cane Processing Plant , a major sugarcane operation which is a financial boon to the province and country . The town of La Toma in Catamayo is the seat of the city of Loja 's airport ."}]}, {'value': '30,638', 'urls': []}, {'value': '646', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catamayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catamayo', 'summary': 'Catamayo is a city in the Loja Province , Ecuador . It is the seat of the Catamayo Canton , and is 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) west of the province capital , Loja . It is served by Ciudad de Catamayo Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Celica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celica_Canton', 'summary': 'Celica is a canton in Loja Province , Ecuador . Its seat is Celica . The canton is located in the west of the province and is bordered by the cantons of Puyango and Paltas in the north , Sozoranga in the east , Macará in the south , and Pindal and Zapotillo in the west . It covers 517.8 km² at an altitude of 2500 m .'}]}, {'value': '14,468', 'urls': []}, {'value': '518', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celica,_Ecuador', 'summary': 'Celica is a location in the Loja Province , Ecuador . It is the seat of the Celica Canton .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaguarpamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaguarpamba_Canton', 'summary': 'Chaguarpamba is a canton in the Province of Loja Ecuador . Its seat is Chaguarpamba . The canton is located in the north of the province and is bordered by the cantons of Catamayo , Olmedo , Paltas , and the province of El Oro . The name is Quichua for Valley of Jaguars . It occupies an area of 311.7 km² at an altitude of 1050 m , with a population of 10,403 . Average temperature is between 18 and 24° C Chaguarpamba is noted for its coffee .'}]}, {'value': '7,161', 'urls': []}, {'value': '311', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaguarpamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaguarpamba', 'summary': 'Chaguarpamba is a location in the Loja Province , Ecuador . It is the seat of the Chaguarpamba Canton .'}]}, {'value': 'Espíndola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espíndola', 'summary': 'Espíndola is a canton in the Province of Loja Ecuador . It is located in the south-east , bordered by the cantons of Quilanga and Calvas , the province of Zamora-Chinchipe and the country of Peru . It covers an area of 632 km² at an altitude of 1720 m , with a population of 19,213 . The average temperature is 19.9°C .'}]}, {'value': '14,799', 'urls': []}, {'value': '514', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amaluza ( Espíndola )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gonzanamá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonzanamá_Canton', 'summary': 'Gonzanamá is a canton in the Province of Loja , Ecuador . It is located in the south-east of the province , bordered by the cantons of Catamayo , Loja , Quilanga , Calvas , and Paltas . It is the agricultural , farming , and craftsmanship capital of Loja . Gonzanamá covers 1272 km² at an altitude of 2045 m , with a population of 17,276 . The principal town is Gonzanama .'}]}, {'value': '12,716', 'urls': []}, {'value': '693', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gonzanamá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonzanamá', 'summary': 'Gonzanamá is a small town and also part of one of the 16 cantons ( Gonzanamá ) in Loja Province , Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'Loja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loja_Canton', 'summary': 'Loja Canton is located in the southeast of the Province of Loja bordering the Podocarpus National Park and the Province of Zamora-Chinchipe in the east , Peru in the south , and the cantons of Saraguro , Catamayo , Gonzanama , and Quilanga in the north and west . The principal city is Loja which is also the provincial capital . It is also home to Vilcabamba , the Valley of Longevity .'}]}, {'value': '214,855', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loja,_Ecuador', 'summary': "Loja ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlo.xa ] ) , formerly Loxa and fully City of the Immaculate Conception of Loja ( Spanish : Ciudad de la Inmaculada Concepción de Loja ) , is the capital of Ecuador 's Loja Province . It is located in the Cuxibamba valley in the south of the country , sharing borders with the provinces of Zamora-Chinchipe and El Oro , and with Peru in the south . Loja holds a rich tradition in the arts , and for this reason is known as the Music and Cultural Capital of Ecuador . The city is home to two major universities . The city has a population of about 181,000 , and is situated 2060 m ( 6758 ft ) above sea level . It has a mild Andean climate , ranging between 16 and 30 °C . The Pan-American Highway runs past Loja ."}]}, {'value': 'Macará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macará_Canton', 'summary': 'Macará Canton is a canton of Ecuador , located in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Macará . Its population at the 2001 census was 18,350 . The Macará River runs through the canton .'}]}, {'value': '19,018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '575', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macará', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macará', 'summary': 'Macará is a city in the Loja Province of Ecuador . It is the seat of the Macará Canton and is on the border between Ecuador and Peru . The population as of a 1995 census was 11,841 and in 2009 it had an estimated population of 12,896 . It is served by José María Velasco Ibarra Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Olmedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olmedo_Canton,_Loja', 'summary': 'Olmedo Canton is a canton of Ecuador , located in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Olmedo . Its population at the 2001 census was 5,707 .'}]}, {'value': '4,870', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olmedo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paltas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paltas', 'summary': 'Paltas is located to the south of Loja city and is one of the oldest cantons of province of the same name . It was named after the Paltas , community who used to live over the new city now called Catacocha in Ecuador . Shiriculapo it is a pick of the mountain which holds the capital , Catacocha . A nice temperature but mostly foggy during night , even though down the valley of Casanga , Macandamine , Yamana , Playas y Naranjo has a temperature that goes over the normal at its capital .'}]}, {'value': '23,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,145', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catacocha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catacocha', 'summary': 'Catacocha is a town in the Loja Province of Ecuador . It is the seat of the Paltas Canton . The Prince of the Kingdom of Catacocha is Leonardo Astudillo .'}]}, {'value': 'Pindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pindal_Canton', 'summary': 'Pindal Canton is a canton of Ecuador , located in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Pindal . Its population at the 2001 census was 7,351 .'}]}, {'value': '8,645', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pindal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puyango', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puyango_Canton', 'summary': 'Puyango is a canton of the Province of Loja , Ecuador . It is located in the west of the province , and borders the cantons of Paltas , Celica , Pindal , and Zapotillo .'}]}, {'value': '15,513', 'urls': []}, {'value': '634', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alamor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alamor', 'summary': 'Alamor is the head of the Puyango canton , province of Loja , Ecuador .'}]}, {'value': 'Quilanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quilanga_Canton', 'summary': 'Quilanga Canton is a canton of Ecuador , in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Quilanga . Its population at the 2001 census was 4,582 .'}]}, {'value': '4,337', 'urls': []}, {'value': '235', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quilanga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saraguro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saraguro_Canton', 'summary': 'Saraguro ( also Sarakuru ) is a canton of Ecuador , located in Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Saraguro . The area of the canton is 1,075 square kilometres ( 415 sq mi ) . The capital of the canton is the parish and town of Saraguro .'}]}, {'value': '30,183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,075', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saraguro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saraguro', 'summary': 'Saraguro ( also Sarakuru ) is the capital of Saraguro Canton in Loja Province , Ecuador . Saraguro parish has an area of 74.14 square kilometres ( 74,140,000 m2 ) . The population of the parish increased from 7,346 in 2001 to 9,045 in 2010 . Saraguro town had a population of 3,124 in 2001 and 4,031 in 2010 and has an elevation of 2,719 metres ( 8,921 ft ) . Coordinates : 3°37′20″S 79°14′22″W / 3.622343°S 79.239557°W / -3.622343 ; -79.239557'}]}, {'value': 'Sozoranga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sozoranga_Canton', 'summary': 'Sozoranga Canton is a canton of Ecuador , located in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Sozoranga . Its population at the 2001 census was 7,994 .'}]}, {'value': '7,465', 'urls': []}, {'value': '410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sozoranga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zapotillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zapotillo_Canton', 'summary': 'Zapotillo Canton is a canton of Ecuador , located in the Loja Province . Its capital is the town of Zapotillo . Its population at the 2001 census was 10,940 .'}]}, {'value': '12,312', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,209', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zapotillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zapotillo', 'summary': 'Zapotillo is a corregimiento in Las Palmas District , Veraguas Province , Panama with a population of 69 as of 2010 . Its population as of 1990 was 69 ; its population as of 2000 was 69 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Cantons', 'section_text': 'The province is divided into 16 cantons . The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census , its area in square kilometres ( km² ) , and the name of its canton seat or capital . [ 9 ]', 'uid': 'Loja_Province_0', 'intro': 'Loja Province (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlo.xa]) is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo (Spanish), the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as Cuxibamba Valley, from the Quichua language, which means the Smiley Valley.'}	null	null	What is the altitude of the Loja Province canton with a population of 14,468 ?	2500 m
0190b386bda51332	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_films', 'title': 'List of World War II films', 'header': ['Country', 'Main title ( Alternative titles )', 'Director', 'Battles , campaigns , events depicted'], 'data': [{'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arise , My Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arise,_My_Love', 'summary': "Arise , My Love is a 1940 American romantic comedy film directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Claudette Colbert , Ray Milland and Dennis O'Keefe . It was made by Paramount Pictures and written by Billy Wilder , Charles Brackett and Jacques Théry . Notable for its interventionist message , it tells the love story of a pilot and a journalist who meet in the latter days of the Spanish Civil War and follows them through the early days of World War II . Colbert once said that Arise , My Love was her personal favorite film of all the ones she had made . [ Note 1 ] Arise , My Love is based on the true story of Harold Edward Dahl . During the Spanish Civil War Dahl , who was fighting as a pilot for the Spanish Republican Air Force , was shot down and taken as prisoner of war . Initially sentenced to death , there were some diplomatic movements to free Dahl . His first wife , Edith Rogers , a known singer of impressive beauty , was said to have visited Francisco Franco herself to plead for his life . He remained in prison until 1940 and then returned to the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitchell Leisen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_Leisen', 'summary': 'Mitchell Leisen ( October 6 , 1898 - October 28 , 1972 ) was an American director , art director , and costume designer .'}]}, {'value': 'Romantic comedy . Spanish Civil War through French capitulation , 1940', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compiègne', 'summary': "The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne , France , by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic . It did not come into effect until after midnight on 25 June . Signatories for Germany included senior military officers like Wilhelm Keitel , the commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht ( the German armed forces ) , while those on the French side were more junior , such as General Charles Huntziger . Following the decisive German victory in the Battle of France ( 10 May - 21 June 1940 ) , this armistice established a German occupation zone in Northern and Western France that encompassed all English Channel and Atlantic Ocean ports and left the remainder free to be governed by the French . Adolf Hitler deliberately chose Compiègne Forest as the site to sign the armistice due to its symbolic role as the site of the 1918 Armistice with Germany that signaled the end of World War I with Germany 's surrender ."}]}, {'value': 'Nazi Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attention ! The Enemy Is Listening !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Maria Rabenalt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Maria_Rabenalt', 'summary': "Arthur Maria Rabenalt ( 25 June 1905 - 26 February 1993 ) was an Austrian film director . He directed more than 90 films between 1934 and 1978 . His 1958 film That Wo n't Keep a Sailor Down was entered into the 1st Moscow International Film Festival . Two years later , his 1960 film Big Request Concert was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Foreign spies in a German armaments factory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Big Blockade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Big_Blockade', 'summary': 'The Big Blockade is a 1942 British black-and-white war propaganda film in the style of dramatised documentary . It is directed by Charles Frend and stars Will Hay , Leslie Banks , Michael Redgrave and John Mills . It was produced by Michael Balcon for Ealing Studios , in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Warfare . At one stage , the film was known as Siege .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Frend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Frend', 'summary': 'Charles Frend ( 21 November 1909 , Pulborough , Sussex - 8 January 1977 , London ) was an English film director and editor , best known for his films produced at Ealing Studios . He began directing in the early 1940s and is known for such films as Scott of the Antarctic ( 1948 ) and The Cruel Sea ( 1953 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Economic blockade of Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939–1945)', 'summary': 'The Blockade of Germany ( 1939-1945 ) , also known as the Economic War , was carried out during World War II by the United Kingdom and France in order to restrict the supplies of minerals , metals , food and textiles needed by Nazi Germany - and later Fascist Italy - in order to sustain their war efforts . The economic war consisted mainly of a naval blockade , which formed part of the wider Battle of the Atlantic , and included the preclusive buying of war materials from neutral countries to prevent their sale to the enemy . There were four distinct phases of the blockade . The first period was from the beginning of European hostilities in September 1939 to the end of the Phoney War , during which the Allies and Axis Powers both intercepted neutral merchant ships to seize deliveries en route to the enemy . The blockade was rendered less effective because the Axis could get crucial materials from the Soviet Union until June 1941 , while harbours in Spain were used to import war materials for Germany . The second period began after the rapid Axis occupation of the majority of the European landmass which gave them control of major centres of industry and agriculture . The third period was from the end of 1941 after the beginning of hostilities between the United States and the Empire of Japan . The final period came after the tide of war finally turned against the Axis after heavy military defeats up to and after D-Day , which led to a gradual withdrawal from the occupied territories in the face of the overwhelming Allied military offensive .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Blazing Heavens ( The Burning Sky / Flaming Sky )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yutaka Abe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yutaka_Abe', 'summary': "Yutaka Abe ( 阿部豊 , Abe Yutaka , February 2 , 1895 in Yamoto , Miyagi - January 3 , 1977 in Kyoto ) was a Japanese film director and actor . He went to America along with a younger brother to visit an uncle living in Los Angeles . There he enrolled in an acting school and upon hearing that Thomas H. Ince was looking for Japanese extras to work in his studios he applied and was accepted in 1914 . He appeared in such films as The Wrath of the Gods and The Cheat with Sessue Hayakawa . He was often billed as Jack Abbe or Jack Yutake Abbe . He returned to Japan in 1925 , finding work at the Nikkatsu studio , and soon made his debut as a director . Among his early works was the 1926 silent film The Woman Who Touched the Legs ( Ashi ni sawatta onna ) , a comedy about a writer and a woman thief . This film , along with most of Abe 's early work , is now lost . Before and during World War II , Abe directed a number of nationalistic propaganda films including Moyuru ōzora ( Flaming Sky ) and Ano hata o ute ( Fire on That Flag ) . After the war , he directed the 1950 film adaptation of Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 's The Makioka Sisters , a film which brought him commercial success . His later films include the 1959 satirical comedy Season of Affairs ( Uwaki no kisetsu ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Action-drama . Imperial Japanese Army Air Service during Sino-Japanese War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service', 'summary': 'The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service or Imperial Japanese Army Air Force ( IJAAS or IJAAF ) ( 大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊 , Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūbutai ) or , more literally , the Greater Japan Empire Army Air Corps , was the aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) . Just as the IJA in general was modeled mainly on the German Army , the IJAAS initially developed along similar lines to the Imperial German Army Aviation ; its primary mission was to provide tactical close air support for ground forces , as well as a limited air interdiction capability . The IJAAS also provided aerial reconnaissance to other branches of the IJA . While the IJAAS engaged in strategic bombing of cities such as Shanghai , Nanking , Canton , Chongqing , Rangoon , and Mandalay , this was not the primary mission of the IJAAS , and it lacked a heavy bomber force . It did not usually control artillery spotter/observer aircraft ; artillery battalions controlled the light aircraft and balloons that operated in these roles . The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service was responsible for long-range bomber and attack aircraft , as well as strategic air defense . It was not until the later stages of the Pacific War that the two air arms attempted to integrate the air defense of the home islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cavalier from Kruja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cavalier_from_Kruja', 'summary': 'The Cavalier from Kruja ( Italian : Il cavaliere di Kruja ) is a 1940 Italian war film directed by Carlo Campogalliani and starring Doris Duranti , Antonio Centa and Leda Gloria . The film portrays the 1939 Italian invasion of Albania . It was made as a propaganda work in support of the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlo Campogalliani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlo_Campogalliani', 'summary': 'Carlo Campogalliani ( 10 October 1885 - 10 August 1974 ) was an Italian screenwriter , actor and film director . Campogalliani directed around eighty films during his career and acted in another fifty . He directed the 1934 sports film Stadio . He was married to the actress Letizia Quaranta who appeared in several of his films .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventure . An Italian journalist gets involved in the Albanian opposition to King Zog and is finally saved by the Italian invasion of Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania', 'summary': 'Zog I , King of the Albanians ( Albanian : Naltmadhnija e tij Zogu I , Mbreti i Shqiptarëve , IPA : [ ˈzɔɡu ] ; 8 October 1895 - 9 April 1961 ) , born Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli , taking the surname Zogu in 1922 , was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939 . He first served as Prime Minister of Albania ( 1922-1924 ) , then as President ( 1925-1928 ) , and finally as the first and only King ( 1928-1939 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania', 'summary': 'The Italian invasion of Albania ( April 7-12 , 1939 ) was a brief military campaign by the Kingdom of Italy against the Kingdom of Albania . The conflict was a result of the imperialist policies of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini . Albania was rapidly overrun , its ruler , King Zog I , forced into exile , and the country made part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian crown .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comrade X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comrade_X', 'summary': 'Comrade X is a 1940 American comedy spy film directed by King Vidor and starring Clark Gable , Hedy Lamarr , and Oskar Homolka .'}]}, {'value': 'King Vidor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Vidor', 'summary': "King Wallis Vidor ( /ˈviːdɔːr/ ; February 8 , 1894 - November 1 , 1982 ) was an American film director , film producer , and screenwriter whose career spanned nearly seven decades . In 1979 , he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award for his incomparable achievements as a cinematic creator and innovator . He was nominated five times for a Best Director Oscar , and won eight international film awards during his career . Vidor 's best known films include The Big Parade ( 1925 ) , The Crowd ( 1928 ) , Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) , and Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) . Contrary to common belief , he is not related to fellow director Charles Vidor ."}]}, {'value': 'Spy drama . US journalist in the Soviet Union moonlights as spy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Convoy_(1940_film)', 'summary': "Convoy is a 1940 British war film , produced by Ealing Studios , directed by Pen Tennyson and starring Clive Brook , John Clements and Edward Chapman . Convoy was Tennyson 's last film before he was killed in an aircraft crash , while serving in the Royal Navy ."}]}, {'value': 'Pen Tennyson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pen_Tennyson', 'summary': 'Frederick Penrose Pen Tennyson ( 26 August 1912 - 7 July 1941 ) was a British film director whose promising career was cut short when he died in a plane crash . Tennyson gained experience as an assistant director to Alfred Hitchcock in several of his British films during the 1930s . Tennyson directed three films between 1939 and his death in 1941 .'}]}, {'value': 'Battle of the Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic', 'summary': "The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 , and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . Convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . As an island nation , the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods . Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight . In essence , the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war : the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting . From 1942 onward , the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe . The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis ."}]}, {'value': 'Nazi Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enemies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enemies_(1940_film)', 'summary': "Enemies ( German : Feinde ) is a 1940 German drama film directed by Viktor Tourjansky and starring Brigitte Horney , Willy Birgel and Reinhold Lütjohann . The film was a Nazi propaganda work , attacking Poland which Germany had invaded the year before . The film 's sets were designed by Gerbert Hochreiter , Alfred Metscher and Julius von Borsody ."}]}, {'value': 'Viktor Tourjansky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victor_Tourjansky', 'summary': "Victor Tourjansky ( born Viatcheslav Tourjansky ; 4 March 1891 , Kiev - 13 August 1976 , ( Munich ) ( Russian : Вячеслав Туржанский ; Ukrainian : В'ячеслав Туржанський ) ) was a Russian actor , screenwriter and film director who emigrated after the Russian Revolution of 1917 . He worked in France , Germany , Italy and the USA ."}]}, {'value': 'Invasion of Poland justified by Polish persecution of ethnic Germans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland', 'summary': 'The invasion of Poland ( September campaign , Polish : Kampania wrześniowa , 1939 defensive war , Polish : Wojna obronna 1939 roku , Poland campaign , German : Polenfeldzug ) , marked the beginning of World War II . The German invasion began on 1 September 1939 , one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union , and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact . The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September . The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty . German forces invaded Poland from the north , south , and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident . Slovak military forces advanced alongside the Germans in northern Slovakia . As the Wehrmacht advanced , Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Germany-Poland border to more established defense lines to the east . After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura , the Germans gained an undisputed advantage . Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom . Those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September ; in the end their aid to Poland was very limited , however France invaded a small part of Germany in the Saar Offensive . On 17 September , the Soviet Red Army invaded Eastern Poland , the territory beyond the Curzon Line that fell into the Soviet sphere of influence according to the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete . Facing a second front , the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ethnic_Germans', 'summary': 'Germans ( German : Deutsche ) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe , who share a common German ancestry , culture and history . German is the shared mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans . The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages . [ note 3 ] Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire , German society has been characterized by a Catholic-Protestant divide . Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world , roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans . [ citation needed ] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States , Brazil ( mainly in the South Region of the country ) , Argentina , Canada , South Africa , the post-Soviet states ( mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan ) , and France , each accounting for at least 1 million . [ note 4 ] Thus , the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million , depending on the criteria applied ( native speakers , single-ancestry ethnic Germans , partial German ancestry , etc. ) . Today , people from countries with German-speaking majorities which were earlier part of the Holy Roman Empire , ( such as Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein and other historically-tied countries like Luxembourg ) , most often subscribe to their own national identities and may or may not also self-identify as ethnically German .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foreign Correspondent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(film)', 'summary': "Foreign Correspondent ( a.k.a . Imposter and Personal History ) is a 1940 American spy thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock . It tells the story of an American reporter who tries to expose enemy spies in Britain who are involved in a fictional continent-wide conspiracy in the prelude to World War II . It stars Joel McCrea and features 19-year old Laraine Day , Herbert Marshall , George Sanders , Albert Bassermann , and Robert Benchley , along with Edmund Gwenn . Foreign Correspondent was Hitchcock 's second Hollywood production after leaving the United Kingdom in 1939 ( the first was Rebecca ) and had an unusually large number of writers : Robert Benchley , Charles Bennett , Harold Clurman , Joan Harrison , Ben Hecht , James Hilton , John Howard Lawson , John Lee Mahin , Richard Maibaum , and Budd Schulberg , with Bennett , Benchley , Harrison , and Hilton the only writers credited in the finished film . It was based on Vincent Sheean 's political memoir Personal History"}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Hitchcock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock', 'summary': "Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock , KBE ( 13 August 1899 - 29 April 1980 ) was an English film director and producer . He is one of the most influential and extensively studied filmmakers in the history of cinema . Known as the Master of Suspense , he directed over 50 feature films [ a ] in a career spanning six decades , becoming as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews , his cameo roles in most of his films , and his hosting and producing of the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955-1965 ) . His films garnered a total of 46 Oscar nominations and six wins . Born in Leytonstone , Essex , Hitchcock entered the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer after training as a technical clerk and copy writer for a telegraph-cable company . He made his directorial debut with the silent film The Pleasure Garden ( 1925 ) . His first successful film , The Lodger : A Story of the London Fog ( 1927 ) , helped to shape the thriller genre , while his 1929 film , Blackmail , was the first British talkie . Two of his 1930s thrillers , The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) and The Lady Vanishes ( 1938 ) , are ranked among the greatest British films of the 20th century . By 1939 Hitchcock was a filmmaker of international importance , and film producer David O. Selznick persuaded him to move to Hollywood . A string of successful films followed , including Rebecca ( 1940 ) , Foreign Correspondent ( 1940 ) , Suspicion ( 1941 ) , Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) , and Notorious ( 1946 ) . Rebecca won the Academy Award for Best Picture , although Hitchcock himself was only nominated as Best Director ; he was also nominated for Lifeboat ( 1944 ) and Spellbound ( 1945 ) , although he never won the Best Director Academy Award . The Hitchcockian style includes the use of camera movement to mimic a person 's gaze , thereby turning viewers into voyeurs , and framing shots to maximise anxiety and fear ."}]}, {'value': 'Spy thriller . American reporter tries to expose spies in Britain on the eve of World War II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great Dictator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Dictator', 'summary': "The Great Dictator is a 1940 American political satire comedy-drama film written , directed , produced , scored by , and starring British comedian Charlie Chaplin , following the tradition of many of his other films . Having been the only Hollywood filmmaker to continue to make silent films well into the period of sound films , Chaplin made this his first true sound film . Chaplin 's film advanced a stirring condemnation of Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , fascism , antisemitism , and the Nazis . At the time of its first release , the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany . Chaplin plays both leading roles : a ruthless fascist dictator and a persecuted Jewish barber . The Great Dictator was popular with audiences , becoming Chaplin 's most commercially successful film . Modern critics have also praised it as an historically significant film and an important work of satire , and in 1997 , it was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . The Great Dictator was nominated for five Academy Awards - Outstanding Production , Best Actor , Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) , Best Supporting Actor for Jack Oakie , and Best Music ( Original Score ) . In his 1964 autobiography , Chaplin stated that he could not have made the film if he had known about the true extent of the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Chaplin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin', 'summary': "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin KBE ( 16 April 1889 - 25 December 1977 ) was an English comic actor , filmmaker , and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film . He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona , The Tramp , and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry . His career spanned more than 75 years , from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977 , and encompassed both adulation and controversy . Chaplin 's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship , as his father was absent and his mother struggled financially , and he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine . When he was 14 , his mother was committed to a mental asylum . Chaplin began performing at an early age , touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian . At 19 , he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company , which took him to America . He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios . He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a large fan base . He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay , Mutual , and First National corporations . By 1918 , he was one of the best-known figures in the world . In 1919 , Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists , which gave him complete control over his films ."}]}, {'value': 'Satire . Dictator Adenoid Hynkel is replaced by identical Jew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adolf_Hitler', 'summary': "Adolf Hitler ( German : [ ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ ] ( listen ) ; 20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945 ) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; NSDAP ) . He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 , and as Führer in 1934 . [ a ] During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945 , he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939 . He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust . Hitler 's actions and ideology are almost universally regarded as evil . Hitler was born in Austria - then part of Austria-Hungary - and was raised near Linz . He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I . In 1919 , he joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) , the precursor of the NSDAP , and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921 . In 1923 , he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned . In jail , he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( My Struggle ) . After his release in 1924 , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism , anti-semitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Long Voyage Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Long_Voyage_Home', 'summary': "The Long Voyage Home is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford . It stars John Wayne , Thomas Mitchell and Ian Hunter . It also features Barry Fitzgerald , Wilfrid Lawson , John Qualen , Mildred Natwick , and Ward Bond , among others . The film was adapted by Dudley Nichols from the plays The Moon of the Caribbees , In the Zone , Bound East for Cardiff , and The Long Voyage Home by Eugene O'Neill . The original plays by Eugene O'Neill were written around the time of World War I and were among his earliest plays . Ford set the story for the motion picture , however , during the early days of World War II . While not one of Ford 's best-known works , The Long Voyage Home continues to be well received . Film critics and scholars have noted Gregg Toland 's distinctive cinematography , which serves as a precursor of the film noir aesthetic and would hint at his work for Orson Welles ' landmark film Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Ford', 'summary': "John Ford ( February 1 , 1894 - August 31 , 1973 ) was an American film director . He is renowned both for Westerns such as Stagecoach ( 1939 ) , The Searchers ( 1956 ) , and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) , as well as adaptations of classic 20th-century American novels such as the film The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . His four Academy Awards for Best Director ( in 1935 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1952 ) remain a record . One of the films for which he won the award , How Green Was My Valley , also won Best Picture . In a career that spanned more than 50 years , Ford directed more than 140 films ( although most of his silent films are now lost ) and he is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers of his generation . Ford 's work was held in high regard by his colleagues , with Orson Welles and Ingmar Bergman among those who have named him one of the greatest directors of all time . Ford made frequent use of location shooting and long shots , in which his characters were framed against a vast , harsh , and rugged natural terrain ."}]}, {'value': 'Battle of the Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic', 'summary': "The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 , and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . Convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . As an island nation , the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods . Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight . In essence , the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war : the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting . From 1942 onward , the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe . The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Man I Married ( I Married a Nazi )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_I_Married', 'summary': 'The Man I Married ( alternative title I Married a Nazi ) is an American 1940 drama film starring Joan Bennett and Francis Lederer .'}]}, {'value': 'Irving Pichel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irving_Pichel', 'summary': 'Irving Pichel ( June 24 , 1891 - July 13 , 1954 ) was an American actor and film director , who won acclaim both as an actor and director in his Hollywood career .'}]}, {'value': "Drama . American woman 's German husband develops Nazi sympathies", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Night Train to Munich ( Gestapo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Train_to_Munich', 'summary': 'Night Train to Munich is a 1940 British thriller film directed by Carol Reed and starring Margaret Lockwood and Rex Harrison . Written by Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder , based on the novel Report on a Fugitive by Gordon Wellesley , the film is about an inventor and his daughter who are kidnapped by the Gestapo after the Nazis march into Prague in the prelude to the Second World War . A British secret service agent follows them , disguised as a senior German army officer pretending to woo the daughter over to the Nazi cause .'}]}, {'value': 'Carol Reed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Reed', 'summary': 'Sir Carol Reed ( 30 December 1906 - 25 April 1976 ) was an English film director best known for Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) , The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) , The Third Man ( 1949 ) , and Oliver ! ( 1968 ) . For Oliver ! , he received the Academy Award for Best Director . Odd Man Out was the first recipient of the BAFTA Award for Best British Film ; filmmaker Roman Polanski has repeatedly cited it as his favourite film . The Fallen Idol won the second BAFTA Award for Best British Film . The British Film Institute voted The Third Man the greatest British film of the 20th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Mystery-thriller . Inventor and daughter kidnapped by Gestapo then rescued by British agent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Phantom Submarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Phantom_Submarine_(film)', 'summary': "The Phantom Submarine is a 1940 American adventure film directed by Charles Barton and written by Joseph Krumgold . The film stars Anita Louise , Bruce Bennett , Oscar O'Shea , John Tyrrell , Pedro de Cordoba and Victor Wong . The film was released on December 20 , 1940 , by Columbia Pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Barton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Barton_(director)', 'summary': "Charles Barton ( May 25 , 1902 - December 5 , 1981 ) was a film and vaudeville actor and film director . He won an Oscar for best assistant director in 1933 . His first film as a director was the Zane Grey feature Wagon Wheels , starring Randolph Scott , in 1934 . Barton worked in various Hollywood B-movie units . From 1946 on , he was a principal director of the Abbott and Costello comedies , such as The Time of Their Lives , Buck Privates Come Home , Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , and Africa Screams . He later directed Walt Disney films such as The Shaggy Dog and Toby Tyler . His extensive career directing on television included every episode of Amos ' n ' Andy in the 1950s , a total of 90 episodes of Dennis the Menace in the 1960s , and 106 episodes of Family Affair from 1967 to 1971 . One obituary said he directed 580 television episodes , 70 feature films and dozens of commercials ."}]}, {'value': 'Action-mystery . Journalist and US Navy frogman investigate U-boat terror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frogman', 'summary': "A frogman is someone who is trained in scuba diving or swimming underwater in a tactical capacity that includes police or military work . Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver , combatant diver , or combat swimmer . The word frogman first arose in the stage name The Fearless Frogman of Paul Boyton in the 1870s [ citation needed ] and later was claimed by John Spence , an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy and member of the OSS Maritime Unit , to have been applied to him while he was training in a green waterproof suit . The term frogman is occasionally used to refer to a civilian scuba diver . Some sport diving clubs include the word Frogmen in their names . [ citation needed ] The preferred term by scuba users is diver , [ citation needed ] but the frogman epithet persists in informal usage by non-divers , especially in the media and often referring to professional scuba divers , such as in a police diving role . [ citation needed ] In the U.S. military and intelligence community , divers trained in scuba or CCUBA who deploy for tactical assault missions are called combat divers . [ citation needed ] This term is used to refer to US Army Special Forces ( aka Green Berets ) Combat Divers , Navy SEALs/Naval Special Warfare , operatives of the CIA 's Special Activities Center , elements of Marine Recon , Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsmen , Army Ranger Regimental Reconnaissance Company members , Air Force Pararescue , Air Force Combat Controllers , United States Air Force Special Operations Weather Technicians , and the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal ( EOD ) units . In Britain , police divers have often been called police frogmen . [ citation needed ] Some countries ' tactical diver organizations include a translation of the word frogman in their official names , e.g. , Denmark 's Frømandskorpset ; others call themselves combat divers or similar . Others call themselves by indefinite names such as special group 13 and special operations unit . [ citation needed ] Many nations and some irregular armed groups deploy or have deployed combat frogmen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U-boat', 'summary': 'U-boat is an anglicised version of the German word U-Boot [ ˈuːboːt ] ( listen ) , a shortening of Unterseeboot , literally undersea boat . While the German term refers to any submarine , the English one ( in common with several other languages ) refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany , particularly in the First and Second World Wars . Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships , they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ( commerce raiding ) and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping . The primary targets of the U-boat campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire , and from the United States to the United Kingdom and ( during the Second World War ) to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean . German submarines also destroyed Brazilian merchant ships during World War II , causing Brazil to declare war on both Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were also known as U-boats .'}]}, {'value': 'Nazi Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Request Concert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eduard von Borsody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduard_von_Borsody', 'summary': 'Eduard von Borsody ( German : [ ˈboʁʒodi ] ; 13 June 1898 - 1 January 1970 ) was an Austrian cameraman , film editor , film director and screenplay writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Luftwaffe airmen fighting over Poland and then the Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luftwaffe', 'summary': "The Luftwaffe [ N 2 ] ( German pronunciation : [ ˈlʊftvafə ] ( listen ) ) was the aerial warfare branch of the Wehrmacht during World War II . Germany 's military air arms during World War I , the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of theImperial Navy had been disbanded in May 1920 as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which stated that Germany was forbidden to have any air force . During the interwar period , German pilots were trained secretly in violation of the treaty at Lipetsk Air Base in Soviet Union . With the rise of the Nazi Party and the repudiation of the Versailles Treaty , the Luftwaffe 's existence was publicly acknowledged on 26 February 1935 , just over two weeks before open defiance of the Versailles Treaty through German re-armament and conscription would be announced on 16 March . The Condor Legion , a Luftwaffe detachment sent to aid Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War , provided the force with a valuable testing ground for new tactics and aircraft . Partially as a result of this combat experience , the Luftwaffe had become one of the most sophisticated , technologically advanced , and battle-experienced air forces in the world when World War II broke out in 1939 . By the summer of 1939 , the Luftwaffe had twenty-eight Geschwader ( wings ) . The Luftwaffe also operated Fallschirmjäger paratrooper units . The Luftwaffe proved instrumental in the German victories across Poland and Western Europe in 1939 and 1940 . During the Battle of Britain , however , despite inflicting severe damage to the RAF 's infrastructure and , during the subsequent Blitz , devastating many British cities , the German air force failed to batter the beleaguered British into submission . From 1942 , Allied bombing campaigns gradually destroyed the Luftwaffe 's fighter arm . From late 1942 , the Luftwaffe used its surplus ground support and other personnel to raise Luftwaffe Field Divisions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland', 'summary': 'The invasion of Poland ( September campaign , Polish : Kampania wrześniowa , 1939 defensive war , Polish : Wojna obronna 1939 roku , Poland campaign , German : Polenfeldzug ) , marked the beginning of World War II . The German invasion began on 1 September 1939 , one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union , and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact . The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September . The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty . German forces invaded Poland from the north , south , and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident . Slovak military forces advanced alongside the Germans in northern Slovakia . As the Wehrmacht advanced , Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Germany-Poland border to more established defense lines to the east . After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura , the Germans gained an undisputed advantage . Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom . Those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September ; in the end their aid to Poland was very limited , however France invaded a small part of Germany in the Saar Offensive . On 17 September , the Soviet Red Army invaded Eastern Poland , the territory beyond the Curzon Line that fell into the Soviet sphere of influence according to the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete . Facing a second front , the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic', 'summary': "The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 , and was a major part of the Naval history of World War II . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . Convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . As an island nation , the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods . Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight . In essence , the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war : the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting . From 1942 onward , the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe . The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ski Patrol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_Patrol_(1940_film)', 'summary': 'Ski Patrol is a 1940 American war film directed by Lew Landers , produced by Ben Pivar and Warren Douglas and released by Universal Pictures . Two rival skiers competing in the 1936 Olympics , one Russian and one Finn , are pitted against each other just a few years later , as the Russians attack the Finnish border in the Winter War , and the Finnish heroes defend a snow-laden mountain pass . The plot takes great historical liberties in its storyline . [ citation needed ] E.g . all Finnish uniforms and insignias are wrong .'}]}, {'value': 'Lew Landers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lew_Landers', 'summary': 'Lew Landers ( born Louis Friedlander , January 2 , 1901 - December 16 , 1962 ) was an American independent film and television director .'}]}, {'value': 'Olympians oppose each other again in the Winter War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winter_War', 'summary': "The Winter War [ F 7 ] was a war between the Soviet Union ( USSR ) and Finland . It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939 , three months after the outbreak of World War II , and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940 . The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the organisation . The Soviets made several demands , including that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere , claiming security reasons - primarily the protection of Leningrad , 32 km ( 20 mi ) from the Finnish border . When Finland refused , the USSR invaded . Many sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland , and use the establishment of the puppet Finnish Communist government and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 's secret protocols as evidence of this , [ F 8 ] while other sources argue against the idea of the full Soviet conquest . [ F 9 ] Finland repelled Soviet attacks for more than two months and inflicted substantial losses on the invaders while temperatures ranged as low as −43 °C ( −45 °F ) . After the Soviet military reorganised and adopted different tactics , they renewed their offensive in February and overcame Finnish defences . Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty . Finland ceded 11 percent of its territory , representing 30 percent of its economy , to the Soviet Union . Soviet losses were heavy , and the country 's international reputation suffered . Soviet gains exceeded their pre-war demands and the USSR received substantial territory along Lake Ladoga and in northern Finland ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Tank_Commander_Nishizumi', 'summary': 'The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi ( 西住戦車長伝 , Nishizumi Senshachō Den ) , more known under the title The Story of Tank Commander Nishizumi , is a 1940 Japanese humanist war film directed by Kōzaburō Yoshimura .'}]}, {'value': 'Kōzaburō Yoshimura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kōzaburō_Yoshimura', 'summary': 'Kōzaburō Yoshimura ( 吉村公三郎 , Yoshimura Kōzaburō , 9 September 1911 - 7 November 2000 ) was a Japanese film director . Born in Shiga Prefecture , he joined the Shōchiku studio in 1929 . He debuted as director in 1934 , but continued working as an assistant director for such filmmakers as Yasujirō Ozu and Yasujirō Shimazu after that . It was the 1939 film Danryū that established his status as a director . During the Sino-Japanese war he directed a number of military dramas such as The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi ( 1940 ) , based on a true story , for which he toured the actual battlefields in China . His 1947 work , A Ball at the Anjo House , starring Setsuko Hara , was named the best picture of the year by Kinema Junpo . That film marked the start of a long relationship with the screenwriter and film director Kaneto Shindō . In 1950 , the two of them started the independent production company Kindai Eiga Kyokai . Yoshimura is credited with furthering the careers of such actresses as Fujiko Yamamoto , Machiko Kyō and Ayako Wakao . He directed over 60 films during his career , and received a Medal of Honor ( Purple Ribbon ) from the Japanese government in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Japanese tank commander fights in the Sino-Japanese War and dies in the Battle of Nanking', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army', 'summary': 'This article deals with the history and development of tanks of the Japanese Army from their first use after World War I , into the interwar period , during World War II , the Cold War and modern era .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking', 'summary': "The Battle of Nanking ( or Nanjing ) was fought in early December 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army for control of Nanking ( Nanjing ) , the capital of the Republic of China . Following the outbreak of war between Japan and China in July 1937 , the Japanese government at first attempted to contain the fighting and sought a negotiated settlement to the war . However , after victory in the Battle of Shanghai expansionists prevailed within the Japanese military and on December 1 a campaign to capture Nanking was officially authorized . The task of occupying Nanking was given to General Iwane Matsui , the commander of Japan 's Central China Area Army , who believed that the capture of Nanking would force China to surrender and thus end the war . Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek ultimately decided to defend the city and appointed Tang Shengzhi to command the Nanking Garrison Force , a hastily assembled army of local conscripts and the remnants of the Chinese units who had fought in Shanghai . Japanese soldiers marched from Shanghai to Nanking at a breakneck pace , rapidly defeating pockets of Chinese resistance . By December 9 they had reached the last line of defense , the Fukuo Line , behind which lay Nanking 's fortified walls . On December 10 Matsui ordered an all-out attack on Nanking , and after less than two days of intense fighting Chiang decided to abandon the city . Before fleeing , Tang ordered his men to launch a concerted breakout of the Japanese siege , but by this time Nanking was largely surrounded and its defenses were at the breaking point . Most of Tang 's units simply collapsed , their soldiers often casting off their weapons and uniforms in the streets in the hopes of hiding among the city 's civilian population . Following the capture of the city Japanese soldiers massacred Chinese prisoners of war , murdered civilians , and committed acts of looting and rape in an event known as the Nanking Massacre . Though Japan 's military victory excited and emboldened them , the subsequent massacre tarnished their reputation in the eyes of the world ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ten Days in Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ten_Days_in_Paris', 'summary': 'Ten Days in Paris , also known as Missing Ten Days and Spy in the Pantry , is a 1940 British spy film directed by Tim Whelan and starring Rex Harrison , Kaaren Verne and C.V. France . The screenplay concerns a man in Paris who turns out to be a doppelganger of a spy operating in the French capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Brown', 'summary': "Jeremy Van Brown ( born October 25 , 1979 ) is an American former professional baseball catcher with the Oakland Athletics . He is also known for his place in Michael Lewis ' 2003 # 1 bestseller Moneyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy mystery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waterloo Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge_(1940_film)', 'summary': 'Waterloo Bridge is a 1940 remake of the 1931 American drama film also called Waterloo Bridge , adapted from the 1930 play Waterloo Bridge . In an extended flashback narration , it recounts the story of a dancer and an army captain who meet by chance on Waterloo Bridge . The film was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , directed by Mervyn LeRoy and produced by Sidney Franklin and Mervyn LeRoy . The screenplay is by S. N. Behrman , Hans Rameau and George Froeschel , based on the Broadway drama by Robert E. Sherwood . The music is by Herbert Stothart and cinematography by Joseph Ruttenberg . Gaby is a 1956 drama film with Leslie Caron and John Kerr . It is the third version of the play Waterloo Bridge , previously made into films in 1931 and 1940 . It is the only version of the play made in color . Waterloo Bridge stars Robert Taylor and Vivien Leigh . The film was a success at the box office and nominated for two Academy Awards - Best Music for Herbert Stothart and Best Cinematography . It was also considered a personal favorite by both Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor .'}]}, {'value': 'Mervyn LeRoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy', 'summary': 'Mervyn LeRoy /ləˈrɔɪ/ ( October 15 , 1900 - September 13 , 1987 ) was an American film director , film producer , author , and occasional actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Called-up British officer reminisces over World War I romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Women in War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Women_in_War', 'summary': 'Women in War is a 1940 American war film about the nurses of the British Voluntary Aid Detachment during the Battle of France . Directed by John H. Auer and starring Wendy Barrie , Elsie Janis and Patric Knowles , it was nominated for an Oscar for Best Visual Effects ( Howard Lydecker , William Bradford , Ellis J. Thackery , Herbert Norsch ) .'}]}, {'value': 'John H. Auer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_H._Auer', 'summary': 'John H. Auer ( August 3 , 1906 in Budapest , Hungary - March 15 , 1975 in North Hollywood , Los Angeles ) was a Hungarian-born child actor who , on coming to the Americas in 1928 , became a movie director and producer , initially in Mexico but , from the early 1930s , in Hollywood .'}]}, {'value': 'Action-drama . Allied nurses on pre-Dunkirk Battle of France front', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_France', 'summary': 'The Battle of France , also known as the Fall of France , was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War . On 3 September 1939 France had declared war on Germany , following the invasion of its ally Poland . In early September 1939 , France launched the Saar Offensive , which stalled . By mid October , French troops had been withdrawn to their original start positions . In six weeks from 10 May 1940 , German forces defeated Allied forces by mobile operations and conquered France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 . Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940 and invaded France over the Alps . In Fall Gelb ( Case Yellow ) , German armoured units made a surprise push through the Ardennes , and then along the Somme valley , cutting off and surrounding the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium to meet the expected German invasion . When British , Belgian and French forces were pushed back to the sea by the mobile and well-organised German operation , the British evacuated the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and French divisions from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo . German forces began Fall Rot ( Case Red ) on 5 June . The sixty remaining French divisions and two British divisions made a determined resistance but were unable to overcome the German air superiority and armoured mobility . German tanks outflanked the Maginot Line and pushed deep into France , occupying Paris unopposed on 14 June . After the flight of the French government and the collapse of the French army , German commanders met with French officials on 18 June to negotiate an end to hostilities .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films made during the Second World War -- 1940', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_World_War_II_films_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional feature films or miniseries which feature events of World War II in the narrative. There is a separate list of World War II TV series.'}	null	null	What was the first name of the leader of the country whose country was the the subject of a propaganda work in support of the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ?	Ahmet
0193956fdf5853ae	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Turkey at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nurcan Taylan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurcan_Taylan', 'summary': 'Nurcan Taylan ( born October 29 , 1983 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish Olympic , world and European champion in weightlifting . She holds six European and one world record ( and tied two more world records ) . She was banned by the International Weightlifting Federation ( IWF ) after she tested positive for the anabolic steroid Methandienone for two years starting on 26 October 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 48 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_48_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 48 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 14 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halil Mutlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halil_Mutlu', 'summary': 'In 1994 , he won both the European and world championships , titles that would soon become commonplace for him . He made his first Olympic appearance in 1992 in the 52 kg category and finished fifth . In 1996 , in the 54 kg category , the reigning world champion and world record holder , Mutlu broke the world record in the snatch and went on to win the gold medal by 7.5 kg . At the 1999 World Championships he beat silver medal winner Adrian Jigău by around 20 kg and set a new world record . He remained undefeated until the 2000 Olympics in Sydney , where he was even more dominant than he had been in Atlanta . This time he set world records in both the snatch and the clean and jerk and won by 17.5 kg in the 56 kg category . He was suffering from a shoulder injury in 2003 and temporarily moved to the 62 kg class . His career appeared in doubt after a torn right rotator cuff and ruptured biceps tendon sidelined him for most of 2002 . Mutlu dominated in his weight class since mid-1990s . By the time of the Athens Olympics in 2004 , Mutlu won the world championship five times , although he had missed the 2002 season because of injury . In Athens he out lifted Wu Meijin of China by 5 kg in the snatch and then extended his lead in the jerk to earn victory by 7.5 kg . At 31 , he captured his third consecutive gold medal at the Olympics in Athens .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_56_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 56 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taner Sağır', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taner_Sağır', 'summary': 'Taner Sağır ( born March 13 , 1985 in Kardzhali , Bulgaria ) is a Turkish world and Olympic weightlifting champion . Coming into Athens as holder of all the junior world records at the age of only 19 , he broke the Olympic records in the category -77 kg snatch , clean and jerk and total . He is seen as a great talent by authorities .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 77 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_77_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 77 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 19 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk . On 12 February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee decided to strip Oleg Perepetchenov of his 2004 Olympic bronze medal after both probes were retested and showed traces of anabolic steroids ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Şeref Eroğlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Şeref_Eroğlu', 'summary': 'Şeref Eroğlu ( born 25 November 1975 , in Kahramanmaraş ) is a Turkish wrestler .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_66_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 24 to August 25 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahri Tanrıkulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahri_Tanrıkulu', 'summary': "Bahri Tanrıkulu ( born March 16 , 1980 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish taekwondo practitioner , who competed in the Men 's 80 kg division at the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens , Greece and won the silver medal . He studied at Akdeniz University . He is Turkey 's first World and European Taekwondo champion . He was a member of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Sports Club before he transferred to Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kağıt Spor Kulübü . The 1.86 m ( 6.1 ft ) tall athlete is student of physical education and sports at Akdeniz University . He qualified for participation at the 2012 Summer Olympics where he reached the semi final ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in the Sports Pavilion at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece where 124 competitors competed in eight events , four each for men and women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 80 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_80_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 80 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place on August 26 at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex . Moving up to 12 kg heavier than his weight in Sydney four years earlier , U.S. taekwondo jin Steven López defied his odds to crush and heavily kick Turkey 's Bahri Tanrıkulu with a score 3-0 for his second Olympic gold . Iran 's Yousef Karami rallied for a tight 9-8 victory over Azerbaijan 's Rashad Ahmadov to grab the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atagün Yalçınkaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atagün_Yalçınkaya', 'summary': 'Atagün Yalçınkaya ( born December 14 , 1986 in the Altındağ district of Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish boxer in the bantamweight ( 54 kg ) division best known for winning the silver medal in the light-flyweight category at the 2004 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each . Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner . Three days before the Games opening ceremony the International Olympic Committee announced that Kenyan boxer David Munyasia had tested positive for cathine and has been excluded from the event . Several medalists at the 2004 Olympics , including Amir Khan , Andre Ward , Gennady Golovkin , Yuriorkis Gamboa , and Guillermo Rigondeaux , later went on to become world champions in professional boxing . However , Russian boxers dont typically turn pro as their government provides them with extensive funding which allows them to keep their amateur status and compete at multiple Olympics . The tournament was also Mario Kindelán 's final Olympic event before retirement , with a second lightweight gold metal after beating Amir Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Light flyweight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Light_flyweight', 'summary': 'The light flyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 18 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall . This is limited to those boxers weighing less than 48 kilograms .'}]}, {'value': 'August 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze *', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eşref Apak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eşref_Apak', 'summary': 'Eşref Apak ( born 3 January 1982 in Kalecik , Ankara ) is a Turkish hammer thrower . Apak was a member of Fenerbahçe Athletics in Istanbul then transferred to Enkaspor , where he is coached by Artun Talay . The 185 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) tall athlete at 115 kg ( 254 lb ) is a student of physical education and sports at Gazi University in Ankara . Apak took part at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and won a surprising bronze medal with 79.51 m after the gold medalist Hungarian athlete Adrián Annus was disqualified by IOC for a doping violation . In 2005 Apak participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería and won the gold medal with his throw of 77.88 metres . His personal best performance , and Turkish record , is 81.45 metres set on 4 June 2005 at the Cezmi Or Memorial Games . Eşref Apak is married to sprinter Sema Aydemir , and the couple has a son Ali . He served a 2-year doping ban for the use of a prohibited substance , Stanozolol . The ban lasted from 8 June 2013 to 25 June 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's hammer throw", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_hammer_throw", 'summary': "The men 's hammer throw competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held at the Olympic Stadium on 20-22 August . Adrián Annus of Hungary originally won the competition , but he was disqualified after being found guilty of tampering with his sample at the doping control . The original runner-up , Koji Murofushi , was accordingly declared the 2004 Olympic champion . Originally , Ivan Tsikhan won the silver medal , but he was disqualified in 2012 after a retest of his samples from 2004 were positive for methandienone . Tsikhan withdrew from the 2012 Summer Olympics as a result . The decision was taken to vacate his medal , leaving the only medallists as Murofushi with gold and Eşref Apak of Turkey with the bronze . The athlete in a position to be elevated to the Olympic bronze medal , Vadim Devyatovskiy of Belarus , had previously been subject to a court case by the International Olympic Committee regarding doping at the 2008 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'August 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sedat Artuç', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sedat_Artuç', 'summary': 'Sedat Artuç ( born June 9 , 1976 in Oltu , Erzurum Province ) is a Turkish European champion in weightlifting . He is winner of silver medal in World championship and of bronze medal at the 2004 Olympics . Artuç , 1.63 m tall , is a member of EGO Sport Club in Ankara , Turkey . He is coached by Tuncer Şenses . In 2005 , Artuç was banned from international competition by the International Weightlifting Federation for 2 years for doping .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 56 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_56_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 56 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 15 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reyhan Arabacıoğlu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reyhan_Arabacıoğlu', 'summary': 'Reyhan Arabacıoğlu ( born 1980 in Bulgaria ) is a Turkish weightlifter competing in the 77 kg division . He started weightlifting in İzmir , where he is a member of the weightlifting team of İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Spor Kulübü .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , fifteen events in weightlifting were contested , in eight classes for men and seven for women . Competition was held in the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 77 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_77_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 77 kg weightlifting event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece took place at the Nikaia Olympic Weightlifting Hall on 19 August . Total score was the sum of the lifter 's best result in each of the snatch and the clean and jerk , with three lifts allowed for each lift . In case of a tie , the lighter lifter won ; if still tied , the lifter who took the fewest attempts to achieve the total score won . Lifters without a valid snatch score did not perform the clean and jerk . On 12 February 2013 , the International Olympic Committee decided to strip Oleg Perepetchenov of his 2004 Olympic bronze medal after both probes were retested and showed traces of anabolic steroids ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehmet Özal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehmet_Özal', 'summary': "Mehmet Özal ( born 31 October 1978 in Ankara , Turkey ) is a Turkish wrestler in Greco-Roman style . He is member of the İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K . He competed in the men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal . At the World Championships he has won a bronze and a gold medal , in 2001 and 2002 respectively . He also won a bronze medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_96_kg", 'summary': "The men 's Greco-Roman 96 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 25 to August 26 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aydin Polatci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aydin_Polatci', 'summary': 'Aydın Polatçı ( born 15 May 1977 ) is a Turkish wrestler . He was born in Istanbul . He was Olympic bronze medalist in Freestyle wrestling in 2004 . He also competed at the 2000 and 2008 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which are further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the Freestyle event with 18 gold medals being contested in all . This was the first Olympic Games that included women 's wrestling events on the program ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's freestyle 120 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_freestyle_120_kg", 'summary': "The men 's freestyle 120 kg at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall , August 27 to August 28 . The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool , with the winners qualify for the quarterfinals , semifinals and final by way of direct elimination ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Turkey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Turkey competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. Turkish athletes have competed at every Summer Olympic Games since its debut in 1908. Turkey did not attend the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles at the period of Great Depression, and the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the United States boycott. The Turkish Olympic Committee (Turkish: Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi, TMOK) sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games. A total of 65 athletes, 45 men and 20 women, competed in 10 sports. There was only a single competitor in shooting and taekwondo. The Turkish team featured two defending Olympic champions from Sydney: Greco-Roman wrestler Hamza Yerlikaya, and weightlifter and world record holder Halil Mutlu, who competed at his fourth Olympic Games as the most sophisticated athlete of the team. Among the Turkish athletes, three of them were born in the former Soviet Union (two of which were previously played for the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona), namely archer Natalia Nasaridze, long distance runner Ebru Kavaklıoğlu, and Belarusian-born heptathlete Anzhela Atroshchenko. Finn sailor Ali Enver Adakan, who achieved a top ten finish in Sydney four years earlier, was appointed by the committee to carry the Turkish flag in the opening ceremony. Turkey left Athens with a total of eleven Olympic medals (three golds, four silver, and four bronze), being considered its most successful Olympics with respect to the overall medal count since 1948. Nearly half of these medals were awarded to the athletes in weightlifting, including a third straight defense for Halil Mutlu in the men's bantamweight class on his final Olympic bid. Meanwhile, Eşref Apak originally claimed the bronze in men's hammer throw."}	null	null	Which athlete received their medal earlier ? Was it a Turkish boxer who won a silver medal in light-flyweight at the 2004 Olympics , or someone who held all junior world records at the age of only 19 ?	Taner Sağır
0193c908aa5552ef	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'title': 'National Football League Most Valuable Player Award', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'Team', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1938_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 1938 NFL season was the 19th regular season of the National Football League . The season ended when the New York Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers in the NFL Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Mel Hein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Hein', 'summary': "Melvin Jack Hein ( August 22 , 1909 - January 31 , 1992 ) , sometimes known as Old Indestructible , was an American football player and coach . In the era of one-platoon football , he played as a center ( then a position on both offense and defense ) and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963 as part of the first class of inductees . He was also named to the National Football League ( NFL ) 50th , 75th , and 100th Anniversary All-Time Teams . Hein played college football as a center for the Washington State Cougars football team from 1928 to 1930 . He led the 1930 Washington State team to an undefeated record in the regular season and received first-team All-Pacific Coast and All-American honors . Hein next played 15 seasons in the NFL as a center for the New York Giants from 1931 to 1945 . He was selected as a first-team All-Pro for eight consecutive years from 1933 to 1940 and won the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL 's Most Valuable Player in 1938 . He was the starting center on NFL championship teams in 1934 and 1938 and played in seven NFL championship games ( 1933-1935 , 1938-1939 , 1941 , and 1944 ) . Hein also served as the head football coach at Union College from 1943 to 1946 and as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) from 1947 to 1948 , the New York Yankees of the AAFC in 1949 , the Los Angeles Rams in 1950 , and the USC Trojans from 1951 to 1965 . He was also the supervisor of officials for the American Football League from 1966 to 1969 and for the American Football Conference from 1970 to 1974 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Center , linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 1939 NFL season was the 20th regular season of the National Football League . Before the season , NFL president Joseph Carr died , and Carl Storck was named to replace him . An NFL game was televised for the first time when NBC broadcast the October 22 Philadelphia Eagles at Brooklyn Dodgers game . The experimental broadcast was broadcast only to viewers in New York and Albany ; regular broadcasting of NFL games would not begin until 1951 . The season ended when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Parker Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parker_Hall_(American_football)', 'summary': "Linus Parker Bullet Hall ( December 10 , 1916 - February 8 , 2005 ) was a professional American football player for the Cleveland Rams and the San Francisco 49ers . In his rookie season , Hall led the league in passing , was second in passing yardage , and fifth in rushing yards . He was named the league 's Most Valuable Player in 1939 and was the first professional player to complete over 100 passes in a single season . He spent four seasons with the Rams , and after returning from military service during World War II , Hall played with the AAFC 's San Francisco 49ers during their inaugural season . He moved to Memphis , Tennessee , after retiring from football and worked in the lumber business ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Rams', 'summary': 'The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Rams was established in Cleveland as the Cleveland Rams , and played there from 1936 to 1945 . The Rams competed in the second American Football League ( AFL ) for the 1936 season and the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1937-1945 , winning the NFL championship in 1945 , before moving to Los Angeles in 1946 to become the only NFL champion ever to play the following season in another city . The move of the team to Los Angeles helped to jump-start the reintegration of pro football by African-American players and opened up the West Coast to professional sports . After being based in Los Angeles for 49 years , the Rams franchise moved again after the 1994 NFL season to St. Louis . In 2016 , the team moved back to Los Angeles after 21 seasons in St. Louis .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback , halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1940_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 1940 NFL season was the 21st regular season of the National Football League . The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the Washington Redskins in the NFL Championship Game , 73-0 . This game still stands as the most one-sided victory in NFL history . The Pittsburgh Pirates were renamed the Pittsburgh Steelers before the 1940 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ace Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ace_Parker', 'summary': 'Clarence McKay Ace Parker ( May 17 , 1912 - November 6 , 2013 ) was an American football and baseball player and coach . He played professional football as a quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1937-1941 ) and Boston Yanks ( 1945 ) and in the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) for the New York Yankees . He was an All-American halfback at Duke University in 1936 . Parker also played Major League Baseball during 1936 and 1937 with the Philadelphia Athletics . He served as the head baseball coach at Duke from 1953 to 1966 . Parker was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were an American football team that played in the National Football League from 1930 to 1943 , and in 1944 as the Brooklyn Tigers . The team played its home games at Ebbets Field of the baseball National League 's team , the Brooklyn Dodgers . In 1945 , because of financial difficulties and the increasing scarcity of major league-level players because of the war-time defense requirements at the height of World War II , the team was merged with the Boston Yanks and were known as the Yanks for that season . This old NFL franchise was not related to the earlier ( second incarnation ) American Football League II with a franchise that played as the Brooklyn Tigers for the first half of the 1936 season before moving to Rochester , New York and playing as the Rochester Tigers . Another NFL team that played in the Brooklyn borough was the Brooklyn Lions ( which became the Brooklyn Horsemen after merging with a team from an earlier first incarnation AFL of the same name ) in 1926 . In 1946 , co-owner and partner Dan Topping ( 1912-1974 ) pulled the Tigers team out of the old NFL and placed it in the newly established rival professional league - the All-America Football Conference , which shortly lasted until 1949 , until several stronger teams from the AAFC merged with and entered a reorganized NFL in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback , halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_NFL_season', 'summary': "The 1941 NFL season was the 22nd regular season of the National Football League . Before the season , Elmer Layden was named the first Commissioner of the NFL , while Carl Storck resigned as league president . Layden also took on the duties of president and signed a five-year contract at $ 20,000 annually . The league bylaws were changed to provide for playoffs in cases where division races are tied after the regular season , and rules for sudden-death overtimes in case a playoff game was tied after four quarters . The defending league champion Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers finished the regular season tied in the Western Division , setting up the first divisional playoff game in league history . The Bears won 33-14 at Wrigley Field on December 14 , then defeated the New York Giants 37-9 in the NFL championship game at Wrigley Field on December 21 . The Bears , averaging 36 points per game , became the first team since the institution of the East-West championship in 1933 to repeat as champion . The total attendance for the league 's 55 regular season games was 1,118,616 . This represented an increase of 9% over the previous season 's attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Hutson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Hutson', 'summary': 'Donald Montgomery Hutson ( January 31 , 1913 - June 26 , 1997 ) was an American professional football player and assistant coach in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played as a split end and spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Green Bay Packers . Under head coach Curly Lambeau , Hutson led the Packers to four NFL Championship Games , winning three : 1936 , 1939 , and 1944 . In his senior season at the University of Alabama in 1934 , Hutson was recognized as a consensus All-American and won a national championship with the Alabama Crimson Tide football team . After his career at Alabama , he joined the Packers in 1935 and played eleven seasons before he retired in 1945 . He led the league in receiving yards in seven separate seasons and in receiving touchdowns in nine . A talented safety on defense , he also led the NFL in interceptions in 1940 . Hutson was an eight-time All-Pro selection , a four-time All-Star , and was twice awarded the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL Most Valuable Player . Hutson is considered to have been the first modern receiver , and is credited with creating many of the modern pass routes used in the NFL today . He was the dominant receiver of his day , during which he was widely considered one of the greatest receivers in NFL history . He held almost all major receiving records at the time of his retirement , including career receptions , yards , and touchdowns . He was inducted as a charter member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers', 'summary': "The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL , dating back to 1919 , and is the only non-profit , community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States . [ a ] Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957 . The Packers are the last of the small town teams which were common in the NFL during the league 's early days of the 1920s and 1930s . Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun , the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896 . Between 1919 and 1920 , the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest , before joining the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , the forerunner of today 's NFL , in 1921 . Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America , Forbes ranked the Packers as the world 's 27th most valuable sports franchise in 2019 , with a value of $ 2.63 billion . The Packers have won 13 league championships , the most in NFL history , with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories . The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the AFL-NFL merger . The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers ' coach Vince Lombardi , who guided them to their first two Super Bowls . Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1942_NFL_season', 'summary': "The 1942 NFL season was the 23rd regular season of the National Football League . Before the season , many players left for service in World War II , thus depleting the rosters of all the teams . The Chicago Bears finished the regular season at 11-0 , and faced the 10-1 Washington Redskins in the championship game . Washington , which had been beaten 73-0 in the 1940 title game , got a measure of revenge in spoiling the Bears ' hope for a perfect season , winning 14-6 ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Hutson ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1943_NFL_season', 'summary': "The 1943 NFL season was the 24th regular season of the National Football League . Due to the exodus of players who had left to serve in World War II , the Cleveland Rams were granted permission to suspend operations for this season , while the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers merged for this one season , with the combined team ( known as Phil-Pitt and called the Steagles by fans ) playing four home games in Philadelphia and two in Pittsburgh . With only 8 teams playing , the 1943 season ties the 1932 season for the fewest teams in the league . The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the Washington Redskins , 41-21 , in the NFL Championship Game played the day after Christmas , the first time in NFL history that a playoff game was played so late in the year ; Chicago had finished its regular season on November 28 and won the Western Division with an 8-1-1 record , but the Bears had to wait for three weeks while the Eastern Division champion was determined . Washington and the New York Giants ended the regular season by playing against each other on two consecutive Sundays , December 5 and 12 ( the second game , originally scheduled on October 3 had been postponed due to heavy rain ) . The Giants won both games to force a first-place tie at 6-3-1 each , but the Redskins won the playoff game and earned the right to play the Bears . Despite the war , the league 's popularity continued to grow . The league drew a cumulative 1,072,462 fans , which was fewer than 7,000 short of the record set the previous year despite the fact that 15 fewer games were played . The increased attendance was attributed to the higher competitiveness of the weaker squads ."}]}, {'value': 'Sid Luckman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sid_Luckman', 'summary': "Sidney Luckman ( November 21 , 1916 - July 5 , 1998 ) was an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1939 through 1950 . During his 12 seasons with the Bears he led them to four NFL championships ( 1940 , 1941 , 1943 , and 1946 ) . Sportswriter Ira Berkow wrote that Luckman was the first great T-formation quarterback , and he is considered the greatest long-range passer of his time . He was named the NFL 's Most Valuable Player in 1943 . Luckman was also a 3× NFL All-Star ( 1940-42 ) , 5× First-team All-Pro ( 1941-44 , 1947 ) , Second-Team All-Pro ( 1946 ) , 3× NFL passing yards leader ( 1943 , 1945 , and 1946 ) , 3× NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 1943 , 1945 , and 1946 ) , 3× NFL passer rating leader ( 1941 , 1943 , and 1946 ) , named to the NFL 1940s All-Decade Team , had his Chicago Bears No . 42 retired , and tied the NFL record of 7 touchdown passes in a game . Luckman was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965 , and in 1988 he was declared a joint winner of the Walter Camp Distinguished American Award . Following his retirement from playing , Luckman continued his association with football by tutoring college coaches , focusing on the passing aspect of the game ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Bears', 'summary': "The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bears compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Bears have won nine NFL Championships , including one Super Bowl , and hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the most retired jersey numbers . The Bears have also recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise was founded in Decatur , Illinois , on September 17 , 1920 , and moved to Chicago in 1921 . It is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFL 's founding in 1920 , along with the Arizona Cardinals , which was originally also in Chicago . The team played home games at Wrigley Field on Chicago 's North Side through the 1970 season ; they now play at Soldier Field on the Near South Side , next to Lake Michigan . The Bears have a long-standing rivalry with the Green Bay Packers . The team headquarters , Halas Hall , is in the Chicago suburb of Lake Forest , Illinois . The Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season , and began hosting Training Camp at Halas Hall in 2020 after major renovations ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1944_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 1944 NFL season was the 25th regular season of the United States National Football League . The Boston Yanks joined the league as an expansion team . Also , the Brooklyn Dodgers changed their name to Brooklyn Tigers . Meanwhile , both the Cleveland Rams and the Philadelphia Eagles resumed their traditional operations , while the Pittsburgh Steelers merged with the Chicago Cardinals for this one season due to player shortages as a result of World War II . The combined team , known as Card-Pitt , played three home games in Pittsburgh and two in Chicago , and set the 20th century record for lowest punting average by an NFL team with 32.7 yards per punt . The season is notable in that it featured two winless teams , the only such case in NFL history since 1935 ( when the league stabilized from its early years of revolving door membership , when winless teams were much more common ) as both Brooklyn and Card-Pitt finished 0-10 . Since 1944 , only five teams have had winless seasons in the NFL : the 1960 Dallas Cowboys ( 0-11-1 ) , the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 0-14 ) , the 1982 Baltimore Colts ( 0-8-1 ) the 2008 Detroit Lions ( 0-16 ) , and the 2017 Cleveland Browns ( 0-16 ) . In the case of the Colts , the season was shortened due to a league-wide players strike , while the Cowboys and Buccaneers were both expansion teams . The season ended when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Sinkwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Sinkwich', 'summary': 'Frank Francis Sinkwich Sr. ( October 10 , 1920 - October 22 , 1990 ) was an American football player and coach . He won the Heisman Trophy in 1942 playing for the University of Georgia , making him the first recipient from the Southeastern Conference . In the course of a brief but celebrated career in professional football , Sinkwich was selected for the National Football League Most Valuable Player Award . He coached the Erie ( PA ) Vets semi-professional football team in 1949 . Sinkwich was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Lions', 'summary': "The Detroit Lions are a professional American football team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The team plays its home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit . Originally based in Portsmouth , Ohio and called the Portsmouth Spartans , the team formally joined the NFL on July 12 , 1930 and began play in the 1930 season . Despite success within the NFL , they could not survive in Portsmouth , then the NFL 's second smallest city . The team was purchased and relocated to Detroit and subsequently renamed the Lions for the 1934 season . The Lions have won four NFL championships . However , their last was in 1957 , which gives the club the second-longest NFL championship drought behind the Arizona Cardinals ( who last won in 1947 ) . They are one of four current teams and the only NFC team to have not yet played in the Super Bowl . They are also the only franchise to have been in operation for all 54 seasons of the Super Bowl era without having appeared in one ( the Cleveland Browns were not in operation for the 1996 to 1998 seasons ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1945_NFL_season', 'summary': "The 1945 NFL season was the 26th regular season of the National Football League . The Pittsburgh Steelers and the Chicago Cardinals resumed their traditional operations . The Brooklyn Tigers and the Boston Yanks merged for this one season . The combined team , known simply as The Yanks , played four games at Boston 's Fenway Park and one game at New York 's Yankee Stadium . After Brooklyn Tigers owner Dan Topping announced his intentions to join the new All-America Football Conference , his NFL team was immediately revoked after the season and all of its players were assigned to the Boston Yanks . The season ended when the Cleveland Rams defeated the Washington Redskins in the NFL Championship Game in Cleveland ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Waterfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Waterfield', 'summary': "Robert Stanton Waterfield ( July 26 , 1920 - March 25 , 1983 ) was an American football player and coach and motion picture actor and producer . He played quarterback for the UCLA Bruins and Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965 . His No . 7 jersey was retired by the Los Angeles Rams in 1952 . Born in Elmira , New York , Waterfield moved to Los Angeles as an infant . He played college football for the UCLA Bruins in 1941 , 1942 , and 1944 . In 1942 , he led UCLA to a Pacific Coast Conference championship and was selected as the quarterback on the All-Pacific Coast team . From 1945 to 1952 , he played quarterback for the Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He led the Rams to NFL championships in 1945 and 1951 and was selected as the NFL 's most valuable player in 1945 . He was the first-team All-Pro quarterback in 1945 , 1946 , and 1949 . Known as one of the best passers , punters , and place-kickers in the NFL , he set NFL career place-kicking records with 315 extra points and 60 field goals , as well as a single-season record with 54 extra points in 1950 , and a single-game record with five field goals in a game . Waterfield was married to movie actress Jane Russell from 1943 to 1968 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Rams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1946_NFL_season', 'summary': 'The 1946 NFL season was the 27th regular season of the National Football League . Before the season , Elmer Layden resigned as NFL Commissioner and Bert Bell , co-founder of the Philadelphia Eagles , replaced him . Meanwhile , the All-America Football Conference was formed to rival the NFL , and the Rams became the first NFL team based on the West Coast after they relocated from Cleveland , Ohio , to Los Angeles , California . A regular season game was played on Tuesday , the last until the 2010 season , on October 1 , between New York and Boston . The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the New York Giants in the NFL Championship Game .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Dudley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Dudley', 'summary': 'William McGarvey Bullet Bill Dudley ( December 24 , 1921 - February 4 , 2010 ) was a professional American football player in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers , Detroit Lions , and Washington Redskins . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966 and the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the seventh-oldest franchise in the NFL , and they are the oldest franchise in the AFC . In contrast with their status as perennial also-rans in the pre-merger NFL , where they were the oldest team never to have won a league championship , the Steelers of the post-merger ( modern ) era are among the most successful NFL franchises . The team is tied with the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl titles at six , and they have both played in ( 16 times ) and hosted ( 11 times ) more conference championship games than any other team in the NFL . The Steelers have also won eight AFC championships , tied with the Denver Broncos , but behind the Patriots ' record 11 AFC championships . The team is tied with the Broncos and Dallas Cowboys for the second-most Super Bowl appearances with eight . They lost their most recent championship appearance , Super Bowl XLV , on February 6 , 2011 . The Steelers , whose history may be traced to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s , joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8 , 1933 . The team was owned by Art Rooney and took its original name from the baseball team of the same name , as was common practice for NFL teams at the time . To distinguish them from the baseball team , local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen , an unofficial nickname that persisted for decades after the team had adopted its current nickname . The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since the organization 's founding ."}]}, {'value': 'Halfback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)', 'summary': "A halfback ( HB ) is an offensive position in American football , whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays , i.e . a running back . When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield , and especially when that player is placed behind another player ( usually a blocking back ) , as in the I formation , that player is instead referred to as a tailback ( see History below ) . The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field , and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team 's success . Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver . Occasionally , they line up as additional wide receivers . When not running or catching the ball , the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking , either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Defunct awards -- Joe F. Carr Trophy', 'section_text': 'Main article : Joe F. Carr Trophy The Joe F. Carr Trophy was the first award in the NFL to recognize a most valuable player . It was named in honor of NFL commissioner Joseph Carr . [ 32 ]', 'uid': 'National_Football_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award_2', 'intro': 'The National Football League Most Valuable Player Award (NFL MVP) is an award given by various entities to the American football player who is considered the most valuable in the National Football League (NFL) during the regular season. Organizations which currently give an NFL MVP award or have in the past include the Associated Press (AP), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), Pro Football Writers of America (PFWA), and United Press International (UPI). The first award described as a most valuable player award was the Joe F. Carr Trophy, awarded by the NFL from 1938 to 1946. Today, the AP award is considered the de facto official NFL MVP award. Since the 2011 season, the NFL has held the annual NFL Honors ceremony to recognize the winner of the Associated Press MVP award.'}	null	null	In which season was the player who worked under head coach Curly Lambeau first the most valuable player ?	1941
0194078f112a8c34	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1216_papal_election', 'title': '1216 papal election', 'header': ['Elector', 'Title', 'Elevated', 'Elevator'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nicola de Romanis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicola_de_Romanis', 'summary': 'Niccolò de Romanis ( died 1218 ) was an Italian cardinal and Papal legate . He was Bishop of Frascati from either 1204 or 1205 and Grand penitentiary . He was closely associated with Pope Honorius III as administrator and diplomat . Dean of the College of Cardinals from 1211 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Frascati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Frascati', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Frascati ( Lat . : Tusculana ) is a suburbicarian see of the Holy Roman Church and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy , based at Frascati , near Rome . The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop ; from the Latin name of the area , the bishop has also been called Bishop of Tusculum . [ A ] Tusculum was destroyed in 1191 . The bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati , a nearby town which is first mentioned in the pontificate of Pope Leo IV . Until 1962 , the Cardinal-Bishop was concurrently the diocesan bishop of the see in addition to any curial duties he possessed . Pope John XXIII removed the Cardinal Bishops from any actual responsibility in their suburbicarian dioceses , and made the title purely honorific .'}]}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Ugolino di Segni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX', 'summary': 'Pope Gregory IX ( Latin : Gregorius IX ; born Ugolino di Conti ; c. 1145 or before 1170 - 22 August 1241 ) was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241 . He is known for issuing the Decretales and instituting the Papal Inquisition in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III through his papal bull Ad abolendam issued in 1184 . The successor of Pope Honorius III , he fully inherited the traditions of Pope Gregory VII and of his own cousin Pope Innocent III and zealously continued their policy of Papal supremacy .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Ostia e Velletri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia_e_Velletri', 'summary': 'The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the suburbicarian diocese of Ostia , one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome . The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals , as it has been since 1150 , with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of Rome . Ostia and Velletri , Ostia e Velletri in Italian , was a single suburbicarian diocese from 1105 to 1914 . In 1914 , Velletri ( now Velletri-Segni ) was split off as a separate suburbicarian diocese . Starting then , a new Dean would add the see of Ostia to the suburbicarian see he already had .'}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Guido Papareschi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop of Palestrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Palestrina', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina ( Latin : Diocesis Praenestina ) is a Roman Catholic suburbicarian diocese centered on the comune of Palestrina in Italy . The current Bishop of Palestrina is Domenico Sigalini , who from 3 November 2010 until 5 April 2014 was also appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to be the general ecclesiastical assistant of Italian Catholic Action .'}]}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Pelagio Galvani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pelagio_Galvani', 'summary': 'Pelagio Galvani ( b. ca . 1165 , Gusendos , León - d. 30 January 1230 , Montecassino ) was a Leonese Cardinal , and canon lawyer . He became a papal legate and leader of the Fifth Crusade . His early life is little known . It is repeatedly claimed that he entered the Order of Benedictines but this is not proven . Pope Innocent III created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio around 1206 . Later , he was promoted to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of S. Cecilia ( probably on 2 April 1211 ) , and finally opted for the suburbicarian see of Albano in the spring of 1213 . He subscribed the papal bulls between 4 May 1207 and 26 January 1230 . He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in 1213 . During this two-year mission he attempted to close Orthodox churches and imprison the clergy , but this caused such domestic upset that Henry of Flanders , the Latin Emperor , reversed his actions which had caused the tempest which held the city of Constantine in its grip , as noted a contemporary historian . Three years later he was elected Latin Patriarch of Antioch but his election was not ratified by the Holy See . Dispatched by Pope Honorius III to lead the Fifth Crusade at Damietta in Egypt , he made a poor strategic decision in turning down peace offers made by Al-Kamil .'}]}, {'value': 'Bishop of Albano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_of_Albano', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Albano ( Latin : Albanensis ) is a suburbicarian see of the Roman Catholic Church in a diocese in Italy , comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome . Albano Laziale is situated some 15 kilometers from Rome , on the Appian Way . Under current arrangements it has both a titular bishop and a diocesan bishop .'}]}, {'value': 'ca . 1206/1207', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Cinzio Cenci', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 22 , 1190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clement III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Clement_III', 'summary': 'Pope Clement III ( Latin : Clemens III ; 1130 - 20 March 1191 ) , born Paulino ( or Paolo ) Scolari , was the pope from 19 December 1187 to his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Cencio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III', 'summary': 'Pope Honorius III ( 1150 - 18 March 1227 ) , born as Cencio Savelli , was the 177th Pope of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death in 1227 . A canon at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore , he came to hold a number of important administrative positions , including that of Camerlengo . In 1197 , he became tutor to the young Frederick II . Elected to the papacy in July 1216 , he took the name Honorius III . As pope , he worked to promote the Fifth Crusade , which had been planned under his predecessor . Honorius repeatedly exhorted Andrew of Hungary and Frederick II to fulfill their vows to participate . He also gave approval to the recently formed Dominican and Franciscan religious orders .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of SS . Giovanni e Paolo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 20 , 1193', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celestine III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III', 'summary': 'Pope Celestine III ( Latin : Caelestinus III ; c. 1106 - 8 January 1198 ) , born Giacinto Bobone , was the pope from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198 . He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome and served as a cardinal-deacon prior to becoming pope . He was ordained as a priest on 13 April 1191 and he ruled the church for six years , nine months , and nine days before he died aged 92 . He was buried at the Lateran .'}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni Colonna di Carbognano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Colonna_di_Carbognano', 'summary': 'Giovanni Colonna ( ca . 1170 - 28 January 1245 ) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church from the Roman noble family of Colonna . He is occasionally named the Younger to distinguish him from his near-contemporary cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo , who is frequently considered as related to the Colonna family . As papal legate , he accompanied the Latin Emperor Peter II of Courtenay to Greece , where he was taken captive by Theodore Komnenos Doukas . Released from captivity , Colonna served in 1220-21 as regent of the Latin Empire before returning to Italy in 1223 . Colonna participated in the conclaves of 1216 ( election of Pope Honorius III ) , 1227 ( Pope Gregory IX ) , and 1241-43 ( Pope Innocent IV ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of SS . Cosma e Damiano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Gualgano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Anastasia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Robert Curson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Curson', 'summary': 'Robert Curson ( c. 1460-1535 ) was an English courtier at the court of Henry VIII , and also that of emperor Maximilian I . He was born in Blaxhall , Suffolk .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1212', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Peter of Benevento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_of_Benevento', 'summary': 'Peter of Benevento ( died in September 1219 or 1220 ) was an Italian canon lawyer , papal legate and Cardinal . He was closely associated with Pope Innocent III , and produced in 1209/10 a collection of his decretals , the Compilatio tertia , as an active editor and competing with that of Bernard of Pavia . He was sent in 1214 by Innocent to Provence , and there presided over the 1215 Council of Montpellier , directed against the Albigensians and empowering Simon de Montfort . From there he took James I of Aragon to Catalonia .'}]}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 19 , 1212', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Stefano di Ceccano , O.Cist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of SS . XII Apostoli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 13 , 1213', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Tommaso da Capua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Priest of S. Sabina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Guido Pierleone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 18 , 1204', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Ottaviano dei conti di Segni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottaviano_dei_conti_di_Segni', 'summary': 'Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni ( died January 29 , 1234 ) was an Italian cardinal and cardinal-nephew of Pope Innocent III , his cousin who elevated him probably in May 1206 . He was canon of the Vatican Basilica , Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church ( 1200 until May 1206 ) and protodeacon of the Sacred College of Cardinals ( from 1221 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of SS . Sergio e Bacco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 27 , 1206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Crescenzi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Teodoro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Romano Bonaventura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romano_Bonaventura', 'summary': "Romano Bonaventura ( before 1216-20 February 1243 ) was a Catholic Christian prelate , Cardinal deacon of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria , his titulus ( 1216-1234 ) , bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina ( 1231-1243 ) , a cardinal-legate to the court of France . He was also listed as Romano Papareschi , which strongly suggests that he came from the Roman family , probably of the rione Trastevere , that produced Gregorio Papareschi ( died 1143 ) , Pope Innocent II . He was archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore ( 1220-1243 ) . He took part in the Papal election , 1216 , the Papal election , 1227 , and the Papal election , 1241 , at which Romano was prominent among the papabili known to wish to continue Gregory IX 's hostility towards Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , who surrounded Rome with his armies , blocking the arrival of some cardinal electors known to be hostile to his interests . Romano was a jurist . As cardinal-legate to France , he summoned the Council of Bourges ( 1225 ) , directed towards funding the Albigensian Crusade ."}]}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Maria in Portico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}, {'value': 'Stefano de Normandis dei Conti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deacon of S. Adriano', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5 , 1216', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innocent III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III', 'summary': "Pope Innocent III ( Latin : Innocentius III ; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216 ) , born Lotario dei Conti di Segni ( anglicized as Lothar of Segni ) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216 . Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes . He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe , claiming supremacy over all of Europe 's kings . He was central in supporting the Catholic Church 's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council . This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law . He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions , although these measures were not uniformly successful . Innocent greatly extended the scope of the crusades , directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France . He organized the Fourth Crusade of 1202-1204 , which ended in the disastrous sack of Constantinople . Although the attack on Constantinople went against his explicit orders , and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated , Innocent reluctantly accepted this result , seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches . In the event , the sack of Constantinople and the subsequent period of Frankokratia heightened the hostility between the Latin and Greek churches . ( The Byzantine empire was restored in 1261 but never regained its former strength , finally falling in 1453 . )"}]}], 'section_title': 'List of participants', 'section_text': "There were 25 cardinals in the College of Cardinals in July 1216 , including 23 curial cardinals and two `` external cardinals '' , who did not reside in the papal curia [ 2 ] It is known that 17 of them participated in the election : [ 3 ]", 'uid': 'Papal_election,_1216_0', 'intro': 'The papal election of 1216 (July 18), was convoked after the death of Pope Innocent III in Perugia (July 16, 1216), elected Cardinal Cencio Camerario, who took the name of Honorius III.'}	null	null	Who was the elevator of the elector who took James I of Aragon to Catalonia ?	Innocent III
01985bfdc2d73ac4	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sponsored_sports_venues', 'title': 'List of sponsored sports venues', 'header': ['Name', 'Traditional Name', 'Location', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'Allianz Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allianz_Arena', 'summary': "Allianz Arena [ ʔaˈli̯ants ʔaˌʁeːnaː ] is a football stadium in Munich , Bavaria , Germany with a 75,000 seating capacity . Widely known for its exterior of inflated ETFE plastic panels , it is the first stadium in the world with a full colour changing exterior . Located at 25 Werner-Heisenberg-Allee at the northern edge of Munich 's Schwabing-Freimann borough on the Fröttmaning Heath , it is the second-largest arena in Germany behind Westfalenstadion in Dortmund . FC Bayern Munich has played its home games at the Allianz Arena since the start of the 2005-06 season . The club had previously played their home games at the Munich Olympic Stadium since 1972 . 1860 Munich previously had a 50% share in the stadium , but Bayern Munich purchased their shares for €11 million in April 2006 . The arrangement allowed 1860 Munich to play at the stadium while retaining no ownership until 2025 . However , in July 2017 the rental contract was terminated , making Bayern Munich the sole tenants of the stadium . The large financial services provider Allianz purchased the naming rights to the stadium for 30 years . However , this name can not be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events , since these governing bodies have policies forbidding corporate sponsorship from companies that are not official tournament partners . During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , the stadium was referred to as FIFA WM-Stadion München ( FIFA World Cup Stadium , Munich ) . In UEFA club and Nations League matches , it is known as Fußball Arena München ( Football Arena Munich ) [ ˌfuːsbal ʔaʁeːnaː ˈmʏnçn̩ ] , and it hosted the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munich', 'summary': "Munich ( /ˈmjuːnɪk/ MEW-nik ; German : München [ ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Austro-Bavarian : Minga [ ˈmɪŋ ( ː ) ɐ ] ; Latin : Monachium ) is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria , the second most populous German federal state . With a population of around 1.5 million , it is the third-largest city in Germany , after Berlin and Hamburg , and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state , as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union . The city 's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people . Straddling the banks of the River Isar ( a tributary of the Danube ) north of the Bavarian Alps , it is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria , while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany ( 4,500 people per km² ) . Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area , after the Austrian capital of Vienna , Munich was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The city is a global centre of art , science , technology , finance , publishing , culture , innovation , education , business , and tourism and enjoys a very high standard and quality of living , reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey , and being rated the world 's most liveable city by the Monocle 's Quality of Life Survey 2018 . According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city , as of 2015 [ update ] . Munich is a major international center of engineering , science , innovation , and research , exemplified by the presence of two research universities , a multitude of scientific institutions in the city and its surroundings , and world class technology and science museums like the Deutsches Museum and BMW Museum . Munich houses many multinational companies and its economy is based on high tech , automobiles , the service sector and creative industries , as well as IT , biotechnology , engineering and electronics among many others . The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen , meaning by the monks . It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order , who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich ; hence the monk depicted on the city 's coat of arms . Munich was first mentioned in 1158 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Audi Sportpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Audi_Sportpark', 'summary': 'Audi Sportpark ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʔaʊdiːˌʃpɔʁtpaʁk ] is a 15,800-capacity stadium in Ingolstadt , Germany . It is primarily used for football and is the home of FC Ingolstadt 04 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingolstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingolstadt', 'summary': 'Ingolstadt ( US : /ˈɪŋɡəlʃtɑːt , -stɑːt/ ING-gəl-s ( h ) taht , German : [ ˈʔɪŋɡɔlˌʃtat ] ( listen ) , Austro-Bavarian : [ ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd ] ) is a city in Bavaria , Germany , on the banks of the Danube , in the centre of Bavaria . In 2016 , it had 133,638 citizens , making it the fifth largest city in Bavaria . It is part of the Munich Metropolitan Region . The Illuminati , an Age of Enlightenment secret society , was founded in Ingolstadt in the late 18th century . Ingolstadt is a setting in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley , where the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates his monster . It is the site of the headquarters of the German automobile manufacturer Audi , defence aircraft manufacturer Airbus ( formerly Cassidian Air Systems ) , and electronic stores Media Markt and Saturn . Ingolstadt Central Station has been connected to Nuremberg by a high-speed rail link since May 2006 . Ingolstadt also has a second passenger station at Ingolstadt Nord .'}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HDI-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HDI-Arena', 'summary': "Niedersachsenstadion [ ˈniːdɐzaksn̩ˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ( Eng : Lower Saxony Stadium ) is a football stadium in Hanover , Lower Saxony , Germany , which is home to Bundesliga football club Hannover 96 . The original 86,000 capacity stadium was completed in 1954 and has since been rebuilt several times for various major football events . Today it has 49,000 covered seats . During the World Cup 2006 the stadium was named FIFA World Cup Stadium , Hanover . Through a sponsorship deal , the stadium 's official name is currently HDI-Arena [ ˌhaːdeːˈʔiːʔaˌʁeːnaː ] . Between 2002 and 2013 a similar arrangement saw the stadium renamed as the AWD-Arena [ ˌʔaːveːˈdeːʔaˌʁeːnaː ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Niedersachsenstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanover', 'summary': "Hanover or Hannover ( /ˈhænoʊvər , -nəv-/ ; German : Hannover [ haˈnoːfɐ ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Hannober ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony . Its 535,061 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the thirteenth-largest city in Germany as well as the third-largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg and Bremen . The city lies at the confluence of the River Leine ( progression : Aller→ Weser→ North Sea ) and its tributary Ihme , in the south of the North German Plain , and is the largest city in the Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region . It is the fifth-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund , Essen and Bremen . Before it became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946 Hanover was the capital of the Principality of Calenberg ( 1636-1692 ) , the Electorate of Hanover ( 1692-1814 ) , the Kingdom of Hanover ( 1814-1866 ) , the Province of Hanover of the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1868-1918 ) , the Province of Hanover of the Free State of Prussia ( 1918-1946 ) and of the State of Hanover ( 1946 ) . From 1714 to 1837 Hanover was by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , under their title of the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( later described as the Elector of Hanover ) . The city is a major crossing point of railway lines and motorways ( Autobahnen ) , connecting European main lines in both the east-west ( Berlin-Ruhr area/Düsseldorf/Cologne ) and north-south ( Hamburg-Frankfurt/Stuttgart/Munich ) directions . Hannover Airport lies north of the city , in Langenhagen , and is Germany 's ninth-busiest airport . The city 's most notable institutes of higher education are the Hannover Medical School with its university hospital ( Klinikum der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover ) and the Leibniz University Hannover . The Hanover fairground , owing to numerous extensions , especially for the Expo 2000 , is the largest in the world . Hanover hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and up to 2018 the CeBIT . The IAA Commercial Vehicles show takes place every two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerzbank-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerzbank-Arena', 'summary': "Commerzbank-Arena ( German pronunciation : [ koˈmɛʁtsbaŋkʔaˌʁeːnaː ] , sometimes [ kɔˈ- ] ) is a retractable roof sports stadium in Frankfurt , Hesse , Germany . Commonly known by its original name , Waldstadion [ ˈvalt.ʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ( English : Forest Stadium ) , the stadium opened in 1925 . The stadium has been upgraded several times since then ; the most recent remodelling was its redevelopment as a football-only stadium in preparation for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup . With a capacity of 51,500 spectators for league matches and 48,500 for American Football and International Football matches , it is among the ten largest football stadiums in Germany . The stadium was one of the nine venues of 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , and hosted four matches including the final . The sports complex , which is owned by the city of Frankfurt , includes the actual stadium and other sports facilities , including a swimming pool , a tennis complex , a beach volleyball court and a winter sports hall . The arena has its own railway station , Frankfurt Stadion , on the national rail network . The Commerzbank-Arena is home stadium of football club Eintracht Frankfurt whose offices are also located on the premises ."}]}, {'value': 'Waldstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Max-Morlock-Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankenstadion', 'summary': "Max-Morlock-Stadion [ ˌmaksˈmɔʁlɔkˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] is a stadium in Nuremberg , Germany , which was opened in 1928 . It is located next to Zeppelinfeld . It also neighbors the Nuremberg Arena . Since 1966 , it has been home stadium to the German Bundesliga club 1 . FC Nürnberg . During the 1972 Summer Olympics , it hosted six football matches . In 1967 , it hosted the European Cup Winners ' Cup final between Rangers and Bayern Munich . Bayern won 1-0 . The stadium hosted five games of the 2006 FIFA World Cup , including the famous match between Portugal and the Netherlands , consequently known as the Battle of Nuremberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Frankenstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nürnberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nürnberg', 'summary': "Nuremberg ( /ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg ; German : Nürnberg [ ˈnʏ : n bɛ : k ] ( listen ) ; East Franconian : Närrnberch or Nämberch , locally Närmberch ) is the second-largest city of the German federal state of Bavaria after its capital Munich , and its 511,628 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 14th largest city in Germany . On the Pegnitz River ( from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards : Regnitz , a tributary of the River Main ) and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal , it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia . Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach with a total population of 787,976 ( 2016 ) , while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.5 million inhabitants . The city lies about 170 kilometres ( 110 mi ) north of Munich . It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area ( colloquially : Franconian ; German : Fränkisch ) , Nurenmberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , including the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ) . With 39,780 students in 2017 , it is Bavaria 's third-largest and Germany 's 11th-largest university , with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen ( Universitätsklinikum Erlangen ) . Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg are also located within the city . Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg Albrecht Dürer ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and the tenth-busiest airport in Germany . Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres , [ a ] showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets ( main venue : Nuremberg Opera House ) , plays ( main venue : Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ) , as well as concerts ( main venue : Meistersingerhalle ) . Its orchestra , Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria 's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich . Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esprit Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esprit_Arena', 'summary': 'Merkur Spielarena ( stylized as MERKUR SPIEL-ARENA ) , known previously as the ESPRIT arena ( until 2 August 2018 ) , the LTU Arena ( until June 2009 ) , and as the Düsseldorf Arena ( during the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest ) , is a multi-functional football stadium in Düsseldorf , Germany . The stadium holds 54,600 and has a closable roof . Its special heating system allows the stadium to host comfortable events at the height of winter .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Düsseldorf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Düsseldorf', 'summary': "Düsseldorf ( often Dusseldorf in English sources ; UK : /ˈdʊsəldɔːrf/ , US : /ˈdjuːs-/ , German : [ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf ] ( listen ) ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian : [ a ] Düsseldörp ( [ ˈdʏsl̩dœɐ̯p ] ) ; archaic Dutch : Dusseldorp ) is the capital and second-largest city of the most populous German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne , as well as the seventh-largest city in Germany , with a population of 617,280 . At the confluence of the Rhine and its tributary Düssel , the city lies in the centre of both the Rhine-Ruhr and the Rhineland Metropolitan Regions with the Cologne Bonn Region to its south and the Ruhr to its north . Most of the city lies on the right bank of the Rhine ( as opposed to Cologne , whose city centre lies on the river 's left bank ) . The city is the largest in the German Low Franconian dialect area ( closely related to Dutch ) . Dorf meaning village in German , the -dorf suffix ( English cognate : thorp ) is unusual in the German-speaking area for a settlement of Düsseldorf 's size . Mercer 's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world . Düsseldorf Airport is Germany 's third-busiest airport after those of Frankfurt and Munich , serving as the most important international airport for the inhabitants of the densely populated Ruhr , Germany 's largest urban area . Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre , renowned for its fashion and trade fairs , and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies . Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows . As second largest city of the Rhineland , Düsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March , the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz . There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , the university of applied sciences ( Hochschule Düsseldorf ) , the academy of arts ( Kunstakademie Düsseldorf ) ( Joseph Beuys , Emanuel Leutze , August Macke , Gerhard Richter , Sigmar Polke , and Andreas Gursky ) , and the university of music ( Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf ) . The city is also known for its pioneering influence on electronic/experimental music ( Kraftwerk ) and its Japanese community ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volksparkstadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volksparkstadion', 'summary': 'Volksparkstadion ( German pronunciation : [ ˈfɔlkspaʁkˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ) is a football stadium located in Bahrenfeld , Hamburg , Germany . It is the home of Hamburger SV .'}]}, {'value': 'Volksparkstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburg', 'summary': "Hamburg ( English : /ˈhæmbɜːrɡ/ , German : [ ˈhambʊʁk ] ( listen ) , locally also [ ˈhambʊɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) [ ˈhambɔːχ ] ; Low Saxon : Hamborg ) , officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ( German : Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg ; Low Saxon : Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg ) , is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 7th largest city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million . One of Germany 's 16 federal states , it is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south . The city 's metropolitan region is home to more than five million people . Hamburg lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries , the River Alster and the River Bille . The official name reflects Hamburg 's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire . Before the 1871 Unification of Germany , it was a fully sovereign city state , and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten . Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg , North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids , the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe . Hamburg is Europe 's third-largest port . Major regional broadcaster NDR , the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city . Hamburg is the seat of Germany 's oldest stock exchange and the world 's oldest merchant bank , Berenberg Bank . Media , commercial , logistical , and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus , Blohm + Voss , Aurubis , Beiersdorf , and Unilever . The city hosts specialists in world economics and international law , including consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea , the EU-LAC Foundation , and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning , multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'König Pilsener Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/König_Pilsener_Arena', 'summary': 'The König-Pilsener-Arena ( originally the Arena Oberhausen , occasionally referred to as the KöPi Arena ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in Oberhausen , Germany . Opening in 1996 , the arena is a part of leisure and shopping center , CentrO . The venue was built in Neue Mitte Oberhausen , a former industrial plant . In November 2001 , König Brauerei , a brewery in Duisburg purchased naming rights to the arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Arena Oberhausen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oberhausen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberhausen', 'summary': 'Oberhausen ( /ˈoʊbərhaʊzən/ , German : [ ˈoːbɐhaʊzn̩ ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the river Emscher in the Ruhr Area , Germany , located between Duisburg and Essen ( c. 13 km or 8.1 mi ) . The city hosts the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen and its Gasometer Oberhausen is an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lanxess Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lanxess_Arena', 'summary': 'Lanxess Arena ( originally Kölnarena , German for Cologne Arena ) is an indoor arena , in Cologne , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is known as the 18,500-capacity home of the Kölner Haie . The arena opened in 1998 and can accommodate 20,000 people for concerts . With its capacity of 18,500 , it is the largest ice hockey arena outside North America . It is primarily used by Kölner Haie ( ice hockey ) , VfL Gummersbach ( team handball ) , Köln RheinStars ( basketball ) , and as a concert venue . The arena is spanned by a steel arch supporting the roof via steel cables . The height of the arch is 76 m ( 249 ft ) and its weight is 480 tons . On June 2 , 2008 , it was announced that Kölnarena would be renamed Lanxess Arena , for a period of ten years . The sponsor , Lanxess AG , is a specialty chemicals group based in the Lanxess Tower in Deutz , Cologne .'}]}, {'value': 'Kölnarena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cologne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne', 'summary': "Cologne ( English : /kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN ; German : Köln [ kœln ] ( listen ) ; Kölsch : Kölle [ ˈkœlə ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany . With slightly over a million inhabitants ( 1.08 million ) within its city boundaries , Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , which is Germany 's largest and one of Europe 's major metropolitan areas , and of the Rhineland . Centered on the left bank of the Rhine , Cologne is about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia 's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Bonn . It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas . The city 's Cologne Cathedral ( Kölner Dom ) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the University of Cologne ( Universität zu Köln ) , one of Europe 's oldest and largest universities , the Technical University of Cologne ( Technische Hochschule Köln ) , Germany 's largest university of applied sciences , and the German Sport University Cologne ( Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln ) , Germany 's only sport university . Cologne Bonn Airport ( Flughafen Köln/Bonn ) is Germany 's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city . The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport . Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the first word of which is the origin of its name . An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum , after the Ubii . Cologne , the French version of the city 's name , has become standard in English as well . Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462 ."}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercedes-Benz Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Arena_(Stuttgart)', 'summary': 'Mercedes-Benz Arena ( German pronunciation : [ mɛʁˌtseːdəsˈbɛnts ʔaˌʁeːna ] ) is a stadium located in Stuttgart , Baden-Württemberg , Germany and home to German Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart . Before 1993 it was called Neckarstadion [ ˈnɛkaʁˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] , named after the nearby river Neckar and between 1993 and July 2008 it was called Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion [ ˌɡɔtliːpˈdaɪmlɐˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] . From the 2008-09 season , the stadium was renamed the Mercedes-Benz Arena , starting with a pre-season friendly against Arsenal on 30 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Neckarstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuttgart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuttgart', 'summary': "Stuttgart ( /ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/ SHTUUT-gart , also US : /ˈstʌt- , ˈstʊt-/ STU ( U ) T- ; German : [ ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ( listen ) ; Swabian : Schduagert [ ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . Stuttgart is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known locally as the Stuttgart Cauldron . It lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest . Its urban area has a population of 634,830 , making it the sixth largest city in Germany . 2.8 million people live in the city 's administrative region and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany . The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP ; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living , [ a ] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities [ b ] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status world city in their 2014 survey. , Stuttgart was one of the host cities of the official tournaments for the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Since the 7th millennium BC , the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley . The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt , making it the most important regional centre for several centuries . Stuttgart 's roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf , Duke of Swabia , as a stud farm for his warhorses . Initially overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt , the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320 . The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg , and they made it the capital of their county , duchy , and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918 . Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years ' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porsche Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porsche_Arena', 'summary': "Porsche-Arena is a multi-purpose arena , located in Stuttgart , Germany . The seating capacity of the arena varies , from 5,100 to 8,000 people and it was opened in 2006 , after 14 months of construction . The arena is part of a sport complex located in Stuttgart 's NeckarPark , situated between the Scharrena Stuttgart , Mercedes-Benz Arena and Hanns Martin Schleyer Halle . To fund the construction , costs had already been pre-construction sales of the name rights planned . Dr. Ing h.c. F. Porsche AG bought the name rights , for a ten million euro , for a term of 20 years . It is the venue for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix , a WTA Tour event and also hosted some matches at the 2007 World Men 's Handball Championship . Anton Hunger : The tournament is now at home in Stuttgart . We knew wed make mistakes at the first edition . But we didnt promise too much last year and have eliminated almost all the mistakes in 2007 . A total of more than 36,000 spectators were in the arena . The number was up on the previous year even though seating was slightly reduced to improve comfort ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuttgart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuttgart', 'summary': "Stuttgart ( /ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/ SHTUUT-gart , also US : /ˈstʌt- , ˈstʊt-/ STU ( U ) T- ; German : [ ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ( listen ) ; Swabian : Schduagert [ ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . Stuttgart is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known locally as the Stuttgart Cauldron . It lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest . Its urban area has a population of 634,830 , making it the sixth largest city in Germany . 2.8 million people live in the city 's administrative region and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany . The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP ; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living , [ a ] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities [ b ] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status world city in their 2014 survey. , Stuttgart was one of the host cities of the official tournaments for the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Since the 7th millennium BC , the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley . The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt , making it the most important regional centre for several centuries . Stuttgart 's roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf , Duke of Swabia , as a stud farm for his warhorses . Initially overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt , the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320 . The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg , and they made it the capital of their county , duchy , and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918 . Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years ' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Bull Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Leipzig)', 'summary': 'Red Bull Arena ( German pronunciation : [ ʁɛt ˈbʊl ʔaˌʁeːnaː ] , formerly Zentralstadion [ tsɛnˈtʁaːlˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ) , is a football facility located in Leipzig , Saxony , Germany . It is the largest football stadium in the former East Germany and has also hosted music concerts as well as football . Opened in 2004 , it is currently the home stadium for first-division club RB Leipzig , with FC Sachsen Leipzig having previously used the stadium from its opening until 2009 . Due to UEFA sponsorship regulations , the stadium is known as the RB Arena for European matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Zentralstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rewirpowerSTADION', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruhrstadion', 'summary': 'Ruhrstadion , known as Vonovia Ruhrstadion due to a sponsorship deal , is a football stadium in Bochum , Germany . It is the home ground for the VfL Bochum and has a capacity of 29,299 . It was known as rewirpowerSTADION [ ʁeˈviːɐ̯paʊ.ɐˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ( or , rarely , [ ʁəˈviːɐ̯- ] ) from 2006-16 , also for sponsorship reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruhrstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bochum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bochum', 'summary': "Bochum ( /ˈboʊxʊm/ BOH-khuum , also US : /ˈboʊkəm/ BOH-kəm , German : [ ˈboːxʊm ] ( listen ) ; Westphalian : Baukem ) is the sixth largest city of the most populous German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne , Düsseldorf , Dortmund , Essen and Duisburg , and its 364,920 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 16th largest city of Germany . On the Ruhr Heights ( Ruhrhöhen ) hill chain , between the rivers Ruhr to the south and Emscher to the north ( tributaries of the Rhine ) , it is the second largest city of Westphalia after Dortmund , and the fourth largest city of the Ruhr after Dortmund , Essen and Duisburg . It lies at the centre of the Ruhr , Germany 's largest urban area , in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , and belongs to the region of Arnsberg . It is surrounded by the cities of ( in clockwise direction ) Herne , Castrop-Rauxel , Dortmund , Witten , Hattingen , Essen and Gelsenkirchen . Bochum is the sixth largest and one of the southernmost cities in the Low German dialect area . There are nine institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the Ruhr University Bochum ( Ruhr-Universität Bochum ) , one of the ten largest universities in Germany , and the Bochum University of Applied Sciences ( Hochschule Bochum ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RheinEnergieStadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RheinEnergieStadion', 'summary': 'The RheinEnergieStadion ( German pronunciation : [ ˌʁaɪnʔenɛʁˈɡiːˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ) is a German football stadium in Cologne . It was built on the site of the two previous Müngersdorfer stadiums . It is the home of the local Bundesliga team , 1 . FC Köln . The stadium was one of 5 stadiums hosting both the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Local energy company RheinEnergie AG currently holds the naming rights to the stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Müngersdorfer Stadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cologne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne', 'summary': "Cologne ( English : /kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN ; German : Köln [ kœln ] ( listen ) ; Kölsch : Kölle [ ˈkœlə ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany . With slightly over a million inhabitants ( 1.08 million ) within its city boundaries , Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , which is Germany 's largest and one of Europe 's major metropolitan areas , and of the Rhineland . Centered on the left bank of the Rhine , Cologne is about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia 's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Bonn . It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas . The city 's Cologne Cathedral ( Kölner Dom ) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the University of Cologne ( Universität zu Köln ) , one of Europe 's oldest and largest universities , the Technical University of Cologne ( Technische Hochschule Köln ) , Germany 's largest university of applied sciences , and the German Sport University Cologne ( Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln ) , Germany 's only sport university . Cologne Bonn Airport ( Flughafen Köln/Bonn ) is Germany 's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city . The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport . Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the first word of which is the origin of its name . An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum , after the Ubii . Cologne , the French version of the city 's name , has become standard in English as well . Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462 ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAP Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAP_Arena', 'summary': 'SAP Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Mannheim , Germany . It is primarily used for ice hockey and handball , and is the home arena of the Adler Mannheim ice hockey club and the Rhein-Neckar Löwen handball club . Inaugurated in 2005 , the arena has a capacity of up to 15,000 people . More than a hundred concerts and convention events are hosted at the arena annually . The SAP Arena is one of the largest in Germany and one of the most high-tech in Europe . The arena is named after its sponsor SAP . A tram line ( number 6 ) connects the SAP Arena to Mannheim city center and a newly built road connection to the B 38a highway connects it to the A 656 Autobahn , leading to the A656/A 6 interchange , connecting eastbound Mannheim to Heidelberg ( A656 ) , and north-southbound to Frankfurt , Karlsruhe and Stuttgart ( A6 ) , as well as a little north on the A6 to Kaiserlautern ( westbound ) . In January 2018 the SAP Arena became the first multi-purpose arena in Germany that provides location-based services like indoor navigation and proximity marketing to its visitors . Therefore name sponsor SAP has had the arena equipped with 630 iBeacons by the German technology startup Favendo .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mannheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mannheim', 'summary': "Mannheim ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmanhaɪm ] ( listen ) ; Palatine German : Monnem or Mannem ) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany , the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe with a 2015 population of approximately 310,000 inhabitants . The city is at the centre of the larger densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region which has a population of 2,400,000 and is Germany 's eighth-largest metropolitan region . Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Rhine and the Neckar in the northwestern corner of Baden-Württemberg . The Rhine separates Mannheim from the city of Ludwigshafen , just to the west of it in Rhineland-Palatinate , and the border of Baden-Württemberg with Hesse is just to the north . Mannheim is downstream along the Neckar from the city of Heidelberg . Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern , leading to its nickname die Quadratestadt ( The City of Squares ) . The eighteenth century Mannheim Palace , former home of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate , now houses the University of Mannheim . The city is home to major corporations including Daimler , John Deere , Caterpillar , ABB , Fuchs Petrolub , IBM , Roche , Reckitt Benckiser , Unilever , Phoenix Group , Siemens , and several other well-known companies . In addition , Mannheim 's SAP Arena is not only the home of the German ice hockey record champions the Adler Mannheim , but also the well-known handball team , the Rhein-Neckar Löwen . According to the Forbes magazine , Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide . The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing Mannheim 's positive economic and innovative environment . Since 2014 , Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of UNESCO City of Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturn Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturn_Arena', 'summary': 'Saturn Arena ( German pronunciation : [ zatʊʁn aʁeːnaː ] ) is an arena in Ingolstadt , Germany . It is primarily used for the ice hockey club ERC Ingolstadt . Saturn Arena opened in 2003 and holds 4,815 people .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingolstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingolstadt', 'summary': 'Ingolstadt ( US : /ˈɪŋɡəlʃtɑːt , -stɑːt/ ING-gəl-s ( h ) taht , German : [ ˈʔɪŋɡɔlˌʃtat ] ( listen ) , Austro-Bavarian : [ ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd ] ) is a city in Bavaria , Germany , on the banks of the Danube , in the centre of Bavaria . In 2016 , it had 133,638 citizens , making it the fifth largest city in Bavaria . It is part of the Munich Metropolitan Region . The Illuminati , an Age of Enlightenment secret society , was founded in Ingolstadt in the late 18th century . Ingolstadt is a setting in the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley , where the scientist Victor Frankenstein creates his monster . It is the site of the headquarters of the German automobile manufacturer Audi , defence aircraft manufacturer Airbus ( formerly Cassidian Air Systems ) , and electronic stores Media Markt and Saturn . Ingolstadt Central Station has been connected to Nuremberg by a high-speed rail link since May 2006 . Ingolstadt also has a second passenger station at Ingolstadt Nord .'}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Signal Iduna Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westfalenstadion', 'summary': "Westfalenstadion ( German pronunciation : [ vɛstˈfaːlnˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ) is a football stadium in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , which is the home of Borussia Dortmund . Officially called Signal Iduna Park [ zɪɡˌnaːl ʔiˈduːnaː ˌpaʁk ] for sponsorship reasons , the name derives from the former Prussian province of Westphalia . The stadium is one of the most famous football stadiums in Europe and is renowned for its atmosphere . It has a league capacity of 81,365 ( standing and seated ) and an international capacity of 65,829 ( seated only ) . It is Germany 's largest stadium , the seventh-largest in Europe , and the third-largest home to a top-flight European club after Camp Nou and the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . It holds the European record for average fan attendance , set in the 2011-2012 season with almost 1.37 million spectators over 17 games at an average of 80,588 per game . Sales of annual season tickets amounted to 55,000 in 2015 . The 24,454 capacity Südtribüne ( South Bank ) is the largest terrace for standing spectators in European football . Famous for the intense atmosphere it breeds , the south terrace has been nicknamed the Die Gelbe Wand , meaning The Yellow Wall . The Borusseum , the museum of Borussia Dortmund , is near the stadium . The stadium hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . It also hosted the 2001 UEFA Cup Final ."}]}, {'value': 'Westfalenstadion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dortmund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dortmund', 'summary': "Dortmund ( /ˈdɔːrtmənd/ , also UK : /-mʊnd/ , US : /-mʊnt/ , German : [ ˈdɔʁtmʊnt ] ( listen ) ; Westphalian Low German : Düörpm [ ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩ ] ; Latin : Tremonia ) is , with a population of 586,600 ( 2017 ) , the third-largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia after Cologne and Düsseldorf , and Germany 's eighth-largest city . It is the largest city ( by area and population ) of the Ruhr , Germany 's largest urban area with some 5.1 million ( 2011 ) inhabitants , as well as the largest city of Westphalia . On the Emscher and Ruhr rivers ( tributaries of the Rhine ) , it lies in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region and is considered the administrative , commercial , and cultural centre of the eastern Ruhr . Dortmund is the second largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Founded around 882 , Dortmund became an Imperial Free City . Throughout the 13th to 14th centuries , it was the chief city of the Rhine , Westphalia , the Netherlands Circle of the Hanseatic League . During the Thirty Years ' War , the city was destroyed and decreased in significance until the onset of industrialization . The city then became one of Germany 's most important coal , steel and beer centres . Dortmund consequently was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II . The devastating bombing raids of 12 March 1945 destroyed 98% of buildings in the inner city center . These bombing raids , with more than 1,110 aircraft , hold the record to a single target in World War II . The region has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and coal industries and shifted to high-technology biomedical technology , micro systems technology , and also services ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tamiya Raceway Sonneberg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sonneberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonneberg', 'summary': "Sonneberg is a town in Thuringia , Germany , which is seat of the district Sonneberg . It has long been a centre of toy making and is still well known for this . It is the home of PIKO , a model railway manufacturer which became one of the few such enterprises in the Warsaw Pact countries and as such supplied model trains depicting railway stock of all the Soviet bloc countries . Sonneberg is home to the German Toy Museum ( Deutsches Spielzeugmuseum ) . In divided post-war Germany , Sonneberg found itself 'unnaturally ' cut off from its large neighbouring town of Coburg and could only face north economically . It was served by an unnaturally winding railway route and thus became somewhat isolated from the rest of East Germany . Its station is classified as a Hauptbahnhof ( central station ) and is served by the Coburg-Sonneberg line ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio-controlled car circuit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TUI Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TUI_Arena', 'summary': 'TUI Arena ( formerly Preussag Arena ) is an arena in Hanover , Germany . The arena opened in 2000 and holds 10,767 , during hockey or handball matches and up to 14,000 , during concerts . It is the biggest indoor-venue in the Region Hannover and most major concerts are held there . The arena is situated at the expo plaza in the Expo 2000 grounds , in the south of Hanover , astride the Kronsberg and Mittelfeld areas .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hanover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hanover', 'summary': "Hanover or Hannover ( /ˈhænoʊvər , -nəv-/ ; German : Hannover [ haˈnoːfɐ ] ( listen ) ; Low German : Hannober ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony . Its 535,061 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the thirteenth-largest city in Germany as well as the third-largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg and Bremen . The city lies at the confluence of the River Leine ( progression : Aller→ Weser→ North Sea ) and its tributary Ihme , in the south of the North German Plain , and is the largest city in the Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region . It is the fifth-largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund , Essen and Bremen . Before it became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946 Hanover was the capital of the Principality of Calenberg ( 1636-1692 ) , the Electorate of Hanover ( 1692-1814 ) , the Kingdom of Hanover ( 1814-1866 ) , the Province of Hanover of the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1868-1918 ) , the Province of Hanover of the Free State of Prussia ( 1918-1946 ) and of the State of Hanover ( 1946 ) . From 1714 to 1837 Hanover was by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , under their title of the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( later described as the Elector of Hanover ) . The city is a major crossing point of railway lines and motorways ( Autobahnen ) , connecting European main lines in both the east-west ( Berlin-Ruhr area/Düsseldorf/Cologne ) and north-south ( Hamburg-Frankfurt/Stuttgart/Munich ) directions . Hannover Airport lies north of the city , in Langenhagen , and is Germany 's ninth-busiest airport . The city 's most notable institutes of higher education are the Hannover Medical School with its university hospital ( Klinikum der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover ) and the Leibniz University Hannover . The Hanover fairground , owing to numerous extensions , especially for the Expo 2000 , is the largest in the world . Hanover hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and up to 2018 the CeBIT . The IAA Commercial Vehicles show takes place every two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Multi-purpose indoor arena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veltins-Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke', 'summary': 'Arena AufSchalke [ aˌʁeːna ʔaʊfˈʃalkə ] ( currently known as Veltins-Arena ( German pronunciation : [ ˈfɛltɪnsʔaˌʁeːna ] ) for sponsorship reasons ) is a football stadium in Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It opened on 13 August 2001 , as the new home ground for Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 . It hosted the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final and five matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup , including a quarter-final . It has a capacity of 62,271 ( standing and seated ) for league matches and 54,740 ( seated only ) for international matches . The stadium has a retractable roof and a retractable pitch . The naming rights to the stadium were sold on 1 July 2005 to German brewery Veltins .'}]}, {'value': 'Arena AufSchalke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelsenkirchen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gelsenkirchen', 'summary': "Gelsenkirchen ( UK : /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/ , US : /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/ , German : [ ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Westphalian : Gelsenkiärken ) is the 11th largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and its 262,528 ( 2016 ) inhabitants make it the 25th largest city of Germany . On the Emscher River ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it lies at the centre of the Ruhr , the largest urban area of Germany , of which it is the fifth largest city after Dortmund , Essen , Duisburg and Bochum . The Ruhr is located in the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , one of Europe 's largest urban areas . Gelsenkirchen is the fifth largest city of Westphalia after Dortmund , Bochum , Bielefeld and Münster , and it is one of the southernmost cities in the Low German dialect area . The city is home to the football club Schalke 04 , which is named after Gelsenkirchen-Schalke [ de ] . The club 's current stadium Veltins-Arena , however , is located in Gelsenkirchen-Erle [ de ] . Gelsenkirchen was first documented in 1150 , but it remained a tiny village until the 19th century , when the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of the entire area . In 1840 , when the mining of coal began , 6,000 inhabitants lived in Gelsenkirchen ; in 1900 the population had increased to 138,000 . In the early 20th century , Gelsenkirchen was the most important coal mining town in Europe . It was called the city of a thousand fires for the flames of mine gases flaring at night . In 1928 , Gelsenkirchen was merged with the adjoining cities of Buer and Gelsenkirchen-Horst [ de ] . The city bore the name Gelsenkirchen-Buer , until it was renamed Gelsenkirchen in 1930 ."}]}, {'value': 'Retractable-roof football stadium with retractable playing surface', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Present naming rights -- Germany', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sponsored_sports_stadiums_14', 'intro': 'The following is a list of sports venues with sole naming rights:'}	null	null	Which team plays at the football venue located in the town where The Illuminati was established ?	FC Ingolstadt 04
0198751e0e3ee810	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships', 'title': 'Biathlon World Championships', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1958', 'summary': "The 1st Biathlon World Championships were held in 1958 in Saalfelden , Austria . The men 's 20 km individual and team were the only competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Adolf Wiklund ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adolf_Wiklund_(biathlete)', 'summary': 'Adolf Jakob Wiklund ( 19 December 1921 - 21 September 1970 ) was a Swedish biathlon competitor who won two world titles in 1958 , individual ( 20 km ) and with a team . He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics and finished 19th . He was elected into the Swedish Biathlon Hall of Fame in September 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Olle Gunneriusson ( SWE )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktor Butakov ( USSR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1959', 'summary': "The 2nd Biathlon World Championships were held in 1959 in Courmayeur , Italy . The men 's 20 km individual and team were the only competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Melanin ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Melanin', 'summary': 'Vladimir Mikhailovich Melanin ( Russian : Владимир Михайлович Меланьин ; 1 December 1933 - 10 August 1994 ) was a Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Dmitri Sokolov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dmitri_Sokolov_(biathlete)', 'summary': 'Dmitri Petrovich Sokolov ( Russian : Дмитрий Петрович Соколов , 20 May 1924 - 4 July 2009 ) was a Russian biathlon competitor who won one gold and three silver medals at the world championships in 1958-61 . He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics and finished sixth . After graduating from school Sokolov worked at a cement factory and between 1942 and 1952 served in the Soviet Army . He fought in World War II and in 1985 was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War . In the 1950s-60s , while competing himself , Sokolov coached biathlon and cross-country skiing .'}]}, {'value': 'Sven Agge ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sven_Agge', 'summary': 'Sven Ingvar Agge ( 16 June 1925 - 5 February 2004 ) was a Swedish biathlon competitor who won an individual bronze medal at the 1959 World Championships . He competed in the 20 km event at the 1960 Winter Olympics and finished 16th .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1961', 'summary': "The 3rd Biathlon World Championships were held in 1961 in Umeå , Sweden . The men 's 20km individual and team were the only competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalevi Huuskonen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalevi_Huuskonen', 'summary': 'Kauko Kalevi Huuskonen ( 21 April 1932 , in Vesanto - 7 January 1999 ) was a Finnish biathlete . In 1961 he won the Biathlon World Championships at the individual 20 kilometre distance . In that same year he was named Finnish Sports Personality of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Privalov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Privalov', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Vasilyevich Privalov ( Russian : Александр Васильевич Привалов ; born 6 August 1933 ) is a former Soviet biathlete . He received a bronze medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . He received a silver medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck .'}]}, {'value': 'Paavo Repo ( FIN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1962', 'summary': "The 4th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1962 in Hämeenlinna , Finland . The men 's 20 km individual and team were the only competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Melanin ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Melanin', 'summary': 'Vladimir Mikhailovich Melanin ( Russian : Владимир Михайлович Меланьин ; 1 December 1933 - 10 August 1994 ) was a Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Antti Tyrväinen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antti_Tyrväinen', 'summary': 'Antti Eerkki Tyrväinen ( 5 November 1933 - 13 October 2013 ) was a Finnish biathlete and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , and silver medals in the World Championships in 1962 and 1963 together with a bronze medal in 1965 . He was born in Ylöjärvi .'}]}, {'value': 'Valentin Pshenitsyn ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentin_Pshenitsyn', 'summary': 'Valentin Pshenitsyn ( 3 November 1936 - 2007 ) was a Soviet biathlete . He competed in the 20 km individual event at the 1960 Winter Olympics and the 1964 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1963', 'summary': "The 5th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1963 in Seefeld , Austria . The men 's 20 km individual and team were the only competitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Melanin ( USSR ) ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Melanin', 'summary': 'Vladimir Mikhailovich Melanin ( Russian : Владимир Михайлович Меланьин ; 1 December 1933 - 10 August 1994 ) was a Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Antti Tyrväinen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antti_Tyrväinen', 'summary': 'Antti Eerkki Tyrväinen ( 5 November 1933 - 13 October 2013 ) was a Finnish biathlete and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , and silver medals in the World Championships in 1962 and 1963 together with a bronze medal in 1965 . He was born in Ylöjärvi .'}]}, {'value': 'Hannu Posti ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannu_Posti', 'summary': 'Hannu Kalevi Posti ( 15 January 1926 in Vehkalahti - 13 June 2012 in Helsinki ) was a Finnish male long-distance runner and biathlete who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1965', 'summary': "The 6th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1965 in Elverum , Norway . The men 's 20 km individual and team were the only official competitions . In these particular championships an unofficial men 's 4 × 7.5 km relay was also held . It was a success , and replaced the team competition as an official event in 1966 ."}]}, {'value': 'Olav Jordet ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olav_Jordet', 'summary': "Olav Jordet ( born 27 December 1939 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete who was born in Tolga . He became Norway 's first individual biathlon world champion in 1965 , has world championship relay gold medals in 1966 and 1967 . He won a bronze medal in the 20 km at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck , and was a part of the Norwegian relay team that won a silver medal in Grenoble 1968 . He has many Norwegian titles in biathlon and skiing area shooting . Olav Jordet represented Vingelen Skytterlag . He was awarded Morgenbladets Gullmedalje in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nikolay Puzanov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolay_Puzanov', 'summary': 'Nikolay Vasilyevich Puzanov ( Russian : Николай Васильевич Пузанов ; 7 April 1938 - 3 January 2008 ) was a Soviet biathlete . He was a 4 × 7.5 km relay gold medalist at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Antti Tyrväinen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antti_Tyrväinen', 'summary': 'Antti Eerkki Tyrväinen ( 5 November 1933 - 13 October 2013 ) was a Finnish biathlete and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , and silver medals in the World Championships in 1962 and 1963 together with a bronze medal in 1965 . He was born in Ylöjärvi .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1966', 'summary': "The 7th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1966 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , in the then West Germany . The men 's relay event was given official recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Istad ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Istad', 'summary': "Jon Istad ( 29 July 1937 - 17 May 2012 ) was a Norwegian biathlete and sport shooter . He was born in Voss and represented the club Voss IL . He was the father of Sverre Istad and uncle of Gro Marit Istad , both Olympians . He competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics , and all three times finished eleventh in the 20 kilometres . In 1968 he also won a silver medal with the Norwegian relay team . At the World Championships he won a gold medal in the 20 km event in 1966 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , becoming the second biathlon world champion in Norway 's history . In addition , he won two gold medals in relay in 1966 and 1967 and a silver medal in 1969 . He was Norwegian champion in the 20 kilometres five times , and once in the relay . Istad was also a national champion , European Championships bronze medalist and World Championships silver medalist ( in the team competition ) in sport shooting . He died in May 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Józef Sobczak ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Józef_Sobczak', 'summary': 'Józef Gąsienica Sobczak ( born 9 July 1934 ) is a Polish skier . He competed at the 1956 , 1960 , 1964 and the 1968 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Gundartsev ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Gundartsev', 'summary': 'Vladimir Ilyich Gundartsev ( Russian : Влади́мир Ильи́ч Гундарцев ; 13 December 1944 - 25 November 2014 ) was a Soviet biathlete . At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team , and an individual bronze medal .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1967', 'summary': 'The 8th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1967 in Altenberg , in the then East Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Viktor Mamatov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Mamatov', 'summary': 'Viktor Fyodorovich Mamatov ( Russian : Виктор Фёдорович Маматов ; born 21 July 1937 ) is a former Soviet biathlete . At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team . He was Flag Bearer at the 1968 Olympics . Mamatov received another gold medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . He became World Champion in individual 20 km in 1967 , and three times with the Soviet relay team , in 1969 , 1970 and 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanisław Szczepaniak ( POL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanisław_Szczepaniak', 'summary': 'Stanisław Szczepaniak ( 17 August 1934 - 21 June 2015 ) was a Polish biathlete . He competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Istad ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Istad', 'summary': "Jon Istad ( 29 July 1937 - 17 May 2012 ) was a Norwegian biathlete and sport shooter . He was born in Voss and represented the club Voss IL . He was the father of Sverre Istad and uncle of Gro Marit Istad , both Olympians . He competed at the 1960 , 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics , and all three times finished eleventh in the 20 kilometres . In 1968 he also won a silver medal with the Norwegian relay team . At the World Championships he won a gold medal in the 20 km event in 1966 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen , becoming the second biathlon world champion in Norway 's history . In addition , he won two gold medals in relay in 1966 and 1967 and a silver medal in 1969 . He was Norwegian champion in the 20 kilometres five times , and once in the relay . Istad was also a national champion , European Championships bronze medalist and World Championships silver medalist ( in the team competition ) in sport shooting . He died in May 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1969', 'summary': 'The 9th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1969 in Zakopane , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Rinnat Safin ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rinnat_Safin', 'summary': 'Rinnat Ibragimovich Safin ( Russian : Риннат Ибрагимович Сафин ; 29 August 1940 - 22 October 2014 ) was a Soviet biathlete . At the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnar Solberg ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnar_Solberg', 'summary': 'Magnar Solberg ( born 4 February 1937 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete and police officer . He won a gold medal in the 20 km at the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics ; his 4 × 7.5 km relay teams placed second in 1968 and fourth in 1972 . In 1968 he was awarded Morgenbladets Gullmedalje , and in 1972 served as the Olympic flag bearer for Norway at the opening ceremony . He was one of the 16 former Norwegian athletes selected to bring in the Olympic Flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 1994 Winter Olympics . After retiring from competitions Solberg became a police officer . He was one of the officers responsible for the miscarriage of justice against Fritz Moen , by adjusting a murder victims time of death in order to dismiss Moens alibi . He later admitted to wrongdoing , retired from the police force , and worked in the insurance industry .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1970', 'summary': 'The 10th Biathlon World Championships were held in Östersund , Sweden in February 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Tor Svendsberget ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tor_Svendsberget', 'summary': 'Tor Svendsberget ( born 3 November 1947 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Viktor Mamatov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Mamatov', 'summary': 'Viktor Fyodorovich Mamatov ( Russian : Виктор Фёдорович Маматов ; born 21 July 1937 ) is a former Soviet biathlete . At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team . He was Flag Bearer at the 1968 Olympics . Mamatov received another gold medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo . He became World Champion in individual 20 km in 1967 , and three times with the Soviet relay team , in 1969 , 1970 and 1971 .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1971', 'summary': 'The 11th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1971 for the second time in Hämeenlinna-Tavastehus , Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Dieter Speer ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dieter_Speer', 'summary': "Dieter Speer ( born 24 February 1942 ) is a former East German biathlete . He was the first German to hold the title when he became world champion in biathlon in 1971 , beating the outstanding Alexander Tikhonov over 20 kilometres . Tikhonov could be said to be partly responsible for Speer 's success , since the rifle was a gift from Tikhonov . Speer was able to return the favour a year later at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , lending Tikhonov his ski when the latter fell during the relay and broke a ski . In that event , the Russians won , and the East German team only got a bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Magnar Solberg ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magnar_Solberg', 'summary': 'Magnar Solberg ( born 4 February 1937 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete and police officer . He won a gold medal in the 20 km at the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics ; his 4 × 7.5 km relay teams placed second in 1968 and fourth in 1972 . In 1968 he was awarded Morgenbladets Gullmedalje , and in 1972 served as the Olympic flag bearer for Norway at the opening ceremony . He was one of the 16 former Norwegian athletes selected to bring in the Olympic Flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 1994 Winter Olympics . After retiring from competitions Solberg became a police officer . He was one of the officers responsible for the miscarriage of justice against Fritz Moen , by adjusting a murder victims time of death in order to dismiss Moens alibi . He later admitted to wrongdoing , retired from the police force , and worked in the insurance industry .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1973', 'summary': 'The 12th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1973 in Lake Placid , United States . It is the first time the championships took place outside Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR ) ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Gennady Kovalyev ( USSR )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tor Svendsberget ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tor_Svendsberget', 'summary': 'Tor Svendsberget ( born 3 November 1947 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1974', 'summary': 'The 13th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1974 in Minsk , Belarus , at that time part of the Soviet Union .'}]}, {'value': 'Juhani Suutarinen ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juhani_Suutarinen', 'summary': 'Taisto Juhani Suutarinen ( born 24 May 1943 ) is a Finnish former biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Gheorghe Gîrniţă ( ROU )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tor Svendsberget ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tor_Svendsberget', 'summary': 'Tor Svendsberget ( born 3 November 1947 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1975', 'summary': 'The 14th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1975 in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Heikki Ikola ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heikki_Ikola', 'summary': 'Heikki Johannes Ikola ( born 9 September 1947 ) is a Finnish former biathlete . Together with his countryman Juhani Suutarinen he became dominant in the 1970s and the early 1980s . In 1975 he became double world champion in both the 20 km and the relay . He also won the sprint title in 1977 and 1981 . Nowadays Ikola works as a commentator for Finnish channel Yle .'}]}, {'value': 'Nikolay Kruglov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolay_Kruglov', 'summary': "Nikolay Konstantinovich Kruglov ( Russian : Никола́й Константи́нович Кругло́в ; born 31 January 1950 ) is a former Soviet Union biathlete . At the 1976 Olympics in Innsbruck he won gold medals in the 20 km individual and with the men 's relay team . He became world champion in the sprint event at the 1975 World Championships in Antholz . His son , Nikolay Kruglov , Jr. , also became a biathlete ."}]}, {'value': 'Esko Saira ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esko_Saira', 'summary': 'Esko Saira ( born June 14 , 1938 in Lemi , South Karelia ) is a Finnish biathlete and Olympic medalist . He received a silver medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo with the Finnish team . At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck he again received a team silver medal .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1977', 'summary': 'The 15th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1977 in Vingrom , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Heikki Ikola ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heikki_Ikola', 'summary': 'Heikki Johannes Ikola ( born 9 September 1947 ) is a Finnish former biathlete . Together with his countryman Juhani Suutarinen he became dominant in the 1970s and the early 1980s . In 1975 he became double world champion in both the 20 km and the relay . He also won the sprint title in 1977 and 1981 . Nowadays Ikola works as a commentator for Finnish channel Yle .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigleif Johansen ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigleif_Johansen', 'summary': 'Sigleif Johansen ( born October 25 , 1948 in Tana ) is a former Norwegian biathlete . He received a silver medal in the 20 km individual at the World Championships in 1977 in Lillehammer , and a bronze medal in Ruhpolding in 1979 . He received a silver medal in the 4 × 7.5 km relay in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1978', 'summary': 'The 16th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1978 in Hochfilzen , Austria .'}]}, {'value': 'Odd Lirhus ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Odd_Lirhus', 'summary': "Odd Lirhus ( born 18 September 1956 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete . At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo he won a silver medal in the relay . He also won a gold medal in the 20 km individual at the 1978 Biathlon World Championship . In addition , he won the 20 km individual in Falun in the 1983-84 season . After that season , Lirhus took a gap year as an active biathlete to be a coach for the Canadian biathlon team , intending to return to biathlon and compete at the World Championships in Holmenkollen . He did not , however , return . From 2002 to 2005 , Lirhus was the head coach for Norwegian women 's biathlon team . Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée has attributed much of her success at the 2004 World Championships to him ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ullrich ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ullrich', 'summary': 'Frank Ullrich ( born 24 January 1958 ) is a German former biathlete and current trainer of the German national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Eberhard Rösch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eberhard_Rösch', 'summary': 'Eberhard Rösch ( born 9 April 1954 ) is a former East German biathlete . Rösch finished third overall in the World Cup in the 1977-78 and 1979-80 seasons . He worked for 17 years as a Stasi informer . He is the father of the currently active biathlete Michael Rösch .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1979', 'summary': 'The 17th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1979 in Ruhpolding , in the then West Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Siebert ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Siebert', 'summary': 'Klaus Siebert ( 29 April 1955 - 24 April 2016 ) was a German biathlete and biathlon coach who raced for East Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Tikhonov ( USSR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Tikhonov', 'summary': 'Alexander Ivanovich Tikhonov ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ти́хонов ; born 2 January 1947 ) is a former Soviet biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigleif Johansen ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sigleif_Johansen', 'summary': 'Sigleif Johansen ( born October 25 , 1948 in Tana ) is a former Norwegian biathlete . He received a silver medal in the 20 km individual at the World Championships in 1977 in Lillehammer , and a bronze medal in Ruhpolding in 1979 . He received a silver medal in the 4 × 7.5 km relay in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1981', 'summary': 'The 18th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1981 in Lahti , Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Heikki Ikola ( FIN ) ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heikki_Ikola', 'summary': 'Heikki Johannes Ikola ( born 9 September 1947 ) is a Finnish former biathlete . Together with his countryman Juhani Suutarinen he became dominant in the 1970s and the early 1980s . In 1975 he became double world champion in both the 20 km and the relay . He also won the sprint title in 1977 and 1981 . Nowadays Ikola works as a commentator for Finnish channel Yle .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ullrich ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ullrich', 'summary': 'Frank Ullrich ( born 24 January 1958 ) is a German former biathlete and current trainer of the German national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Erkki Antila ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erkki_Antila', 'summary': 'Erkki Antila ( born 14 July 1954 ) is a Finnish biathlete . He competed in the 20 km individual event at the 1980 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1982', 'summary': 'The 19th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1982 for the second time in Minsk , Belarus , at that time part of the Soviet Union .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ullrich ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ullrich', 'summary': 'Frank Ullrich ( born 24 January 1958 ) is a German former biathlete and current trainer of the German national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Eirik Kvalfoss ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eirik_Kvalfoss', 'summary': 'Eirik Kvalfoss ( born 25 December 1959 ) is a Norwegian retired biathlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Terje Krokstad ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terje_Krokstad', 'summary': 'Terje Krokstad ( born 1 October 1956 ) is a former Norwegian biathlete He hails from Krokstadøra in Snillfjord , and represented Krokstadøra IL . At the Winter Olympics he finished seventeenth in the 10 km sprint at the 1980 Winter Olympics , and eighteenth in the 10 km sprint at the 1984 Winter Olympics . His best international result is a bronze medal in the 20 km from the 1982 World Championships .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1983', 'summary': 'The 20th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1983 for the second time in Antholz-Anterselva , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank Ullrich ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Ullrich', 'summary': 'Frank Ullrich ( born 24 January 1958 ) is a German former biathlete and current trainer of the German national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Frank-Peter Roetsch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank-Peter_Roetsch', 'summary': 'Frank-Peter Roetsch ( born 19 April 1964 ) is a German former biathlete . He was the first biathlete to win a World Cup race using the skating technique when he won in Oberhof in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Angerer ( FRG )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Angerer', 'summary': 'Peter Angerer ( born 14 July 1959 ) is a former West German biathlete .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Individual ( 20 km )', 'section_text': 'This event was first held in 1958 .', 'uid': 'Biathlon_World_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The first Biathlon World Championships (BWCH) was held in 1958, with individual and team contests for men. The number of events has grown significantly over the years. Beginning in 1984, women biathletes had their own World Championships, and finally, from 1989, both genders have been participating in joint BWCHs. In 1978 the development was enhanced by the change from the large army rifle calibre to a small bore rifle, while the range to the target was reduced from 150 to 50 meters.'}	null	null	Who is the son of the person who covered 20 kilometers fastest at the 1966 World Championships of biathlon ?	Sverre Istad
0198eb4f284622d7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners', 'title': 'List of New Jersey Devils award winners', 'header': ['Individual', 'Year inducted', 'Years with franchise'], 'data': [{'value': 'Herb Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herb_Brooks', 'summary': "Herbert Paul Brooks Jr. ( August 5 , 1937 - August 11 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach . His most notable achievement came in 1980 as head coach of the gold medal-winning U.S. Olympic hockey team at Lake Placid . At the Games , Brooks ' American team upset the heavily-favored Soviet team in a match that came to be known as the Miracle on Ice . Brooks would go on to coach multiple National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , as well as the French team at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He ultimately returned to coach the U.S. men 's team to a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Brooks was killed in a 2003 car accident . At the time of his death , he was the director of player personnel for the NHL 's Pittsburgh Penguins ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Broten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Broten', 'summary': 'Aaron Kent Broten ( born November 14 , 1960 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player . Drafted in the 6th round , 106th overall in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft by the Colorado Rockies , Broten went on to play 748 regular season games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neal Broten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neal_Broten', 'summary': 'Neal LaMoy Broten ( born November 29 , 1959 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player . A member of the 1980 US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at Lake Placid in 1980 , Broten was inducted into the US Hockey Hall of Fame in 2000 having appeared in 1,099 National Hockey League ( NHL ) regular season games from 1981 to 1997 with the Minnesota North Stars , Dallas Stars , New Jersey Devils and Los Angeles Kings . He is the older brother of Aaron and Paul Broten .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Carpenter_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Robert E. Carpenter Jr. ( born July 13 , 1963 ) is an American former professional ice hockey center and was recently head coach of Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) . Prior to that he played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for 18 seasons from 1981-82 until 1998-99 . In his NHL career that spanned 18 years , Carpenter played 1,178 games , scoring 320 goals and 408 assists for 728 points . He has the distinction of being the second American-born hockey player to be selected in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft ( Mike Ramsey was the first ) , and the first player to play in the NHL directly from high school after being drafted . Carpenter was born in Beverly , Massachusetts , but grew up in Peabody , Massachusetts .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-1999 , 2000-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Cunniff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Cunniff', 'summary': 'John Paul Cunniff ( July 9 , 1944 - May 10 , 2002 ) was an American NHL hockey coach and former professional player who appeared in 65 World Hockey Association regular season games between 1972 and 1976 . Cunniff was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-1991 , 2001-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Emrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Emrick', 'summary': "Michael Doc Emrick ( born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American network television play-by-play sportscaster and commentator noted mostly for his work in ice hockey . Emrick is currently the lead announcer for NHL national telecasts on both NBC and NBCSN . Among the many awards he has received is the NHL 's Lester Patrick Award in 2004 , making him the first of only five to have received the award for media work , and the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award by the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2008 . He has also won six national Emmy Awards for excellence in sports broadcasting , the only hockey broadcaster to be honored with even one . On December 12 , 2011 , Emrick became the first member of the media to be inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-1986 , 1993-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robbie Ftorek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_Ftorek', 'summary': 'Robert Brian Ftorek ( born January 2 , 1952 ) is a professional ice hockey coach and former player . He was enshrined as member of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-1992 , 1996-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Gionta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Gionta', 'summary': 'Brian Joseph Gionta ( born January 18 , 1979 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Gionta began his NHL career in 2001 with the New Jersey Devils and has served as captain of the Montreal Canadiens and the Buffalo Sabres . He also was the captain for the United States in the 2018 Winter Olympics , for which he stepped away from the NHL for most of its 2017-18 season ( NHL refused to release its players to the Olympics for the first time since 1994 ) . After the Olympics , he briefly played for the Boston Bruins , and retired following their elimination from the playoffs .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Guerin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Guerin', 'summary': 'William Robert Guerin ( born November 9 , 1970 ) is an American former professional ice hockey player and the current general manager of the Minnesota Wild . He previously was the assistant general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins and general manager of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins . Guerin played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , winning two Stanley Cup championships with the New Jersey Devils and Pittsburgh Penguins . Internationally , Guerin represented the United States in the Olympics in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and participated in two Ice Hockey World Championships . Guerin is the first player of Hispanic descent to play in the NHL .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Housley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Housley', 'summary': "Phillip Francis Housley ( born March 9 , 1964 ) is an American professional ice hockey coach and former player . He is currently an assistant coach for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Housley was the head coach of the NHL 's Buffalo Sabres from 2017 until 2019 . Playing as a defenseman , Housley was drafted by the Sabres in the first round of the 1982 NHL Entry Draft and had a long and illustrious career playing for the Sabres , Winnipeg Jets , St. Louis Blues , Calgary Flames , New Jersey Devils , Washington Capitals , Chicago Blackhawks , and Toronto Maple Leafs . As a player , Housley was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Mark Einar Johnson ( born September 22 , 1957 ) is an American ice hockey coach for the University of Wisconsin-Madison women 's ice hockey team . He is a former NHL player who appeared in 669 NHL regular season games between 1980 and 1990 . He also played for the gold medal-winning 1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey team ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Lamoriello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Lamoriello', 'summary': "Louis Lamoriello ( born October 21 , 1942 ) is an American professional ice hockey executive who is the president of hockey operations and general manager for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He is also the former general manager of both the Toronto Maple Leafs and the New Jersey Devils of the NHL . Lamoriello 's tenure as general manager of the New Jersey Devils from 1987 to 2015 was the third-longest by an NHL general manager with a single team , following those of Conn Smythe and Art Ross . Lamoriello resigned from New Jersey on May 4 , 2015 , and became the 16th general manager of the Maple Leafs on July 23 of the same year . Under Lamoriello 's management , the Devils , who had been barely competitive for their first five years in New Jersey , became one of the most successful teams in the NHL . The Devils made the Stanley Cup playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , qualified for five Stanley Cup Finals ( in 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 and 2012 ) and won the Stanley Cup three times ( in 1995 , 2000 and 2003 ) . Lamoriello also served as general manager for Team USA in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , in which the U.S. won the gold medal , as well as for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . Lamoriello also played a key role in negotiating the settlement of the 2004-05 NHL lockout to resume play for the 2005-06 season . In 2009 , Lamoriello was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builders category , while in 2012 , Lamoriello was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Rafalski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Rafalski', 'summary': "Brian Christopher Rafalski ( born September 28 , 1973 ) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman . He previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Detroit Red Wings , in the SM-liiga Hämeenlinnan Pallokerho and Helsingin IFK in the Elitserien for Brynäs IF . After struggling to enter the NHL , spending four seasons in European leagues , Rafalski won the Stanley Cup three times , playing in five Stanley Cup finals in his NHL career ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 ) . Rafalski also played for the United States men 's ice hockey team in three Olympic ice hockey tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lou Vairo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Vairo', 'summary': "Louis Joseph Vairo ( born February 25 , 1945 in Brooklyn , New York ) is an American ice hockey coach . He is the former assistant coach for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League , and has also been the head coach for the American national men 's team multiple times . At the 2010 ceremony for the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame on May 21 , Vairo was presented with the Paul Loicq Award for his outstanding contributions to international hockey ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Vanbiesbrouck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Vanbiesbrouck', 'summary': "John Vanbiesbrouck ( born September 4 , 1963 ) , nicknamed the Beezer and VBK , is an American professional ice hockey executive and former player . A goaltender as a player , he was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2007 . Vanbiesbrouck played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New York Rangers , Florida Panthers , Philadelphia Flyers , New York Islanders and New Jersey Devils . He began his career playing major junior hockey for the Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . Following a successful season with the Greyhounds , he was drafted by the New York Rangers in the fourth round , 72nd overall , in the 1981 NHL Draft . After his junior career ended , he played for the Rangers minor league affiliate , the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey League . Despite the team 's near collapses due to financial concerns , Vanbiesbrouck led the Oilers to a league championship and shared the league 's MVP honors . Vanbiesbrouck began playing full-time with the Rangers in the 1984-85 season . He won the Vezina Trophy as the league 's top goaltender and was named a First Team NHL All-Star the following season . After playing in parts of 11 seasons with the Rangers , he was selected in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft by the Florida Panthers . In Florida , Vanbiesbrouck was a three-time All-Star and led the Panthers to their first - and only - Stanley Cup Finals appearance , in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001-2002', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Career achievements -- United States Hockey Hall of Fame', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame', 'uid': 'List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners_8', 'intro': "The New Jersey Devils are an American professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Devils entered the League as the Kansas City Scouts in 1974. After just two years in Kansas City, they moved to Denver, Colorado, where they were known as the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, the team moved again to New Jersey. They currently play their home games at the Prudential Center. The franchise and its members have won numerous team and individual awards and honors. They have captured the Prince of Wales Trophy as the Eastern Conference playoff champion five times, while they have also won Stanley Cup three times, in 1995, 2000 and 2003. Former goaltender Martin Brodeur is the team's most decorated player, having won the Vezina Trophy four times and the William M. Jennings Trophy five times, and the Calder Memorial Trophy once, along with several selections to the NHL First and Second All-Star teams. Scott Stevens played in ten NHL All-Star Games, more than any player in team history. Taylor Hall is the only player in franchise history to have won the Hart Memorial Trophy. Five players have had their numbers retired by the team."}	null	null	What years with the franchise was the player who began his NHL career in 2001 with the New Jersey Devils ?	2001-2009
019937999ae39a2c	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'title': 'Canada at the 2010 Winter Paralympics', 'header': ['Country', 'Skip', 'W', 'L'], 'data': [{'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Armstrong_(curler)', 'summary': 'James P. Armstrong ( born June 30 , 1950 ) is a former Canadian curler and wheelchair curler now living in Ontario . He was a successful able-bodied curler for much of his career until he had to stop playing because of bad knees and a car accident in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The United States sent a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . A total of 50 U.S. competitors took part in all five sports . The American delegation included five former members of the U.S. military , including a veteran of the Iraq War ( Heath Calhoun ) and a veteran of the War in Afghanistan ( Andy Soule ) . The United States finished sixth in the gold medal and fifth in the total medal count . U.S. coverage of the 2010 Paralympic Games was provided primarily by the Universal Sports Television Network .'}]}, {'value': 'Augusto Perez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusto_Perez', 'summary': 'Augusto J . Goose Perez ( born November 9 , 1972 in Madrid ) is a retired Spanish American wheelchair curler . He was the 2008 USA Curling Male Athlete of the Year and was on the bronze medal team at the 2008 World Wheelchair Curling Championships . He graduated from Le Moyne College . In addition to curling he has also competed in kayak and canoe . He was selected to be skip of the United States team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics . In 2009 , he was inducted into the International Canoe Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) competed , under the name Korea , at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Haksung Kim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haksung_Kim', 'summary': 'Kim Hak-sung ( 김학성 ; born February 28 , 1968 ) is a professional wheelchair curler from South Korea . He is the skip for the South Korean team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics . He graduated from Seoul Art University . In addition to wheelchair curling , he has represented South Korea in both javelin , discus throw and shot put . His hobbies are internet gaming , fishing , and wheelchair basketball . His home wheelchair curling club is Wonju Yonsei Dream located in Gangwon .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Sweden sent 24 competitors to compete in all five disciplines at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Jalle Jungnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalle_Jungnell', 'summary': 'Jalle Jungnell ( born 6 November 1954 ) is a Swedish Paralympic wheelchair curler . His team won bronze in Wheelchair curling at the 2006 Winter Paralympics and in the 2009 World wheelchair curling championship they won silver .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Italy sent a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . A total of 35 Italian competitors were expected to take part in four sports :'}]}, {'value': 'Andrea Tabanelli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Tabanelli', 'summary': 'Andrea Tabanelli ( born April 16 , 1961 in Perugia ) is an Italian wheelchair curler .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Japan sent 42 competitors to compete in all five disciplines at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver .'}]}, {'value': 'Yoji Nakajima', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Germany sent 20 competitors to compete in four disciplines at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . They placed first overall in the medal standings with a total of 13 gold medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Jens Jaeger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Norway sent a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . A total of 27 Norwegian athletes competed in four disciplines ; the only sport Norway did not compete in is alpine skiing .'}]}, {'value': 'Rune Lorentzen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rune_Lorentzen', 'summary': 'Rune Lorentsen ( born October 8 , 1961 in Tromsoe , Norway ) is a Norwegian wheelchair curler . He won a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': "Switzerland will send a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The country will field a total of fifteen athletes ( ten men and five women ) in four of the Games ' five sports : alpine skiing , biathlon , cross-country skiing and wheelchair curling . This makes it a slightly smaller delegation than in 2006 ( 19 athletes ) or 2002 ( 18 ) . Switzerland 's stated aim is to obtain two medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Manfred Bolliger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics held in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain , for identification purposes . The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom ; athletes from Northern Ireland , who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution , are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics . Kelly Gallagher became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in the Winter Paralympics by taking part in the alpine skiing discipline . Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Paralympic competition . In order to be eligible to take part in the Games athletes had to have a disability that fell into one of the five Paralympics disability categories . Great Britain fielded twelve athletes in total ; a team of five in wheelchair curling , and seven athletes in alpine skiing . The team failed to win a medal for the first time since the 2002 Games , when just two British athletes competed , and although several of the squad finished with top ten results , the overall outcome was described as disappointing . Kelly Gallagher came closest to a medal , finishing fourth in the giant slalom for visually impaired athletes . Britain will be hosting the next Games when London hosts the 2012 Summer Paralympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael McCreadie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_McCreadie', 'summary': 'Michael McCreadie ( born 16 March 1946 in Glasgow ) is a Paralympian with successes in lawn bowls and wheelchair curling . He made his debut at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg as a swimmer . He won two bronze medals in lawn bowls at the 1976 Summer Paralympics . He also competed in swimming and wheelchair basketball at the same Games and captained the British wheelchair basketball team at the 1980 Summer Paralympics . After that he coached the British wheelchair basketball team at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Paralympics . In 2001 he took up wheelchair curling after trying the sport at his local rink at Braehead . He was part of the Scotland rink which won a bronze at the 2002 and 2007 World Wheelchair Curling Championship , gold at the 2004 and 2005 World Championship , and was on the silver medal winning team at the 2006 Winter Paralympics . He was the skip for the British team in Wheelchair curling at the 2010 Winter Paralympics and carried the British flag in the opening ceremony . His disability was caused by poliomyelitis , which he contracted in 1947 . His partner is former teammate and successor as skip of the British Paralympic rink Aileen Neilson .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Wheelchair curling -- Preliminary round', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics_3', 'intro': "Canada was the host country of the 2010 Winter Paralympics, in Vancouver, the first time it had hosted the Winter Paralympics. The 2010 Winter Paralympics was the most successful Winter Paralympics for Canada, through 2010. It collected the most total medals and most gold medals of any Winter Paralympics up until then. Canada ended the Games with 19 total medals, 10 of them gold, ending at 3rd in total medals ranking, and 3rd in gold medal ranking. This met the performance level set by the Canadian Paralympic Committee, of ending third in total medal count. Canadian cross-country skier Brian McKeever, who would have competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics, would have been the first athlete ever to compete both at both the Winter Olympics and the Winter Paralympics. However, his coach cut him two days before the competition so McKeever will in fact not set an Olympic record. McKeever will compete in cross-country and biathlon events at the Winter Paralympics, with his brother Robin as his guide. Viviane Forest became the first para-athlete to win a gold in both the Winter and Summer Games, by winning the Women's Downhill for Visually Impaired. She had previously won gold in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics for women's goalball. Lauren Woolstencroft became the first Canadian to win 3 golds at the same Winter Paralympics, this was eventually upped to 5 golds. With her 4th gold medal, she helped Canada set a record for most gold medals at any Winter Paralympic Games by winning the 7th medal."}	null	null	What is the birth date of the Italian athlete ?	April 16 , 1961
019ba6a5ea6a44b9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film', 'title': 'List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film', 'header': ['Year ( Ceremony )', 'Film title used in nomination', 'Original title', 'Director', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1957 ( 30th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1957_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1957 in film involved some significant events . The Bridge on the River Kwai topped the year 's box office in North America , France , and Germany , and won the Academy Award for Best Picture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/30th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 30th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 26 , 1958 , to honor the best films of 1957 . The Oscar for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium was awarded to Pierre Boulle for The Bridge on the River Kwai , despite the fact that he did not know English . The actual writers , Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson were blacklisted at the time and did not receive screen credit for their work . Foreman and Wilson have since been acknowledged by the Academy for their contributions . Peyton Place tied the record for the most nominations without a win ( 9 ) set by The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) . This record would stand until 1977 when The Turning Point received 11 nominations without a win , which is the record to date ( The Color Purple tied the record in 1985 ) . Peyton Place also set the record for most unsuccessful acting nominations with five ; this record has been tied once , by Tom Jones at the 36th Academy Awards . This was the first time all five Best Picture nominations were nominated for Best Director as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Nine Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Lives_(1957_film)', 'summary': 'Nine Lives ( Norwegian : Ni Liv ) is a 1957 Norwegian film about Jan Baalsrud , who was a member of the Norwegian resistance during World War II . In 1943 , he participated in an operation to destroy a German air control tower . This mission was compromised when he and his fellow soldiers , seeking a trusted resistance contact , accidentally made contact with a civilian who betrayed them to the Nazis . The film was directed by Arne Skouen and is based on the book We Die Alone by David Howarth . In 1958 , the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the Cannes Film Festival . In 1991 , Norwegian television audiences voted it the greatest Norwegian film ever made . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Ni Liv', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arne Skouen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arne_Skouen', 'summary': 'Arne Skouen ( 18 October 1913 - 24 May 2003 ) was a Norwegian journalist , author , film director and film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962 ( 35th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1962_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1962 in film involved some very significant events , with Lawrence of Arabia the year 's top-grossing film as well as winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/35th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 35th Academy Awards , honoring the best in film for 1962 , were held on April 8 , 1963 , at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica , California , hosted by Frank Sinatra .'}]}, {'value': 'Cold Tracks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Tracks', 'summary': 'Cold Tracks ( Norwegian : Kalde spor ) is a 1962 Norwegian drama film directed by Arne Skouen . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 35th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It was also entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Kalde spor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arne Skouen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arne_Skouen', 'summary': 'Arne Skouen ( 18 October 1913 - 24 May 2003 ) was a Norwegian journalist , author , film director and film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980 ( 53rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/53rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 53rd Academy Awards , honoring the best in film for 1980 , were presented March 31 , 1981 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies , which were presided over by Johnny Carson , were originally scheduled for the previous day but were postponed due to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan . David Lynch 's The Elephant Man and Martin Scorsese 's Raging Bull , with eight nominations each , had the most nominations of this year 's films . Their nominations included Best Picture , Best Actor and Best Director . Michael Apted 's Coal Miner 's Daughter received seven nominations while Ordinary People and Tess received six . The year 's winner of acting categories also marked as the closest span ever between the four winners , all of whom were under 40 when they won the award . Robert De Niro was 37 when awarded Best Actor , Sissy Spacek was 31 when awarded Best Actress , Timothy Hutton was 20 when awarded Best Supporting Actor , and Mary Steenburgen was 28 when awarded Best Supporting Actress . In addition , Hutton was the youngest ever Best Supporting Actor winner . His award was one of four that Ordinary People won , more than any other movie ; the movie also won Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Redford and Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Alvin Sargent . The lack of recognition for Christopher Tucker 's make-up work on The Elephant Man prompted the creation of the Academy Award for Best Makeup the following year . Best Supporting Actress nominee Eva Le Gallienne was born in 1899 , which made her the last acting nominee to be born in the nineteenth century . As of 2019 [ update ] , this is the earliest Oscars for which all five directing nominees are still living ."}]}, {'value': 'Life and Death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_and_Death_(film)', 'summary': 'Life and Death ( Norwegian : Liv og død ) is a 1980 Norwegian drama film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Liv og død', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Vennerød', 'summary': 'Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Svend_Wam', 'summary': 'Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981 ( 54th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1981 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/54th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 54th Academy Awards were presented March 29 , 1982 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson . Chariots of Fire was the surprise winner ( with a leading 12 nominations , Reds had been expected to win ) of the Best Picture Oscar . It was the first time in 13 years that a British film won the Academy 's top honor . The next year 's winner , Gandhi , was also a British production . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar this year , as Best Actor for On Golden Pond . At 76 years of age , Fonda became the oldest winner in the Best Actor category in Academy history . The only other nomination he received in his career was Best Actor for his performance in The Grapes of Wrath 41 years earlier - a record gap between acting nominations . His co-star , Katharine Hepburn , won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Best Actress wins by any actress . This year 's nominations also marked the second time ( after 1967 ) that three different films were nominated for the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay . The three films were On Golden Pond , Atlantic City and Reds . However , none of them won the Best Picture prize , losing to Chariots of Fire ."}]}, {'value': 'Julia Julia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julia_Julia', 'summary': 'Julia Julia is a 1981 Norwegian comedy film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 54th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Julia Julia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Vennerød', 'summary': 'Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Svend_Wam', 'summary': 'Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 ( 55th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/55th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 55th Academy Awards were presented April 11 , 1983 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Liza Minnelli , Dudley Moore , Richard Pryor , and Walter Matthau . The awards were dominated by the Best Picture winner Gandhi , which won eight awards out of its eleven nominations . Jessica Lange became the first performer in four decades to receive nominations in both acting categories in the same year , ultimately winning Best Supporting Actress for Tootsie . Meryl Streep won her first Best Actress award . She had been nominated the year before for The French Lieutenant 's Woman and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades . Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman . This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony . Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and , in subsequent years , her special aired prior to the Academy 's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet . It was also the only time George C. Scott attended an Oscars ceremony ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria L', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_L', 'summary': 'Victoria L ( Norwegian : Leve sitt liv ) is a 1982 Norwegian comedy film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 55th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Leve sitt liv', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petter_Vennerød', 'summary': 'Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Svend_Wam', 'summary': 'Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 ( 57th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 1984 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The year 's highest-grossing film was Beverly Hills Cop . Ghostbusters overtook it , however , with a re-release the following year . It was the first time in five years that the top-grossing film did not involve George Lucas or Steven Spielberg although Spielberg directed the third placed Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and executive produced the fourth placed Gremlins . U.S. boxoffice grosses reached $ 4 billion for the first time and it was the first year that two films had returned over $ 100 million to their distributors with both Ghostbusters and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom achieving this . Beverly Hills Cop made it three for films released in 1984 after its performance during 1985 took it to rentals of $ 108 million . Other popular films included The NeverEnding Story , which was the most expensive film produced in West Germany , The Karate Kid and Romancing the Stone . A high number of sci-fi/fantasy films were released in 1984 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/57th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 57th Academy Awards were presented March 25 , 1985 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion , Los Angeles . Jack Lemmon presided over the ceremonies . The big winner at the ceremony was Miloš Forman 's Amadeus , which had received 11 nominations and won 8 awards including Best Picture and Best Actor for F. Murray Abraham . As of the 90th Academy Awards , Amadeus is the most recent film to receive two lead actor nominations . The winner of Best Supporting Actor was also significant . Haing S. Ngor , a Cambodian surgeon who survived the horrors of the Khmer Rouge , won the award for his performance as Dith Pran in Roland Joffé 's The Killing Fields , despite having had no previous acting experience . Ngor and Harold Russell are the only two non-professional actors to win Academy Awards for acting . Sally Field won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Places in the Heart , her second Oscar , after winning in the same category in 1980 for Norma Rae . In her acceptance speech , she exclaimed , The first time I did n't feel it , but this time I feel it , and I ca n't deny the fact that you like me , right now , you like me ! ( often misquoted as you really like me ! ) 77-year-old Peggy Ashcroft won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in A Passage to India , making her the oldest winner in that category . This ceremony marked the first time that multiple black nominees would win an Oscar , when Prince and Stevie Wonder won for their respective work on Purple Rain and The Woman in Red ."}]}, {'value': 'The Chieftain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chieftain_(film)', 'summary': 'The Chieftain ( Norwegian : Høvdingen ) is a 1984 Norwegian drama film directed by Terje Kristiansen . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Høvdingen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terje Kristiansen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985 ( 58th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/58th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 58th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 24 , 1986 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1985 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Stanley Donen and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actors Alan Alda , Jane Fonda , and Robin Williams co-hosted the show . Fonda hosted the gala for the second time , having previously been a co-host of the 49th ceremony held in 1977 . Meanwhile , this was Alda and Williams 's first Oscars hosting stint . Eight days earlier , in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 16 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Macdonald Carey . Out of Africa won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Cocoon and Witness with two awards , and Kiss of the Spider Woman , The Trip to Bountiful , Prizzi 's Honor , The Official Story , Broken Rainbow , Witness to War : Dr. Charlie Clements , Molly 's Pilgrim , Anna & Bella , White Nights , Back to the Future , Mask and Ran with one ."}]}, {'value': 'Wives - Ten Years After', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wives_–_Ten_Years_After', 'summary': 'Wives - Ten Years After ( Norwegian : Hustruer - ti år etter ) is a 1985 Norwegian drama film directed by Anja Breien . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Hustruer - ti år etter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anja Breien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anja_Breien', 'summary': "Anja Breien ( born 12 July 1940 ) is a Norwegian film director and screenwriter . One of the leading figures of the Norwegian film industry , and one of the first women to rise to prominence as a writer-director in Norway , Breien 's body of work in fiction and documentary explores social and political issues , notably women 's rights within the context of Norwegian society ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 ( 59th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1986 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}, {'url': '/wiki/59th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 59th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 30 , 1987 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1986 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actors Chevy Chase , Paul Hogan , and Goldie Hawn co-hosted the show . Hawn hosted the gala for the second time , having previously been a co-host of the 48th ceremony held in 1976 . Meanwhile , this was Chase and Hogan 's first Oscars hosting stint . Eight days earlier , in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 22 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Catherine Hicks . Platoon won four awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Hannah and Her Sisters and A Room with a View with three awards , Aliens with two awards , and Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got , The Assault , Children of a Lesser God , The Color of Money , Down and Out in America , The Fly , A Greek Tragedy , The Mission , Precious Images , Round Midnight , Top Gun , and Women - for America , for the World with one ."}]}, {'value': 'Hard Asphalt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hard_Asphalt', 'summary': 'Hard Asphalt ( Norwegian : Hard asfalt ) is a 1986 Norwegian drama film directed by Sølve Skagen . It was entered into the 15th Moscow International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 59th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Hard asfalt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sølve Skagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sølve_Skagen', 'summary': "Sølve Skagen ( born 17 February 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . He was born in Eid , Sogn og Fjordane , and is brother of writer Kaj Skagen . Among his films are Hard asfalt from 1986 and Brun bitter from 1988 . Hard asfalt was Norway 's submission for the 59th Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the 15th Moscow International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 ( 60th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1987 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Paramount Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/60th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 60th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on April 11 , 1988 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 22 categories honoring films released in 1987 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta . Actor Chevy Chase hosted the show for the second consecutive year . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California , on March 27 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Shirley Jones . The Last Emperor won nine awards including Best Picture and Best Director for Bernardo Bertolucci . For their performances in Moonstruck , Cher and Olympia Dukakis won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress , respectively . Michael Douglas won Best Actor for his role in Wall Street ; Sean Connery won Best Supporting Actor for The Untouchables . The telecast garnered 42.2 million viewers in the United States . As of 2020 [ update ] , this is the most recent Academy Awards ceremony to take place in April .'}]}, {'value': 'The Pathfinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pathfinder_(1987_film)', 'summary': 'Pathfinder ( original title in Sami : Ofelaš and in Norwegian : Veiviseren ) is a 1987 Norwegian action-adventure film written and directed by Nils Gaup . The film is based on an old Sami legend . It was the first full-length film in Sami , and it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1988 . The leading role was played by Mikkel Gaup as Aigin . Nils-Aslak Valkeapää played one of the parts as well as writing the music to the film , together with Kjetil Bjerkestrand and Marius Müller .'}]}, {'value': 'Ofelaš', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nils Gaup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nils_Gaup', 'summary': 'Nils Gaup ( born 12 April 1955 ) is a Sámi film director from Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 ( 61st )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1988 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Rain Man was awarded the Academy Award for Best Picture , marking one of the few instances where the top-grossing film of the year was also the winner of such an award that year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/61st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 61st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1988 , and took place on Wednesday , March 29 , 1989 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis . Ten days earlier , in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson . Rain Man won four awards , including the Best Picture . Other winners included Who Framed Roger Rabbit , also four wins ( three competitive and one special ) ; Dangerous Liaisons , with three awards ; and The Accused , The Accidental Tourist , A Fish Called Wanda , The Appointments of Dennis Jennings , Beetlejuice , Bird , Hôtel Terminus : The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie , The Milagro Beanfield War , Mississippi Burning , Pelle the Conqueror , Tin Toy , Working Girl , and You Do n't Have to Die with one each . The telecast garnered almost 43 million viewers in the United States , the highest since the 56th ceremony in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Ice Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ice_Palace_(1987_film)', 'summary': 'The Ice Palace ( Norwegian : Is-slottet ) is a 1987 Norwegian drama film directed by Per Blom based on the novel of the same name . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 61st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Is-slottet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Per Blom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Per_Blom_(director)', 'summary': 'Per Blom ( born 5 May 1946 , died 2013 ) was a Norwegian film director . He was born in Søndre Land . Among his films are Anton from 1973 , and Mors hus from 1974 , based on a novel by Knut Faldbakken . Further Kvinner from 1979 , Sølvmunn from 1981 , and The Ice Palace from 1987 , based upon a novel by Tarjei Vesaas .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989 ( 62nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1989 involved many significant films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1989 and took place on March 26 , 1990 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 3 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd . Driving Miss Daisy won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy , the oldest person at the time to win a competitive acting Oscar . Other winners included Glory with three awards , Born on the Fourth of July , The Little Mermaid , and My Left Foot with two , and The Abyss , Balance , Batman , Cinema Paradiso , Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt , Dead Poets Society , Henry V , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , The Johnstown Flood , and Work Experience with one . The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'A Handful of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Handful_of_Time', 'summary': 'A Handful of Time ( En håndfull tid ) is a 1989 Norwegian film directed by Martin Asphaug . Starring Espen Skjønberg , Camilla Strøm-Henriksen , Nicolay Lange-Nielsen and Bjørn Sundquist , the film also features Susannah York and Nigel Hawthorne . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Lekce Faust', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Asphaug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Asphaug', 'summary': "Martin Asphaug ( born April 28 , 1950 ) is a film director and screenwriter from Trondheim , Norway . With a background in writing and directing short films , industry documentaries and PSAs , Asphaug made his feature film debut with the award-winning 1989 film , A Handful of Time . Since 1992 Asphaug has primarily worked in Sweden , in several cases with SVT , directing episodes of Rederiet and the first season of Skärgårdsdoktorn . Since 2000 , Asphaug has worked on several projects from author Håkan Nesser , the first films of the Van Veeteren series ( adaptations of The Mind 's Eye , The Return and Woman with Birthmark ) and the 1962 period film Kim Novak badade aldrig i Genesarets sjö of 2005 . In 2007 he directed the first two films of the Irene Huss series by Helene Tursten . He lives near Ystad in Skåne ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990 ( 63rd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1990 in film involved many significant events as shown below . Universal Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1990 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/63rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 63rd Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 25 , 1991 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) were presented in 23 categories . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States on ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the second consecutive year . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Geena Davis . Dances with Wolves won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Dick Tracy with three awards , Ghost with two awards , and American Dream , Creature Comforts , Cyrano de Bergerac , Days of Waiting , Goodfellas , The Hunt for Red October , Journey of Hope , The Lunch Date , Misery , Reversal of Fortune , and Total Recall with one . The telecast garnered nearly 43 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Herman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_(film)', 'summary': 'Herman is a 1990 Norwegian drama film directed by Erik Gustavson . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 63rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Herman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Gustavson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Gustavson', 'summary': "Erik Gustavson ( born 24 November 1955 ) is a Norwegian film director and producer . He started out as a camera assistant in 1974 and eventually moved on to cameraman before starting to work as a director in 1981 . He has directed seven feature films , including Herman , The Telegraphist ( an adaptation of Knut Hamsun 's novel Dreamers ) , and Sophieʼs World , all three of which enjoyed multi market theatrical release . The Telegraphist was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In addition to his feature films , Gustavson has directed and produced approximately four hundred commercials world-wide for a variety of international markets . Gustavson has published articles and produced documentaries about the craft of filmmaking , and occasionally teaches the subject in Norway , Cuba and Argentina . Among the international awards that Gustavson has received are : Seven nominations for the Amanda Award , and three Amanda wins including Best Norwegian Short Film ( 1985 ) , Best Norwegian Feature Film ( 1991 ) , and Best Nordic Feature Film ( 1993 ) ; Two Golden Pencil Awards for Best Norwegian Commercial , one Gold Award for Best Nordic Director ; and three Eurobest Awards in different categories for commercials . Since 2002 Gustavson has been based in Norway and in Italy Present : Creative director and partner in the cross-media company Small Screen AS , developing interactive quality content for the international Smartphone market ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991 ( 64th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1991 in film involved some significant events .'}, {'url': '/wiki/64th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 64th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1991 in the United States and took place on March 30 , 1992 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the third consecutive year . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 7 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Tom Hanks . The Silence of the Lambs won five awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Terminator 2 : Judgment Day with four awards , Beauty and the Beast , Bugsy , and JFK with two , and City Slickers , Deadly Deception : General Electric , Nuclear Weapons and Our Environment , The Fisher King , In the Shadow of the Stars , Manipulation , Mediterraneo , Session Man , and Thelma & Louise with one . The telecast garnered more than 44 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Frida - Straight from the Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frida_–_Straight_from_the_Heart', 'summary': 'Frida - Straight from the Heart ( Norwegian : Frida - med hjertet i hånden ) is a 1991 Norwegian drama film directed by Berit Nesheim . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Frida - med hjertet i hånden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berit Nesheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berit_Nesheim', 'summary': "Berit Nesheim ( born 28 January 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . Nesheim graduated from the University of Oslo in foreign languages , literature and psychology to go on to a career as a director of television films . Her first feature-film was Frida - Straight from the Heart in 1991 , which was the Norwegian entry to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992 . Her next feature film was Beyond the Sky ( 1994 , starring with Swedish actress Harriet Anderson . Her film The Other Side of Sunday was nominated to Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 . She directed the miniseries An Immortal Man ( 2006 ) on Henrik Ibsen 's life ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 ( 65th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1992 in film involved many significant film releases .'}, {'url': '/wiki/65th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 65th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1992 in the United States and took place on March 29 , 1993 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fourth consecutive year . In related events , during a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 6 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Sharon Stone . Unforgiven won four Oscars including Best Picture , Best Director for Clint Eastwood , and Best Supporting Actor for Gene Hackman . Al Pacino and Emma Thompson won lead acting honors for Scent of a Woman and Howards End , respectively . Marisa Tomei won Best Supporting Actress for My Cousin Vinny . The telecast garnered 45.7 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': "The Warrior 's Heart", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_Warrior's_Heart", 'summary': "The Warrior 's Heart ( Norwegian : Krigerens hjerte ) is a 1992 Norwegian film , directed by Leidulv Risan and starring Anneke von der Lippe , Peter Snickars , Thomas Kretschmann , Bjørn Sundquist and Iren Reppen . It was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Krigerens hjerte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leidulv Risan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leidulv_Risan', 'summary': "Leidulv Risan ( born 1948 ) is a Norwegian screenwriter , film director and professor at The Norwegian Filmschool at Lillehammer . Since 2005 he has been the leader for the screenwriting program at the Film School . Risan is educated at Dramatiska Institutet in Stockholm , Sweden . After his feature film debut as director in 1981 with The Execution ( Martin ) he has become one of the most experienced persons in the Norwegian film industry , and directed two of the biggest Norwegian productions in the 90s , The Warrior 's Heart and The Sunset Boys a.k.a . Waiting for Sunset . The Warrior 's Heart was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . In 2000s he has mainly written and directed TV series ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( 66th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1993 in film involved many significant films , including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park , The Fugitive and The Firm . ( For more about films in foreign languages , check sources in those languages . ) Walt Disney Studios celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/66th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 66th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored films released in 1993 and took place on March 21 , 1994 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 23 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the first time . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on February 26 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern . Schindler 's List won seven awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg . Other winners included Jurassic Park and The Piano with three awards each , Philadelphia with two awards , and The Age of Innocence , Belle Epoque , Defending Our Lives , The Fugitive , I Am a Promise : The Children of Stanton Elementary School , Mrs. Doubtfire , Schwarzfahrer and The Wrong Trousers with one . The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'The Telegraphist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Telegraphist', 'summary': 'The Telegraphist ( Norwegian : Telegrafisten ) is a 1993 Norwegian film directed by Erik Gustavson . It is based on the novel Dreamers by Knut Hamsun . It stars Bjørn Floberg and Marie Richardson , as well as Kjersti Holmen , who won an Amanda for her role . The film was also entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Telegrafisten', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Gustavson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Gustavson', 'summary': "Erik Gustavson ( born 24 November 1955 ) is a Norwegian film director and producer . He started out as a camera assistant in 1974 and eventually moved on to cameraman before starting to work as a director in 1981 . He has directed seven feature films , including Herman , The Telegraphist ( an adaptation of Knut Hamsun 's novel Dreamers ) , and Sophieʼs World , all three of which enjoyed multi market theatrical release . The Telegraphist was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In addition to his feature films , Gustavson has directed and produced approximately four hundred commercials world-wide for a variety of international markets . Gustavson has published articles and produced documentaries about the craft of filmmaking , and occasionally teaches the subject in Norway , Cuba and Argentina . Among the international awards that Gustavson has received are : Seven nominations for the Amanda Award , and three Amanda wins including Best Norwegian Short Film ( 1985 ) , Best Norwegian Feature Film ( 1991 ) , and Best Nordic Feature Film ( 1993 ) ; Two Golden Pencil Awards for Best Norwegian Commercial , one Gold Award for Best Nordic Director ; and three Eurobest Awards in different categories for commercials . Since 2002 Gustavson has been based in Norway and in Italy Present : Creative director and partner in the cross-media company Small Screen AS , developing interactive quality content for the international Smartphone market ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 ( 67th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_in_film', 'summary': 'This is a list of films released in 1994 . The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King , becoming the highest-grossing Walt Disney Feature Animation film of all-time , although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump , which won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th Anniversary in 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 67th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 27 , 1995 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) in 23 categories honoring the films released in 1994 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gilbert Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Comedian David Letterman hosted the show for the first time . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on March 4 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis . Forrest Gump won six awards , including Best Picture . Other winners included Ed Wood , The Lion King , and Speed with two awards , and The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , Blue Sky , Bob 's Birthday , Bullets over Broadway , Burnt by the Sun , Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life , Legends of the Fall , The Madness of King George , Maya Lin : A Strong Clear Vision , Pulp Fiction , A Time for Justice and Trevor with one . The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars telecast since the 55th Academy Awards in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross My Heart and Hope to Die', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_My_Heart_and_Hope_to_Die_(film)', 'summary': "Cross my Heart and Hope to Die ( Norwegian : Ti kniver i hjertet ) is a 1994 Norwegian film directed by Marius Holst . It is loosely based on Lars Saabye Christensen 's novel Gutten som ville være en av gutta . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Ti kniver i hjertet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marius Holst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marius_Holst', 'summary': 'Marius Holst ( born 15 January 1965 ) is a Norwegian filmmaker , a producer and a screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 ( 68th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_in_film', 'summary': "This is a list of films released in 1995 . The highly anticipated sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance was the year 's biggest box-office hit , and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/68th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 68th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 1995 in the United States and took place on March 25 , 1996 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Quincy Jones and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the second time , having previously presided over the 66th ceremony in 1994 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Richard Dreyfuss . Braveheart won five awards , including Best Director for Mel Gibson and Best Picture . Other winners included Apollo 13 , Pocahontas , Restoration and The Usual Suspects with two awards , and Anne Frank Remembered , Antonia 's Line , Babe , A Close Shave , Dead Man Walking , Il Postino : The Postman , Leaving Las Vegas , Lieberman in Love , Mighty Aphrodite , One Survivor Remembers and Sense and Sensibility with one . The telecast garnered almost 45 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristin Lavransdatter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter_(film)', 'summary': 'Kristin Lavransdatter is a 1995 Norwegian film directed by Liv Ullmann , featuring Elisabeth Matheson , Bjørn Skagestad , Jørgen Langhelle , Lena Endre and Sverre Anker Ousdal , based on Kristin Lavransdatter by Sigrid Undset . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Kristin Lavransdatter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liv Ullmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liv_Ullmann', 'summary': "Liv Johanne Ullmann ( born 16 December 1938 ) is a Norwegian actress and film director . She was one of the muses of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman . Ullmann won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama in 1972 for the film The Emigrants ( 1971 ) , and has been nominated for another four . In 2000 , she was nominated for the Palme d'Or for her second directorial feature film , Faithless . She has also received two BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) and Face to Face ( 1976 ) , and two Academy Award nominations for The Emigrants and Face to Face ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 ( 69th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1996 involved many significant films . The major releases this year included Scream , Independence Day , Fargo , Trainspotting , The Rock , The English Patient , Twister , Mars Attacks ! , Jerry Maguire and a film version of the musical , Evita .'}, {'url': '/wiki/69th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 69th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) took place on March 24 , 1997 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented the Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1996 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates , and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fifth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 65th ceremony held in 1993 . Three weeks earlier , in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , on March 1 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Helen Hunt . This also served as the launch event for DVD , with its U.S. launch being on the same day as the ceremony . The English Patient won the most awards of the evening with nine including Best Picture . Other winners included Fargo with two awards , and Breathing Lessons : The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien , Dear Diary , Emma , Evita , The Ghost and the Darkness , Independence Day , Jerry Maguire , Kolya , The Nutty Professor , Quest , Shine , Sling Blade , and When We Were Kings with one ."}]}, {'value': 'The Other Side of Sunday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Sunday', 'summary': 'The Other Side of Sunday ( Norwegian : Søndagsengler ) is a 1996 Norwegian film directed by Berit Nesheim , starring Marie Theisen and Bjørn Sundquist . The film was the most-viewed film in Norway in 1996 and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Søndagsengler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berit Nesheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berit_Nesheim', 'summary': "Berit Nesheim ( born 28 January 1945 ) is a Norwegian film director . Nesheim graduated from the University of Oslo in foreign languages , literature and psychology to go on to a career as a director of television films . Her first feature-film was Frida - Straight from the Heart in 1991 , which was the Norwegian entry to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1992 . Her next feature film was Beyond the Sky ( 1994 , starring with Swedish actress Harriet Anderson . Her film The Other Side of Sunday was nominated to Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1997 . She directed the miniseries An Immortal Man ( 2006 ) on Henrik Ibsen 's life ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997 ( 70th )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1997 in film involved many significant films , including Titanic , and the beginning of the film studio DreamWorks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 70th Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 23 , 1998 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the show , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997 . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time . He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 , and he had hosted the previous year 's gala . Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 28 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd . Titanic won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture . Other winners included As Good as It Gets , Good Will Hunting and L.A . Confidential with two awards , and The Full Monty , Geri 's Game , Karakter , The Long Way Home , Visas and Virtue , Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one . The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history ."}]}, {'value': 'Junk Mail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junk_Mail_(film)', 'summary': 'Junk Mail ( Norwegian : Budbringeren ) is a 1997 Norwegian film directed by Pål Sletaune . The film won many awards including Best Actress for Eli Anne Linnestad , Best Actor for Robert Skjærstad and Best Film for Pål Sletaune at the Amanda Awards in Norway and the Mercedes-Benz award at the Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Budbringeren', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pål Sletaune', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pål_Sletaune', 'summary': 'Pål Sletaune ( born March 4 , 1960 ) is a Norwegian commercial and film director and photographer . Born in Oslo he attended Asker high school and studied still photography at Sogn vocational school . [ citation needed ] His film Junk Mail about a snooping Oslo postman was awarded the Amanda Award for best Norwegian film in 1997 . Among his later films are Amatørene from 2001 , the thriller Naboer from 2005. , and the 2011 thriller The Monitor ( originally known as Babycall ) . He famously rejected an offer to direct American Beauty .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 ( 71st )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_in_film', 'summary': "The year 1998 in film involved many significant films including ; Shakespeare in Love ( which won the Academy Award for Best Picture ) , Saving Private Ryan , American History X , The Truman Show , Primary Colors , Rushmore , Rush Hour , There 's Something About Mary , The Big Lebowski , and Terrence Malick 's directorial return in The Thin Red Line . Animated releases included Antz , A Bug 's Life , Mulan , The Prince of Egypt and The Rugrats Movie . Warner Bros. Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1998 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/71st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 71st Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21 , 1999 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the third time . She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 68th ceremony in 1996 . Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California on February 27 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Anne Heche . Shakespeare in Love won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Saving Private Ryan with five awards , Life Is Beautiful with three , and Affliction , Bunny , Election Night , Elizabeth , Gods and Monsters , The Last Days , The Personals , The Prince of Egypt and What Dreams May Come with one . The telecast garnered nearly 46 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Only Clouds Move the Stars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Only_Clouds_Move_the_Stars', 'summary': "Only Clouds Move the Stars ( Norwegian : Bare skyer beveger stjernene ) is a 1998 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Torun Lian . Based on her novel of the same name , the film was Lian 's directorial debut . The film was a critical and commercial success . It won the Amanda Award in 1999 in the category Best film , and has received more awards internationally than any other Norwegian film . It was the Norwegian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ."}]}, {'value': 'Bare skyer beveger stjernene', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torun Lian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torun_Lian', 'summary': "Torun Lian ( born 15 January 1956 ) is a Norwegian playwright , film director and novelist . She made her literary début in 1988 with the collection Tre skuespill , for which she was awarded the Tarjei Vesaas ' debutantpris . In 1995 she was awarded with the Nordic Children 's Book Prize . Among her films are Bare skyer beveger stjernene from 1998 , and Ikke naken , ikke kledt ( engl . The Color of Milk ) from 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Submissions', 'section_text': 'The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956 . [ 4 ] The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Following this , they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award . [ 3 ] Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Norway for review by the Academy for the award by the year of the submission and the respective Academy Award ceremony .', 'uid': 'List_of_Norwegian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0', 'intro': 'The Kingdom of Norway has submitted films in the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film[nb 1] category at the Oscars since 1957. They only submitted two films in their first twenty years, but they became a regular fixture in the competition in 1980, failing to submit a film only once, in 1983. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue. It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards, in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit, known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, was created for non-English speaking films, and has been given annually since. As of 2019[update], five films from Norway have been nominated for the award: Nine Lives (1957), The Pathfinder (1987), The Other Side of Sunday (1996), Elling (2001) and Kon-Tiki (2012).'}	null	null	What is the notable issue covered by the director of Wives - Ten Years After ?	women 's rights
019d78fdd8222f7e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_La_Libertad', 'title': 'Department of La Libertad', 'header': ['Nº', 'Province', 'Population Cens . 2007', 'Capital', 'Mayor'], 'data': [{'value': '1°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo_Province,_Peru', 'summary': 'Trujillo Province is one of twelve provinces in La Libertad Region in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '811,979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Marcelo Jacinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chepén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepén_Province', 'summary': 'Chepén Province is one of the twelve provinces that make up the La Libertad Region of Peru . It is bordered on the north by the Lambayeque Region , on the east by the Cajamarca Region , on the south by Pacasmayo Province , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean . The capital of the Chepén province is the city of Chepén .'}]}, {'value': '75,980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chepén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepén', 'summary': 'Chepén is a city of La Libertad Region and capital of the Chepén Province , in Peru . The city is a rice production center with the valleys of Chepén and Jequetepeque , and has an active trading with neighboring Guadalupe , Pacasmayo and San Pedro de Lloc and other towns . It has factories in industrial dyes , food and primary production .'}]}, {'value': 'José David Lías Ventura', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacasmayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacasmayo_Province', 'summary': 'The Pacasmayo Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru ; also Pacasmayo is the name of one of its districts . The capital of this province is the city of San Pedro de Lloc .'}]}, {'value': '94,377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro de Lloc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Lloc', 'summary': 'San Pedro de Lloc is a town in the La Libertad Region of northern Peru . It is the capital of the coastal Pacasmayo Province . It is located about 99 km north of the city of Trujillo . San Pedro de Lloc is also known to be the last place of residence of the Italian-born scientist Antonio Raimondi . His home is located within a block of the main plaza and is open to the public as a museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Victor Raúl Cruzado Rivera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ascope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascope_Province', 'summary': 'Ascope is a province in the La Libertad Region , Peru . It is bordered by the Trujillo Province on the south ; the Pacasmayo Province on the north ; the Cajamarcan province of Contumazá and the Otuzco and Gran Chimú provinces on the east ; and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Its capital is Ascope .'}]}, {'value': '116,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ascope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascope', 'summary': 'Ascope is a town in Northern Peru , capital of the province Ascope in the region La Libertad .'}]}, {'value': 'John Román Vargas Campos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolívar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolívar_Province,_Peru', 'summary': 'The Bolívar Province is a Peruvian province located in the La Libertad Region . It is one of the twelve provinces that make up that region .'}]}, {'value': '16,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolívar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolívar,_Peru', 'summary': 'Bolívar is a town in the northern Pacific coastal region of Peru , capital of the Bolívar District and Bolívar Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Odar Sánchez Peche', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago de Chuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Chuco_Province', 'summary': 'The Santiago de Chuco Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Santiago de Chuco .'}]}, {'value': '58,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago de Chuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Chuco', 'summary': 'Santiago de Chuco is a city in Peru , capital of Santiago de Chuco Province , La Libertad Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Gabriel Alipioz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virú_Province', 'summary': 'The Virú Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of the province is Virú .'}]}, {'value': '76,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virú', 'summary': 'Virú is a town in Northern Peru , capital of the province Virú in the region La Libertad . This town is located 48 km south Trujillo city and is primarily an agricultural center in the Viru Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Ostino Chávez Gonzáles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otuzco_Province', 'summary': 'The Otuzco Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Otuzco .'}]}, {'value': '88,817', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otuzco', 'summary': 'The Otuzco is a city located in the highlands of La Libertad , Peru . It is the capital of the Otuzco Province , and it is well known because there is the sanctuary of the Virgen de la Puerta . It is located at around 7°54′00″S 78°35′0″W / 7.90000°S 78.58333°W / -7.90000 ; -78.58333 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heli A. Verde Rodríguez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sánchez Carrión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sánchez_Carrión_Province', 'summary': 'The Sánchez Carrión Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . It is named in honour of José Faustino Sánchez Carrión . The capital of this province is the city of Huamachuco . About 30 miles away is Marcahuamachuco , a prehistoric political and religious centre of a culture that throve AD 350-1100 .'}]}, {'value': '136,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huamachuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huamachuco', 'summary': 'Huamachuco is a town in northern Peru and capital of the province Sánchez Carrión in La Libertad Region . The city is the seat of the Territorial Prelature of Huamachuco . Lake Sausacocha lies to the northeast . About 30 miles away , within the Huamachuco district , is the significant archeological site of Marcahuamachuco . It is a complex of monuments , a prehistoric political and religious center of a culture that thrived 350 CE-1100 CE .'}]}, {'value': 'Benito Robert Contreras Morales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gran Chimú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gran_Chimú_Province', 'summary': 'The Gran Chímu Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Cascas .'}]}, {'value': '30,399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cascas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cascas', 'summary': 'Cascas is a town in Northern Peru , capital of Gran Chimú Province in La Libertad Region . Cascas is an idyllic little city of 5000 people located in the mountains of the state of La Libertad , Peru . Located only 2 hours drive from The capital city of Trujillo , it is an easy bus trip with a variety of companies offering safe journeys on a 7-day-a-week basis . The primary industry and source of revenue of Cascas is the growing of grapes and the subsequent production of wine .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Julio Iglesias Gutierrez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julcán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julcán_Province', 'summary': 'The Julcán Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Julcán .'}]}, {'value': '32,985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julcán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julcán', 'summary': 'Julcán ( possibly from Quechua qullqa , deposit , storehouse , -n a suffix ) is a 4,900-metre-high ( 16,076 ft ) mountain in the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru . It is located in the Lima Region , Cajatambo Province , Cajatambo District . Julcán lies on a sub-range west of the main range , southwest of Mitopunta and southeast of Huacshash . It is situated north of the Pumarinri valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Rodríguez Espejo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pataz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pataz_Province', 'summary': 'The Pataz Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Tayabamba .'}]}, {'value': '78,383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tayabamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tayabamba', 'summary': 'Tayabamba is a city in Northern Peru , capital of the province Pataz in the region La Libertad . It is located to an altitude 3245 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Omar Armando Iparraguirre Espinoza', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Political division', 'section_text': 'Map of the La Libertad region showing its provinces The Region is separated into 12 provinces ( provincias ) , political divisions that generally correspond to counties in the United States of America . A Peruvian Region has as its head political executive a governor ( governador ) , an elected official . The head political executive of each province is a lieutenant governor ( teniente governador ) , an official appointed by the governor . These 12 provinces comprise a total of 80 districts ( distritos ) . The provinces , with their capitals are :', 'uid': 'La_Libertad_Region_1', 'intro': "La Libertad (Spanish pronunciation: [la liβeɾˈtað]) is a region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the Department of La Libertad (Departamento de La Libertad). It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north, the San Martín Region on the east, the Ancash and Huánuco regions on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's third biggest city. The region's main port is Salaverry, one of Peru's largest ports. The name of the region is Spanish for freedom or liberty; it was named in honor of the Intendencia of Trujillo's proclaiming independence from Spain in 1820 and fighting for that."}	null	null	What is the name of the significant archeological site that lies approximately 30km from the city that had a 2007 population of 136,221 and is the capital of the province named in honour of José Faustino Sánchez Carrión ?	Marcahuamachuco
019d8a11cd21776f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress', 'title': '22nd United States Congress', 'header': ['State ( class )', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Indiana ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11 , 1816 . Since then , the state has been represented in the United States Senate by 44 different men in Class 1 and 3 ; David Turpie served non-consecutive terms in Class 1 , Dan Coats served non-consecutive terms in Class 3 , and William Ezra Jenner served in both Classes . Until the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 , Senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly ; after that they were elected popularly by Indiana citizens . A senatorial term lasts six years beginning on January 3 . In case of a vacancy the Governor of Indiana has the duty to appoint a new U.S. senator . The longest-serving of any Senator from Indiana is Republican Richard Lugar ( 1977-2013 ) . Indiana 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Todd Young ( serving since 2017 ) and Mike Braun ( serving since 2019 )"}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Noble had died February 26 , 1831 , in the previous Congress . Successor appointed August 19 , 1831', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Noble_(senator)', 'summary': "James Noble ( December 16 , 1785 - February 26 , 1831 ) was the first U.S . Senator from the U.S. state of Indiana . Noble was born near Berryville , Virginia and moved with his parents to Campbell County , Kentucky when he was 10 . There he studied law and he became an attorney , after which he moved to Indiana and settled in Brookville around 1808 . Once settled in Indiana he became a ferryboat operator , a judge and a member of the state 's first constitutional convention , in 1816 , as a delegate from Franklin County . He was elected to the first session of the Indiana State House of Representatives in 1816 . He was elected as a Crawford faction Democratic Republican ( later an anti-Jacksonian Democrat ) to the United States Senate in 1816 . He was reelected to two more terms and served from December 11 , 1816 , until his death in 1831 . While in the Senate he was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Pensions for the 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th and 20th Congresses , and chairman of the U.S. Committee on the Militia for the 16th and 17th Congresses . He died in Washington , D.C. and is buried in the Congressional Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Hanna ( AJ )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hanna', 'summary': "Robert Hanna Jr. ( April 6 , 1786 - November 16 , 1858 ) is best known as one of the forty-three delegates to the 1816 Indiana Constitutional Convention and Indiana 's third U.S . Senator after it achieved statehood in 1816 . A native of Laurens District , South Carolina , he settled in the Indiana Territory shortly after it was established in 1800 and began his long career as a public servant in Brookville , Indiana . Hanna served as the first Franklin County sheriff ( 1809-20 ) , as a brigadier general in the state militia , and as the U.S. Land Office registrar in Brookville and Indianapolis ( 1820-30 ) . Hanna was appointed to fill the vacant seat in the U.S. Senate following the death of James Noble in 1831 . Hanna served in the U.S. Senate from August 19 , 1831 , to January 3 , 1832 . After his return to Indianapolis , Hanna represented Marion County in the Indiana House of Representatives ( 1832-33 ; 1836-39 ) and in the Indiana Senate ( 1840-41 ; 1842-46 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed August 19 , 1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Kentucky', 'summary': "This is a list of United States senators from Kentucky . The state 's Senators belong to Classes 2 and 3 . Kentucky is currently represented in the U.S. Senate by Republicans Mitch McConnell ( serving since 1985 ) and Rand Paul ( serving since 2011 ) . Currently on his sixth term in office , McConnell is Kentucky 's longest serving Senator and has also been the Republican Leader of the United States Senate since 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legislature elected late November 10 , 1831', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1831_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Kentucky', 'summary': 'The United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition , but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party . By the time Congress first met in December 1831 , however , the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Clay ( AJ )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Clay', 'summary': 'Henry Clay Sr. ( April 12 , 1777 - June 29 , 1852 ) was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives , served as seventh speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives , and served as the ninth U.S. secretary of state . He received electoral votes for president in the 1824 , 1832 , and 1844 presidential elections and helped found both the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . For his role in defusing sectional crises , he earned the appellation of the Great Compromiser . Clay was born in Hanover County , Virginia in 1777 and launched a legal career in Lexington , Kentucky , in 1797 . As a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , Clay won election to the Kentucky state legislature in 1803 and to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1810 . He was chosen as speaker of the House in early 1811 and , along with President James Madison , led the United States into the War of 1812 against Britain . In 1814 , he helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent , which brought an end to the War of 1812 . After the war , Clay returned to his position as speaker of the House and developed the American System , which called for federal infrastructure investments , support for the national bank , and protective tariff rates . In 1820 , he helped bring an end to a sectional crisis over slavery by leading the passage of the Missouri Compromise . Clay finished with the fourth-most electoral votes in the multi-candidate 1824 presidential election , and he helped John Quincy Adams win the contingent election held to select the president . President Adams appointed Clay to the prestigious position of secretary of state ; critics alleged that the two had agreed to a corrupt bargain . Despite receiving support from Clay and other National Republicans , Adams was defeated by Democrat Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential election .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed November 10 , 1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisiana ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30 , 1812 , and elects senators to Class 2 and Class 3 . Its current senators are Republicans John Kennedy and Bill Cassidy .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Livingston ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Livingston', 'summary': 'Edward Livingston ( May 28 , 1764 - May 23 , 1836 ) was an American jurist and statesman . He was an influential figure in the drafting of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825 , a civil code based largely on the Napoleonic Code . Livingston represented both New York and then Louisiana in Congress and served as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1831 to 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 24 , 1831 , after being appointed U.S. Secretary of State . Successor elected November 15 , 1831', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State', 'summary': "The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state 's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy , and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government 's minister of foreign affairs . The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The secretary of state , along with the secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently US $ 210,700 ) . The current secretary of state is Mike Pompeo , who has served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Donald Trump since early 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Louisiana,_1831', 'summary': 'The United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition , but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party . By the time Congress first met in December 1831 , however , the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were chosen by State legislatures .'}]}, {'value': 'George A. Waggaman ( AJ )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_A._Waggaman', 'summary': 'George Augustus Waggaman ( 1782 - March 31 , 1843 ) was a United States Senator from Louisiana . Born in Caroline County , Maryland , he completed preparatory studies under private tutors , studied law , and was admitted to the bar in Caroline County in 1811 . He served in the War of 1812 under General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans and settled in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , commencing the practice of law in 1813 . He was attorney general of the third district of Louisiana in 1813 , judge of the third judicial circuit court in 1818 , and assistant judge of the criminal court in New Orleans in 1819 . He was interested in sugarcane growing and held the office of Secretary of State of Louisiana from 1830 to 1831 . Waggaman was elected as an anti-Jacksonian to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Edward Livingston and served from November 15 , 1831 , to March 4 , 1835 . He resumed the practice of law in New Orleans and again engaged in sugar cane planting . He participated as a principal in a duel with the former mayor of New Orleans , Denis Prieur , a political adversary , and received injuries from which he died in New Orleans in 1843 ; interment was in Girod Street Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed November 15 , 1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ratified the United States Constitution on December 12 , 1787 and elects its U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Officeholders are popularly elected , for a six-year term , beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the Pennsylvania General Assembly ; before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Democrat Bob Casey Jr. ( since 2007 ) and Republican Pat Toomey ( since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation ."}]}, {'value': 'Isaac D. Barnard ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_D._Barnard', 'summary': 'Isaac Dutton Barnard ( July 18 , 1791 - February 28 , 1834 ) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a United States Senator for Pennsylvania from 1827 to 1831 . He served as a Major in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 and as a Pennsylvania State Senator for the 4th district from 1820 until 1826 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 6 , 1831 , due to ill health . Successor elected December 13 , 1831', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania,_1831', 'summary': 'The 1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania was held on December 13 , 1831 . George M. Dallas was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'George M. Dallas ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_M._Dallas', 'summary': "George Mifflin Dallas ( July 10 , 1792 - December 31 , 1864 ) was an American politician and diplomat who served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1828 to 1829 and as the 11th vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849 . The son of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas , George Dallas attended elite preparatory schools before embarking on a legal career . He served as the private secretary to Albert Gallatin and worked for the Treasury Department and the Second Bank of the United States . He emerged as a leader of the Family party faction of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party , and Dallas developed a rivalry with James Buchanan , the leader of the Amalgamator faction . Between 1828 and 1835 , he served as the mayor of Philadelphia , the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania , and the Pennsylvania Attorney General . He also represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1831 to 1833 but declined to seek re-election . President Martin Van Buren appointed Dallas to the post of Minister to Russia , and Dallas held that position from 1837 to 1839 . Dallas supported Van Buren 's bid for another term in the 1844 presidential election , but James K. Polk won the party 's presidential nomination . The 1844 Democratic National Convention nominated Dallas as Polk 's running mate , and Polk and Dallas defeated the Whig ticket in the general election . A supporter of expansion and popular sovereignty , Dallas called for the annexation of all of Mexico during the Mexican-American War . He sought to position himself for contention in the 1848 presidential election , but his vote to lower the tariff destroyed his base of support in his home state . Dallas served as the ambassador to Britain from 1856 to 1861 before retiring from public office ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 13 , 1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11 , 1816 . Since then , the state has been represented in the United States Senate by 44 different men in Class 1 and 3 ; David Turpie served non-consecutive terms in Class 1 , Dan Coats served non-consecutive terms in Class 3 , and William Ezra Jenner served in both Classes . Until the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 , Senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly ; after that they were elected popularly by Indiana citizens . A senatorial term lasts six years beginning on January 3 . In case of a vacancy the Governor of Indiana has the duty to appoint a new U.S. senator . The longest-serving of any Senator from Indiana is Republican Richard Lugar ( 1977-2013 ) . Indiana 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Todd Young ( serving since 2017 ) and Mike Braun ( serving since 2019 )"}]}, {'value': 'Robert Hanna ( AJ )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hanna', 'summary': "Robert Hanna Jr. ( April 6 , 1786 - November 16 , 1858 ) is best known as one of the forty-three delegates to the 1816 Indiana Constitutional Convention and Indiana 's third U.S . Senator after it achieved statehood in 1816 . A native of Laurens District , South Carolina , he settled in the Indiana Territory shortly after it was established in 1800 and began his long career as a public servant in Brookville , Indiana . Hanna served as the first Franklin County sheriff ( 1809-20 ) , as a brigadier general in the state militia , and as the U.S. Land Office registrar in Brookville and Indianapolis ( 1820-30 ) . Hanna was appointed to fill the vacant seat in the U.S. Senate following the death of James Noble in 1831 . Hanna served in the U.S. Senate from August 19 , 1831 , to January 3 , 1832 . After his return to Indianapolis , Hanna represented Marion County in the Indiana House of Representatives ( 1832-33 ; 1836-39 ) and in the Indiana Senate ( 1840-41 ; 1842-46 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Appointee retired when elected successor qualified . Successor elected January 3 , 1832', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Indiana,_1832', 'summary': "The United States Senate elections of 1832 and 1833 were elections that had the Anti-Jacksonian coalition assume control of the United States Senate from the Jacksonian coalition , despite Andrew Jackson 's victory in the 1832 presidential election . As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment , Senators were elected by State legislatures ."}]}, {'value': 'John Tipton ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Tipton', 'summary': "John Tipton ( August 14 , 1786 - April 5 , 1839 ) was from Tennessee and became a farmer in Indiana ; a veteran officer of the War of 1812 , in which he reached the rank of Brigadier General ; and politician . He was elected to the state House and in 1831 as US Senator from the state of Indiana , serving until 1838 . He was appointed as US Indian Agent and was selected to lead the militia in removing Menominee 's band of Potawatomie in 1838 ; they were relocated to Kansas , Indian Territory ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed January 3 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Mississippi was admitted to the Union on December 10 , 1817 , and elects senators to Class 1 and Class 2 . Its current senators are Republicans Cindy Hyde-Smith and Roger Wicker . As of April 2 , 2018 , 51 people have served as U.S. senators from Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Powhatan Ellis ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Powhatan_Ellis', 'summary': 'Powhatan Ellis ( January 17 , 1790 - March 18 , 1863 ) was a United States Senator from Mississippi and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned July 16 , 1832 , after being appointed U.S. District Judge . Successor appointed November 12 , 1832 , to finish the term', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Mississippi', 'summary': 'The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .'}]}, {'value': 'John Black ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Black_(U.S._Senator)', 'summary': 'John Black ( August 11 , 1800 - August 29 , 1854 ) was a politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi , most notably serving in the United States Senate as a Whig from 1832 to 1838 .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed November 12 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Littleton Waller Tazewell ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell', 'summary': 'Littleton Waller Tazewell ( December 17 , 1774 - May 6 , 1860 ) was a Virginia lawyer , plantation owner and politician who served as U.S. Representative , U.S . Senator and the 26th Governor of Virginia , as well as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned July 16 , 1832 . Successor elected December 10 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William C. Rives ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives', 'summary': 'William Cabell Rives ( May 4 , 1793 - April 25 , 1868 ) was an American lawyer , politician and diplomat from Albemarle County , Virginia . He represented Virginia as a Jackson Democrat in both the U.S. House and Senate . He served two terms as U.S. Minister to France . As minister during the Andrew Jackson administration , he negotiated a treaty whereby the French agreed to pay the U.S. for spoliation claims from the Napoleonic Wars . During the American Civil War , Rives served as a Delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress and as a member of the Confederate House of Representatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 10 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Carolina', 'summary': "South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1868 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Lindsey Graham , serving since 2003 , and Tim Scott , serving since 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Y. Hayne ( N )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne', 'summary': "Robert Young Hayne ( November 10 , 1791 - September 24 , 1839 ) was an American lawyer , planter and politician . He served in the United States Senate from 1823 to 1832 , as Governor of South Carolina 1832-1834 , and as Mayor of Charleston 1836-1837 . He was vocal proponent of the states ' rights doctrine , in collaboration with John C. Calhoun and James Hamilton Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned December 13 , 1832 , to become Governor of South Carolina . Successor elected December 29 , 1832', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The governor of the State of South Carolina is the head of state for the state of South Carolina . Under the South Carolina Constitution , the governor is also the head of government , serving as the chief executive of the South Carolina executive branch . The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal use . The governor 's responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly , submitting an executive budget and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The 117th and current governor of South Carolina is Henry McMaster , who is serving his first elected term . He assumed the office on January 24 , 2017 , after Nikki Haley resigned to become the United States ambassador to the United Nations . He won the 2018 gubernatorial election ."}]}, {'value': 'John C. Calhoun ( N )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Calhoun', 'summary': "John Caldwell Calhoun ( /kælˈhuːn/ ; March 18 , 1782 - March 31 , 1850 ) was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina who served as the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832 . He is remembered for strongly defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics , which he did in the context of protecting the interests of the white South when it was outnumbered by Northerners . He began his political career as a nationalist , modernizer , and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs . In the late 1820s , his views changed radically , and he became a leading proponent of states ' rights , limited government , nullification , and opposition to high tariffs - he saw Northern acceptance of these policies as a condition of the South remaining in the Union . His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South 's secession from the Union in 1860-1861 . Calhoun began his political career with election to the House of Representatives in 1810 . As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction , Calhoun strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars . He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe , and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department . Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election . After failing to gain support , he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president . The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority . He served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson , who defeated Adams in the election of 1828 ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed December 29 , 1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'William L. Marcy ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_L._Marcy', 'summary': 'William Learned Marcy ( December 12 , 1786 - July 4 , 1857 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and judge who served as U.S . Senator , Governor of New York , U.S. Secretary of War and U.S. Secretary of State . In the latter office , he negotiated the Gadsden Purchase , the last major acquisition of land in the continental United States . Born in Southbridge , Massachusetts , Marcy established a legal practice in Troy , New York after graduating from Brown University . He fought in the War of 1812 , as an ensign , first lieutenant and captain in the 155th New York Infantry Regiment . Politically , he aligned with the Bucktail faction of the Democratic-Republican Party and became a leading member of the Albany Regency . As the Democratic-Republicans fractured in the 1820s , he became a member of the Democratic Party . Between 1821 and 1831 , he successively served as Adjutant General of New York , New York State Comptroller , and as an associate justice of the New York Supreme Court . In 1831 , the New York legislature elected Marcy to the U.S. Senate , and he held that position until 1833 , when he became the Governor of New York . He served three terms as governor until his defeat in 1838 by the Whig nominee , William Seward . He served as Secretary of War under James K. Polk from 1845 to 1849 , overseeing the Mexican-American War . After leaving the Polk administration , he resumed the practice of law and became a leader of the Soft Hunker faction of the New York Democratic Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned January 1 , 1833 , after becoming Governor of New York . Successor elected January 14 , 1833', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_New_York', 'summary': "The Governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York . The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military and naval forces . The current governor is Andrew Cuomo , a Democrat , who took office on January 1 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Silas Wright ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silas_Wright', 'summary': "Silas Wright Jr. ( May 24 , 1795 - August 27 , 1847 ) was an American attorney and Democratic politician . A member of the Albany Regency , he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , New York State Comptroller , United States Senator , and Governor of New York . Born in Amherst , Massachusetts and raised in Weybridge , Vermont , Wright graduated from Middlebury College in 1815 , studied law , attained admission to the bar , and began a practice in Canton , New York . He soon began a career in politics and government , serving as St. Lawrence County 's surrogate judge , a member of the New York State Senate , and a brigadier general in the state militia . Wright became a member of the Albany Regency , the coterie of friends and supporters of Martin Van Buren who led New York 's Democratic Party beginning in the 1820s . As his career progressed , he served in the United States House of Representatives ( 1827-1829 ) , as State Comptroller ( 1829-1833 ) , and U.S . Senator ( 1833-1844 ) . In the Senate , Wright became chairman of the Finance Committee , a post he held from 1836 to 1841 . In 1844 , Van Buren lost the Democratic presidential nomination to James K. Polk ; Polk supporters nominated Wright for vice president as a way to attract Van Buren 's support to the ticket , but Wright declined . Later that year he was elected governor , and he served one two-year term . Defeated for reelection in 1846 , he retired to his home in Canton . He died in Canton in 1847 , and was buried at Old Canton Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Installed January 4 , 1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Carolina', 'summary': "South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1868 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Lindsey Graham , serving since 2003 , and Tim Scott , serving since 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen D. Miller ( N )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller', 'summary': 'Stephen Decatur Miller ( May 8 , 1787 - March 8 , 1838 ) was an American politician , who served as the 52nd Governor of South Carolina from 1828 to 1830 . He represented South Carolina as a U.S. Representative from 1817 to 1819 , and as a U.S . Senator from 1831 to 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned March 2 , 1833 , due to ill health', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this term', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- Senate', 'section_text': 'Replacements : 7 Jacksonians : no net change Anti-Jacksonians : no net change Nullifiers : no net change Deaths : 0 Resignations : 7 Interim appointments : 1 Total seats with changes : 9 See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate', 'uid': '22nd_United_States_Congress_0', 'intro': "The Twenty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1831, to March 4, 1833, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority."}	null	null	What year was the state admitted to the Union who had the successor Robert Hanna ?	1816
019e5efa13a1da12	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Series_of_Poker', 'title': '2004 World Series of Poker', 'header': ['Number', 'Event', 'Winner', 'Prize', 'Runner-up'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 500 Casino Employee 's Limit Hold'em", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betting_(poker)', 'summary': 'In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Hold'em", 'summary': "Texas hold 'em ( also known as Texas holdem , hold 'em , and holdem ) is one of the most popular variants of the card game of poker . Two cards , known as hole cards , are dealt face down to each player , and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages . The stages consist of a series of three cards ( the flop ) , later an additional single card ( the turn or fourth street ) , and a final card ( the river or fifth street ) . Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their two hole cards . Players have betting options to check , call , raise , or fold . Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal . The player who has the best hand and has not folded by the end of all betting rounds wins all of the money bet for the hand , known as the pot . Texas hold 'em is the H game featured in HORSE and in HOSE ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Nessel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Nessel', 'summary': "Carl Nessel ( born 1947 ) , nicknamed Coach , is an American poker player . In 2004 , he was a retired fire fighter and part-time poker tournament employee who won a bracelet in the Casino Employees Championship event at the World Series of Poker . Prior to the 2004 WSOP , Nessel was a regular poker player around Thousand Oaks , California and worked part-time at various poker tournaments around the city . At the 2004 WSOP , Nessel was employed as a Chip Runner . To get to any final table , let alone the World Series , is an accomplishment that goes beyond anything else in poker , the Coach said . I saw light at the end of the tunnel when I got ( heads-up against Pockat ) , but the light turned out to be a train . Nessel 's lifetime winnings exceed $ 83,000 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cory Pocket', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 2,000 No Limit Hold'em", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betting_(poker)', 'summary': 'In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players .'}]}, {'value': 'James Vogl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shawn Rice', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 1,500 Seven Card Stud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_card_stud', 'summary': "Seven-card stud , also known as Seven-Toed Pete or Down-The-River is a variant of stud poker . Until the recent increase in popularity of Texas hold 'em , seven-card stud was the most widely played poker variant in home games across the United States , and in casinos in the eastern part of the country . Two to eight players is common , though eight may require special rules for the last cards dealt if no players fold . With experienced players who fold often , even playing with nine players is possible . In casino play , it is common to use a small ante and bring-in . In home games , it is typical to use an ante only . Seven-card stud is the S game in HORSE and similar mixed game formats ."}]}, {'value': 'Ted Forrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Forrest', 'summary': 'Ted Forrest ( born September 24 , 1964 ) is an American professional poker player , currently residing in Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': '$ 111,440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chad Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Brown_(poker_player)', 'summary': 'Chad Brown ( August 13 , 1961 - July 2 , 2014 ) was an American actor , poker player and color commentator , based in Los Angeles , California .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 1,500 Limit Hold-em', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Katz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 234,940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Gardner-Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 1,500 Omaha Hi-Lo Split', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Omaha_hold'em", 'summary': "Omaha hold 'em ( also known as Omaha holdem or simply Omaha ) is a community card poker game similar to Texas hold 'em , where each player is dealt four cards and must make his or her best hand using exactly two of them , plus exactly three of the five community cards . The exact origin of the game is unknown , but casino executive Robert Turner first brought Omaha into a casino setting when he introduced the game to Bill Boyd , who offered it as a game at the Las Vegas Golden Nugget Casino ( calling it Nugget Hold'em ) . Omaha uses a 52-card French deck . Limit Omaha hold 'em 8-or-better is the O game featured in H.O.R.S.E . Both limit Omaha/8 and pot limit Omaha high are featured in the 8-Game ."}]}, {'value': 'Curtis Bibb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 160,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Phillips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Phillips_(poker_player)', 'summary': 'Paul Phillips ( born August 9 , 1972 in San Francisco , California ) is an American software developer , entrepreneur and poker player .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,500 Pot Limit Hold'Em", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betting_(poker)', 'summary': 'In the game of poker , the play largely centers on the act of betting , and as such , a protocol has been developed to speed up play , lessen confusion , and increase security while playing . Different games are played using different types of bets , and small variations in etiquette exist between cardrooms , but for the most part the following rules and protocol are observed by the majority of poker players .'}]}, {'value': 'Minh Nguyen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minh_Nguyen', 'summary': "Minh Van Nguyen ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn Văn Minh ; born May 15 ) , a Vietnamese American professional poker player , is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner residing in Bell Gardens , California . Nguyen learned to play poker from his cousin , poker professional Men Nguyen , and has gone on to become a regular on the poker tournament circuit since 1999 . Nguyen finished 24th in the $ 10,000 no limit hold'em main event at the 2002 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , earning $ 40,000 . He went on to win a bracelet at the 2003 World Series of Poker in the $ 1,500 seven-card stud hi-lo split event , and would finish 11th in the Main Event later that year . Nguyen earned a second WSOP bracelet at the 2004 WSOP in the $ 1,500 pot limit hold'em event , and finished 2nd to Mark Seif in the $ 1,500 no limit hold'em event at the 2005 WSOP . Nguyen finished in 7th place at the inaugural Doyle Brunson North American Poker Championship , earning $ 60,000 . He also finished in 8th place at the 2005 World Poker Finals , earning $ 172,800 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 155,420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorne Persons', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,000 No-Limit Hold'Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerry Drehobl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 365,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Juanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Juanda', 'summary': 'Johnson John Juanda ( born July 8 , 1971 ) is an Indonesian-born American professional poker player based in Marina del Rey , California . He has won five World Series of Poker bracelets .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 2,000 Pot Limit Omaha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chau Giang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chau_Giang', 'summary': 'Chau Tu Giang ( born July 2 , 1955 in Vietnam ) is a Vietnamese-born American professional poker player of Chinese descent , who is a three-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and a three-time final tablist of the World Poker Tour with over $ 3 million in live tournament winnings alone .'}]}, {'value': '$ 187,920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Williamson III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Williamson_III', 'summary': "Robert Williamson III ( born November 7 , 1970 ) is an American poker player from Dallas , Texas . Williamson grew up with three sisters and his best friend , Chris Caywood in Granbury , Texas and received B.B.A . degrees in finance and real estate from Angelo State University in San Angelo . He began playing aged 10 or 11 , after being introduced to the game by his father . He quotes Russ Hamilton as the player he has learned from the most . Williamson is known as an Omaha specialist , with numerous notable finishes in World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) Omaha tournaments . Williamson had gastric bypass surgery between 2002 and 2005 , reducing his weight from 400 lb to 200 lb . He now claims to be half the man [ he ] used to be . As of 2009 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,900,000 . His 20 cashes at the WSOP account for $ 1,101,976 of those winnings . In 2015 , Williamson has consistently finished high in the $ 100 daily no limit hold'em tournaments at the Aria . Williamson and his wife , Cate Wakem-Williamson , own a high-end custom gaming jewelry line , Robert Williamson III Designs ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,500 No Limit Hold 'Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Fischman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Fischman', 'summary': 'Scott Fischman ( born 1980 in Langhorne , Pennsylvania ) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': '$ 300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Awada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Awada', 'summary': "Joe Awada ( born Yehia Awada ; Arabic : يحيى عواضة ; born March 12 , 1959 in Beirut , Lebanon ) is a professional poker player , based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Awada moved from Lebanon to the United States in his early teenage years , working as a juggler , eventually touring with the Harlem Globetrotters . After a car accident , he began working as a casino dealer and eventually became a regular on the poker tournament circuit . At the 2004 World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , Awada finished second to Scott Fischman in the $ 1,500 no limit hold'em event . Awada would have won the gold bracelet in that tournament were it not for a bad beat on the river that kept Fischman alive - Fischman won the tournament on the very next hand . Later in the same WSOP , Awada won a gold bracelet in the $ 5,000 seven-card stud event , defeating Marcel Lüske . Three months later , he made the final table of the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) third season event won by Doyle Texas Dolly Brunson . Awada nearly went back to back , finishing fifth in the seven card stud championship the following year . The final table included John Phan , Chip Jett , Keith Sexton and eventual champion Jan Sørensen . Awada has also won an event on the Ultimate Poker Challenge and made the final table of a World Series of Poker circuit event . As of 2018 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,040,000 . His 9 cashes as the WSOP account for $ 580,759 of those winnings ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 2,000 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyndy Violette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyndy_Violette', 'summary': 'Cyndy Violette ( born August 19 , 1959 in Queens , New York ) is an American professional poker player who won a World Series of Poker bracelet in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 135,900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pete Kaufman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 2,500 Limit Hold'Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eli Balas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eli_Balas', 'summary': 'Eli Balas is an Israeli professional poker player , based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Balas has won 3 bracelets at the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) . He has also finished 2nd in 5 WSOP preliminary events . Balas finished on the television bubble , which was 7th place , for the inaugural World Poker Tour ( WPT ) event and made two final tables of the Ultimate Poker Challenge . As of 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 1,300,000 . His 24 cashes at the WSOP account for $ 1,148,041 of those winnings .'}]}, {'value': '$ 174,440', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Shkolnik', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 2,000 H.O.R.S.E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Fischman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Fischman', 'summary': 'Scott Fischman ( born 1980 in Langhorne , Pennsylvania ) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas , Nevada .'}]}, {'value': '$ 100,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Cover', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 5,000 No Limit Hold'Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Keller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Keller_(card_player)', 'summary': "Thomas Keller ( born October 14 , 1980 in Ann Arbor , Michigan ) is an American professional poker player , residing in Scottsdale , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . He is the brother of Shawn Lightning Keller . Keller graduated from Stanford University with a degree in economics in 2002 . He began playing poker while at Stanford , having been influenced by the movie Rounders . Like David Williams and Noah Boeken , Keller credits his experience of playing Magic : The Gathering as a helpful factor in his poker career . In Phoenix , his jump from playing low limits to the biggest high-stakes games happened quickly . One local story is that Keller won so many $ 100 chips at Casino Arizona that the casino ran out , forcing high limit players to buy chips from him , which he sold from the trunk of his car . Keller has said the story is absurd , but the fact it persists attests to how well Keller did in high limit games during the era . In December 2003 , Keller won the $ 281,525 first prize in the $ 2,500 no limit hold'em event of the Five Diamond World Poker Classic , defeating Allen Cunningham in the final heads-up confrontation . He went on to defeat Martin de Knijff to win a World Series of Poker bracelet in 2004 in the $ 5,000 no limit hold'em event . Keller also appeared on the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) Young Guns of Poker invitational , where he finished 4th . He is also a part of Robert Williamson III 's Team America in the Poker Nations Cup ."}]}, {'value': '$ 382,020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin De Knijff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_De_Knijff', 'summary': "Martin de Knijff ( born 2 October 1972 ) is a professional sports bettor and high-stakes poker player from Gothenburg , Sweden . His last name is from his Dutch father . His mother is Swedish . The family moved to Falkenberg when Martin was 5 and in 1992 Martin left to go to Stockholm and from there to Las Vegas where he currently lives . Martin started playing poker aged 15 ( mostly 5-card draw ) but became fond of Omaha and Hold-Em when introduced to them . He considers Doyle Brunson 's book Super/System to be the best poker book ever written . [ citation needed ] He first made a name for himself in the poker world with a 13th-place finish in the 2002 World Series of Poker Main Event , earning himself $ 60,000 . In the World Poker Tour , he finished 15th in the series 1 championship , winning $ 26,664 ; and went on to win the same tournament the following year , earning a then-record-breaking $ 2,728,356 . Less than a month later his success continued with a 2nd-place finish in the $ 5,000 No Limit Hold-Em event at the 2004 World Series of Poker . Martin wrote an article for Card Player magazine in 2005 encouraging tournament backers to reveal themselves . It was met with mixed reactions from poker professionals . As of his last tournament cash in 2008 , his total live tournament winnings exceed $ 3,370,000 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 1,500 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hasan Habib', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hasan_Habib', 'summary': "Hasan Habib ( born 19 April 1962 in Karachi , Pakistan ) is a Pakistani American professional poker player . During his early years in Pakistan , Habib was the Pakistan 14-and-under National Tennis Champion . Habib went to America at the age of 18 to study business at the University of Redlands . He also once owned a nationwide chain of video stores . He began playing casino poker in 1985 , and had his first poker tournament cash in 1993 . In 2004 , he finished second to Martin De Knijff in the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) $ 25,000 Championship , receiving a $ 1,372,223 prize . Later in the year he finished on the television bubble at the WPT $ 15,000 Five-Diamond World Poker Classic , gaining a further $ 108,906 . He eventually won a World Series of Poker bracelet for the $ 1,500 Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo Split event ( $ 93,060 ) in 2004 . The following year he made the final table of the $ 25,000 WPT Championship again . He finished in third place ( $ 896,375 ) , but also had a stake on eventual winner Tuan Le . Observers have commented that this may have affected the interaction between them on the final table , however Habib has made it clear he was still playing to win , citing that the endorsements would have made it more financially viable . As of 2015 , he has cashed twenty-five times in the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , including a 2nd-place finish in $ 2,500 Omaha Hi-Lo Split event in 2000 , and a 4th-place finish in the $ 10,000 no limit Texas hold 'em Main Event in the same year , for which he took home $ 326,000 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 93,060', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommy Polk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 2,000 Limit Hold ' Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel Negreanu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Negreanu', 'summary': 'Daniel Negreanu ( /nɪˈɡrɑːnoʊ/ ; born July 26 , 1974 ) is a Canadian professional poker player who has won six World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) bracelets and two World Poker Tour ( WPT ) championship titles . The independent poker ranking service Global Poker Index ( GPI ) recognized Negreanu as the best poker player of the decade in 2014 . As of 2019 , he is the third biggest live tournament poker winner of all time ( behind only Justin Bonomo and Bryn Kenney ) , having accumulated over $ 42,000,000 in prize money . He was named the WSOP Player of the Year in 2004 , and in 2013 , making him the first and only player to receive the accolade more than once . He was also the 2004-2005 WPT Player of the Year . He is the first player to make a final table at each of the three WSOP bracelet-awarding locations ( Las Vegas , Europe , and Asia-Pacific ) and the first to win a bracelet at each . In 2014 , he was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '$ 169,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Hinchcliffe', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 5,000 No-Limit Deuce to Seven Draw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Draw_(poker)', 'summary': "A poker player is drawing if they have a hand that is incomplete and needs further cards to become valuable . The hand itself is called a draw or drawing hand . For example , in seven-card stud , if four of a player 's first five cards are all spades , but the hand is otherwise weak , they are drawing to a flush . In contrast , a made hand already has value and does not necessarily need to draw to win . A made starting hand with no help can lose to an inferior starting hand with a favorable draw . If an opponent has a made hand that will beat the player 's draw , then the player is drawing dead ; even if they make their desired hand , they will lose . Not only draws benefit from additional cards ; many made hands can be improved by catching an out - and may have to in order to win ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry Greenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Greenstein', 'summary': 'Barry Greenstein ( born December 30 , 1954 in Chicago , Illinois ) is an American professional poker player . He has won a number of major events , including three at the World Series of Poker and two on the World Poker Tour . Greenstein donates his profit from tournament winnings to charities , primarily Children , Incorporated , earning him the nickname the Robin Hood of poker . He was elected into the Poker Hall of Fame in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '$ 296,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Ferguson', 'summary': "Christopher Philip Ferguson ( born April 11 , 1963 ) is an American professional poker player . He has won six World Series of Poker events , including the 2000 WSOP Main Event , and the 2008 NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship . On September 20 , 2011 , the U.S. Justice Department filed a motion to amend a civil complaint , complaining that Ferguson and three other directors of the poker website Full Tilt Poker were running a Ponzi scheme that paid out $ 444 million of customer money to themselves and the firm 's owners ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,500 Limit Hold 'Em Shootout", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathy Liebert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Liebert', 'summary': 'Kathleen H. Liebert ( born October 1 , 1967 in Tennessee ) is an American professional poker player .'}]}, {'value': '$ 110,180', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Song', 'summary': "Kevin Song is a Korean-American professional poker player who started playing poker since 1980 and began playing in poker tournaments since 1994 where he has cashed in many of them throughout his poker career , among them are 39 cashes at the World Series of Poker including winning the 1997 World Series of Poker $ 2,000 buy-in Limit Hold'em event ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,500 No-Limit Hold 'Em Shootout", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi Nguyen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phi_Nguyen', 'summary': 'Hung Phi Nguyen is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner with multiple live tournament results adding up to over $ 1.8 million in career earnings .'}]}, {'value': '$ 180,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirill Gerasimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirill_Gerasimov', 'summary': 'Kirill Gerasimov ( Russian : Кирилл Герасимов , born June 5 , 1971 in Moscow , Soviet Union ) is a Russian professional poker player .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 2,000 Omaha Hi-Lo Split', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annie Duke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annie_Duke', 'summary': "Anne LaBarr Duke ( née Lederer ; September 13 , 1965 ) is an American professional poker player and author . She holds a World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) gold bracelet from 2004 and used to be the leading money winner among women in WSOP history ( a title now held by Vanessa Selbst ) . Duke won the 2004 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions and the National Heads-Up Poker Championship in 2010 . She has written a number of instructional books for poker players , including Decide to Play Great Poker and The Middle Zone , and she published her autobiography , How I Raised , Folded , Bluffed , Flirted , Cursed , and Won Millions at the World Series of Poker , in 2005 . Duke co-founded the non-profit Ante Up for Africa with actor Don Cheadle in 2007 to benefit charities working in African nations , and has raised money for other charities and non-profits through playing in and hosting charitable poker tournaments . She has been involved in advocacy on a number of poker-related issues including advocating for the legality of online gambling and for players ' rights to control their own image . Duke was co-founder , executive vice president , and commissioner of the Epic Poker League from 2011 to 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 137,860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Graham', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "$ 1,000 Ladies Limit Hold 'Em", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hung Doan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hung_Doan', 'summary': "Hung Doan is an American poker player and a World Series of Poker bracelet winner . She was a World Series of Poker champion in the 2004 $ 1,000 Ladies - Limit Hold'em event . As of 2014 , her total live tournament winnings exceed $ 70,000 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 58,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millie Shiu', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Preliminary events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2004_World_Series_of_Poker_0', 'intro': "The 2004 World Series of Poker (WSOP) was held at Binion's Horseshoe after Harrah's Entertainment purchased the casino and the rights to the tournament in January. Harrah's announced that future WSOP tournaments will be held in a moving circuit of member casinos."}	null	null	What year did the second place finisher in $ 1,500 Limit Hold 'Em Shootout at the World Series of Poker of 2004 first begin playing poker ?	1980
019e9721c6d159fc	hybridqa	{'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley's_guitars", 'title': "Elvis Presley's guitars", 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Studio', 'Guitars'], 'data': [{'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Me Tender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Me_Tender_(film)', 'summary': "Love Me Tender is a 1956 American black-and-white musical western CinemaScope film directed by Robert D. Webb , and released by 20th Century Fox on November 15 , 1956 . The film , named after the song , stars Richard Egan , Debra Paget , and Elvis Presley in his acting debut . As Presley 's movie debut , it was the only time in his acting career that he did not receive top billing . Love Me Tender was originally to be titled The Reno Brothers , but when advanced sales of Presley 's Love Me Tender single passed one million - a first for a single - the film 's title was changed to match . This was the only time that Presley played a historical figure ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox', 'summary': '20th Century Studios ( formerly 20th Century Fox ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , a division of The Walt Disney Company . The studio is located on the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles . For over 83 years , it was one of the Big Six major American film studios formed from the merger of the Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures in 1935 . In 1985 , the studio was acquired by News Corporation , which was succeeded by 21st Century Fox in 2013 following the spin-off of its publishing assets . In 2019 , Disney acquired 20th Century Fox through its merger with 21st Century Fox . In 2020 , the studio was renamed to 20th Century Studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox prop guitar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loving You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loving_You_(1957_film)', 'summary': "Loving You is a 1957 American Technicolor musical drama structured as Elvis Presley 's first starring film vehicle , following his debut the previous year in a supporting role in the black-and-white film Love Me Tender . Directed by Hal Kanter , the cast includes Lizabeth Scott , Wendell Corey , and Dolores Hart in her movie debut . The storyline , about a delivery man who is discovered by a music publicist and a country-western musician who want to promote the talented newcomer , was scripted by Herbert Baker and Hal Kanter , based on the short story A Call from Mitch Miller . Kanter expanded the script after being inspired by Presley 's last appearance on the Louisiana Hayride and his manager Colonel Tom Parker 's antics . A box office success , Loving You opened nationwide on July 9 , 1957 . Paramount Pictures chose to ignore the first-run theater system , opting instead to release the film in sub-run neighborhood theaters , a system later dubbed the Presley Pattern . Composed by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , Presley 's single ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear , backed with Loving You , was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paramount_Pictures', 'summary': "Paramount Pictures Corporation ( also known simply as Paramount ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of ViacomCBS . It is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world , the second oldest in the United States , and the sole member of the Big Five film studios still located in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood . In 1916 , film producer Adolph Zukor put 22 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo . In 2014 , Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only . The company 's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue , Hollywood , California , United States . Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gibson J-45 Gibson J-200', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gibson_J-45', 'summary': "The Gibson J-45 is a dreadnought style acoustic guitar manufactured by the Gibson Guitar Corporation . It is generally regarded as Gibson 's most famous and widely used acoustic guitar model . [ citation needed ] The J-45 is part of Gibson 's round-shoulder jumbo line , begun in 1934 with the Jumbo Flattop introduced to compete with C.F . Martin & Company 's D line . It is noted for its sunburst finish , warm bass and good projection , and outstanding playability . [ citation needed ] The structurally similar naturally finished J-50 first appeared in 1942 , but did not enter continuous production until 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jailhouse Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(film)', 'summary': "Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Elvis Presley , Judy Tyler , and Mickey Shaughnessy . Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) and dramatized by Guy Trosper from a story written by Nedrick Young , the film is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter who is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities . After his release from jail , while looking for a job as a club singer , the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him launch his career . As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star , his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships . The wife of producer Pandro S. Berman convinced him to create a film with Presley in the role . Berman delegated the casting to Benny Thau , head of the studio and Abraham Lastfogel , the then president of William Morris Agency . Berman hired Richard Thorpe , who was known for shooting productions quickly . The production of Jailhouse Rock began on May 13 , 1957 , and concluded on June 17 of that year . The dance sequence to the film 's title song Jailhouse Rock is often cited as Presley 's greatest moment on screen . Before pre-production began , songwriters Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber were commissioned to integrate the film 's soundtrack . In April , Leiber and Stoller were called for a meeting in New York City to show the progress of the repertoire . The writers , who had not produced any material , toured the city and were confronted in a hotel room by Jean Aberbach , who locked them into their hotel room by blocking the hotel room door with a sofa until they wrote the material ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'summary': "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. ( initialized as MGM ; often referred to as Metro ; common metonym : the Lion or Leo ) is an American media company , involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs . One of the world 's oldest film studios , MGM 's corporate headquarters are located at 245 North Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills , California . MGM was founded in 1924 when the entertainment entrepreneur Marcus Loew gained control of Metro Pictures , Goldwyn Pictures , and Louis B. Mayer Pictures . [ page needed ] In 1971 , it was announced that MGM was to merge with 20th Century Fox , but the plan never came to fruition . Over the next 39 years , the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until , on November 3 , 2010 , MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . MGM emerged from bankruptcy on December 20 , 2010 , at which time the executives of Spyglass Entertainment , Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum , became co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the holding company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . As of 2017 , MGM co-produces , co-finances , and co-distributes a majority of its films with Sony Pictures , Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. MGM Resorts International , a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM , was created in 1973 as a division of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . The company was spun out in 1979 , with the studio 's then owner Kirk Kerkorian maintaining a large share , but it ended all affiliation with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1986 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stella H929 Maton HG100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stella_(guitar)', 'summary': 'Stella was an American guitar brand owned by the Oscar Schmidt Company . It was founded around 1899 . The Stella brand consists of low and mid-level stringed instruments . Stella guitars were played by notable artists , including Robert Johnson , Lead Belly , Charlie Patton , Doc Watson and Willie Nelson who learned to play on one . [ citation needed ] Kurt Cobain of Nirvana played an acoustic Stella on the recording of the song Polly , from the Nevermind album , and Mason Williams with Classical Gas . Stella was acquired by the Harmony Company in 1939 . The brand was dissolved in 1974 , and was later reintroduced by M.B.T . International , which is the corporate parent of the Harmony Company . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maton', 'summary': 'Maton is an Australian musical instruments manufacturing company based in Box Hill , Melbourne . It was founded in 1946 by Bill May and his brother Reg . The name Maton came from the words May Tone and is pronounced May Tonne . Products currently manufactured by Maton include electric and acoustic guitars , ukuleles and guitar pickups .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Creole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Creole', 'summary': "King Creole is a 1958 American musical drama film directed by Michael Curtiz . Produced by Hal B. Wallis , the film stars Elvis Presley , Carolyn Jones and Walter Matthau . It is based on the 1952 novel A Stone for Danny Fisher by Harold Robbins , about a nineteen-year-old who gets mixed up with crooks and involved with two women . Presley later indicated that of all the characters he portrayed throughout his acting career , the role of Danny Fisher in King Creole was his favorite . To make the film , Presley was granted a 60-day deferment from January to March 1958 for beginning his military service . Location shooting in New Orleans was delayed several times by crowds of fans attracted by the stars , particularly Presley . The film was released by Paramount Pictures on July 2 , 1958 , to both critical and commercial success . The critics were unanimous in their praise of Presley 's performance . King Creole peaked at number five on the Variety box office earnings charts . The soundtrack song Hard Headed Woman reached number one on the Billboard pop singles chart , number two on the R & B chart , and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while the soundtrack album peaked at number two on the Billboard album chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson J-45 Gibson J-200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G.I . Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G.I._Blues', 'summary': "G.I . Blues is a 1960 American musical comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and starring Elvis Presley , Juliet Prowse , and Robert Ivers . The movie was filmed at Paramount Pictures studio , with some pre-production scenery shot on location in Germany before Presley 's release from the army . The movie won a 2nd place or runner-up prize Laurel Award in the category of Top Musical of 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson J-45 Gibson J-200 Harmony H950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_Company', 'summary': 'The Harmony Company is a former guitar manufacturing company that is currently a brand owned by Singapore company BandLab Technologies . Harmony was , in its heyday , the largest musical instrument manufacturer in the United States . They made many types of string instruments , including ukuleles , acoustic and electric guitars and violins . The company ceased in 1975 , with the Harmony brand being relaunched by BandLab in 2018 to produce electric guitars and amplifiers .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flaming Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flaming_Star', 'summary': 'Flaming Star is a 1960 American Western film starring Elvis Presley and Barbara Eden , based on the book Flaming Lance ( 1958 ) by Clair Huffaker . Critics agreed that Presley gave one of his best acting performances as the mixed-blood Pacer Burton , a dramatic role . The film was directed by Don Siegel and had a working title of Black Star . The movie reached No . 12 on the box office charts . It was filmed in Utah , Los Angeles and in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks , California . A road near Wildwood in Thousand Oaks has been named Flaming Star Avenue after the movie .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fox prop guitar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wild in the Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country', 'summary': 'Wild in the Country is a 1961 American drama film directed by Philip Dunne and starring Elvis Presley , Hope Lange , Tuesday Weld , and Millie Perkins . Based on the 1958 novel The Lost Country by J. R. Salamanca , the screenplay concerns a troubled young man from a dysfunctional family who pursues a literary career . The screenplay was written by playwright Clifford Odets .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parlor style steel string', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Hawaii', 'summary': 'Blue Hawaii is a 1961 American musical romantic comedy film set in the state of Hawaii , starring Elvis Presley and directed by Norman Taurog . The screenplay by Hal Kanter was nominated by the Writers Guild of America in 1962 in the category of Best Written American Musical . The movie opened at no . 2 in box office receipts for that week and despite mixed reviews from critics , finished as the 10th top-grossing movie of 1961 and 14th for 1962 on the Variety national box office survey , earning $ 5 million . The film won a fourth place prize Laurel Award in the category of Top Musical of 1961 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson J-45 Soprano ukulele', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Follow That Dream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Follow_That_Dream', 'summary': 'Follow That Dream is a 1962 American musical film starring Elvis Presley made by Mirisch Productions . The movie was based on the 1959 novel Pioneer , Go Home ! by Richard P. Powell . Producer Walter Mirisch liked the song Follow that Dream and retitled the picture . The movie reached # 5 on the Variety weekly Box Office Survey , staying on the chart for three weeks , and finishing at # 33 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1962 .'}]}, {'value': 'UA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Artists', 'summary': "United Artists Corporation ( UA ) , currently doing business as United Artists Digital Studios , is an American television digital production company . Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith , Charlie Chaplin , Mary Pickford , and Douglas Fairbanks , the studio was premised on allowing actors to control their own interests , rather than being dependent upon commercial studios . UA was repeatedly bought , sold , and restructured over the ensuing century . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired the studio in 1981 for a reported $ 350 million ( $ 1 billion today ) . On September 22 , 2014 , MGM acquired a controlling interest in Mark Burnett and Roma Downey 's entertainment companies One Three Media and Lightworkers Media , then merged them to revive United Artists ' TV production unit as United Artists Media Group ( UAMG ) . However , on December 14 of the following year , MGM wholly acquired UAMG and folded it into MGM Television . United Artists was revived yet again in 2018 as United Artists Digital Studios . Mirror , the joint distribution venture between MGM and Annapurna Pictures was renamed as United Artists Releasing in early February 2019 just in time for UA 's 100th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'Old Kraftsman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kay_Musical_Instrument_Company', 'summary': 'Kay Musical Instrument Company was a US musical instrument manufacturer of the United States , in operation from 1890 . Kay was established in 1931 in Chicago , Illinois , by Henry Kay Kuhrmeyer , from the assets of the former Stromberg-Voisinet ( founded as Groeschel Mandolin Company in 1890 ) . The company produced instruments in its plant until 1968 , when it ceased operations after a brief merging with Valco . In 1969 , rights to name Kay was acquired by Weiss Musical Instruments ( WMI ) . The brand has been used by several manufacturers since then , mainly attached to Japanese import guitars . Kay offered their first electric guitar in 1936 - five years after the Rickenbacker Frying pan , and the same year as the Gibson ES-150 . However , the Kuhrmeyer-owned Stromberg-Voisinet brand had produced the Stromberg Electro even earlier , in 1928 , making the short-lived model arguably the first commercial electric guitar .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kid Galahad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kid_Galahad', 'summary': "Kid Galahad is a 1962 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a boxer . It was released by United Artists . The film opened at number 9 at the box office when released in the United States in August 1962 . Variety ranked it number 37 on the list of the top-grossing films of 1962 . Kid Galahad was shot on location in Idyllwild , California . Its supporting cast included Gig Young , Lola Albright and Charles Bronson . Some critics rate it as one of Elvis Presley 's best performances . [ citation needed ] The film is a remake of the 1937 original version starring Edward G. Robinson , Bette Davis , and Humphrey Bogart and directed by Michael Curtiz , who also directed the Presley 1958 film King Creole ."}]}, {'value': 'UA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Kraftsman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girls ! Girls ! Girls !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girls!_Girls!_Girls!', 'summary': 'Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! is a 1962 Golden Globe-nominated American musical comedy film starring Elvis Presley as a penniless Hawaiian fisherman who loves his life on the sea and dreams of owning his own boat . Return to Sender , which reached No . 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart , is featured in the film . The film opened at # 1 on the Variety box office chart and finished the year at # 19 on the year-end list of the top-grossing films of 1962 . The film earned $ 2.6 million at the box office . The film was the second of three films Presley shot on location in Hawaii .'}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin 0-17 Harmony H165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': "It Happened at the World 's Fair", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/It_Happened_at_the_World's_Fair", 'summary': "It Happened at the World 's Fair is a 1963 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a cropdusting pilot . It was filmed in Seattle , Washington , site of the Century 21 Exposition , the 1962 World 's Fair . The governor of Washington at the time , Albert Rosellini , suggested the setting to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives . The film made $ 2.25 million at the box office . [ N 1 ] ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson LG-1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fun in Acapulco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fun_in_Acapulco', 'summary': "Fun in Acapulco is a 1963 American musical comedy film starring Elvis Presley and Ursula Andress . The film featured the Top 10 Billboard hit Bossa Nova Baby and reached No . 1 on the national weekly box office charts a week after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas , Texas . The film would be Presley 's last release before the arrival of Beatlemania . It was the top-grossing movie musical of 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmony H950 Harmony H165 Classical guitar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viva Las Vegas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viva_Las_Vegas', 'summary': "Viva Las Vegas is a 1964 American musical film directed by George Sidney and starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret . The film is regarded by fans and film critics as one of Presley 's best films , and it is noted for the on-screen chemistry between Presley and Ann-Margret . It also presents a strong set of ten musical song-and-dance scenes choreographed by David Winters and features his dancers . Viva Las Vegas was a hit at film theaters , as it was # 14 on the Variety year end box office list of the top-grossing films of 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson LG-1 Fender Stratocaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster', 'summary': 'The Fender Stratocaster is a model of electric guitar designed from 1952 into 1954 by Leo Fender , Bill Carson , George Fullerton , and completed by Freddie Tavares . The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has continuously manufactured the Stratocaster from 1954 to the present . It is a double-cutaway guitar , with an extended top horn shape for balance like the Precision Bass guitar . Along with the Gibson Les Paul and Fender Telecaster , it is one of the most-often emulated electric guitar shapes . Stratocaster and Strat are trademark terms belonging to Fender . Guitars that duplicate the Stratocaster by other manufacturers are usually called S-Type or ST-type guitars .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kissin ' Cousins", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kissin'_Cousins", 'summary': "Kissin ' Cousins ( stylized onscreen as KISƧIN ' COUSINS ) is a 1964 American musical Panavision Metrocolor comedy film directed by Gene Nelson and starring Elvis Presley . Written by Gerald Drayson Adams and Gene Nelson , the film featured Presley playing two roles : an Air Force officer , with dark hair , and his look-alike hillbilly distant cousin , with blond hair ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No guitar used', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roustabout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roustabout_(film)', 'summary': "Roustabout is a 1964 American musical feature film starring Elvis Presley as a singer who takes a job working with a struggling carnival . The film was produced by Hal Wallis and directed by John Rich from a screenplay by Anthony Lawrence and Allan Weiss . The screenplay was nominated for a Writers Guild of America award for best written American musical although Roustabout received a lukewarm review in Variety . The film 's soundtrack album was one of Elvis Presley 's most successful , reaching no . 1 on the Billboard Album Chart . It was filmed at Paramount Studios with location for carnival sequences shot in Thousand Oaks , California . Filming began in January 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'Paramount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmony H950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girl Happy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_Happy', 'summary': 'Girl Happy is a 1965 American musical romantic comedy and beach party film starring Elvis Presley in his eighteenth feature . The movie won a fourth place prize Laurel Award in the category Top Musical of 1965 . It featured the song Puppet on a String , which reached # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart and in Canada , and was certified Gold by the RIAA .'}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gibson LG-1 Fender Telecaster Fender Precision Bass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fender_Telecaster', 'summary': "The Fender Telecaster , colloquially known as the Tele /ˈtɛli/ , is the world 's first commercially successful [ note 1 ] solid-body electric guitar . Its simple yet effective design and revolutionary sound broke ground and set trends in electric guitar manufacturing and popular music . Introduced for national distribution as the Broadcaster in the autumn of 1950 , it was the first guitar of its kind manufactured on a substantial scale and has been in continuous production in one form or another since its first incarnation . Just like the Fender Stratocaster , the Telecaster is also a versatile guitar , usable for most styles of music and has been used in many genres , including country , reggae , rock , pop , folk , soul , blues , jazz , punk , metal , alternative , indie , and R & B ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fender_Precision_Bass', 'summary': 'The Precision Bass ( often shortened to P-Bass ) is a bass guitar manufactured by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation . In its standard , post-1957 configuration , the Precision Bass is a solid body , four-stringed instrument equipped with a single split-coil humbucking pickup and a one-piece , 20 fret maple neck with rosewood , pau ferro , or maple fingerboard . Its prototype , designed by Leo Fender in 1950 , was brought to market in 1951 . It was the first electric bass to earn widespread attention and use , remaining among the best-selling and most-imitated electric basses with considerable effect on the sound of popular music .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tickle Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tickle_Me', 'summary': "Tickle Me is a 1965 American musical comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and starring Elvis Presley as a champion rodeo bull-rider and bronco-buster . Presley won a 1966 Golden Laurel Award as best male actor in a musical film for this role . It is the only Elvis film released by Allied Artists Pictures and saved the studio from financial collapse , Tickle Me helping to avert bankruptcy thanks to a song from its recycled soundtrack , ( Such an ) Easy Question , which was a Top 40 hit in the United States , peaking at # 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reaching # 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart in July , 1965 . The film made $ 5 million at the box office . For the first and only time in a Presley film , the soundtrack had no new material , utilizing album cuts dating back as early as 1960 . Some of these tracks were overdubbed for the film . In one case , a different take was used ( I Feel That I 've Known You Forever , featuring what appears to be a vocal done on the soundstage ) . In another case , a song was presented without the harmony vocal and narration of the original release ( I 'm Yours ) . The cost-cutting experiment of recycling older recordings would not be repeated by Elvis . Julie Adams and Jocelyn Lane co-star . The screenplay was written by Elwood Ullman and Edward Bernds , who had written The Three Stooges film shorts and theatrical films as well as scripts for The Bowery Boys . They brought to the film a sizable quota of slapstick , sight gags and general silliness not found in any other Presley vehicle ."}]}, {'value': 'Allied Artists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Artists', 'summary': "United Artists Corporation ( UA ) , currently doing business as United Artists Digital Studios , is an American television digital production company . Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith , Charlie Chaplin , Mary Pickford , and Douglas Fairbanks , the studio was premised on allowing actors to control their own interests , rather than being dependent upon commercial studios . UA was repeatedly bought , sold , and restructured over the ensuing century . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired the studio in 1981 for a reported $ 350 million ( $ 1 billion today ) . On September 22 , 2014 , MGM acquired a controlling interest in Mark Burnett and Roma Downey 's entertainment companies One Three Media and Lightworkers Media , then merged them to revive United Artists ' TV production unit as United Artists Media Group ( UAMG ) . However , on December 14 of the following year , MGM wholly acquired UAMG and folded it into MGM Television . United Artists was revived yet again in 2018 as United Artists Digital Studios . Mirror , the joint distribution venture between MGM and Annapurna Pictures was renamed as United Artists Releasing in early February 2019 just in time for UA 's 100th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'Gibson J-200 Classical guitar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harum Scarum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harum_Scarum_(film)', 'summary': "Harum Scarum ( released in the United Kingdom as Harem Holiday ) is a 1965 American musical comedy film starring Elvis Presley , which was shot on the original Cecil B. DeMille set from the film The King of Kings , with additional footage shot on location at the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth , Los Angeles . Some of the film was based on Rudolph Valentino 's The Sheik released in 1921 . The film reached # 11 on the Variety national weekly box office chart , earned $ 2 million at the box office , and finished # 40 on the year end list of the top-grossing films of 1965 . The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson 's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made ."}]}, {'value': 'MGM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No guitar used', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frankie and Johnny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankie_and_Johnny_(1966_film)', 'summary': 'Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler . The role of Frankie was played by Donna Douglas from The Beverly Hillbillies TV series . The film reached # 40 on the Variety weekly national box office list for 1966 . The budget of the film was estimated at $ 4.5 million . The director was Frederick De Cordova , who was the director and producer of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson beginning in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'UA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmony H929TG Stella Tenor', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Film guitars', 'section_text': "The following is a list of `` prop '' guitars that Presley used on screen during musical numbers in his 31 theatrical films . These guitars were purchased by the studios , and in some cases , were identical to Presley 's own performance guitars . The Gibson J-200 used in Loving You , King Creole , and G.I . Blues , for example , was identical to the Gibson J-200 he purchased in October 1956 ( serial number A-22937 ) . [ 11 ]", 'uid': "Elvis_Presley's_guitars_1", 'intro': "Guitars were a major component of the rock and roll image created by Elvis Presley in the 1950s and 1960s, onstage and in film appearances. According to his first lead guitarist, Scotty Moore, Presley was not an accomplished musician, yet he possessed an uncanny and amazing sense of timing and rhythm. In the early years of his career, Presley's rhythm guitar accompaniment played a major role in the sound of his early performances and recordings. Moore noted that as Presley began to learn to move on stage and to work the audience with his physical performance, his guitar became more of a prop. Presley was not known to treat his instruments gently. The lack of a microphone on his guitar in his early years contributed to the development of his aggressive style in attempt to be heard, and his strumming style would frequently break strings during his performances. As his career progressed, he became even more aggressive toward his instruments, frequently tossing his guitar to Charlie Hodge, who sometimes failed to catch it. As well, the large belt buckles and jewelry Presley wore left their marks on most of his instruments."}	null	null	How many musical song-and-dance scenes did the movie have where a guitar is a model of electric guitar designed from 1952 into 1954 ?	ten
019eddd29a36d9d9	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types', 'title': 'List of laser types', 'header': ['Laser gain medium and type', 'Operation wavelength ( s )', 'Pump source', 'Applications and notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Helium-neon laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helium–neon_laser', 'summary': 'A helium-neon laser or HeNe laser , is a type of gas laser whose gain medium consists of a mixture of 90% helium and 10% neon at a total pressure of about 1 torr inside of a small electrical discharge . The best-known and most widely used HeNe laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm , in the red part of the visible spectrum .'}]}, {'value': '632.8 nm ( 543.5 nm , 593.9 nm , 611.8 nm , 1.1523 μm , 1.52 μm , 3.3913 μm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanometre', 'summary': 'The nanometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ; SI symbol : nm ) or nanometer ( American spelling ) is a unit of length in the metric system , equal to one billionth ( short scale ) of a metre ( 0.000000001 m ) . The name combines the SI prefix nano- ( from the Ancient Greek νάνος , nanos , dwarf ) with the parent unit name metre ( from Greek μέτρον , metrοn , unit of measurement ) . It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−9 m , in engineering notation as 1 E−9 m , and as simply 1/1000000000 metres . When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure ( as in nanoscience ) , nano refers to nanotechnology , or phenomena typically occurring on a scale of nanometres ( see nanoscopic scale ) . The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on an atomic scale : the diameter of a helium atom , for example , is about 0.06 nm , and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm . The nanometre is also commonly used to specify the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the visible part of the spectrum : visible light ranges from around 400 to 700 nm . The ångström , which is equal to 0.1 nm , was formerly used for these purposes , but is still used in other fields . Since the late 1980s , in usages such as the 32 nm and the 22 nm semiconductor node , it has also been used to describe typical feature sizes in successive generations of the ITRS Roadmap for miniaturization in the semiconductor industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Micrometre', 'summary': 'The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ; SI symbol : μm ) or micrometer ( American spelling ) , also commonly known by the previous name micron , is an SI derived unit of length equalling 1×10−6 metre ( SI standard prefix micro- = 10−6 ) ; that is , one millionth of a metre ( or one thousandth of a millimetre , 0.001 mm , or about 0.000039 inch ) . The micrometre is a common unit of measurement for wavelengths of infrared radiation as well as sizes of biological cells and bacteria , and for grading wool by the diameter of the fibres . The width of a single human hair ranges from approximately 20 to 200 μm . The longest human chromosome is approximately 10 μm in length .'}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interferometry , holography , spectroscopy , barcode scanning , alignment , optical demonstrations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interferometry', 'summary': 'Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves , usually electromagnetic waves , are superimposed , causing the phenomenon of interference , which is used to extract information . Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy , fiber optics , engineering metrology , optical metrology , oceanography , seismology , spectroscopy ( and its applications to chemistry ) , quantum mechanics , nuclear and particle physics , plasma physics , remote sensing , biomolecular interactions , surface profiling , microfluidics , mechanical stress/strain measurement , velocimetry , optometry , and making holograms . :1-2 Interferometers are widely used in science and industry for the measurement of small displacements , refractive index changes and surface irregularities . In most interferometers , light from a single source is split into two beams that travel in different optical paths , which are then combined again to produce interference ; however , under some circumstances , two incoherent sources can also be made to interfere . The resulting interference fringes give information about the difference in optical path lengths . In analytical science , interferometers are used to measure lengths and the shape of optical components with nanometer precision ; they are the highest precision length measuring instruments existing . In Fourier transform spectroscopy they are used to analyze light containing features of absorption or emission associated with a substance or mixture . An astronomical interferometer consists of two or more separate telescopes that combine their signals , offering a resolution equivalent to that of a telescope of diameter equal to the largest separation between its individual elements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Holography', 'summary': 'A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to reproduce a three-dimensional light field , resulting in an image which retains the depth , parallax , and other properties of the original scene . Holography is the science and practice of making holograms . A hologram is a photographic recording of a light field , rather than an image formed by a lens . The holographic medium , i.e. , the object produced by a holographic process ( which itself may be referred to as a hologram ) is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light . It is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of variations in the opacity , density , or surface profile of the photographic medium . When suitably lit , the interference pattern diffracts the light into an accurate reproduction of the original light field , and the objects that were in it exhibit visual depth cues such as parallax and perspective that change realistically with the relative position of the observer . That is , the view of the image from different angles represents the subject viewed from similar angles.In this sense , holograms do not simply produce the illusion of depth but are truly three-dimensional images . In its pure form , holography requires the use of laser light for illuminating the subject and for viewing the finished hologram . A microscopic level of detail throughout the recorded scene can be reproduced . In common practice , however , major image quality compromises are made to eliminate the need for laser illumination to view the hologram , and in some cases , to make it . Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure , to avoid the hazardous high-powered pulsed lasers otherwise needed to optically freeze moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires . Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated to show objects or scenes that never existed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Spectroscopy /spɛkˈtrɒskəpi/ is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation ( via electron spectroscopy , atomic spectroscopy , etc ) . Historically , spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength , by a prism . Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency , predominantly in the electromagnetic spectrum , though matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy ; recently , with tremendous difficulty , even gravitational waves have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) and laser interferometry . Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum , a plot of the response of interest , as a function of wavelength or frequency . Spectroscopy , primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum , is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of physics , chemistry , and astronomy , allowing the composition , physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at atomic scale , molecular scale , macro scale , and over astronomical distances . Important applications arise from biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barcode', 'summary': 'A barcode or bar code is a method of representing data in a visual , machine-readable form . Initially , barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines . These barcodes , now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional ( 1D ) , can be scanned by special optical scanners , called barcode readers . Later , two-dimensional ( 2D ) variants were developed , using rectangles , dots , hexagons and other geometric patterns , called matrix codes or 2D barcodes , although they do not use bars as such . 2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras , such as smartphones . The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1951 . The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars . However , it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful . An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s . Developed by General Telephone and Electronics ( GTE ) and called KarTrak ACI ( Automatic Car Identification ) , this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock . Two plates were used per car , one on each side , with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership , type of equipment , and identification number . The plates were read by a trackside scanner , located for instance , at the entrance to a classification yard , while the car was moving past .'}]}, {'value': 'Argon laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argon_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': '454.6 nm , 488.0 nm , 514.5 nm ( 351 nm , 363.8 , 457.9 nm , 465.8 nm , 476.5 nm , 472.7 nm , 528.7 nm , also frequency doubled to provide 244 nm , 257 nm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_harmonic_generation', 'summary': 'Second-harmonic generation ( SHG , also called frequency doubling ) is a nonlinear optical process in which two photons with the same frequency interact with a nonlinear material , are combined , and generate a new photon with twice the energy of the initial photons ( equivalently , twice the frequency and half the wavelength ) , that conserves the coherence of the excitation . It is a special case of sum-frequency generation ( 2 photons ) , and more generally of harmonic generation . The second-order nonlinear susceptibility of a medium characterizes its tendency to cause SHG . Second-harmonic generation , like other even-order nonlinear optical phenomena , is not allowed in media with inversion symmetry . However , effects such as the Bloch-Siegert shift ( oscillation ) , found when two-level systems are driven at Rabi frequencies comparable to their transition frequencies , will give rise to second harmonic generation in centro-symmetric systems . In some cases , almost 100% of the light energy can be converted to the second harmonic frequency . These cases typically involve intense pulsed laser beams passing through large crystals , and careful alignment to obtain phase matching . In other cases , like second-harmonic imaging microscopy , only a tiny fraction of the light energy is converted to the second harmonic - but this light can nevertheless be detected with the help of optical filters . Generating the second harmonic , often called frequency doubling , is also a process in radio communication ; it was developed early in the 20th century , and has been used with frequencies in the megahertz range . It is a special case of frequency multiplication .'}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Retinal phototherapy ( for diabetes ) , lithography , confocal microscopy , spectroscopy pumping other lasers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Retina', 'summary': 'The retina is the innermost , light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving a function analogous to that of the film or image sensor in a camera . The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses , and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The primary light-sensing cells in the retina are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision . Cones function in well-lit conditions and are responsible for the perception of colour , as well as high-acuity vision used for tasks such as reading . A third type of light-sensing cell , the photosensitive ganglion cell , is important for entrainment of circadian rhythms and reflexive responses such as the pupillary light reflex . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Phototherapy', 'summary': 'Light therapy - or phototherapy , classically referred to as heliotherapy - consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarised light , lasers , light-emitting diodes , fluorescent lamps , dichroic lamps or very bright , full-spectrum light . The light is administered for a prescribed amount of time and , in some cases , at a specific time of day . One common use of the term is associated with the treatment of skin disorders , chiefly psoriasis , acne vulgaris , eczema and neonatal jaundice . Light therapy which strikes the retina of the eyes is used to treat diabetic retinopathy and also circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder and can also be used to treat seasonal affective disorder , with some support for its use also with non-seasonal psychiatric disorders . [ medical citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diabetes', 'summary': 'Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) , commonly known as diabetes , is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time . Symptoms often include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state , or death . Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease , stroke , chronic kidney disease , foot ulcers , damage to the nerves , and damage to the eyes . Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin , or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced . There are three main types of diabetes mellitus :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithography', 'summary': "Lithography ( from Ancient Greek λίθος , lithos , meaning 'stone ' , and γράφειν , graphein , meaning 'to write ' ) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water . The printing is from a stone ( lithographic limestone ) or a metal plate with a smooth surface . It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works . Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material . Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil , fat , or wax onto the surface of a smooth , level lithographic limestone plate . The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic , etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image . When the stone was subsequently moistened , these etched areas retained water ; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water , sticking only to the original drawing . The ink would finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet , producing a printed page . This traditional technique is still used in some fine art printmaking applications . In modern lithography , the image is made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate . The image can be printed directly from the plate ( the orientation of the image is reversed ) , or it can be offset , by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet ( rubber ) for printing and publication . As a printing technology , lithography is different from intaglio printing ( gravure ) , wherein a plate is either engraved , etched , or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink ; and woodblock printing or letterpress printing , wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Confocal_microscopy', 'summary': 'Confocal microscopy , most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM ) or laser confocal scanning microscopy ( LCSM ) , is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation . Capturing multiple two-dimensional images at different depths in a sample enables the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures ( a process known as optical sectioning ) within an object . This technique is used extensively in the scientific and industrial communities and typical applications are in life sciences , semiconductor inspection and materials science . Light travels through the sample under a conventional microscope as far into the specimen as it can penetrate , while a confocal microscope only focuses a smaller beam of light at one narrow depth level at a time . The CLSM achieves a controlled and highly limited depth of focus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Spectroscopy /spɛkˈtrɒskəpi/ is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation ( via electron spectroscopy , atomic spectroscopy , etc ) . Historically , spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength , by a prism . Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency , predominantly in the electromagnetic spectrum , though matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy ; recently , with tremendous difficulty , even gravitational waves have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) and laser interferometry . Spectroscopic data are often represented by an emission spectrum , a plot of the response of interest , as a function of wavelength or frequency . Spectroscopy , primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum , is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of physics , chemistry , and astronomy , allowing the composition , physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at atomic scale , molecular scale , macro scale , and over astronomical distances . Important applications arise from biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging .'}]}, {'value': 'Krypton laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krypton_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': '416 nm , 530.9 nm , 568.2 nm , 647.1 nm , 676.4 nm , 752.5 nm , 799.3 nm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific research , mixed with argon to create white-light lasers , light shows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argon', 'summary': "Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18 . It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas . Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth 's atmosphere , at 0.934% ( 9340 ppmv ) . It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor ( which averages about 4000 ppmv , but varies greatly ) , 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide ( 400 ppmv ) , and more than 500 times as abundant as neon ( 18 ppmv ) . Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth 's crust , comprising 0.00015% of the crust . Nearly all of the argon in the Earth 's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40 , derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth 's crust . In the universe , argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope , as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas . The name argon is derived from the Greek word ἀργόν , neuter singular form of ἀργός meaning lazy or inactive , as a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions . The complete octet ( eight electrons ) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements . Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . Argon is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air . Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive ; for example , an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning ."}]}, {'value': 'Xenon ion laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ion_laser', 'summary': 'An ion laser is a gas laser that uses an ionized gas as its lasing medium . Like other gas lasers , ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry-Pérot resonator . Unlike helium-neon lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ions . Because of the large amount of energy required to excite the ionic transitions used in ion lasers , the required current is much greater , and as a result all but the smallest ion lasers are water-cooled . A small air-cooled ion laser might produce , for example , 130 milliwatts of output light with a tube current of about 10 amperes and a voltage of 105 volts . Since one ampere times one volt is one watt , this is an electrical power input of about one kilowatt . Subtracting the ( desirable ) light output of 130 mW from power input , this leaves the large amount of waste heat of nearly one kW . This has to be dissipated by the cooling system . In other words , the power efficiency is very low .'}]}, {'value': 'Many lines throughout visible spectrum extending into the UV and IR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UV', 'summary': 'Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm ( with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz ) to 400 nm ( 750 THz ) , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . UV radiation is present in sunlight , and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun . It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights , such as mercury-vapor lamps , tanning lamps , and black lights . Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce . Consequently , the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects , and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules . Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact . For humans , suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light , along with an increased risks of skin cancer . The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the atmosphere . More energetic , shorter-wavelength extreme UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground . However , ultraviolet light is also responsible for the formation of bone-strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates , including humans ( specifically , UVB ) . The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to life . The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm , so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans , although some people can perceive light at slightly shorter wavelengths than this .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Infrared', 'summary': "Infrared radiation ( IR ) , sometimes called infrared light , is electromagnetic radiation ( EMR ) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light . It is therefore generally invisible to the human eye , although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nanometers ( nm ) s from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions . IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers ( frequency 430 THz ) , to 1 millimeter ( 300 GHz ) . Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared . As with all EMR , IR carries radiant energy and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle , the photon . Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel , who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light , by means of its effect on a thermometer . Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared . The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth 's climate . Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements . It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment , making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry . Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range . Infrared radiation is used in industrial , scientific , military , law enforcement , and medical applications ."}]}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scientific research', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nitrogen laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitrogen_laser', 'summary': 'A nitrogen laser is a gas laser operating in the ultraviolet range ( typically 337.1 nm ) using molecular nitrogen as its gain medium , pumped by an electrical discharge . The wall-plug efficiency of the nitrogen laser is low , typically 0.1% or less , though nitrogen lasers with efficiency of up to 3% have been reported in the literature . The wall-plug efficiency is the product of the following three efficiencies :'}]}, {'value': '337.1 nm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pumping of dye lasers , measuring air pollution , scientific research . Nitrogen lasers can operate superradiantly ( without a resonator cavity ) . Amateur laser construction . See TEA laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Superradiant_laser', 'summary': 'A superradiant laser is a laser that does not rely on a large population of photons within the laser cavity to maintain coherence . Rather than relying on photons to store phase coherence , it relies on collective effects in an atomic medium to store coherence . Such a laser uses repumped Dicke superradiance ( or superfluorescence ) to sustain emission of light that can have a substantially narrower linewidth than a conventional laser .'}, {'url': '/wiki/TEA_laser', 'summary': 'A TEA laser is a gas laser energized by a high voltage electrical discharge in a gas mixture generally at or above atmospheric pressure . The most common types are carbon dioxide lasers and excimer lasers , both used extensively in industry and research ; less common are nitrogen lasers . The acronym TEA stands for Transversely Excited Atmospheric .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon dioxide laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser', 'summary': 'The carbon dioxide laser ( CO2 laser ) was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed . It was invented by Kumar Patel of Bell Labs in 1964 , and is still one of the most useful . Carbon dioxide lasers are the highest-power continuous wave lasers that are currently available . They are also quite efficient : the ratio of output power to pump power can be as large as 20% . The CO2 laser produces a beam of infrared light with the principal wavelength bands centering on 9.4 and 10.6 micrometers ( μm ) .'}]}, {'value': '10.6 μm , ( 9.4 μm )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Transverse ( high-power ) or longitudinal ( low-power ) electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Material processing ( laser cutting , laser beam welding , etc . ) , surgery , dental laser , military lasers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laser_cutting', 'summary': 'Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to slice materials . While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications , it is also starting to be used by schools , small businesses , and hobbyists . Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics . The laser optics and CNC ( computer numerical control ) are used to direct the material or the laser beam generated . A commercial laser for cutting materials involved a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material . The focused laser beam is directed at the material , which then either melts , burns , vaporizes away , or is blown away by a jet of gas , leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish . Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping materials .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laser_beam_welding', 'summary': 'Laser beam welding ( LBW ) is a welding technique used to join pieces of metal or thermoplastics through the use of a laser . The beam provides a concentrated heat source , allowing for narrow , deep welds and high welding rates . The process is frequently used in high volume applications using automation , as in the automotive industry . It is based on keyhole or penetration mode welding .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Surgery', 'summary': "Surgery [ a ] is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas . The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure , operation , or simply surgery . In this context , the verb operate means to perform surgery . The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery ; e.g . surgical instruments or surgical nurse . The person or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal . A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon 's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance . A surgical team is made up of surgeon , surgeon 's assistant , anaesthetist , circulating nurse and surgical technologist . Surgery usually spans minutes to hours , but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment . The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed , or , in British English , simply the office of a physician , dentist , or veterinarian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dental_laser', 'summary': 'A dental laser is a type of laser designed specifically for use in oral surgery or dentistry . In the United States , the use of lasers on the gums was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the early 1990s , and use on hard tissue like teeth or the bone of the mandible gained approval in 1996 . Several variants of dental lasers are in use with different wavelengths and these mean they are better suited for different applications .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_laser_applications', 'summary': 'Many scientific , military , medical and commercial laser applications have been developed since the invention of the laser in 1958 . The coherency , high monochromaticity , and ability to reach extremely high powers are all properties which allow for these specialized applications .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon monoxide laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_monoxide', 'summary': 'Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is a colorless , odorless , and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air . It is toxic to animals that use hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier ( both Invertebrate and vertebrate ) when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm , although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities , and is thought to have some normal biological functions . In the atmosphere , it is spatially variable and short lived , having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone . Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom , connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond . It is the simplest oxocarbon and is isoelectronic with other triply-bonded diatomic molecules having ten valence electrons , including the cyanide anion , the nitrosonium cation and molecular nitrogen . In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl .'}]}, {'value': '2.6 to 4 μm , 4.8 to 8.3 μm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Electrical discharge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Material processing ( engraving , welding , etc . ) , photoacoustic spectroscopy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Engraving', 'summary': 'Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard , usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin . The result may be a decorated object in itself , as when silver , gold , steel , or glass are engraved , or may provide an intaglio printing plate , of copper or another metal , for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations ; these images are also called engravings . Engraving is one of the oldest and most important techniques in printmaking . Wood engraving is a form of relief printing and is not covered in this article . Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper in artistic printmaking , in mapmaking , and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines . It has long been replaced by various photographic processes in its commercial applications and , partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique , is much less common in printmaking , where it has been largely replaced by etching and other techniques . Engraving is also loosely but incorrectly used for any old black and white print ; it requires a degree of expertise to distinguish engravings from prints using other techniques such as etching in particular , but also mezzotint and other techniques . Many old master prints also combine techniques on the same plate , further confusing matters . Line engraving and steel engraving cover use for reproductive prints , illustrations in books and magazines , and similar uses , mostly in the 19th century , and often not actually using engraving . Traditional engraving , by burin or with the use of machines , continues to be practised by goldsmiths , glass engravers , gunsmiths and others , while modern industrial techniques such as photoengraving and laser engraving have many important applications . Engraved gems were an important art in the ancient world , revived at the Renaissance , although the term traditionally covers relief as well as intaglio carvings , and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving , as drills were the usual tools .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Welding', 'summary': 'Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials , usually metals or thermoplastics , by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion . Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering , which do not melt the base metal . In addition to melting the base metal , a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material ( the weld pool ) that cools to form a joint that , based on weld configuration ( butt , full penetration , fillet , etc . ) , can be stronger than the base material ( parent metal ) . Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat , or by itself , to produce a weld . Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized . Many different energy sources can be used for welding , including a gas flame ( chemical ) , an electric arc ( electrical ) , a laser , an electron beam , friction , and ultrasound . While often an industrial process , welding may be performed in many different environments , including in open air , under water , and in outer space . Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns , electric shock , vision damage , inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes , and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation . Until the end of the 19th century , the only welding process was forge welding , which blacksmiths had used for millennia to join iron and steel by heating and hammering . Arc welding and oxy-fuel welding were among the first processes to develop late in the century , and electric resistance welding followed soon after . Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as the world wars drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Photoacoustic_spectroscopy', 'summary': 'Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy ( particularly of light ) on matter by means of acoustic detection . The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk . The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating , generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound . Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum ( i.e. , the infrared and the ultraviolet ) can also produce sounds . A photoacoustic spectrum of a sample can be recorded by measuring the sound at different wavelengths of the light . This spectrum can be used to identify the absorbing components of the sample . The photoacoustic effect can be used to study solids , liquids and gases .'}]}, {'value': 'Excimer laser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excimer_laser', 'summary': 'An excimer laser , sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser , is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices , semiconductor based integrated circuits or chips , eye surgery , and micromachining .'}]}, {'value': '193 nm ( ArF ) , 248 nm ( KrF ) , 308 nm ( XeCl ) , 353 nm ( XeF )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Excimer recombination via electrical discharge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Excimer', 'summary': 'An excimer ( originally short for excited dimer ) is a short-lived dimeric or heterodimeric molecule formed from two species , at least one of which has completely filled valence shell by electrons ( for example , noble gases ) . In this case , formation of molecules is possible only if such atom is in an electronic excited state . Heteronuclear molecules and molecules that have more than two species are also called exciplex molecules ( originally short for excited complex ) . Excimers are often diatomic and are composed of two atoms or molecules that would not bond if both were in the ground state . The lifetime of an excimer is very short , on the order of nanoseconds . Binding of a larger number of excited atoms forms Rydberg matter clusters , the lifetime of which can exceed many seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultraviolet lithography for semiconductor manufacturing , laser surgery , LASIK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultraviolet', 'summary': 'Ultraviolet ( UV ) is electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm ( with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz ) to 400 nm ( 750 THz ) , shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays . UV radiation is present in sunlight , and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun . It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights , such as mercury-vapor lamps , tanning lamps , and black lights . Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms , it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce . Consequently , the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects , and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules . Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact . For humans , suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of exposure of the skin to UV light , along with an increased risks of skin cancer . The amount of UV light produced by the Sun means that the Earth would not be able to sustain life on dry land if most of that light were not filtered out by the atmosphere . More energetic , shorter-wavelength extreme UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground . However , ultraviolet light is also responsible for the formation of bone-strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates , including humans ( specifically , UVB ) . The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to life . The lower wavelength limit of human vision is conventionally taken as 400 nm , so ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans , although some people can perceive light at slightly shorter wavelengths than this .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithography', 'summary': "Lithography ( from Ancient Greek λίθος , lithos , meaning 'stone ' , and γράφειν , graphein , meaning 'to write ' ) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water . The printing is from a stone ( lithographic limestone ) or a metal plate with a smooth surface . It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works . Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material . Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil , fat , or wax onto the surface of a smooth , level lithographic limestone plate . The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic , etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image . When the stone was subsequently moistened , these etched areas retained water ; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water , sticking only to the original drawing . The ink would finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet , producing a printed page . This traditional technique is still used in some fine art printmaking applications . In modern lithography , the image is made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate . The image can be printed directly from the plate ( the orientation of the image is reversed ) , or it can be offset , by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet ( rubber ) for printing and publication . As a printing technology , lithography is different from intaglio printing ( gravure ) , wherein a plate is either engraved , etched , or stippled to score cavities to contain the printing ink ; and woodblock printing or letterpress printing , wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Semiconductor', 'summary': 'A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor , such as metallic copper , and an insulator , such as glass . Its resistance falls as its temperature rises ; metals are the opposite . Its conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ( doping ) into the crystal structure . Where two differently-doped regions exist in the same crystal , a semiconductor junction is created . The behavior of charge carriers which include electrons , ions and electron holes at these junctions is the basis of diodes , transistors and all modern electronics . Some examples of semiconductors are silicon , germanium , gallium arsenide , and elements near the so-called metalloid staircase on the periodic table . After silicon , gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor [ citation needed ] and is used in laser diodes , solar cells , microwave-frequency integrated circuits and others . Silicon is a critical element for fabricating most electronic circuits . Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other , showing variable resistance , and sensitivity to light or heat . Because the electrical properties of a semiconductor material can be modified by doping , or by the application of electrical fields or light , devices made from semiconductors can be used for amplification , switching , and energy conversion . The conductivity of silicon is increased by adding a small amount ( of the order of 1 in 108 ) of pentavalent ( antimony , phosphorus , or arsenic ) or trivalent ( boron , gallium , indium ) atoms . This process is known as doping and resulting semiconductors are known as doped or extrinsic semiconductors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Surgery', 'summary': "Surgery [ a ] is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas . The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure , operation , or simply surgery . In this context , the verb operate means to perform surgery . The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery ; e.g . surgical instruments or surgical nurse . The person or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal . A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon 's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance . A surgical team is made up of surgeon , surgeon 's assistant , anaesthetist , circulating nurse and surgical technologist . Surgery usually spans minutes to hours , but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment . The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed , or , in British English , simply the office of a physician , dentist , or veterinarian ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LASIK', 'summary': "LASIK or Lasik ( laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis ) , commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction , is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia , hyperopia , and astigmatism . LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye 's cornea in order to improve visual acuity . For most people , LASIK provides a long-lasting alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses . LASIK is most similar to another surgical corrective procedure , photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) , and LASEK . All represent advances over radial keratotomy in the surgical treatment of refractive errors of vision . For patients with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas which can not be treated with LASIK and PRK , the phakic intraocular lens is an alternative . As of 2018 , roughly 8 million Americans have had LASIK and , as of 2016 , more than 40 million procedures have been performed since 1991 . However , the procedure seems to be a declining option for many in the United States , dropping more than 50 percent , from about 1.5 million surgeries in 2007 to 604,000 in 2015 , according to the eye-care data source Market Scope . A study in the journal Cornea determined the frequency with which LASIK was searched on Google from 2007 to 2011 . Within this time frame , LASIK searches declined by 40% in the United States . Countries such as the U.K. and India also showed a decline , 22% and 24% respectively . Canada , however , showed an increase in LASIK searches by 8% ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Gas lasers', 'section_text': 'Main article : Gas laser', 'uid': 'List_of_laser_types_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of laser types, their operational wavelengths, and their applications. Thousands of kinds of laser are known, but most of them are used only for specialized research.'}	null	null	What is the pump source of the laser commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices , semiconductor based integrated circuits or chips , eye surgery , and micromachining ?	Excimer laser
01a03768da4d1d6f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1981 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1981 Atlanta Falcons season was the Falcons 16th season . The Falcons get off to a solid 3-0 start , but lose three key starters for the season in a 34-17 win at Fulton County Stadium over the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons would go to finish the season with a disappointing 7-9 record , losing seven games by five points or less .'}]}, {'value': 'Blane Gaison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blane_Gaison', 'summary': 'Blane Keith Gaison ( born May 13 , 1958 in Honolulu , Hawaii ) is a former professional American football player . He played in the National Football League , with the Atlanta Falcons ( 1981-1985 ) . As a defensiveback he played at both the safety and cornerback positions .'}]}, {'value': 'DB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Hawaii_Rainbow_Warriors_football_team', 'summary': "The 1980 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team was an American football team that represented the University of Hawaii in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their fourth season under head coach Dick Tomey , the Rainbow Warriors compiled an 8-3 record ( 3-3 against WAC opponents ) , placed third in the WAC , and outscored opponents by a total of 260 to 212 . The team 's statistical leaders included Mike Stennis with 869 passing yards , Gary Allen with 864 rushing yards , Ron Pennick with 282 receiving yards , and Jim Asmus with 68 point scored ( 13 field goals and 29 extra points ) ."}]}, {'value': 'WAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27 , 1962 , and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . The WAC covers a broad expanse of the western United States , with member institutions located in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , along with the non-western states of Missouri and Illinois ( traditionally associated with the Midwest ) , as well as Texas ( traditionally associated with the Southwest ) . Due to most of the conference 's football-playing members leaving the WAC for other affiliations , the conference discontinued football as a sponsored sport after the 2012-13 season and left the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-A ) . The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000 . The WAC then added men 's soccer and became one of the NCAA 's eleven Division I non-football conferences ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta Falcons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Atlanta_Falcons_season', 'summary': 'The 1981 Atlanta Falcons season was the Falcons 16th season . The Falcons get off to a solid 3-0 start , but lose three key starters for the season in a 34-17 win at Fulton County Stadium over the San Francisco 49ers . The Falcons would go to finish the season with a disappointing 7-9 record , losing seven games by five points or less .'}]}, {'value': 'Mick Luckhurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mick_Luckhurst', 'summary': 'Michael Christopher Mick Luckhurst ( born March 31 , 1958 ) is an English retired American football placekicker . One of the earliest British-born players in NFL history , he played his entire professional career with the Atlanta Falcons .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_California_Golden_Bears_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California , Berkeley during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . Under head coach Roger Theder , the team compiled an overall record of 3-8 and 3-5 in conference .'}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Baltimore_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Baltimore Colts season was the 29th season for the team in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The Colts finished the NFL 's 1981 season with a record of 2 wins and 14 losses , and tied for fourth in the AFC East division with the New England Patriots . However , the Colts finished ahead of New England in the AFC East based on head-to-head sweep ( 2-0 ) . The victories over New England occurred on the first and last games of the season ; Baltimore lost 14 games in between victories . They also won the two games by a combined 3 points , winning 29-28 the first time , and 23-21 the second time . The Colts defense had one of the worst seasons in NFL history , setting records for points ( 533 ) and yards ( 6,793 ) allowed . ( The yardage record was later surpassed by the 2012 New Orleans Saints , who allowed 7,042 . ) The Colts gave up more than twice as many points as they scored ( 259 ) . Conversely , the Patriots , with whom they were tied in the AFC East , only gave up 48 more points than they scored . The Colts pass defense surrendered a staggering 8.19 yards-per-dropback , the most surrendered by any team in NFL history . The Colts -274 point differential ( points scored vs. points allowed ) is the second-worst since the 1970 merger , second only to the 1976 expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers , who finished 0-14 ( ironically , the next year 's Colts team went winless as well ) . The 1981 Colts are the first of only two NFL teams since 1940 to suffer eleven losses in a season during which they never had a lead ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Shula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Shula', 'summary': 'David Donald Shula ( born May 28 , 1959 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is the wide receivers coach at Dartmouth College . Shula served as the head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1992 to 1996 , compiling a record of 19-52 . He is the son of Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Don Shula and brother of fellow football coach Mike Shula .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Dartmouth_Big_Green_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 Dartmouth Big Green football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1981 season was the Chicago Bears ' 62nd in the National Football League , and their fourth under head coach Neill Armstrong . The team failed to impove on their 7-9 record from 1980 to finish at 6-10 , and failed to make the playoffs for the second consecutive season . At the end of the season , Neill Armstrong was fired by the Bears ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Anderson', 'summary': 'Marcus J. Anderson ( born June 12 , 1959 ) is a former Chicago Bears wide receiver . He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 1981 . He played college football at Tulane University .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Tulane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was led by first-year coach Vince Gibson . The Green Wave played home games in the Louisiana Superdome and finished with a 7-5 record , losing to Arkansas 15-34 in the Hall of Fame Classic . In the 78th edition of the Battle for the Flag , Tulane lost 7-24 to LSU . Throughout the season the offense scored 279 points , while the defense allowed 243 points . Two members of the Green Wave team were drafted into the National Football League ( NFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1981 season was the Chicago Bears ' 62nd in the National Football League , and their fourth under head coach Neill Armstrong . The team failed to impove on their 7-9 record from 1980 to finish at 6-10 , and failed to make the playoffs for the second consecutive season . At the end of the season , Neill Armstrong was fired by the Bears ."}]}, {'value': 'Leslie Frazier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Frazier', 'summary': 'Leslie Antonio Frazier ( born April 3 , 1959 ) is an American football coach and former cornerback who is the defensive coordinator of the Buffalo Bills . He served as the head coach of the Minnesota Vikings from 2011 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Alcorn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alcorn_State_Braves_football', 'summary': 'The Alcorn State Braves are the college football team representing the Alcorn State University . The Braves play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1981 season was the Chicago Bears ' 62nd in the National Football League , and their fourth under head coach Neill Armstrong . The team failed to impove on their 7-9 record from 1980 to finish at 6-10 , and failed to make the playoffs for the second consecutive season . At the end of the season , Neill Armstrong was fired by the Bears ."}]}, {'value': 'Jay Hilgenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Hilgenberg', 'summary': 'Jay Walter Hilgenberg ( born March 21 , 1959 ) is a former American football player in the NFL . He played center for the Chicago Bears , Cleveland Browns and the New Orleans Saints from 1981 to 1993 . He is the son of All-American University of Iowa center Jerry Hilgenberg and nephew of Minnesota Vikings linebacker Wally Hilgenberg . His brother Joel Hilgenberg played center for the New Orleans Saints , and the brothers were teammates in 1993 for the Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Iowa_Hawkeyes_football_team', 'summary': "The 1980 Iowa Hawkeyes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Iowa in the 1980 Big Ten Conference football season . In their second season under head coach Hayden Fry , the Hawkeyes finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference ( Big Ten ) , compiled a 4-7 record ( 4-4 against Big Ten opponents ) , and were outscored by their opponents , 238 to 154 . The team played its home games in Kinnick Stadium in Iowa City , Iowa . The team 's statistical leaders included Phil Suess with 1,031 passing yards , Jeff Brown with 673 rushing yards , and Keith Chappelle with 1,037 receiving yards and 36 points scored . Several Iowa players also ranked among the Big Ten leaders in various statistical categories , including the following :"}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland Browns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Cleveland_Browns_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Cleveland Browns season was the team 's 32nd season with the National Football League . In a highly disappointing season filled with a number of key injuries at different stretches during the campaign , the Browns finished the year with five straight defeats , their longest losing streak since 1975 , and dropped seven of their final eight games . By contrast , in 1980 , the Browns enjoyed a five-game winning streak , their longest since 1976 , and won eight of nine during one stretch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Mills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Mills', 'summary': 'Samuel Davis Mills Jr. ( June 3 , 1959 - April 18 , 2005 ) was an American football linebacker who played twelve seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the New Orleans Saints and Carolina Panthers . He also played for three seasons in the United States Football League ( USFL ) with the Philadelphia Stars and won two championships .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Montclair State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montclair_State_Red_Hawks_football', 'summary': 'Montclair State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in Montclair , New Jersey , with parts of the campus extending into Little Falls , New Jersey . It is the second largest university in New Jersey . As of October 2018 , there were 21,115 total enrolled students : 16,988 undergraduate students and 4,127 graduate students . The campus covers approximately 500 acres ( 2.0 km2 ) , inclusive of the New Jersey School of Conservation in Stokes State Forest . The university offers more than 300 majors , minors , and concentrations .'}]}, {'value': 'NJSAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The New Jersey Athletic Conference ( NJAC ) , formerly the New Jersey State Athletic Conference , is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division III . All of its full members are public universities in New Jersey . Affiliate members ( track-only , men 's tennis-only , or football-only ) are located in Delaware , Maryland , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league . The team matched their previous output of 12-4 , winning their fifth division title in six years . They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season . The season began with four straight victories , followed by two losses ( including a surprising 45-14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six ) . The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference 's number two seed behind the 49ers . The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . The game was much closer this time , and the Cowboys still held a 27-21 lead with less than a minute to play . However , Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous Catch to give San Francisco a 28-27 lead . On the ensuing Cowboys possession , Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson , and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown . Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play , then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Downs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Downs', 'summary': 'Michael Lynn Downs ( born June 9 , 1959 ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Phoenix Cardinals . He played college football at Rice University .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rice_Owls_football', 'summary': "The Rice Owls football team represents Rice University in NCAA Division I college football . The Owls have competed in Conference USA 's Western Division since 2005 . Rice Stadium , built in 1950 , hosts the Owls ' home football games ."}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league . The team matched their previous output of 12-4 , winning their fifth division title in six years . They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season . The season began with four straight victories , followed by two losses ( including a surprising 45-14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six ) . The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference 's number two seed behind the 49ers . The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . The game was much closer this time , and the Cowboys still held a 27-21 lead with less than a minute to play . However , Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous Catch to give San Francisco a 28-27 lead . On the ensuing Cowboys possession , Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson , and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown . Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play , then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win ."}]}, {'value': 'Joey Hackett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joey_Hackett', 'summary': 'Joseph Glenn Joey Hackett ( born September 29 , 1958 ) was a tight end in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Elon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elon_Phoenix_football', 'summary': 'The Elon Phoenix football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the Elon University located in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The school which first fielded a football team in 1909 , competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . After 11 seasons in the Southern Conference , Elon joined the Colonial Athletic Association for all sports , including football , in 2014 . The Phoenix play their home games at the 13,100 seat Rhodes Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'SAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Atlantic_Conference', 'summary': "The South Atlantic Conference ( SAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the southeastern United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division II level . The SAC was founded in 1975 as a football-only conference and became an all-sports conference beginning with the 1989-90 season . The league currently sponsors 10 sports for men ( football , cross country , soccer , basketball , wrestling , baseball , lacrosse , outdoor track & field , tennis , golf ) and 10 sports for women ( volleyball , cross country , field hockey , soccer , basketball , lacrosse , outdoor track & field , softball , tennis , and golf ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league . The team matched their previous output of 12-4 , winning their fifth division title in six years . They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season . The season began with four straight victories , followed by two losses ( including a surprising 45-14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six ) . The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference 's number two seed behind the 49ers . The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . The game was much closer this time , and the Cowboys still held a 27-21 lead with less than a minute to play . However , Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous Catch to give San Francisco a 28-27 lead . On the ensuing Cowboys possession , Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson , and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown . Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play , then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win ."}]}, {'value': 'Angelo King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_King', 'summary': 'Angelo King ( born February 10 , 1958 ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions . He played college football at South Carolina State University .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Bulldogs_football', 'summary': 'The South Carolina State Bulldogs football team represents South Carolina State University in college football . The Bulldogs play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . A historically dominant football program , the Bulldogs lead the MEAC in conference championships . The school has produced three players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame including Harry Carson , Deacon Jones , and Marion Motley . Other legendary Bulldog players include Robert Porcher and Donnie Shell . Legendary former SC State Coach Willie Jeffries became the first African American Head Coach of a predominantly white Division 1-A football program , when he was hired to coach the Wichita State football program in 1979 . Jeffries is enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'MEAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference whose full members are historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southeastern and the Mid-Atlantic United States . It participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I , and in football , in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Currently , the MEAC has automatic qualifying bids for NCAA postseason play in baseball ( since 1994 ) , men 's basketball ( since 1981 ) , women 's basketball ( since 1982 ) , football ( 1996-2015 ) , softball ( since 1995 ) , men and women 's tennis ( since 1998 ) , and volleyball ( since 1994 ) . Bowling was officially sanctioned as a MEAC governed sport in 1999 . Before that season , the MEAC was the first conference to secure NCAA sanctioning for women 's bowling by adopting the club sport prior to the 1996-97 school year ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league . The team matched their previous output of 12-4 , winning their fifth division title in six years . They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season . The season began with four straight victories , followed by two losses ( including a surprising 45-14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six ) . The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference 's number two seed behind the 49ers . The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . The game was much closer this time , and the Cowboys still held a 27-21 lead with less than a minute to play . However , Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous Catch to give San Francisco a 28-27 lead . On the ensuing Cowboys possession , Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson , and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown . Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play , then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win ."}]}, {'value': 'Everson Walls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everson_Walls', 'summary': 'Everson Collins Walls ( born December 28 , 1959 ) is a former American football defensive back who played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Dallas Cowboys , the New York Giants , and the Cleveland Browns . During his 14 seasons , he was a four-time Pro Bowl selection . He was also a 3-time All-Pro selection . Walls won a Super Bowl with the Giants after the 1990 season . He played college football at Grambling State University .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Grambling State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The prominence of Grambling football is longstanding . The Tigers , under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson ( who guided them to 408 victories in 55 seasons from 1941 to 1942 and 1945 to 1997 ) , were built as a small-school powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football . On September 24 , 1976 , Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate football teams from the United States to play a game in the continent of Asia . GSU defeated Morgan State 42-16 in Tokyo , Japan . In fall 1977 , the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game . Among its accomplishments include : 15 Black college football national championships ( tied for second most in HBCU history ) and 26 Conference Championships ( 1 Midwest Conference & 25 SWAC ) . The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league . The team matched their previous output of 12-4 , winning their fifth division title in six years . They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season . The season began with four straight victories , followed by two losses ( including a surprising 45-14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six ) . The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference 's number two seed behind the 49ers . The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game . The game was much closer this time , and the Cowboys still held a 27-21 lead with less than a minute to play . However , Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous Catch to give San Francisco a 28-27 lead . On the ensuing Cowboys possession , Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson , and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown . Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play , then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Wright_(American_football,_born_1959)', 'summary': 'Stephen Hough Wright ( born April 8 , 1959 ) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys , Indianapolis Colts and Los Angeles Raiders . He was also a member of the Oakland Invaders of the United States Football League . He played college football at Northern Iowa and then played ten professional seasons for four teams from 1981-1992 . He also appeared on Survivor : Redemption Island where he placed tenth and became the third jury member .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Iowa_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Northern Iowa Panthers football represents the University of Northern Iowa . Their first year was in 1895 . They have fielded a football team every year since 1895 with the exceptions of 1906-1907 and 1943-1944 . The Panthers currently compete in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level .'}]}, {'value': 'MCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Mid-Continent_Universities_football', 'summary': 'The Association of Mid-Continent Universities football was a part of the college athletic conference which operated in the midwestern United States . It participated in NCAA Division II until moving to NCAA Division I-AA ( now known as Division I FCS ) in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Detroit Lions season was their 52nd in the league . The team failed to improve upon their previous season 's record of 9-7 , winning eight games . The Lions started off the first four games even at 2-2 . In the fourth game of the season , starting quarterback Gary Danielson suffered a dislocated wrist , which ended his season . Backup quarterback Jeff Komlo finished the game and was named the starter for the next week . In the next two games , Komlo struggled . The Lions lost both of those games . Head Coach Monte Clark made the decision to give third-string quarterback Eric Hipple start on a Monday Night game against the Chicago Bears . In front of approximately 71,000 fans , Clark 's gamble paid off as the Lions defeated the Bears 48-17 . Star halfback Billy Sims continued to play solid football , amassing 1,888 total yards in total offense while scoring a team-high 14 touchdowns . The Lions had a chance to win the division on the last day against Tampa Bay , but lost and finished in second place in the NFC Central with an 8-8 record . The team missed the playoffs for the eleventh straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Hall_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Alvin Eugene Hall is a former professional American football player who played safety for six seasons for the Detroit Lions . Previously , Hall played at Dayton Fairview High School in Dayton , Ohio . Hall led the Bulldogs basketball team as the point guard to the first City Conference title in 33 years and played safety on the football team winning their division one year .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami ( OH )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Miami_RedHawks_football_team', 'summary': "The 1980 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its second season under head coach Tom Reed , the team compiled a 5-6 record ( 4-3 against MAC opponents ) , finished in a tie for third place in the MAC , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 241 to 192 . The team 's statistical leaders included Mark Kelly with 517 passing yards , Greg Jones with 952 rushing yards , and Don Treadwell with 661 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League . The team posted an 8-8 record under coach Bart Starr , earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division . Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall . The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League . They have still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets 28 - 3 . Packers managed only 84 total yards against the Jets .'}]}, {'value': 'David Petway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Petway', 'summary': 'David Petway is a former defensive back in the National Football League . He played with the Green Bay Packers during the 1981 NFL season .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Huskies competed in the highest division of football at the time , Division I-A . The Huskies played under the Mid-American Conference banner during this season . They were led by new head coach Bill Mallory , and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Packers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'summary': 'The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League . The team posted an 8-8 record under coach Bart Starr , earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division . Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall . The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League . They have still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets 28 - 3 . Packers managed only 84 total yards against the Jets .'}]}, {'value': 'Randy Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Scott_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Randolph Charles Scott ( born January 31 , 1959 in Decatur , Georgia ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League . He played 7 seasons in the NFL for the Green Bay Packers and he played for Bear Bryant at Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team', 'summary': "The 1980 Alabama Crimson Tide football team ( variously Alabama , UA or Bama ) represented the University of Alabama in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . It was the Crimson Tide 's 86th overall and 47th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant , in his 23rd year , and played their home games at Bryant-Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . They finished season with ten wins and two losses ( 10-2 overall , 5-1 in the SEC ) and with a victory over Baylor in the Cotton Bowl . A 6-3 loss to Mississippi State ended Alabama 's school record 28-game winning streak and all-time SEC record 27-game conference winning streak , and was Alabama 's first loss to Mississippi State since 1957 . It also cost the Tide a share of the SEC championship , the first time since 1976 they failed to win the SEC . Despite surrendering 35 points to Ole Miss , the Alabama defense still allowed only 98 points for the entire season ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 12th season in the National Football League and 22nd overall . They improved from 1980 from an 8-8 record to a 9-7 record but missing the playoffs for the tenth consecutive season . Bill Kenney began the 1981 season as the club 's starting quarterback and directed the Chiefs to a 6-2 start , including a 37-33 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers at Three Rivers Stadium on Opening Day . Second-round draft choice , running back Joe Delaney electrified the club 's offense by rushing for 1,121 yards , a team single-season record at the time . He was named the AFC 's Rookie of the Year and became the first running back to represent the franchise in the Pro Bowl . Delaney registered a 193-yard performance in a 23-10 victory against the Oilers on November 15 , the best single-game total ever amassed by a Kansas City rookie . Owning an 8-4 record with four games remaining , the Chiefs were poised to make the playoffs for the first time in 10 years before hitting a three-game losing skid . Bill Kenney missed the club 's final three contests due to injury as Steve Fuller temporarily reclaimed the starting quarterback position and guided the club to a 10-6 win at Minnesota , in the final contest played at Metropolitan Stadium . With the Chiefs winning the game , Vikings fans began dismembering the stadium as early as the second half - taking seats , pieces of the scoreboard and even chunks of sod as souvenirs . The victory assured the Chiefs of a 9-7 record , the club 's first winning mark since 1973 as coach Marv Levy increased the club 's victory total for a third consecutive year . Inspired by the Washington Redskins 's Hail to the Redskins , Levy penned a fight song for the Chiefs ( Give a Cheer for Kansas City ) , but much like the team 's wing T offense , the concept never really caught on ."}]}, {'value': 'Deron Cherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deron_Cherry', 'summary': 'Deron Leigh Cherry ( born September 12 , 1959 ) is a retired professional American football free safety who played for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1981 to 1991 . Cherry was a free safety and punter at Rutgers University . In 1979 , he was named the teams MVP . In 1979 and 1980 , Cherry earned AP All-East honors . In 1981 , he was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs , as a free agent but was released in the final teams cuts . Cherry rejoined the club as a safety , and made his first career interception against the Oakland Raiders . Cherry played high school football at Palmyra High School in Palmyra , New Jersey . Regarded as one of the best free safeties to have ever played the game , he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection from 1983-1988 , starting in five of them in his 11 years with the Chiefs . Few other Chiefs players have been selected to this number of Pro Bowls . He had six 100 tackle seasons in his eleven years as a member of the Chiefs , with a career total of 927 tackles . He was a 5 time All-Pro in 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , and 1988 . He was also a five-time 1st team All-AFC and two time 2nd team All-AFC selection .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlets_Knights_football', 'summary': 'The Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represents Rutgers University in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) . Rutgers competes as a member of the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Prior to joining the Big Ten , the team was a member of the American Athletic Conference ( formerly the Big East Conference ) from 1991 to 2013 . Rutgers plays its home games at SHI Stadium , in Piscataway , New Jersey . The team is currently led by head coach Greg Schiano . The Rutgers football team is notable for playing in what is considered to be the first ever intercollegiate football game in 1869 , in which they defeated Princeton University by a score of 6-4 . For this reason , Rutgers has been described as the birthplace of college football .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise 's 12th season in the National Football League and 22nd overall . They improved from 1980 from an 8-8 record to a 9-7 record but missing the playoffs for the tenth consecutive season . Bill Kenney began the 1981 season as the club 's starting quarterback and directed the Chiefs to a 6-2 start , including a 37-33 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers at Three Rivers Stadium on Opening Day . Second-round draft choice , running back Joe Delaney electrified the club 's offense by rushing for 1,121 yards , a team single-season record at the time . He was named the AFC 's Rookie of the Year and became the first running back to represent the franchise in the Pro Bowl . Delaney registered a 193-yard performance in a 23-10 victory against the Oilers on November 15 , the best single-game total ever amassed by a Kansas City rookie . Owning an 8-4 record with four games remaining , the Chiefs were poised to make the playoffs for the first time in 10 years before hitting a three-game losing skid . Bill Kenney missed the club 's final three contests due to injury as Steve Fuller temporarily reclaimed the starting quarterback position and guided the club to a 10-6 win at Minnesota , in the final contest played at Metropolitan Stadium . With the Chiefs winning the game , Vikings fans began dismembering the stadium as early as the second half - taking seats , pieces of the scoreboard and even chunks of sod as souvenirs . The victory assured the Chiefs of a 9-7 record , the club 's first winning mark since 1973 as coach Marv Levy increased the club 's victory total for a third consecutive year . Inspired by the Washington Redskins 's Hail to the Redskins , Levy penned a fight song for the Chiefs ( Give a Cheer for Kansas City ) , but much like the team 's wing T offense , the concept never really caught on ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Gossett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Gossett', 'summary': "Jeffrey Alan Gossett ( born January 25 , 1957 ) is a former American football punter who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) and the United States Football League ( USFL ) . He played college football at Eastern Illinois University where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity . He was the starting punter for the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders from 1988 through 1996 . During the 1996 season , at age 39 , Jeff was the NFL 's oldest punter . Gossest had an amazing ability to extend the amount of time his punts stayed in the air ( known as hang time ) , which allowed his fellow players to get down the field to converge on the punt returners and/or down balls inside the 20 yard line . He ended his football career after the 1996 season . One of the top punters in the NFL in the 1980s he averaged a career high 44.2 yards per punt in 1991 and earned a spot on the Pro Bowl roster . He also played in the USFL for the Chicago Blitz in 1984 and the Portland Breakers in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_Panthers_football', 'summary': "The Eastern Illinois Panthers football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Eastern Illinois University located in the U.S. state of Illinois . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Ohio Valley Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1899 . The team plays its home games at the 10,000 seat O'Brien Field , which is named after head coach Maynard O'Brien ."}]}, {'value': 'MCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_of_Mid-Continent_Universities_football', 'summary': 'The Association of Mid-Continent Universities football was a part of the college athletic conference which operated in the midwestern United States . It participated in NCAA Division II until moving to NCAA Division I-AA ( now known as Division I FCS ) in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Rams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Los_Angeles_Rams_season', 'summary': "The 1981 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 44th year with the National Football League ( NFL ) and the 36th season in Los Angeles . The Rams looked to improve on their 11-5 record from 1980 . The team failed to improve upon their 11-5 record , and finished with a mediocre 6-10 record and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Kemp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Kemp', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Allan Kemp ( born July 11 , 1959 ) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Los Angeles Rams , San Francisco 49ers , Seattle Seahawks , and Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football at Dartmouth College in the Ivy League , and was not selected in the 1981 NFL Draft . In 1984 , Kemp led the Rams with thirteen touchdown passes and a trip to the playoffs . As a back-up to the injured Joe Montana in 1986 , he threw eleven touchdown passes for the 49ers . Kemp is the son of late former AFL quarterback and American politician Jack Kemp ( 1935-2009 ) , and brother of former Canadian Football League quarterback Jimmy Kemp ( b . 1971 ) . Kemp and his wife , Stacy , have four sons : Kyle , Kory , Kolby , and Keegan . He graduated from Winston Churchill High School in Potomac , Maryland , a northwest suburb of Washington , D.C. in Montgomery County .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartmouth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Dartmouth_Big_Green_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 Dartmouth Big Green football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Vikings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Minnesota_Vikings_season', 'summary': "The 1981 season was the Minnesota Vikings ' 21st in the National Football League , their 15th under head coach Bud Grant , and their final season at Metropolitan Stadium . They finished with a 7-9 record , and missed the playoffs for the second time in three seasons . The Vikings attempted 709 passes in 1981 ( 44.3 per game ) , a league record that stood for 30 years until it was broken by the 2012 Detroit Lions ."}]}, {'value': 'Leo Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leo_Lewis_(wide_receiver)', 'summary': "Leo Everett Lewis III ( born September 17 , 1956 ) is a former professional American football player who played wide receiver for eleven seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and Cleveland Browns . He is the son of College Football Hall of Fame and Canadian Football Hall of Fame running back Leo Lewis . After retiring from active play , Lewis held the position of director of player development for the Vikings from 1992 to 2005 . At the same time , Lewis wrote , edited and published the Vikings ' player and alumni newsletter . Leo Lewis graduated from David H. Hickman High School in Columbia , Missouri and stayed locally to attend college at the University of Missouri . Dr. Lewis worked for the University of Minnesota as the associate athletics director for student-athlete development from 2005 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Missouri_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1980 Missouri Tigers football team represented the University of Missouri during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'New England Patriots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_New_England_Patriots_season', 'summary': "The 1981 New England Patriots season was the franchise 's 12th season in the National Football League and 22nd overall . The Patriots ended the season with a record of two wins and fourteen losses , and finished tied for last in the AFC East Division . The Patriots lost their first four games , and then ten of their last eleven , including the last nine games of the season . Eight of their losses were by margins of seven or fewer points ; the largest margin of defeat was only 14 points . The Patriots were defeated in both the first and last games of the season by the Baltimore Colts ; the Patriots ' bookend losses proved to be Baltimores only two wins of the 1981 season . It was known that the loser of that last game would have the first pick in the 1982 NFL Draft , and the game was nicknamed The Stupor Bowl . With the Patriot loss , the team had the first pick , choosing University of Texas defensive end Kenneth Sims , an eventual draft bust as first overall pick in the NFL draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Rich Camarillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rich_Camarillo', 'summary': 'Richard Jon Camarillo ( born November 29 , 1959 ) is a former professional American Football punter who played 16 seasons in the NFL for the New England Patriots ( 1981-1987 ) , Los Angeles Rams ( 1988 ) , Phoenix Cardinals ( 1989-1993 ) , Houston Oilers ( 1994-1995 ) , and Oakland Raiders ( 1996 ) . Camarillo attended El Rancho High School in Pico Rivera , California , graduating in 1977 . Before his NFL career , he earned All-America honors at Cerritos Junior College . He then transferred to the University of Washington , ( 79-80 ) . Where he was selected as a member of the Huskies All-Century team . A consistently solid , dependable punter during his 16 NFL seasons , Camarillo led the league in punting yards twice ( 1985 , 1994 ) , net yard average three times , ( 1983 , 1991 & 1992 ) , gross yards per punt once ( 1989 ) . He also led the league in 1994 with 35 balls inside the 20 . With the Patriots , Camarillo made a championship appearance in Super Bowl XX , and ended up getting to punt quite often as his team was blown out 46-10 by the Chicago Bears . Camarillo punted 6 times for 263 yards ( 43.8 avg ) , with 225 net yards ( 37.5 avg ) , 1 touchback , and 1 punt in the 20 , including a then Super Bowl record 62-yard punt that planted the Bears back at their own 4-yard line , this record being broken by another Patriots punter , Ryan Allen , who kicked a 64 yard punt in Super Bowl XLIX . However , Chicago still managed to drive a Super Bowl-record 96 yards and score a touchdown anyway . Camarillo finished his career with 1,027 punts for 43,895 yards ( 42.7 avg ) and 279 punts inside the 20 . Upon his retirement , that mark stood as the most in NFL history .'}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Washington_Huskies_football_team', 'summary': "The 1980 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season . In its sixth season under head coach Don James , the team compiled a 9-2 record in the regular season and were Pacific-10 Conference champions at 6-1 . They returned to the Rose Bowl , but fell to favored Michigan ; for the season Washington outscored its opponents 333 to 198 . Both regular season losses were at home at Husky Stadium . The sole conference loss was to border rival Oregon , who last defeated the Huskies in 1973 ; it was the first loss for James against a Northwest team . In his eighteen games against the Ducks , James lost only three ; the other two were in 1987 and 1988 . The Huskies ' winning streak over Washington State in the Apple Cup reached seven with another win in Spokane ; it has not been held there since . Senior quarterback Tom Flick was selected as the team 's most valuable player ; Flick , Ken Gardner , Rusty Olsen , and Randy Van Divier were the team captains ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 3 ]', 'uid': '1981_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1981 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 28-29, 1981, at the New York Sheraton Hotel in New York City. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. For the first time, the top two picks of the draft were named Offensive and Defensive Rookies of the Year, respectively.'}	null	null	What was the middle name of the player drafted from Iowa by the Chicago Bears in the 1981 NFL draft ?	Walter
01a047e716637dd7	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sponsored_sports_venues', 'title': 'List of sponsored sports venues', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'AKA Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AKA_Arena', 'summary': "Aka Arena , formerly known as Hønefoss Stadion , is a football stadium in Hønefoss , Norway , and is the home of former Norwegian top division , currently 3. divisjon club Hønefoss . The stadium has a capacity of approx . 4,120 spectators . A record attendance of 3,747 was set during the last match of the 2009 First Division season against Sogndal , when Hønefoss got promoted to the top division . A new record was set on 25 May 2010 when 4,245 saw Hønefoss beat SK Brann 2-0 , whilst another new record was set on 19 May 2012 when 4,246 attended a match against Vålerenga . The venue has hosted Norway national under-21 football team matches three times , playing 0-0 against Yugoslavia on 8 June 1975 , 5-1 against Turkey on 27 April 1993 and 2-1 against Greece on 3 September 1999 . In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players ' Association among away-team captains , Aka was ranked lowest amongst league stadiums , with a score of 1.93 on a scale from one to five ."}]}, {'value': 'Hønefoss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hønefoss', 'summary': 'Hønefoss is a town and the administrative center of the municipality of Ringerike in Buskerud county , Norway . Hønefoss is an industrial center of inner Østlandet , containing several factories and other industry . As of 1 January 2008 , Hønefoss has 14,177 inhabitants . In 1852 , Hønefoss received town status and was separated from Norderhov . In 1964 , Hønefoss ceased being a separate municipality and became part of Ringerike .'}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aker Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aker_Stadion', 'summary': "The Aker Stadion ( known as Molde Stadion for UEFA competitions and prior to sponsorship ) is an all-seater football stadium located at Reknes in Molde , Norway , and is the home of Eliteserien club Molde . The stadium has a current capacity of 11,249 spectators . The building was designed by architect Kjell Kosberg . It cost 212 million kr , most of which was paid for by club-owner Kjell Inge Røkke - after whom the ground has been nicknamed Røkkeløkka . The main construction work took place 1997 , and the stadium was inaugurated on 18 April 1998 in a league game against Lillestrøm , replacing Molde idrettspark as Molde 's home ground . The stadium was nominated for the FIABCI Prix D ' Excellence and awarded the City Prize in 1999 . The record attendance of 13,308 was set in a league match against Rosenborg in 1998 . The same year , the arena hosted its first international match , where Norway beat Saudi Arabia 6-0 . The following year , when Molde reached the UEFA Champions League , the stadium was converted to an all-seater , reducing its capacity . Since May 2006 , the stadium name has been sponsored by Røkke 's company Aker . The grass pitch was replaced with artificial turf in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Molde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molde', 'summary': 'Molde ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈmɔ̂ldə ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Romsdal . The municipality is located on the Romsdal Peninsula , surrounding the Fannefjord and Moldefjord . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Molde which is also the administrative centre of Møre og Romsdal county , the commercial hub of the Romsdal region , and the seat of the Diocese of Møre . Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages of Hjelset , Kleive , Nesjestranda , Midsund , Nord-Heggdal , Eidsvåg , Rausand , Boggestranda , Myklebostad , Eresfjord , and Eikesdalen . Molde has a maritime , temperate climate , with cool-to-warm summers , and relatively mild winters . The city is nicknamed The Town of Roses . It is an old settlement which emerged as a trading post in the late Middle Ages . Formal trading rights were introduced in 1614 , and the town was incorporated through a royal charter in 1742 . Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries , becoming a centre for Norwegian textile and garment industry , as well as the administrative centre for the region , and a major tourist destination . After World War II , Molde experienced accelerated growth , merging with Bolsøy Municipality and parts of Veøy Municipality on 1 January 1964 , and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services , but also academic resources and industrial output . The 363-square-kilometre ( 140 sq mi ) municipality is the 254th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Color Line Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Color_Line_Stadion', 'summary': "Color Line Stadion is an association football stadium in Ålesund , Norway , and the home of 1. divisjon side Aalesunds FK . It was inaugurated in April 2005 and cost NOK 160 million to build . It is referred to as Aalesund Stadion by UEFA . It was the first top-level stadium in Norway to feature artificial turf , which was at the time a highly debated issue . When Aalesund opened the stadium , businessman Olav Nils Sunde donated a statue to the club , which was erected in front of the stadium . Whilst Sunde denied it , the statue bore a very strong resemblance to former Aalesund player John Arne Riise . In 2007 , when Riise played in the Champions League Final , a Norwegian commentator demanded the statue officially carry his name . Riise himself has said , [ The name change ] is not for me to decide . Everyone sees who it is , and I know that it was made for me . It was officially named John Arne Riise in April 2018 . Since 2009 it has also hosted the home games of the women 's Toppserien side Fortuna Ålesund . The venue has hosted one Norway national under-21 football team match , playing 1-3 against Cyprus on 3 September 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ålesund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ålesund', 'summary': "Ålesund ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈôːləsʉn ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal County , Norway . It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region . The town of Ålesund is the administrative centre of Ålesund Municipality , as well as the principle shipping town of the Sunnmøre district . The town is a sea port and is noted for its concentration of Art Nouveau architecture . Although sometimes internationally spelled by its older name Aalesund , this spelling is obsolete in Norwegian . However , the local football club Aalesunds FK still carries that spelling , having been founded before the official change . The 99-square-kilometre ( 38 sq mi ) municipality is the 382nd largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Ålesund is the 17th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 47,199 . The municipality 's population density is 506.6 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 1,312/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 14% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intility Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intility_Arena', 'summary': 'Intility Arena , also referred to as Vålerenga Stadion , is an association football stadium in Oslo , Norway . The stadium is the home stadium for the Vålerenga Fotball , currently playing in the Eliteserien , and it has a seating capacity of 16,555 people . The stadium plans were accepted by the city council of Oslo in 2014 and by EEA in June 2015 . Construction started in August 2015 , and the stadium opened in September 2017 . The stadium was initially called Vålerenga kultur- og idrettspark .'}]}, {'value': 'Vålerenga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vålerenga', 'summary': 'Vålerenga ( Norwegian pronunciation : [ ˈvôːlərəŋɑ ] or [ ˈvôːɽəŋɑ ] ( listen ) ) is a neighbourhood in the city of Oslo , Norway , belonging to the borough of Gamle Oslo . Vålerenga is located between the neighbourhoods of Gamlebyen , Jordal , Ensjø , Etterstad and Lodalen . Vålerenga is in particular known for its traditional , small wooden houses , and for its football and ice hockey-teams : Vålerenga IF Fotball and Vålerenga Ishockey .'}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Komplett.no Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komplett.no_Arena', 'summary': 'Sandefjord Arena ( previously called Komplett Arena for sponsorship reasons ) is the current stadium of Sandefjord Fotball . It was opened on 21 July 2007 , when Lyn visited Sandefjord , and is still the match with the highest attendance of 8,103 . In 2007 , the stadium was named after a club sponsor , the local e-commerce company Komplett . It was named Komplett.no Arena and later Komplett Arena until the company withdrew their naming sponsorship in November 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandefjord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandefjord', 'summary': "The name Sandefjord , which dates to 1200 A.D. , originates from the ancient farm name Sandar . The first element is the genitive case of the name of the parish and former municipality of Sandar . The name Sandar derives from the Old Norse term sandar , which is the plural form of sandr , translating to 'stretch of sand ' ( sandstrekning ) . The name Sandefjord was first mentioned in chapter 169 of Sverris saga from the year 1200 . It was then referring to the fjord which is now known as Sandefjordsfjord ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skagerak Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skagerak_Arena', 'summary': "The Skagerak Arena is a football stadium located in Skien , Norway . It was formerly called Odd Stadion , and was built in 1923 as the home ground of Eliteserien club Odd . The stadium is often referred to as Falkum , being situated in that area of Skien . The stadium has been undergoing an extensive redevelopment process , begun in November 2006 , which produced a modern all-seater venue by April 2008 . Part of the finance Odd needed for the project was obtained through the lease of the stadium 's naming rights to the club 's main sponsor since 1995 , the Norwegian power company Skagerak Energi . The stadium will therefore be known as Skagerak Arena until at least 2017 . The pitch has been rotated 90 degrees in order to free up space . As is increasingly common in Norway , the new surface is artificial . The old main stand is now an end stand , incorporated into the new structure as the only surviving feature of the old stadium . Three new two-tiered stands was completed between 2007 and 2008 . The east and west stands has a capacity of 4,300 while the south end seats around 3,000 . Construction of the west stand had progressed far enough by April 2007 to allow spectators on the lower tier for the first home match of the season , on 15 April ."}]}, {'value': 'Skien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skien', 'summary': "Skien [ ˈʃêːən ] ( listen ) is a city and municipality in Vestfold og Telemark county in Norway . In modern times it is regarded as part of the traditional region of Grenland , although historically it belonged to Grenmar/Skiensfjorden , while Grenland referred the Norsjø area and Bø . The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Skien . Skien is also the capital of Vestfold og Telemark county . Skien is one of Norway 's oldest cities , with an urban history dating back to the Middle Ages , and received privileges as a market town in 1358 . From the 15th century , the city was governed by a 12-member council . The modern municipality of Skien was established on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . The rural municipalities of Gjerpen and Solum were merged into the municipality of Skien on 1 January 1964 . The conurbation of Porsgrunn/Skien is reckoned by Statistics Norway to be the seventh largest urban area in Norway , straddling an area of three municipalities : Skien municipality ( about 62% of the population ) , Porsgrunn ( 30% ) , and Bamble ( 8% ) . This area is home to more than 100,000 people . Skien was historically Norway 's most important port town for shipping timber and one of Norway 's leading commercial cities with extensive contact with neighbouring countries , particularly Denmark . [ citation needed ] The city was the birthplace of playwright Henrik Ibsen , and many of his famous dramas are set in places reminiscent of 19th-century Skien ."}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sør Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sør_Arena', 'summary': "Sør Arena ( South Arena ) is a football stadium located at Torsvika in Kristiansand , Norway . The all-seater has a capacity of 14,563 people , and serves as the home ground of Tippeligaen side IK Start . It was designed by Kjell Kosberg , and is architecturally similar to Aker Stadion . The venue has seen concerts by Elton John , Dolly Parton and A-ha , among others . UEFA refers to the stadium as Kristiansand Arena . Construction started in 2006 , and the stadium opened on 15 April 2007 , replacing Kristiansand Stadion as Start 's home ground . The venue cost 400 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which the stadium itself cost NOK 250 million , after significant cost overruns . While originally planned with artificial turf , the venue was ultimately built with a natural grass pitch . The venue and the holding company Start Stadion were taken over by Sparebanken Sør , the main creditor , in 2008 . They subsequently also took over Start Toppfotball , the company running the club . Both companies were sold to Ernst Ravnaas in 2009 . Following decreased attendance , ahead of the 2011 season the seating on the corners was sold as advertisement space and the maximum capacity has artificially been reduced to 11,700 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristiansand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristiansand', 'summary': 'Kristiansand [ a ] ( /ˈkrɪstʃənsænd/ , also US : /ˈkrɪstiənsɑːn/ , Norwegian : [ krɪstjɑnˈsɑnː ] ( listen ) ) , historically spelled Christianssand and Christiansand , is a city and municipality Agder county , Norway . It is the fifth largest city in Norway and the municipality is the sixth largest in Norway , with a population of around 112,000 as of January 2020 , following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the new and revised municipality of greater Kristiansand . In addition to the city itself , Statistics Norway counts four other densely populated areas in the municipality : Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in the Vågsbygd borough , Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough , Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough , and Tveit with a population of 1,396 ( as of January 2012 [ update ] ) in the Oddernes borough . Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs : Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000 ; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with a population of 5,200 ; Lund , the second largest borough ; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020 ; Oddernes , a borough located in the west ; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000 , located in the southwest . Kristiansand is connected by four main roads : European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder and covers the eastern part of Kristiansand ; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coast towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim ; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder , Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport , Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism is important in Kristiansand , and the summer season is the most popular for tourists . Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway . It receives over 900,000 visitors every year . Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand . Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen ; in addition , Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand . Hamresanden Camping is a popular family camp during the summer season .'}]}, {'value': 'Football stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telenor Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telenor_Arena', 'summary': 'Telenor Arena , sometimes referred to as Fornebu Arena , is a multi-purpose indoor arena located at Fornebu in Bærum , outside Oslo , Norway . It serves as a venue for a variety of events , including concerts , exhibitions , action shows , family shows , TV and sport . It has a capacity for 15,000 spectators for sports and 25,000 for concerts , including 40 luxury boxes and club seating for 1,200 . The venue has a fixed roof and an asphalt floor . The venue was opened ahead of the 2009 Norwegian football season as a replacement for Nadderud Stadion . It cost 585 million Norwegian kroner ( NOK ) to build , of which NOK 300 million was for the sports venue . During the 2000s , Nadderud was below standards for play in the top national league . Fornebu was at the time undergoing an urban redevelopment ; after several years of negotiations and public grants , Stabæk secured a lot in 2004 . Construction started in 2007 . In 2010 , a disagreement arose between the club and venue-owner Kjell Chr . Ulrichsen , with the latter demanding that the team leave the venue to allow for more event revenue . Telenor Arena has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 , as well as concerts by artists and bands of international fame , such as Madonna , Britney Spears , Tina Turner , Adele , Muse , Foo Fighters , Roger Waters ( the Wall tour ) , Rihanna , Lady Gaga , Beyoncé , Jay-Z , Kanye West , Metallica , AC/DC , Black Sabbath , The Rolling Stones , Justin Bieber , Celine Dion and Drake .'}]}, {'value': 'Bærum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bærum', 'summary': "Bærum ( [ ˈbæ̂ːrʉm ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Viken County , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Sandvika . Bærum was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 . A suburb of Oslo , Bærum is located on the west coast of the city . Bærum has the highest income per capita in Norway and the highest proportion of university-educated individuals . Bærum , particularly its eastern neighbourhoods bordering West End Oslo , is one of Norway 's priciest and most fashionable residential areas , leading Bærum residents to be frequently stereotyped as snobs in Norwegian popular culture . The municipality has been voted the best Norwegian place to live in considering governance and public services to citizens ."}]}, {'value': 'Domed football stadium', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Present naming rights -- Norway', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_sports_venues_with_sole_naming_rights_24', 'intro': 'The following is a list of sports venues with sole naming rights:'}	null	null	Which stadium is located at Torsvika in a municipality of Agder county , Norway ?	Sør Arena
01a087ba0fd0c32e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Noraldo Palacios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noraldo_Palacios', 'summary': 'Noraldo Palacios Rivas ( born 8 July 1980 in Turbo , Antioquia ) is a Colombian javelin thrower . His personal best throw is 79.61 m , achieved in Bogotá 24 May 2009 . He won bronze medals at the 2005 South American Championships and the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games , and silver medals at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games and the 2003 South American Championships . In 2009 he was found guilty of betamethasone doping . The sample was delivered on 22 May 2008 in an in-of-competition test in São Paulo . He received a suspension from June 2008 to December 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Betamethasone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betamethasone', 'summary': "Betamethasone is a steroid medication . It is used for a number of diseases including rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus , skin diseases such as dermatitis and psoriasis , allergic conditions such as asthma and angioedema , preterm labor to speed the development of the baby 's lungs , Crohn 's disease , cancers such as leukemia , and along with fludrocortisone for adrenocortical insufficiency , among others . It can be taken by mouth , injected into a muscle , or applied as a cream . When given by injection , anti-inflammatory effects begin in around two hours and last for seven days . Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection , muscle weakness , severe allergic reactions , and psychosis . Long-term use may cause adrenal insufficiency . Stopping the medication suddenly following long-term use may be dangerous . The cream commonly results in increased hair growth and skin irritation . Betamethasone belongs to the glucocorticoid class of medication . Betamethasone was patented in 1958 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1961 . The cream is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication ."}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gergely Palágyi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gergely_Palágyi', 'summary': "Gergely Palágyi ( born 19 February 1979 ) is a Hungarian hurdler who specializes in the 110 metres hurdles . He finished fifth at the 1998 World Junior Championships , and also competed at the 2002 European Indoor Championships , the 2004 World Indoor Championships and the 2005 Summer Universiade without reaching the final . He became Hungarian national champion in 1998 , interfering with a long winning streak by Levente Csillag , and Hungarian indoor champion in 2003 and 2005 . His personal best time is 13.82 seconds , achieved in June 2005 in Budapest . From March 2006 to March 2008 he was suspended by the IAAF for doping . He 'd tested positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Palomeque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Palomeque', 'summary': 'Diego Armando Palomeque Echavarría ( born 5 December 1993 in Apartadó , Antioquia ) is a Colombian sprinter .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '400 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Géza Pauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Géza_Pauer', 'summary': 'Géza Pauer ( born 7 January 1976 ) is a Hungarian sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres . He competed at the 2003 World Championships and the 2004 World Indoor Championships without progressing from round 1 . Participating in the 2004 Summer Olympics , he achieved sixth place in his quarter final heat , thus failing to make it through to the semi final . His personal best time is 20.69 seconds , achieved in July 2003 in Budapest . In 2007 Pauer was found guilty of boldenone doping . The sample was delivered on 22 July 2006 in an in-competition test in Debrecen . He received an IAAF suspension from September 2006 to September 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boldenone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boldenone', 'summary': 'Boldenone ( developmental code name RU-18761 ) , is a naturally occurring anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) and the 1 ( 2 ) -dehydrogenated analogue of testosterone . Boldenone itself has never been marketed ; as a pharmaceutical drug , it is used as boldenone undecylenate , the undecylenate ester .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vita Pavlysh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vita_Pavlysh', 'summary': 'Viktoriya Anatoliïvna Pavlysh ( Ukrainian : Вікторія Анатопіївна Павпиш ; born January 15 , 1969 in Kharkov , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union ) is a former track and field athlete who specialized in the shot put . Pavlysh was stripped of her 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships gold medal after she had tested positive for anabolic steroid stanozolol at the event in Maebashi , Japan . She claimed that she may have taken the drug to aid her recovery from injury . For this offence she received a two-year ban . Five years later at the 2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Budapest , Hungary she won the title again only to fail the drug test for the same reason . She was again stripped of her title and banned from athletics for life . Whether because of her drug-use or not , Pavlysh was famed for her very muscular lower body . During a state television show her middle-thigh was measured at 98 cm and her calf at 65 cm .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '2 years Life ban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yevgeniya Pecherina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yevgeniya_Pecherina', 'summary': 'Yevgeniya Pecherina ( Russian : Евгения Печерина ; born 9 May 1989 ) is a Russian track and field athlete who specialises in the discus throw . Mainly competing in national level competition , she gradually improved as a thrower , setting a best of 51.02 m ( 167 ft 4 1⁄2 in ) at age nineteen , clearing 56.08 m ( 183 ft 11 3⁄4 in ) in 2009 , then 58.94 m ( 193 ft 4 1⁄4 in ) the following year at age twenty-one . In international competition , she took sixth place at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships . She had a sudden marked improvement in the 2011 season , managing a personal best throw of 65.77 m ( 215 ft 9 1⁄4 in ) in Krasnodar , which ranked her fifth globally that year . However , later that month she gave a positive drug test for the banned anabolic steroid methandienone . She received a two year ban from the sport . Immediately prior to the end of her ban , she again gave a positive drug test , this time for Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone , another steroid . This resulted in a ten-year ban from the sport . Pecherina was interviewed for a German documentary , Top-secret Doping : How Russia makes its Winners , shown on Das Erste in December 2014 . She claimed that doping was widespread in Russia , with the majority of international athletes using performance-enhancing drugs , which were made freely available to them . The Russian Anti-Doping Agency and the Russian Athletics Federation both said that her statements were baseless . However , the federation president ( and IAAF treasurer ) Valentin Balakhnichev was implicated in the cover up of doping by Liliya Shobukhova ( a prominent marathon runner ) and he stepped down from his position while the investigation was ongoing .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methandienone Oral Turinabol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methandienone', 'summary': 'Metandienone , also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is mostly no longer used . It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes . It is often taken by mouth . Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire , estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement , and liver damage . The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects . It also has moderate estrogenic effects . Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States . As the CIBA product Dianabol , metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes , and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use . It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders . Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico , and is also manufactured in some Asian countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oral_Turinabol', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 years 10 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arne Pedersen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Probenecid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Probenecid', 'summary': 'Probenecid , also sold under the brand name Probalan , is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine . It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia . Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide to competitively inhibit renal excretion of some drugs , thereby increasing their plasma concentration and prolonging their effects .'}]}, {'value': '3 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larisa Peleshenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larisa_Peleshenko', 'summary': 'Larisa Alexandrovna Peleshenko ( Russian : Лариса Александровна Пелешенко ) , née Agapova ( born February 29 , 1964 in Slantsy , Leningrad Oblast ) is a retired Russian shot putter best known for winning the Olympic silver medal in 2000 . In her early career she won European Indoor silver medals , but in February 1995 she received a four-year drugs ban . Having originally won the 1995 World Indoor Championships , she lost the medal . She won the 2001 Indoor Championships and finished fourth at the World Championships the same year , and retired at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steroid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyubov Perepelova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyubov_Perepelova', 'summary': 'Lyubov Perepelova ( Russian : Любовь Геннадьевна Перепелова ; born 26 February 1979 ) is an Uzbekistani sprinter who specializes in the 100 and 200 metres . From July 2005 to July 2007 she was suspended due to a doping offense .'}]}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hydrochloromethyltestosterone', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanja Perišić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanja_Perišić', 'summary': "Vanja Perišić ( born July 5 , 1985 in Split ) is a Croatian middle distance runner , who specialized in the 800 metres . Perisic represented Croatia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where she competed for the women 's 800 metres . She ran in the third heat of the event , against six other athletes , including Kenya 's Pamela Jelimo , who eventually won the gold medal in the final . She finished the race in sixth place by seventy-one hundredths of a second ( 0.71 ) behind Mauritius ' Annabelle Lascar , with a time of 2:06.82 . Perišić , however , failed to advance into the semi-finals , as she placed thirty-fifth overall , and was ranked farther below three mandatory slots for the next round . On April 29 , 2009 , Perišić was among the Olympic non-medal winners , who tested positive for Cera , an advanced version of endurance-enhancing hormone EPO ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 ( Sample re-analysed 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CERA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Continuous_erythropoietin_receptor_activator', 'summary': "Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator ( CERA ) is the generic term for drugs in a new class of third-generation erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) . In the media , these agents are commonly referred to as 'EPO ' , short for erythropoietin . CERAs have an extended half-life and a mechanism of action that promotes increased stimulation of erythropoietin receptors compared with other ESAs . Under the trade name Mircera , Roche Pharmaceuticals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in January 2008 to market a continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator ( methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta ) for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease , including in those undergoing dialysis . . [ citation needed ] This issue appears to have been resolved since Fresenius Medical dialysis clinics in the US are now administering this drug . [ citation needed ] ) Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta had been approved by the European Commission in August 2007 , and was made available in Europe at the start of 2008 . In terms of its structure , Mircera is similar to the previous synthetic EPO drugs , except that it is connected to a chemical called polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) , which makes it last longer in the body . According to Roche , the product has the longest half-life of all FDA-approved erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESAs ) : up to 6 times longer than darbepoetin alfa and up to 20 times longer than epoetin . CERAs thus promise both lower dosing - significant owing to the high inherent cost of manufacturing recombinant protein drugs - and less frequent injections for patients . ESAs are administered via subcutaneous injections , often in doctor 's offices for patients who lack the skill or dexterity to inject themselves , so the once- or twice-monthly dosing regimen for CERAs promises fewer costly , inconvenient office visits for patients requiring constant hemoglobin level maintenance for chronic kidney disease . In clinical trials , CERA dosed every 3 to 4 weeks demonstrated efficacy similar to that of epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations within the target hemoglobin range ."}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Perković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Perković', 'summary': "Sandra Perković ( born 21 June 1990 ) is a Croatian discus thrower . She is a two-time Olympic ( 2012 , 2016 ) and World ( 2013 , 2017 ) champion and a five-time European champion ( 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) . She is the only individual who managed to win five gold medals at the European Athletics Championships in one event . She is six-time Diamond League overall winner . Perković culminated her successful junior career by winning gold at the 2009 European Junior Championships with a new national record . A month later , she made the final of the World Championships as the youngest discus thrower in the field . In her first year of senior competition she won gold at the 2010 European Championships , becoming the youngest ever European champion in women 's discus throw . A six-month doping suspension after testing positive for a banned psychostimulant kept her out of competition for most of the 2011 season , including the World Championships , but she returned in strong form in 2012 and successfully defended her title in the European Championships . Perković is coached by Edis Elkasević . Her personal best and national record is 71.41 meters , set in July 2017 at the Galà dei Castelli meeting in Bellinzona , Switzerland . No woman has thrown farther in over a quarter century ( 71.68 m Xiao Yanling CHN , Beijing 14 March 1992 ) . She became a member of the Croatian Parliament after the 2015 general election for the 8th Sabor ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'Discus throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexanamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexanamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asko Pesonen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroid', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tetiana Petlyuk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetiana_Petlyuk', 'summary': "Tetiana Hryhorivna Petlyuk ( Ukrainian : Тетяна Григорівна Петлюк ; born 22 February 1982 ) is a Ukrainian runner who specializes in the 800 metres . Her personal best time is 1:57.34 minutes , achieved in June 2006 in Kiev . She has an indoor best of 1:58.67 minutes , set in 2007 . Petlyuk was a talented runner from a young age , winning a gold at the European Youth Olympic Festival , a silver at the 1999 World Youth Championships in Athletics , then a bronze at the 2001 European Athletics Junior Championships . She was Ukraine 's best 800 m runner from 2004 to 2009 , winning seven national titles over the period . She represented Ukraine at the 2004 Athens Olympics and 2008 Beijing Olympics , reaching the semi-finals both times . She was also a semi-finalist at three World Championships in Athletics ( 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) . Her major medal wins came indoors : she was the runner-up at both the 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships and the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships . Abnormalities in her biological passport detected over the period from 18 August 2009 to February 2013 led to her receiving a two-year ban from the sport and the annulment of her results over that time ( including two of her three appearances at the European Athletics Championships and her run at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biological passport anomalies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biological_passport', 'summary': 'An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonello Petrei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NESP ( EPO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NESP', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Totka Petrova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Totka_Petrova', 'summary': 'Totka Nikolaeva Petrova ( Bulgarian : Тотка Петрова , born 17 December 1956 ) is a retired female middle distance runner who represented Bulgaria in the 1970s and the early 1980s . She specialized in the 800 and 1500 metres , and won numerous international medals . She is still the Bulgarian 1500 metres record holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '8 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Pettigrew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Pettigrew', 'summary': 'Antonio Pettigrew ( November 3 , 1967 - August 10 , 2010 ) was an American sprinter who specialized in the 400 meters .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '400 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admittance in court : HGH , EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Human_growth_hormone', 'summary': "Growth hormone ( GH ) or somatotropin , also known as human growth hormone ( hGH or HGH ) in its human form , is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth , cell reproduction , and cell regeneration in humans and other animals . It is thus important in human development . GH also stimulates production of IGF-1 and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids . It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells . GH is a 191-amino acid , single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized , stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland . A recombinant form of hGH called somatreopleopin ( INN ) is used as a prescription drug to treat children 's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency . In the United States , it is only available legally from pharmacies by prescription from a licensed health care provider . In recent years in the United States , some health care providers are prescribing growth hormone in the elderly to increase vitality . While legal , the efficacy and safety of this use for HGH has not been tested in a clinical trial . Many of the functions of hGH remain unknown . In its role as an anabolic agent , HGH has been used by competitors in sports since at least 1982 , and has been banned by the IOC and NCAA . Traditional urine analysis does not detect doping with HGH , so the ban was not enforced until the early 2000s , when blood tests that could distinguish between natural and artificial HGH were starting to be developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denis Petushinskiy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Petushinskiy', 'summary': 'Denis Petushinskiy ( Russian : Денис Петушинский ; born 28 June 1967 in Irkutsk ) is a retired pole vaulter who represented New Zealand after switching from Russia in 1998 . He improved from 5.70 metres in 1992 to 5.90 metres in 1993 to win the Russian Championships . Later that year he finished sixth at the World Championships . After becoming a New Zealand citizen , Petushinskiy originally won the silver medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games with 5.55 metres , but was disqualified for testing positive to the banned drug Stanozolol , a type of steroid . His result would be a New Zealand record but was annulled .'}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand', 'summary': "New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanozolol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanozolol', 'summary': 'Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .'}]}, {'value': '4 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebogang Phalula', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Cross country running', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '1 year ( Extended from 3 months )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Phillips', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Phillips_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Christopher Phillips ( born July 24 , 1972 in Crossett , Arkansas ) is a retired American athlete who specialized in the 110 metres hurdles . At the 2003 World Championships , Phillips achieved a lifetime best of 13.26 seconds in the first round . He eventually reached the final , but was disqualified for modafinil doping . A month later , he finished fifth at the World Athletics Final . Phillips competed collegiately for the track powerhouse University of Arkansas .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '110 m hurdles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}]}, {'value': 'Public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amaia Piedra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amaia_Piedra', 'summary': "Amaia Piedra ( born 2 June 1972 in Bilbao ) is a retired Spanish athlete who specialized in long-distance running . She finished ninth over 3000 metres at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Birmingham in an indoor personal best time of 8:59.76 minutes . Piedra was suspended by the IAAF from June 2005 to June 2007 for an anti-doping rule violation . She 'd tested positive for EPO ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EPO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erythropoetin', 'summary': 'Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'P', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_15', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."}	null	null	Which person had their violation occur first ? a Colombian sprinter who was born in December of 1993 , or a Croatian middle distance runner that competed in the 800 metres race ?	Vanja Perišić
01a0a23fcbabf730	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Green_Bay_Packers_season', 'title': '1977 Green Bay Packers season', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Position', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Butler_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Michael Anthony Butler ( born April 4 , 1954 ) is a former American football defensive end who played seven seasons for the Green Bay Packers in the National Football League . He also played two seasons for the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kansas', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ezra Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ezra_Johnson', 'summary': "Ezra Ray Johnson ( born October 2 , 1955 ) is a retired American football defensive end who played for the Green Bay Packers , Indianapolis Colts and Houston Oilers in a fifteen-year career that lasted from 1977 to 1991 in the National Football League ( NFL ) . A first-round pick from Morris Brown College by the Green Bay Packers in 1977 , Johnson was known as one of the best defensive linemen in his first few years in the league . Johnson earned a spot in the 1979 Pro Bowl after unofficially finishing second , to Detroit Lions Al Bubba Baker , with 20.5 sacks in 1978 . ( Quarterback sacks were not an official NFL statistic until 1982 . ) However , by 1981 , Johnson 's career was marred by a series of back injuries and allegations of his lack of discipline on the field , including one incident in which he ate a hot dog while sitting on the bench during a preseason game , and being inconsistent at times . He lost and regained his starting job multiple times during that period . Johnson was exclusively used as the third-down pass rush specialist after 1986 , and took a leadership role with the team . He was released by the Packers in 1988 and played with two seasons with the Colts , and one with the Oilers before retiring in 1991 . Despite his adverse relationship with the team at times , Johnson was elected to the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_Brown_College', 'summary': 'Morris Brown College ( MBC ) is an unaccredited , private , Christian , and historically black liberal arts college in Atlanta , Georgia . It is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church . In 2002 it lost its accreditation and federal funding due to a financial mismanagement scandal during the 1998-2002 tenure of Dolores Cross as college president . The United Negro College Fund also terminated its support for the college . Ten years later , the college filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in an attempt to prevent foreclosure and sale of the school at auction . It had settled its debt to the Department of Education . In 2019 , the college announced a renewed strategy to secure accreditation again .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Koch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Koch', 'summary': 'Greg Koch ( born June 14 , 1955 ) is a former American football tackle and guard who played eleven seasons in the National Football League , mainly with the Green Bay Packers . In 2010 , Koch was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . Koch was also inducted into the University of Arkansas Sports Hall of Honor in 2010 . He was inducted in the State of Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in March 2016 . He is a licensed attorney and co-host of In The Trenches with Koch and Kalu on SportsTalk 790 KBME in Houston , Texas . Also known for his 16 hour drinking contest with WWE Lex Luger . Koch was just recently included in The 100 greatest Packers Players for the 100 year celebration of the NFL checking in at number 67 .'}]}, {'value': 'Offensive Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Scribner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_University', 'summary': "Idaho State University ( ISU ) is a public research university in Pocatello , Idaho . Founded 119 years ago in 1901 as the Academy of Idaho , ISU offers more than 280 programs at its main campus and at locations in Meridian , Idaho Falls , and Twin Falls . It is the state 's designated lead institution in health professions and medical education . [ citation needed ] There are 48 U.S. states and 59 countries represented at ISU and 285 programs , including Master 's and Doctorate programs . The student-teacher ratio is 17:1 , gender of students is 44 percent male , 56 percent female , and ISU has more than 160 clubs and organizations . Enrollment for the fall semester in 2012 stood at 14,209 , including 12,143 undergraduate students and 2,066 graduate students ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nate Simpson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nate_Simpson', 'summary': 'Nate Simpson is a former running back in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1977 NFL Draft and played three seasons with the team .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Tennessee State University ( Tennessee State , Tenn State , or TSU ) is a public and historically black land-grant university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , it is the largest and only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Tennessee State University offers 41 bachelors degrees , 23 master 's degrees , and eight doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '149', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Moresco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Moresco', 'summary': 'Tim Moresco is a former defensive back in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 1977 NFL Draft and played that season with the team . The following three seasons he would play with the New York Jets .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_back', 'summary': 'In gridiron football , defensive backs ( DBs ) are the players on the defensive team who take positions somewhat back from the line of scrimmage ; they are distinguished from the defensive line players and linebackers , who take positions directly behind or close to the line of scrimmage . The defensive backs , in turn , generally are classified into several different specialized positions :'}]}, {'value': 'Syracuse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derrel Gofourth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derrel_Gofourth', 'summary': 'Derrel Gofourth ( born March 20 , 1955 in Parsons , Kansas ) was one of the most decorated offensive linemen in Oklahoma State University history in 1974-1976 . He played in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers from 1977 to 1982 before moving on to the San Diego Chargers from 1983 to 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University–Stillwater', 'summary': "Oklahoma State University ( OSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Stillwater , Oklahoma . OSU was founded in 1890 under the Morrill Act . Originally known as Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College ( Oklahoma A & M ) , it is the flagship institution of the Oklahoma State University System . Official enrollment for the fall 2010 semester system-wide was 35,073 , with 23,459 students enrolled at OSU-Stillwater . Enrollment shows the Freshman class of 2012 was the largest on record with 4,298 students . OSU is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with highest research activity . The Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls ' athletic heritage includes 52 national championships , a total greater than all but three NCAA Division I schools in the United States , and first in the Big 12 Conference . Students spend part of the fall semester preparing for OSU 's Homecoming celebration , begun in 1913 , which draws more than 40,000 alumni and over 70,000 participants each year to campus and is billed by the university as America 's Greatest Homecoming Celebration ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rell Tipton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_University', 'summary': "Baylor University , or simply Baylor , is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco , Texas . Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas , it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States . Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35 , between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin , the university 's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world . Baylor University 's athletic teams , known as the Bears , participate in 19 intercollegiate sports . The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Whitehurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Whitehurst', 'summary': 'Charles David Whitehurst ( born April 27 , 1955 ) is a former professional American football quarterback in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the 8th round of the 1977 NFL Draft . He played college football at Furman .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Furman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furman_University', 'summary': 'Furman University is a private liberal arts university in Greenville , South Carolina . Founded in 1826 and named for the clergyman Richard Furman , [ A 3 ] Furman University is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina . It became a secular university in 1992 , while keeping Christo et Doctrinae ( For Christ and Learning ) as its motto . It enrolls approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students , representing 46 states and 53 foreign countries , on its 750-acre ( 304 ha ) campus .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '233', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel Mullins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_State_University', 'summary': "Arkansas State University ( A-State ) is a public research university in Jonesboro , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the Arkansas State University System and the second largest university in Arkansas by enrollment . It was founded in 1909 and is located atop 1,376 acres ( 5.6 km2 ) on Crowley 's Ridge ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '260', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Culbreath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Culbreath', 'summary': 'James Clifford Culbreath , Jr. ( born October 21 , 1952 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers , the New York Giants , and the Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football at the University of Oklahoma and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1977 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '290', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Randolph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Randolph', 'summary': 'Terry Randolph is a former defensive back who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the eleventh round of the 1977 NFL Draft and played that season with the team .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_International_College', 'summary': 'American International College ( AIC ) is a private liberal arts college in Springfield , Massachusetts .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Offseason -- NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1977_Green_Bay_Packers_season_0', 'intro': 'The 1977 Green Bay Packers season was their 59th season overall and their 57th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 4-10 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a fourth-place finish in the NFC Central division. The Packers struggled with injuries and continued to be among the worst teams in the NFL posting a horrendous 4-10 record, during the season Quarterbacks Lynn Dickey and David Whitehurst combined to throw 21 Interceptions while just connecting on six Touchdown Passes. they only scored 134 points. 2nd worst \nIn the league (103 by the 2-12 buccaneers)'}	null	null	This Packers draftee from a university founded on March 21 , 1865 eventually went on to play two seasons with what USFL team ?	Tampa Bay Bandits
01a3c53762efb8ef	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Island', 'title': 'Kings Island', 'header': ['Name', 'Opened', 'Manufacturer', 'Model', 'Description', 'Thrill rating'], 'data': [{'value': 'Banshee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banshee_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Banshee is a steel roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park in Mason , Ohio . Designed and built by Bolliger & Mabillard ( B & M ) , Banshee opened to the public on April 18 , 2014 . The roller coaster features 4,124 feet ( 1,257 m ) of track , making it the longest inverted roller coaster in the world . Banshee is also the first inverted coaster built in the United States since 2006 when Patriot debuted at Worlds of Fun .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolliger & Mabillard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolliger_&_Mabillard', 'summary': 'Bolliger & Mabillard , officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers , Inc. and often abbreviated B & M , is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey , Switzerland . The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard , both of whom had worked for Giovanola . B & M has pioneered several new ride technologies , most notably the inverted roller coaster and the box-section track . In 2016 , the company completed its 100th roller coaster . B & M produces nine types of coaster models : Stand-Up Coaster , Inverted Coaster , Floorless Coaster , Flying Coaster , Hyper Coaster , Dive Coaster , Sitting Coaster , Wing Coaster and Family Coaster .'}]}, {'value': 'Inverted Coaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An inverted roller coaster with seven inversions located in the former location of Thunder Alley and Son of Beast . It is the longest of its kind in the world', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverted_roller_coaster', 'summary': "An inverted roller coaster is a roller coaster in which the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage . This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended coaster , which runs under the track , but swings via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage . The coaster type 's inverted orientation , where the passengers ' legs are exposed , distinguishes it from a traditional roller coaster , where the passengers ' arms are instead exposed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Son_of_Beast', 'summary': "Son of Beast was a record-breaking wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio . Built and designed by the now defunct Roller Coaster Corporation of America , it opened to the public on May 26 , 2000 , and was themed as a sequel to one of the park 's other signature attractions , The Beast . In addition to breaking the world record for speed , Son of Beast was the first wooden hypercoaster in the world with a 214-foot ( 65 m ) drop and was the second wooden coaster to feature an inversion ; Flip Flap Railway was the first , but was long defunct before the ride 's opening . Son of Beast is also known for two major , non-fatal accidents . In 2006 , damage to the track caused one of the trains to stop abruptly . After another incident in 2009 , when a woman claimed to have suffered a head injury , the ride was closed indefinitely . On July 27 , 2012 , the closure was made permanent , as Kings Island announced that the roller coaster would be dismantled and removed from the park . When Banshee opened in Son of Beast 's former location in 2014 , a tombstone prop depicting the Son of Beast and its years of operation was placed in the ride 's line queue ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bat_(Kings_Island;_opened_1993)', 'summary': "The Bat , formerly called Flight Deck and Top Gun , is a suspended roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio . Built by Arrow Dynamics , the ride was known as Top Gun when it opened in 1993 . It is the park 's second suspended coaster following an earlier prototype from Arrow Development - also called The Bat - that operated at Kings Island from 1981 to 1983 . The layout is designed to give riders the illusion they are narrowly missing track supports and other elements while swinging through sharp turns ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Dynamics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Dynamics', 'summary': "Arrow Dynamics was an American manufacturing and engineering company that specialized in designing and building amusement park rides , especially roller coasters . Based in Clearfield , Utah , the company was the successor to Arrow Development ( 1946-1981 ) and Arrow Huss ( 1981-1986 ) , which were responsible for several influential advancements in the amusement and theme park industries . Among the most significant was tubular steel track , which provided a smoother ride than the railroad style rails commonly used prior to the 1960s on wooden roller coasters . The Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland , built in 1959 , was Arrow 's first roller coaster project . In 1975 , Arrow Development introduced the first corkscrew style track Corkscrew , at Knott 's Berry Farm that sent riders through a series of corkscrews . Arrow created several other firsts over the years , introducing the first suspended roller coaster in almost a century , The Bat , in 1981 , and the world 's first hypercoaster , Magnum XL-200 , which opened in 1989 . They built the first 4th Dimension roller coaster , X2 , which was designed by Alan Schilke in 2002 . Arrow Development 's ownership changed three times between the 1950s and 1980s . Arrow Dynamics would eventually survive two bankruptcies and spin off a sister company , Fabriweld , primarily to build track , by 1988 . Arrow Dynamics eventually closed on December 3 , 2001 . S & S Worldwide purchased part of Arrow 's remaining assets on October 28 , 2002 , and the remainder of the company was dissolved . In 2012 , Sansei Yusoki Co. of Osaka , Japan , acquired a 77.3% interest in S & S - Arrow ."}]}, {'value': 'Suspended', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A suspended roller coaster in which free-swinging cars are suspended below the track . Formerly known as Top Gun ( 1993-2007 ) ; Flight Deck ( 2008-2013 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suspended_roller_coaster', 'summary': 'A suspended roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster in which the car hangs from the bottom of the rolling stock by a pivoting fulcrum or hinge assembly . This allows the car and riders to swing side to side as the train races along the track . Due to the swing designs , these roller coasters can not invert riders .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congo Falls', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'Shoot-the-Chute', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A Shoot-the-Chute water ride with a 34 ' drop . The ride opened as Amazon Falls ( 1988-1998 ) and was later renamed Congo Falls after the Paramount film Congo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot-the-Chute', 'summary': 'Shoot the Chute is an amusement ride consisting of a flat-bottomed boat that slides down a ramp or inside a flume into a lagoon . Unlike a log flume , a Shoot the Chute ride generally has larger boats and one single drop .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Congo_(film)', 'summary': "Congo is a 1995 American science fiction action-adventure film loosely based on Michael Crichton 's novel of the same name . The picture was directed by Frank Marshall starring Laura Linney , Dylan Walsh , Ernie Hudson , Tim Curry , Grant Heslov and Joe Don Baker . The film was released on June 9 , 1995 , by Paramount Pictures . Congo received quite negative reviews but performed better than Paramount expected ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delirium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delirium_(ride)', 'summary': 'Delirium is a Giant Frisbee ride located at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio . Designed by HUSS Park Attractions , the ride first opened on April 12 , 2003 , as the largest Frisbee ride of its kind in the world . The record-setting ride is able to swing 50 passengers up to 76 miles per hour ( 122 km/h ) reaching a height of 137 feet ( 42 m ) above ground .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HUSS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HUSS_Park_Attractions', 'summary': 'HUSS Park Attractions ( legal name : Huss Park Attractions GmbH ) is a company that specializes in developing and manufacturing amusement rides at a factory in Budapest , Hungary .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Frisbee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Giant Frisbee ride that swings riders at an angle of 120° creating a maximum arc of 240° , lifting riders 137 feet ( 42 m ) into the air . Riders reach speeds up to 76 miles per hour ( 122 km/h )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frisbee_(ride)', 'summary': 'The Frisbee is a type of pendulum amusement ride featuring a circular gondola that rotates as it swings back and forth . Riders are seated on the gondola facing inward or outward depending on the model .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drop Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drop_Tower_(Cedar_Fair)', 'summary': 'Drop Tower : Scream Zone , formerly known as Drop Zone : Stunt Tower , is the name of five drop tower thrill rides of varying sizes featured at five different Cedar Fair amusement parks in the United States and Canada .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intamin', 'summary': 'Intamin Worldwide is a designing and manufacturing company in Wollerau , Switzerland . It is best known for creating thrill rides and roller coasters worldwide . The Intamin brand name is an abbreviation for international amusement installations . The company has offices throughout the world including three in Europe , three in Asia and two in the United States . Intamin is a major player in the amusement park attractions industry , supplying 17 different styles of roller coasters , 7 different vertical rides , 8 different water rides , 5 different immersive rides , 7 different swing rides and 5 different observation attractions . The company has installed a total of 163 coasters in several countries around the globe . Intamin designed and built the first river rapids ride known as Thunder River based on the idea supplied by Bill Crandall , a past General Manager at the now defunct AstroWorld . Intamin also marketed the first Freefall ( developed by Giovanola ) experience and the first drop tower .'}]}, {'value': 'Gyro Drop', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A rotating drop tower ride which at 315 feet ( 96 m ) is the tallest of its kind in the world ( although sister park Kings Dominion has one with a longer drop that does not rotate ) . Formerly known as Drop Tower : Scream Zone and Drop Zone : Stunt Tower ( 1999-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drop_tower_(ride)', 'summary': 'A drop tower or big drop is a type of amusement ride incorporating a central structure or tower . Drop towers vary in height , passenger capacity , lift type , and brake type . Many are custom-made , although there are some mass-produced designs . Riders experience free-fall initially , followed by rapid heavy deceleration . With most drop towers , a gondola carrying riders is lifted to the top of a large vertical structure , then released to free-fall down the tower . Brakes activate to slow the gondola as it approaches the bottom of the ride . Some designs expand on this concept with features such as rotating gondolas , or several bounces before coming to rest . Most drop towers require child riders to exceed a minimum height ; limits vary widely depending upon the nature of the tower , with a 30-foot ( 9 m ) tower for smaller children from 37 inches ( 95 cm ) tall , and a 115-foot ( 35 m ) tower having a 51-inch ( 130 cm ) restriction . Drop towers use a magnetic braking system to slow the carriage quickly and smoothly once it reaches the bottom of the tower . This system is fail-safe because magnets do not need to be powered by electricity or other sources ; they work intrinsically by the laws of magnetism .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invertigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invertigo_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Invertigo is a type of shuttle roller coaster manufactured by Dutch company Vekoma . It is a variation on their traditional Boomerang design .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vekoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vekoma', 'summary': 'Vekoma Rides Manufacturing is a Dutch amusement ride manufacturer . Vekoma is an abbreviation of Veld Koning Machinefabriek ( Veld Koning Machine Factory ) and was established in 1926 by Hendrik op het Veld . They originally manufactured farm equipment and later made steel constructions for the coal mining industry in the 1950s , After the closure of Dutch mines in 1965 , they manufactured steel pipes for the petrochemical industry . Since the 1970s , they have manufactured amusement rides . In 2018 , Vekoma was acquired by Sansei Technologies , the parent company of American ride manufacturer S & S Sansei .'}]}, {'value': 'Invertigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Invertigo_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Invertigo is a type of shuttle roller coaster manufactured by Dutch company Vekoma . It is a variation on their traditional Boomerang design .'}]}, {'value': 'An inverted Boomerang roller coaster . Formerly known as FACE/OFF ( 1999-2007 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boomerang_(roller_coaster)', 'summary': 'Boomerang is a model of roller coaster manufactured and designed by Vekoma , a Dutch manufacturer . The roller coaster model name is from the hunting implement based on the traditions of the Indigenous Australians . As of February 2020 [ update ] there are 55 Boomerangs operating . The roller coaster model was created in the early 1980s and was first introduced at four different parks around the world in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timberwolf Amphitheatre', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concert venue built to replace Stadium of the Stars', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xtreme Skyflyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xtreme_Skyflyer', 'summary': "Xtreme Skyflyer ( known as RipCord at Carowinds ) is a Skycoaster at several Cedar Fair parks . The Carowinds and Kings Island models opened in 1995 , while the Canada 's Wonderland and Kings Dominion models opened in 1996 followed by California 's Great America which opened their model in 1997 . In order to ride the attraction , guests must pay an extra fee ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sky Fun 1 Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dual Swing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pay-per-ride Double Skycoaster with a dive of 153 feet ( 47 m )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skycoaster', 'summary': 'Skycoaster is an amusement park ride produced and managed by Skycoaster , Inc. , a division of Ride Entertainment Group . On the Skycoaster , riders in groups of 1 to 3 are harnessed in specialized suits , winched to the top of a launch tower , and then dropped towards the ground , swinging from a cable tether back and forth until brought to a rest . The attraction is often compared to a combination of skydiving and hang gliding . There are currently over 80 Skycoasters in operation all around the world , ranging in heights from 100-300 feet ( 30.5-91.4 m ) . The ride can be found on every continent but Antarctica . Most locations operate as upcharge attractions with an additional fare charged to riders who have already paid general admission to the park . Many installations use a variation of the Skycoaster model name , whereas others use a custom name like Dare Devil Dive ( found at several Six Flags parks ) or Xtreme Skyflyer ( found at several Cedar Fair parks ) .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Areas and attractions -- Action Zone', 'section_text': "Action Zone opened in 1974 as Lion Country Safari , a 100-acre ( 40 ha ) section of the park featuring a monorail ride that took guests on a safari-style tour through an animal preservation . This was part of a network of other safari-style zoos also called Lion Country Safari . It was later renamed Wild Animal Safari in 1977 . [ 50 ] [ 51 ] In 1983 , the area became known as Wild Animal Habitat and included Adventure Village , a new area within the rebranded section . [ 52 ] Over the years , it featured rides such as Screamin ' Demon ( 1977–87 ) , the first steel looping roller coaster to run both forward and backward in the United States , and King Cobra ( 1984–2001 ) , a stand-up looping roller coaster that was the first of its kind in the world . [ 31 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] Early in its tenure after purchasing Kings Island , Paramount unveiled Top Gun , a suspended roller coaster from Arrow Dynamics , in 1993 . [ 55 ] Located next to the habitat attraction , it was titled after a film of the same name and was the first ride to be added to the park with a Paramount theme . [ 55 ] The following year , the entire area was renamed Adventure Village coinciding with the removal of the animal habitat and monorail ride . [ 31 ] In 1999 , a two-year expansion initiative began with the area 's renaming to Action Zone and the addition of two new attractions – Drop Zone : Stunt Tower and Face/Off . [ 7 ] [ 31 ] When it debuted , Action Zone resembled a movie stunt set featuring a water tower as the centerpiece . The water tower was originally part of a skit with stunts and special effects that imitated a live movie set with a director and stunt performers . [ 56 ] Son of Beast opened in 2000 , the second year of the area 's two-year expansion . It was the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world and the first of its kind to feature a vertical loop . [ 57 ] As a result of a number of structural issues and two accidents , the ride closed permanently in 2009 and was eventually demolished in 2012 . [ 57 ] Other notable rides include Delirium , which opened in 2003 as the largest Giant Frisbee ride in the world , and Banshee , the world 's longest inverted roller coaster which opened in 2014 at the former location of Son of Beast . [ 58 ] [ 59 ]", 'uid': 'Kings_Island_0', 'intro': "Kings Island is a 364-acre (147 ha) amusement park located 24 miles (39 km) northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio. Owned and operated by Cedar Fair, the park first opened in 1972 by the Taft Broadcasting Company. It was part of a larger effort to move and expand Coney Island, a popular resort destination along the banks of the Ohio River that was prone to frequent flooding. After more than $300 million in capital investments, the park features over 100 attractions including fourteen roller coasters and a 33-acre (13 ha) water park. Early in its history, Kings Island has appeared in popular sitcoms and received widespread recognition for its record-breaking attractions and events. One of the park's most well-known attractions, The Racer, is often credited with reviving worldwide interest in roller coasters during the 1970s. Others, such as The Beast and Banshee, have set several world records, some of which remain standing. The largest investment in park history is Orion, a giga coaster scheduled to open in 2020. The park has also suffered through times of negative publicity, particularly surrounding the early demise of roller coasters The Bat and Son of Beast. Kings Island is divided into several themed sections and operates seasonally from early spring through the fall, partially reopening for Winterfest during the holiday season. In 2017, Kings Island was the second-most visited seasonal amusement park in the United States behind Cedar Point, with an estimated 3.47 million visitors. It was third overall for seasonal attendance in North America, which was led by Canada's Wonderland."}	null	null	Which ride is the longest inverted roller coaster in the world ?	Banshee
01a3c5ce7b12df95	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas', 'title': 'Henry Thomas', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raggedy Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raggedy_Man', 'summary': "Raggedy Man is a 1981 American drama film based on William D. Wittliff and Sara Clark 's 1979 novel , and directed by Jack Fisk ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliott', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misunderstood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misunderstood_(1984_film)', 'summary': "Misunderstood is a 1984 American drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg , based on the 1869 novel Misunderstood by Florence Montgomery . This film stars Henry Thomas as a young boy who struggles with family , friends , and relationships after his mother 's death . The novel Misunderstood had previously been adapted as the 1966 Italian film Incompreso , which starred Anthony Quayle ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloak & Dagger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloak_&_Dagger_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Cloak & Dagger is a 1984 American spy adventure film directed by Richard Franklin , and starring Henry Thomas , Dabney Coleman and Michael Murphy . It was written by Tom Holland and based on a Cornell Woolrich short story The Boy Cried Murder , which was initially filmed as The Window . It was originally released in a double feature with The Last Starfighter on July 13 , 1984 , and was released separately on August 10 , 1984 . The film grossed $ 9.7 million in the United States . Thomas was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Davey Osborne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frog Dreaming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frog_Dreaming', 'summary': 'Frog Dreaming is a 1986 Australian family adventure film starring Henry Thomas and directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith .'}]}, {'value': 'Cody', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valmont_(film)', 'summary': 'Valmont is a 1989 French-American drama film directed by Miloš Forman and starring Colin Firth , Annette Bening , and Meg Tilly . Based on the 1782 French novel Les Liaisons dangereuses by Choderlos de Laclos , and adapted for the screen by Jean-Claude Carrière , the film is about a scheming widow ( Merteuil ) who bets her ex-lover ( Valmont ) that he can not corrupt a recently married honorable woman ( Tourvel ) . During the process of seducing the married woman , Valmont ends up falling in love with her . Earlier , Merteuil learns her secret lover ( Gercourt ) has discarded her and is about to marry her cousins daughter- a virginal 15 year old Cécile . As revenge , the jilted Merteuil employs Valmont ( during his pursuit of Tourvel ) to seduce Cécile before her marriage to Gercourt . Valmont received an Oscar nomination for Best Costume Design ( Theodor Pištěk ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Raphael Danceny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire in the Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky', 'summary': "Fire in the Sky is a 1993 American biopic science fiction mystery film directed by Robert Lieberman and written by Tracy Tormé . It is based on Travis Walton 's book The Walton Experience , which describes an alleged extraterrestrial encounter . The film stars D. B. Sweeney as Walton , and Robert Patrick as his best friend and future brother-in-law , Mike Rogers . James Garner , Craig Sheffer , Scott MacDonald , Henry Thomas , and Peter Berg also star . Fire in the Sky was a modest box office success and met with generally positive reviews . The film 's critical standing has since diminished , although its alien abduction scenes remain well-regarded . It was nominated for four Saturn Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Hayes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curse of the Starving Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curse_of_the_Starving_Class', 'summary': "Curse of the Starving Class is a play by Sam Shepard , considered the first of a series on family tragedies . Some critics consider it part of a Family Trilogy that includes Buried Child ( 1979 ) and True West ( 1980 ) . Others consider it part of a quintet that includes Fool for Love ( 1983 ) and A Lie of the Mind ( 1985 ) . The play was commissioned by Joseph Papp and premiered in London in 1977 before playing at Papp 's New York Shakespeare Festival in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wesley Tate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends of the Fall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall', 'summary': "Legends of the Fall is a 1994 American epic historical drama western film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Brad Pitt , Anthony Hopkins , Aidan Quinn , Julia Ormond and Henry Thomas . Based on the 1979 novella of the same title by Jim Harrison , the film is about three brothers and their father living in the wilderness and plains of Montana in the early 20th century and how their lives are affected by nature , history , war , and love . The film 's time frame spans from World War I through the Prohibition era , ending with a brief scene set in 1963 . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) . Both the film and book contain occasional Cornish language terms , the Ludlows being a Cornish immigrant family ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Ludlow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara , Niagara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara,_Niagara', 'summary': "Niagara , Niagara is a 1997 film directed by Bob Gosse , and starring Henry Thomas , Robin Tunney , as well as Michael Parks , John Ventimiglia and Stephen Lang . A dark and tragic romantic tale about young love , drugs , a cross country trip and Tourette syndrome . Filmed locations were New Paltz , Highland and Poughkeepsie in upstate New York , as well as Niagara Falls and Canada . A film was produced by the New York City based Shooting Gallery . The film was praised internationally , particularly in the UK , but American critics were mixed . Robin Tunney 's performance garnered her the Volpi Cup Award for Best Actress at the 1997 Venice International Film Festival . The film has fallen into a cult status , due to underground popularity . It was released only on VHS , but not on DVD ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicide_Kings', 'summary': "Suicide Kings is a 1997 American crime thriller comedy film directed by Peter O'Fallon and starring Christopher Walken , Denis Leary , Sean Patrick Flanery , Johnny Galecki , Jay Mohr , Jeremy Sisto and Henry Thomas . Based on Don Stanford 's short story The Hostage , the film follows the group of students who kidnap a respected Mafia figure . It has a 34% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and grossed $ 1.7 million in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Avery Chasten', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bombshell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bombshell_(1997_film)', 'summary': 'Bombshell is a sci-fi film/thriller written and directed by Paul Wynne , and starring Henry Thomas , Mädchen Amick , Frank Whaley , Pamela Gidley , and Brion James . It is produced by Wyatt Knight , Steven Paul , Patrick Peach , Vicky Pike , Jeff Ritchie , and Paul Wynne ( himself ) . The production company is Molecular Films and Wynne/Pike Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Hogan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fever_(1999_film)', 'summary': "Fever ( 1999 ) is a psychological thriller written and directed by Alex Winter and starring Henry Thomas , David O'Hara , Teri Hatcher and Bill Duke ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Parker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The House That Screamed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_House_That_Screamed_(2000_film)', 'summary': 'The House That Screamed is a 2000 horror film by the Polonia brothers , released by Sub Rosa Studios . The film follows a writer ( Bob Dennis ) , attempting to escape from the recent tragedy in his life by throwing himself into his work , only to discover the haunted house . It was followed by a sequel , Hellgate : the House That Screamed 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Gillton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Good Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Good_Baby', 'summary': 'A Good Baby is a 2000 drama film directed by Katherine Dieckmann , making her directorial debut . The film was produced by Lianne Halfon , Tom Carouso , Aileen Argentini and Derrick Tseng . The script was written by Dieckmann and Leon Rooke . The film stars Henry Thomas played Raymond Toker , a young loner . The other casts were David Strathairn , Cara Seymour , Danny Nelson , Jayne Morgan , Allison Glenn , Jerry Foster , Jerry Rushing , Emilie Jacobs and Hannah Grady .'}]}, {'value': 'Raymond Toker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All the Pretty Horses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(film)', 'summary': "All the Pretty Horses is a 2000 American romance western film produced and directed by Billy Bob Thornton and starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz . It is based on Cormac McCarthy 's novel of the same name . The film was released on Christmas Day 2000 to mostly negative reviews . It grossed $ 18 million worldwide , against a $ 57 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Lacey Rawlins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Quickie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Quickie_(film)', 'summary': 'The Quickie is a 2001 crime film starring Jennifer Jason Leigh and Vladimir Mashkov , directed by Sergey Bodrov . It was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival where Vladimir Mashkov won the award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead in the Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_in_the_Water_(film)', 'summary': 'Dead In The Water ( Brazilian : O mar por testemunha ) is a 2002 American crime /thriller feature film written and directed by Gustavo Lipsztein .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I 'm with Lucy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'm_with_Lucy", 'summary': "I 'm With Lucy is a 2002 romantic comedy directed by Jon Sherman starring Monica Potter in the title role , with Henry Thomas , David Boreanaz , Anthony LaPaglia , Gael García Bernal and John Hannah ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangs of New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York', 'summary': "Gangs of New York is a 2002 American epic period drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , set in the New York slums , and inspired by Herbert Asbury 's non-fiction book , The Gangs of New York . The screenplay was written by Jay Cocks , Steven Zaillian , and Kenneth Lonergan . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Daniel Day-Lewis and Cameron Diaz . In 1863 , a long-running Catholic-Protestant feud erupts into violence , just as an Irish immigrant group is protesting about low wages caused by an influx of freed slaves , as well as the threat of conscription . Scorsese spent twenty years developing the project until in 1999 Harvey Weinstein and his production company Miramax Films acquired it . Made in Cinecittà , Rome and in New York , the film was completed by 2001 , but its release was delayed following the September 11 attacks . Released on December 20 , 2002 , the film grossed $ 193 million worldwide against its $ 100 million budget and received positive reviews from critics for Day-Lewis ' performance , Scorsese 's directing , the production design and costume design . It was nominated for ten Oscars at the 75th Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sirocco', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Henry_Thomas_0', 'intro': "Henry Jackson Thomas Jr. (born September 9, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his breakout role as Elliott in Steven Spielberg's film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and his more recent recurring role in The Haunting of Hill House."}	null	null	Who were the authors of the novel which inspired the 1981 film in which Henry Thomas played Harry ?	William D. Wittliff and Sara Clark
01a4145f3ff65cbe	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit', 'title': 'SI derived unit', 'header': ['Name', 'Symbol', 'Quantity', 'Expression in terms of SI base units'], 'data': [{'value': 'metre per second', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metre_per_second', 'summary': 'The metre per second is an SI derived unit of both speed ( scalar quantity ) and velocity ( vector quantity ( which have direction and magnitude ) ) , equal to the speed of a body covering a distance of one metre in a time of one second . The SI unit symbols are m/s , m·s−1 , m s−1 , or m/s , sometimes ( unofficially ) abbreviated as mps . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'm/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'speed , velocity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed', 'summary': 'In everyday use and in kinematics , the speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity ( the rate of change of its position ) ; it is thus a scalar quantity . The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the object divided by the duration of the interval ; the instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the duration of the time interval approaches zero . Speed has the dimensions of distance divided by time . The SI unit of speed is the metre per second , but the most common unit of speed in everyday usage is the kilometre per hour or , in the US and the UK , miles per hour . For air and marine travel the knot is commonly used . The fastest possible speed at which energy or information can travel , according to special relativity , is the speed of light in a vacuum c = 299792458 metres per second ( approximately 1079000000 km/h or 671000000 mph ) . Matter can not quite reach the speed of light , as this would require an infinite amount of energy . In relativity physics , the concept of rapidity replaces the classical idea of speed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Velocity', 'summary': "The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference , and is a function of time . Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object 's speed and direction of motion ( e.g . 60 km/h to the north ) . Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics , the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies . Velocity is a physical vector quantity ; both magnitude and direction are needed to define it . The scalar absolute value ( magnitude ) of velocity is called speed , being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI ( metric system ) as metres per second ( m/s ) or as the SI base unit of ( m⋅s−1 ) . For example , 5 metres per second is a scalar , whereas 5 metres per second east is a vector . If there is a change in speed , direction or both , then the object has a changing velocity and is said to be undergoing an acceleration ."}]}, {'value': 'm⋅s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'metre per second squared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared', 'summary': 'The metre per second squared is the unit of acceleration in the International System of Units ( SI ) . As a derived unit , it is composed from the SI base units of length , the metre , and time , the second . Its symbol is written in several forms as m/s2 , m·s−2 or m s−2 , or less commonly , as m/s/s . As acceleration , the unit is interpreted physically as change in velocity or speed per time interval , i.e . metre per second per second and is treated as a vector quantity .'}]}, {'value': 'm/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'acceleration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acceleration', 'summary': "In mechanics , acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time . Accelerations are vector quantities ( they have magnitude and direction ) . The orientation of an object 's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object . The magnitude of an object 's acceleration , as described by Newton 's Second Law. , is the combined effect of two causes :"}]}, {'value': 'm⋅s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'metre per second cubed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'm/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'jerk , jolt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerk_(physics)', 'summary': "In physics , jerk ( also known as jolt ) is the rate at which an object 's acceleration changes with respect to time . Jerk is a vector quantity ( magnitude and direction ) , and can be expressed in m/s3 ( in SI units ) or in standard gravities per second ( g/s ) . Jerk is the time derivative of acceleration , the second derivative of velocity , and the third derivative of position . Jounce , also known as snap , is the fourth derivative of position and the first derivative of jerk ."}]}, {'value': 'm⋅s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'metre per second to the fourth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'm/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'snap , jounce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jounce', 'summary': 'In physics , jounce , also known as snap , is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time , or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time . Equivalently , it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity . Jounce is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions :'}]}, {'value': 'm⋅s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'radian per second', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radian_per_second', 'summary': 'The radian per second ( symbol : rad·s−1 or rad/s ) is the SI unit of rotational speed ( angular velocity ) , commonly denoted by the Greek letter ω ( omega ) . The radian per second is also the unit of angular frequency . The radian per second is defined as the change in the orientation of an object , in radians , every second .'}]}, {'value': 'rad/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'angular velocity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angular_velocity', 'summary': 'In physics , angular velocity refers to how fast an object rotates or revolves relative to another point , i.e . how fast the angular position or orientation of an object changes with time . There are two types of angular velocity : orbital angular velocity and spin angular velocity . Spin angular velocity refers to how fast a rigid body rotates with respect to its centre of rotation . Orbital angular velocity refers to how fast a point object revolves about a fixed origin , i.e . the time rate of change of its angular position relative to the origin . Spin angular velocity is independent of the choice of origin , in contrast to orbital angular velocity which depends on the choice of origin . In general , angular velocity is measured in angle per unit time , e.g . radians per second . The SI unit of angular velocity is expressed as radians/sec with the radian having a dimensionless value of unity , thus the SI units of angular velocity are listed as 1/sec . Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega ( ω , sometimes Ω ) . By convention , positive angular velocity indicates counter-clockwise rotation , while negative is clockwise .'}]}, {'value': 's', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'radian per second squared', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radian_per_second_squared', 'summary': 'Angular acceleration is the time rate of change of angular velocity . In three dimensions , it is a pseudovector . In SI units , it is measured in radians per second squared ( rad/s2 ) , and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha ( α ) . Just like angular velocity , there are two types of angular acceleration : spin angular acceleration and orbital angular acceleration , representing the time rate of change of spin angular velocity and orbital angular velocity respectively . Unlike linear acceleration , angular acceleration need not be caused by a net external torque . For example , a figure skater can speed up her rotation ( thereby obtaining an angular acceleration ) simply by contracting her arms inwards , which involves no external torque .'}]}, {'value': 'rad/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'angular acceleration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angular_acceleration', 'summary': 'Angular acceleration is the time rate of change of angular velocity . In three dimensions , it is a pseudovector . In SI units , it is measured in radians per second squared ( rad/s2 ) , and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha ( α ) . Just like angular velocity , there are two types of angular acceleration : spin angular acceleration and orbital angular acceleration , representing the time rate of change of spin angular velocity and orbital angular velocity respectively . Unlike linear acceleration , angular acceleration need not be caused by a net external torque . For example , a figure skater can speed up her rotation ( thereby obtaining an angular acceleration ) simply by contracting her arms inwards , which involves no external torque .'}]}, {'value': 's', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hertz per second', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hz/s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'frequency drift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frequency_drift', 'summary': 'In electrical engineering , and particularly in telecommunications , frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency . Causes may include component aging , changes in temperature that alter the piezoelectric effect in a crystal oscillator , or problems with a voltage regulator which controls the bias voltage to the oscillator . Frequency drift is traditionally measured in Hz/s . Frequency stability can be regarded as the absence ( or a very low level ) of frequency drift . On a radio transmitter , frequency drift can cause a radio station to drift into an adjacent channel , causing illegal interference . Because of this , Frequency allocation regulations specify the allowed tolerance for such oscillators in a type-accepted device . A temperature-compensated , voltage-controlled crystal oscillator ( TCVCXO ) is normally used for frequency modulation . On the receiver side , frequency drift was mainly a problem in early tuners , particularly for analog dial tuning , and especially on FM , which exhibits a capture effect . However , the use of a phase-locked loop ( PLL ) essentially eliminates the drift issue . For transmitters , a numerically controlled oscillator ( NCO ) also does not have problems with drift . Drift differs from Doppler shift , which is a perceived difference in frequency due to motion of the source or receiver , even though the source is still producing the same wavelength . It also differs from frequency deviation , which is the inherent and necessary result of modulation in both FM and phase modulation .'}]}, {'value': 's', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'cubic metre per second', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_second', 'summary': 'A cubic metre per second ( m3s−1 , m3/s , cumecs or cubic meter per second in American English ) is a derived SI unit of volumetric flow rate equal to that of a stere or cube with sides of one metre ( ~39.37 in ) in length exchanged or moving each second . It is popularly used for water flow , especially in rivers and streams , and fractions for HVAC values measuring air flow . The term cumec is also used , as shorthand for Cubic metres per second , with the plural form cumecs also common in speech . [ citation needed ] It is commonly used between workers in the measurement of water flow through natural streams and civil works , but rarely used in writing . Data in units of cumec are used along the y-axis or vertical axis of a flow hydrograph , which describes the time variation of discharge of a river ( the mean velocity multiplied by cross-sectional area ) . A moderately sized river discharges in the order of 100 cumecs .'}]}, {'value': 'm /s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'volumetric flow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volumetric_flow', 'summary': "In physics and engineering , in particular fluid dynamics and hydrometry , the volumetric flow rate ( also known as volume flow rate , rate of fluid flow or volume velocity ) is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time ; usually represented by the symbol Q ( sometimes V̇ ) . The SI unit is cubic metres per second ( m3/s ) . Another unit used is standard cubic centimetres per minute ( sccm ) . In US customary units and imperial units , volumetric flow rate is often expressed as cubic feet per second ( ft3/s ) or gallons per minute ( either US or imperial definitions ) . Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux , as defined by Darcy 's law and represented by the symbol q , with units of m3/ ( m2·s ) , that is , m·s−1 . The integration of a flux over an area gives the volumetric flow rate ."}]}, {'value': 'm ⋅s', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Examples of derived quantities and units', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'SI_derived_unit_1', 'intro': 'SI derived units are units of measurement derived from the seven base units specified by the International System of Units (SI). They are either dimensionless or can be expressed as a product of one or more of the base units, possibly scaled by an appropriate power of exponentiation. The SI has special names for 22 of these derived units (for example, hertz, the SI unit of measurement of frequency), but the rest merely reflect their derivation: for example, the square metre (m2), the SI derived unit of area; and the kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3 or kg⋅m−3), the SI derived unit of density. The names of SI derived units, when written in full, are always in lowercase. However, the symbols for units named after persons are written with an uppercase initial letter. For example, the symbol for hertz is Hz, but the symbol for metre is m.'}	null	null	What is the name of the derived unit whose quantity is usually represented by the symbol omega ?	radian per second squared
01a46cc40b632eac	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Jewish_Homesteaders_Cemetery', 'summary': 'The Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery is an early 20th century burial site near Ashley , North Dakota . The Russian and Romanian Jews who farmed the area beginning in 1905 arrived as refugees fleeing pogroms and persecution . They had never farmed before , due to restrictions against Jews owning land in their native countries . Despite this lack of experience and the many rocks and boulders that peppered their claims , with the assistance of their German-Russian neighbors , and hard work and persistence , the great majority of them were successful enough to buy their land outright prior to the five-year waiting period contained within the Homestead Act of 1862 , or to own their land at the five year mark . Over the course of the next 20 years , these Jewish farmers moved off their farms to carve out their livelihoods . Though many remained as shopkeepers in the smaller towns in the Dakotas , a significant number chose to eventually move closer to larger Jewish educational and social centers . Established in 1913 , the cemetery remains as the only physical evidence of the largest Jewish agricultural settlement in North Dakota , South Dakota , or Montana . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in 2015 , and re-dedicated with explanatory plaques in 2017 . It is the only remaining Jewish homesteader cemetery in the Dakotas that has been continually cared for by the descendants of those buried , and the Ashley residents hired by the descendants to maintain the grounds .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2015 ( # 15000807 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48th Ave. , SE . 46°04′42″N 99°22′44″W / 46.078333°N 99.378889°W / 46.078333 ; -99.378889 ( Ashley Jewish Homesteaders Cemetery )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ashley is a city in and the county seat of McIntosh County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 749 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McIntosh County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McIntosh_County_Courthouse_(Ashley,_North_Dakota)', 'summary': 'McIntosh County Courthouse in Ashley , North Dakota was built in 1919 , to serve the surrounding county . It is one of thirteen Beaux Arts Neo-Classical courthouses in North Dakota designed by the architectural firm of Buechner & Orth . The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 25 , 1980 ( # 80002918 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '112 1st St. NE 46°02′09″N 99°22′16″W / 46.03595°N 99.371171°W / 46.03595 ; -99.371171 ( McIntosh County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashley,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Ashley is a city in and the county seat of McIntosh County , North Dakota , United States . The population was 749 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Andrews_Evangelical_German_Lutheran_Church', 'summary': 'The St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , was built in 1893 by Germans from Russia . Also known as St. Andrews Lutheran Parish District , the historic area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 . The listing included four contributing buildings and one contributing site . The district includes the original 1893 church , a 1906 church , a parsonage , and a cemetery . One work includes Colonial Revival architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1990 ( # 90001027 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of ND 3 near the South Branch of Beaver Creek 46°06′53″N 99°46′21″W / 46.114722°N 99.7725°W / 46.114722 ; -99.7725 ( St. Andrews Evangelical German Lutheran Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota_Highway_3', 'summary': 'North Dakota Highway 3 ( ND 3 ) is a 247.530-mile-long ( 398.361 km ) major north-south state highway in North Dakota , United States , that spans the entire state . It travels from South Dakota Highway 45 ( SD 45 ) at the South Dakota state line , south of Ashley north to Manitoba Highway 10 ( PTH 10 ) at the International Peace Garden on the Canada-United States border .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_A", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001687 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_B", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001688 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site C", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_C", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001689 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site D", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Cemetery,_Wrought-Iron_Cross_Site_D", 'summary': "Four historic sites within the St. John 's Catholic Cemetery near Zeeland , North Dakota , United States , identified as St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site A , St. John 's Cemetery , Wrought-Iron Cross Site B , Site C , and Site D , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 . They include wrought-iron crosses . The listing for Site A included 9 contributing objects ; Site B included 6 ; Site C included just one ; Site D included 9 . Site C included an iron cross built in 1923 by Jacob Friedt . Jacob Friedt , of Zeeland , was one of a number of German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose work was known for miles around them . :13"}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1989 ( # 89001690 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland_Hall', 'summary': 'Zeeland Hall , on South Main Street in Zeeland , North Dakota , was built in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration project . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 . It is a one-story Colonial Revival-style building . It has a long central portion and one-story extensions to each side , and is approximately 58 by 98 feet ( 18 m × 30 m ) in plan . The Colonial Revival style is relatively unusual for New Deal public works projects ; Moderne is more common .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2016 ( # 16000368 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '211 S. Main Ave. 45°58′19″N 99°49′49″W / 45.971986°N 99.830388°W / 45.971986 ; -99.830388 ( Zeeland Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeland,_North_Dakota', 'summary': 'Zeeland is a city in McIntosh County , North Dakota in the United States . The population was 86 at the 2010 census . Zeeland was founded in 1902 by Dutch settlers . Its name is taken from the Dutch province of Zeeland . Germans from Russia emigrated there in 1905 from Odessa , Ukraine , building the first Catholic Church in North Dakota for Germans from Russia .'}]}], 'section_title': 'McIntosh County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota_26', 'intro': "There are 447 properties and historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota. There are listings in 52 of North Dakota's 53 counties."}	null	null	What type of architecture is the site in the same city as the site re-dedicated in 2017 ?	Beaux Arts Neo-Classical
01a5a55ab1e22904	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of tallest buildings in the United States', 'header': ['Rank', 'Name', 'City', 'Pinnacle height ft ( m )', 'Architectural height ft ( m )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One World Trade Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center', 'summary': "One World Trade Center ( also known as One WTC or Freedom Tower ) [ note 1 ] is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan , New York City . One WTC is the tallest building in the United States , the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , and the seventh-tallest in the world . The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center , which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre ( 6.5 ha ) World Trade Center site , on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center . The building is bounded by West Street to the west , Vesey Street to the north , Fulton Street to the south , and Washington Street to the east . The building 's architect is David Childs , whose firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( SOM ) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower . The construction of below-ground utility relocations , footings , and foundations for the new building began on April 27 , 2006 . One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30 , 2012 , when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building . The tower 's steel structure was topped out on August 30 , 2012 . On May 10 , 2013 , the final component of the skyscraper 's spire was installed , making the building , including its spire , reach a total height of 1,776 feet ( 541 m ) . Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed . The building opened on November 3 , 2014 ; the One World Observatory opened on May 29 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,792 ft ( 546 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,776 ft ( 541 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willis Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willis_Tower', 'summary': "The Willis Tower ( colloquial : Sears Tower , its name for 36 years ) is a 110-story , 1,450-foot ( 442.1 m ) skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois . At completion in 1973 , it surpassed the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world , a title that it held for nearly 25 years ; it was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years , until the new One World Trade Center surpassed it in 2014 . While it held the title of Tallest Office Building until 2014 , it lost the title of Tallest Man-Made Structure after only 3 years . The CN Tower in Toronto , which serves as a communications tower , took over the title in 1976 . The Willis Tower is considered a seminal achievement for architect Fazlur Rahman Khan . It is currently the third-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere - and the 23rd-tallest in the world . Each year , more than one million people visit its observation deck , the highest in the United States , making it one of Chicago 's most popular tourist destinations . The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as a term of its lease . As of April 2018 [ update ] , the building 's largest tenant is United Airlines , which moved its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive ( then the United Building ) in 2012 , occupying around 20 floors . Other major tenants include the building 's namesake Willis Group and law firms Schiff Hardin and Seyfarth Shaw . Morgan Stanley plans to move to the building in 2019 and become its fourth-largest tenant by 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1,729 ft ( 527 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,451 ft ( 442 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Park Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Park_Tower', 'summary': "Central Park Tower , also known as the Nordstrom Tower , is a mixed-use supertall skyscraper being developed by Extell Development Company and Shanghai Municipal Investment Group along Billionaires ' Row on 57th Street in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture , the building rises 1,550 feet ( 472 m ) and is the second-tallest skyscraper in the United States and the Western Hemisphere , the 15th tallest building in the world , the tallest residential building in the world ( the much taller Burj Khalifa in Dubai has 900 residential units , but is mixed-use ) , and the tallest building outside Asia by roof height . The site of the Central Park Tower was formerly occupied by two buildings at 225 West 57th Street and 1780 Broadway , which were demolished in 2011-2012 . In mid-2012 , Nordstrom committed to opening their first store within the base of the tower . A proposed cantilever above the Art Students League of New York 's building at 215 West 57th Street , intended to maximize views of nearby Central Park , resulted in several lawsuits , but was later allowed because construction had already started . Despite uncertainty about the final design and complications relating to the tower 's financing , excavations at the site started in May 2014 . Actual construction started in February 2015 , with the building topping out in September 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,550 ft ( 472 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,550 ft ( 472 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hancock Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hancock_Center', 'summary': "875 North Michigan Avenue , formerly the John Hancock Center , is a 100-story , 1,128-foot supertall skyscraper located in Chicago , Illinois . Located in the Magnificent Mile district , its name was changed to 875 North Michigan Avenue on February 12 , 2018 . It was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , with Colombian-Peruvian chief designer Bruce Graham and Bangladeshi structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan . When the building topped out on May 6 , 1968 , it was the second-tallest building in the world and the tallest outside New York City . It is currently the fourth-tallest building in Chicago and the ninth-tallest in the United States , after One World Trade Center , the Willis Tower , 432 Park Avenue , the Trump Tower Chicago , the Empire State Building , the Bank of America Tower , 30 Hudson Yards and the Aon Center . When measured to the top of its antenna masts , it stands at 1,500 feet ( 457 m ) . The building is home to several offices and restaurants , as well as about 700 condominiums . It also contains the third-highest residence in the world , after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai and the Trump Tower in Chicago . The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company , a developer and original tenant of the building . In 2018 , John Hancock Insurance requested that its name be removed and the owner is seeking another naming rights deal . From the 95th floor restaurant , diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan . The observatory ( 360 Chicago ) , which competes with the Willis Tower 's Skydeck , has a 360° view of the city , up to four states , and a distance of over 80 miles ( 130 km ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1,500 ft ( 457 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,127 ft ( 344 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Empire State Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Empire_State_Building', 'summary': "The Empire State Building is a 102-story [ c ] Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was designed by Shreve , Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931 . The building has a roof height of 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) and stands a total of 1,454 feet ( 443.2 m ) tall , including its antenna . Its name is derived from Empire State , the nickname of New York . The Empire State Building stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years until the construction of the World Trade Center 's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970 . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , it was again the tallest building in New York City until it was surpassed by the new One World Trade Center in 2012 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the building is the seventh-tallest building in New York City , the sixth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States , and the 45th-tallest in the world . It is also the sixth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas . The site of the Empire State Building , located in Midtown South on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets , was originally part of an early 18th-century farm , then became the site of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in 1893 . In 1929 , Empire State Inc. acquired the site and devised plans for a skyscraper there . The design for the Empire State Building was changed fifteen times until it was ensured to be the world 's tallest building . Construction started on March 17 , 1930 , and the building opened thirteen and a half months afterward on May 1 , 1931 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,454 ft ( 443 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,250 ft ( 381 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '111 West 57th Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/111_West_57th_Street', 'summary': "111 West 57th Street , also known as the Steinway Tower , is an 84-story , 1,428-foot ( 435-meter ) supertall residential project by developers JDS Development Group and Property Markets Group in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Located along Billionaires ' Row on 57th Street near Sixth Avenue , the development consists of the original landmarked Steinway Building designed in 1925 by Warren & Wetmore and a new tower by SHoP Architects . When completed , the tower will be one of the tallest buildings in the United States , as well as the thinnest skyscraper in the world with a width-to-height ratio of about 1:23 or 1:24 . The north side of the tower rises directly up to the pinnacle of the building . On the south side of the tower , a series of setbacks appear as the tower rises , thinning out as the height of the building increases . Since beginning construction in early 2014 , the development has faced significant challenges including union protests , multiple lawsuits from a former equity partner , a foreclosure , and the indictment of the project 's general contractor for fraud , withholding wages , and using undocumented immigrant labor . After significant cost overruns and delays , the tower 's concrete form topped-out in April 2019 , with full completion of its pinnacle expected by the end of 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,428 ft ( 435 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,428 ft ( 435 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Vanderbilt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Vanderbilt', 'summary': "One Vanderbilt ( also One Vanderbilt Place ) is a 67-floor supertall skyscraper under construction at the corner of 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue in midtown Manhattan , New York City . Proposed by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and developer SL Green Realty as part of a planned Midtown East rezoning , the tower stands immediately to the west of Grand Central Terminal . A groundbreaking ceremony for One Vanderbilt was held in October 2016 , and the tower topped out on September 17 , 2019 , two months ahead of schedule . When completed in 2020 , the 1,600,000-square-foot ( 150,000 m2 ) skyscraper 's roof will be 1,301 feet ( 397 m ) high and its spire will be 1,401 feet ( 427 m ) , making it the city 's fourth-tallest building after One World Trade Center and the under-construction Central Park Tower and 111 West 57th Street ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,401 ft ( 427 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,401 ft ( 427 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '432 Park Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/432_Park_Avenue', 'summary': "432 Park Avenue is a residential skyscraper at 57th Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , overlooking Central Park . The 1,396-foot-tall ( 425.5 m ) tower was developed by CIM Group and Harry B. Macklowe and designed by Rafael Viñoly . It features 125 condominiums , as well as amenities such as a private restaurant for residents . 432 Park Avenue sits on Billionaires ' Row and has some of the most expensive residences in the city , with the median unit selling for tens of millions of dollars . 432 Park Avenue is located on the site of the former Drake Hotel , which was sold to Macklowe in 2006 . The project faced delays for five years because of lack of financing , as well as difficulties in acquiring the properties on the site . Construction plans were approved for 432 Park Avenue in 2011 and excavations began the next year . Sales within 432 Park Avenue were launched in 2013 ; the building topped-out in October 2014 and was officially completed in 2015 . At the time of its completion , 432 Park Avenue was the third-tallest building in the United States and the tallest residential building in the world . As of November 2019 , it is the sixth-tallest building in the United States , the fifth-tallest building in New York City , and the third-tallest residential building in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,396 ft ( 426 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,396 ft ( 426 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trump International Hotel and Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)', 'summary': "The Trump International Hotel and Tower is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago , Illinois . The building , named after businessman and the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump , was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore , Owings and Merrill . Bovis Lend Lease built the 98-story structure , which reaches a height of 1,388 feet ( 423.2 m ) including its spire , its roof topping out at 1,171 feet ( 357 m ) . It is next to the main branch of the Chicago River , with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river . The building received publicity when the winner of the first season of The Apprentice reality television show , Bill Rancic , chose to manage the construction of the tower over managing a new Trump National Golf Course and resort in Los Angeles . Trump announced in 2001 that the skyscraper would become the tallest building in the world , but after the September 11 attacks that same year , the architects scaled back the building 's plans , and its design underwent several revisions . When topped out in 2009 , it became the second-tallest building in the US . It surpassed the city 's John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence ( apartment or condo ) in the world , and briefly held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa . The design of the building includes , from the ground up , retail space , a parking garage , a hotel and condominiums . The 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30 , 2008 , then full accommodation and services on April 28 . The building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009 . Sixteen was one of five restaurants in Chicago with at least a Michelin Guide two-star rating in 2016 and one of three five-star Forbes-rated restaurants in the city until it closed in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1,389 ft ( 423 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,389 ft ( 423 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 Hudson Yards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/30_Hudson_Yards', 'summary': "30 Hudson Yards ( also the North Tower ) is a super-tall mixed use building in the West Side area of Manhattan . Located near Hell 's Kitchen , Chelsea , and the Penn Station area , the building is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project , a plan to redevelop the Metropolitan Transportation Authority 's West Side Yard . Since April 2019 , it has been the third-tallest building in New York City . The building has a triangular observation deck jutting out from the 101st floor . This observation deck , at 1,100 feet , is expected to open in March 2020 and will be the highest outdoor observation deck in the Western Hemisphere . ( The Empire State Building 's 102nd floor observation deck , at 1,224 feet , is enclosed . ) The view will offer new skyline views to the south and east of Manhattan , the surrounding boroughs , and New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,268 ft ( 386 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,268 ft ( 386 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank of America Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(New_York_City)', 'summary': 'The Bank of America Tower is a 1,200 ft ( 365.8 m ) skyscraper in the Midtown area of Manhattan in New York City . It is located at One Bryant Park , on Sixth Avenue between 42nd and 43rd Streets diagonally opposite Bryant Park . The US $ 1 billion project was designed by COOKFOX Architects . Work on the Bank of America Tower started in 2004 and it was completed in 2009 . The Bank of America Tower was appraised in July 2019 at over $ 3.5 billion , ranking it among the most valuable office buildings in the city . The Bank of America Tower is advertised to be one of the most efficient and ecologically friendly buildings in the world . It is the fifth tallest building in New York City , after One World Trade Center , 432 Park Avenue , 30 Hudson Yards , and the Empire State Building , and the seventh tallest building in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,200 ft ( 366 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,200 ft ( 366 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aon Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aon_Center_(Chicago)', 'summary': 'The Aon Center ( 200 East Randolph Street , formerly Amoco Building ) is a modern supertall skyscraper just east of the Chicago Loop , Chicago , Illinois , United States , designed by architect firms Edward Durell Stone and The Perkins and Will partnership , and completed in 1974 as the Standard Oil Building . With 83 floors and a height of 1,136 feet ( 346 m ) , it is the fourth-tallest building in Chicago , surpassed in height by Willis Tower , Trump International Hotel and Tower , and Vista Tower . The building is managed by Jones Lang LaSalle , which is also headquartered in the building . Aon Center formerly housed the world headquarters of Aon and Amoco . Aon still maintains headquarters of its US operations there . The building is also the co-headquarters of Kraft Heinz .'}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '1,136 ft ( 346 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,136 ft ( 346 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comcast Technology Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comcast_Technology_Center', 'summary': 'The Comcast Technology Center is a supertall skyscraper in Center City , Philadelphia . The 60-floor building , with a height of 1,121 feet ( 342 m ) , is the tallest building in Philadelphia and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , the tenth-tallest building in the United States and the tallest outside Manhattan and Chicago . The tower is located on the southwest corner of 18th and Arch Streets , one block west of the Comcast Center , the headquarters of Comcast Corporation . A hotel - the highest in the country - and restaurant are located on the top floors , while central floors contain offices for Comcast software developers and engineers , and the lowest floors have television studios and retail stores . Construction began in mid-2014 , topped out on November 27 , 2017 , and the first personnel began moving into the building in late July 2018 . The tower was open to the public in October 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '1,121 ft ( 342 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,121 ft ( 342 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condé Nast Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Condé_Nast_Building', 'summary': '4 Times Square , also formerly known as the Condé Nast Building , is a skyscraper in Times Square in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Located on Broadway between West 42nd and 43rd Streets , the structure was finished in January 2000 as part of a larger project to redevelop 42nd Street . The architects were Fox & Fowle , who also designed the Reuters Building as part of the larger project . The 809-foot ( 246.5 m ) , 52-story building is the 28th tallest building in New York City and the 59th tallest in the United States . Owned by the Durst Organization , the building contains 1,600,000 square feet ( 150,000 m2 ) of floor space .'}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,118 ft ( 341 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '809 ft ( 247 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilshire Grand Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilshire_Grand_Center', 'summary': "Wilshire Grand Center is a 1,100-foot ( 335.3 m ) skyscraper in the Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles , California , occupying the entire city block between Wilshire Blvd . and 7th , Figueroa , and Francisco streets . It is the tallest building in Los Angeles , the tallest building in California , the tallest building west of the Mississippi River and outside of New York City , Chicago , and Philadelphia , and the 14th tallest building in the United States . Its height surpasses the U.S. Bank Tower by 82 ft ( 25 m ) . The building is part of a mixed-use hotel , retail , observation decks , shopping mall , and office complex , expected to revitalize downtown Los Angeles and the area surrounding the building . The development of the complex is estimated to cost $ 1.2 billion . The plans include 67,000 square feet ( 6,225 m2 ) of retail , 677,000 square feet ( 62,895 m2 ) of Class A office space and 900 hotel rooms . InterContinental is the tower 's hotel component , comprising 900 rooms and suites ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '1,100 ft ( 335 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '928 ft ( 283 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 World Trade Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3_World_Trade_Center', 'summary': "3 World Trade Center ( also known as 175 Greenwich Street ) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the rebuilding of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan , New York City . The tower is located on the east side of Greenwich Street , on the eastern side of the World Trade Center site . The current 3 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this name . The original building was the Marriott World Trade Center , a hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex . The hotel was a 22-story steel-framed structure with 825 rooms . It had a roof height of 242 feet ( 74 m ) . Construction began in 1979 and it opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel . The entire World Trade Center complex was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001 . Construction originally began in 2010 , but was delayed until 2014 because of a lack of an anchor tenant . The building 's concrete core was topped out to maximum height in August 2016 , with the perimeter steel structure following on October 6 , 2016 . The building opened on June 11 , 2018 . The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners , and is managed by Silverstein Properties through a ground lease with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , who owns the land ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,079 ft ( 329 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,079 ft ( 329 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salesforce Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salesforce_Tower', 'summary': "Salesforce Tower , formerly known as the Transbay Tower , is a 1,070-foot ( 326 m ) office skyscraper in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco . It is located at 415 Mission Street between First and Fremont Streets , next to the Transbay Transit Center site . Salesforce Tower is the centerpiece of the San Francisco Transbay redevelopment plan . The plan contains a mix of office , transportation , retail , and residential uses . This was the last building designed by César Pelli to be completed in his lifetime . Upon its completion in 2018 it became the tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline , with a top roof height of 970 feet ( 296 m ) and overall height of 1,070 feet ( 326 m ) , surpassing the 853 feet ( 260 m ) Transamerica Pyramid . It is also the second-tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the 1,100 feet ( 335 m ) Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles . While the Salesforce Tower is taller than the Wilshire Grand if decorative spires are excluded , the Salesforce Tower has a shorter roofline than Los Angeles ' U.S. Bank Tower , meaning that the Salesforce tower is also second-tallest according to roofline ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '1,070 ft ( 326 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,070 ft ( 326 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18=', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrysler Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrysler_Building', 'summary': "The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco-style skyscraper located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood on the East Side of Manhattan , New York City , at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue near Midtown Manhattan . At 1,046 feet ( 318.9 m ) , the structure was the world 's tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931 . It is the tallest brick building in the world with a steel framework . As of 2018 [ update ] , the Chrysler is the eighth-tallest building in the city , tied with The New York Times Building . Originally a project of real estate developer and former New York State Senator William H. Reynolds , the building was constructed by Walter Chrysler , the head of the Chrysler Corporation , and served as the corporation 's headquarters from 1930 until the mid-1950s . The Chrysler Building 's construction was characterized by a competition with 40 Wall Street and the Empire State Building to become the world 's tallest building . Although the Chrysler Building was built and designed specifically for the car manufacturer , the corporation did not pay for its construction and never owned it ; rather , Walter Chrysler decided to pay for it himself so that his children could inherit it . When the Chrysler Building opened , there were mixed reviews of the building 's design , ranging from views of it as inane and unoriginal to the idea that it was modernist and iconic . Perceptions of the building have slowly evolved into its now being seen as a paragon of the Art Deco architectural style ; and in 2007 , it was ranked ninth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,046 ft ( 319 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,046 ft ( 319 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18=', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The New York Times Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building', 'summary': "The New York Times Building is a skyscraper at 620 Eighth Avenue , on the west side of Midtown Manhattan , New York City , that was completed in 2007 . Its chief tenant is The New York Times Company , publisher of The New York Times as well as the International New York Times , and other newspapers . Construction was by a joint venture of The New York Times Company , Forest City Ratner ( Forest City Enterprises 's New York subsidiary ) , and ING Real Estate . As of 2018 [ update ] , The New York Times Building is the eighth-tallest building in the city , tied with the Chrysler Building ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '1,046 ft ( 319 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,046 ft ( 319 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bank of America Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bank_of_America_Plaza_(Atlanta)', 'summary': "Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper located in between Midtown Atlanta and Downtown Atlanta . At 311.8 m ( 1,023 ft ) , the tower is the 107th-tallest building in the world . It is the 16th tallest building in the U.S. , the tallest building in Georgia , and the tallest building in any U.S. state capital , overtaking the 250 m ( 820 ft ) , 50-story One Atlantic Center in height , which previously held the record as Georgia 's tallest building . It has 55 stories of office space and was completed in 1992 , when it was called NationsBank Plaza . Originally intended to be the headquarters for Citizens & Southern National Bank ( which merged with Sovran Bank during construction ) , it became NationsBank 's property following its formation in the 1991 hostile takeover of C & S/Sovran by NCNB ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '1,040 ft ( 317 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,023 ft ( 312 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tallest buildings by pinnacle height', 'section_text': 'This lists ranks completed and topped out buildings in the United States that stand at least 800 feet ( 244 m ) tall based on pinnacle height measurement , which includes antenna masts . Standard architectural height measurement , which excludes antennas in building height , is included for comparative purposes . Tallest buildings in the United States , by pinnacle height , including all antennae , poles , etc . whether architectural or not ( 2020 ) .', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States_1', 'intro': "The world's first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1885. Since then, the United States has been home to some of the world's tallest skyscrapers. Eleven American buildings have held the title of tallest building in the world (9 in New York City). New York City and Chicago have always been the centers of American skyscraper building. The 10-story Home Insurance Building, built in Chicago in 1885, is regarded as the world's first skyscraper; the building was constructed using a novel steel-loadbearing frame which became a standard of the industry worldwide. Since its topping out in 2013, One World Trade Center in New York City has been the tallest skyscraper in the United States. Its spire brings the structure to a symbolic architectural height of 1,776 feet (541 m), connoting the year the U.S. Declaration of Independence was signed, though the absolute tip (or pinnacle) of the structure is measured at 1,792 ft (546 m). However, the observation deck elevation and highest occupied floor of One World Trade Center are surpassed by 432 Park Avenue and Chicago's Willis Tower (formerly and still commonly known as the Sears Tower). Steinway Tower, and Central Park Tower will also have higher occupied floors and roofs upon their completion. Prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City, the twin towers of the World Trade Center occupied the second and third positions on the list below, behind Willis Tower. The North Tower stood at 1,368 feet (417 m), while the South Tower was 1,362 feet (415 m) tall."}	null	null	What year was the tallest building in Philadelphia open to the public ?	2018
01a5b1dcd05c8a50	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basilicas_in_India', 'title': 'List of basilicas in India', 'header': ['Sr. No', 'City/Municipality', 'State', 'Basilica', 'Date of Designation', 'Rite'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goa Velha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goa_Velha', 'summary': "Goa Velha is a census town in Ilhas , Goa . It should not be confused with the World Heritage Site Velha Goa ( English : Old Goa ) . St. Andrew 's is its parish church . It is well known for its yearly 'procession of saints ' ( Konkani : santanchem pursanv )"}]}, {'value': 'Goa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goa', 'summary': "Goa ( /ˈɡoʊə/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the region known as the Konkan , and geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats . It is surrounded by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south , with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast . It is India 's smallest state by area and the fourth-smallest by population . Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states , two and a half times that of the country . It was ranked the best-placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators . Panaji is the state 's capital , while Vasco da Gama is its largest city . The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese , who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter . Goa was a former state of the Portuguese Empire . The Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961 . Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its white sand beaches , nightlife , places of worship and World Heritage-listed architecture . It has rich flora and fauna , owing to its location on the Western Ghats range , a biodiversity hotspot ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Bom Jesus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus', 'summary': "The Basilica of Bom Jesus ( Portuguese : Basílica do Bom Jesus ; Konkani : Borea Jezuchi Bajilika ) is a Roman Catholic basilica located in Goa , India , and is part of the Churches and convents of Goa UNESCO World Heritage Site . The basilica is located in Old Goa , former capital of Portuguese India , and holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier . 'Bom Jesus ' ( literally , 'Good ( or Holy ) Jesus ' ) is the name used for the Ecce Homo in the countries of Portuguese colonization . The Jesuit church is India 's first minor basilica , and is considered to be one of the best examples of baroque architecture and Portuguese Colonial architecture in India . It is one of the Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World ."}]}, {'value': '1946-01-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mumbai', 'summary': "Mumbai ( English : /mʊmˈbaɪ/ , Marathi : [ ˈmumbəi ] ; also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/ , the official name until 1995 ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . According to United Nations , as of 2018 , Mumbai was the second most populous city in India after Delhi and the seventh most populous city in the world with a population of 19.98 million . As per Indian government population census of 2011 , Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million living under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai . Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23.64 million . Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . In 2008 , Mumbai was named an alpha world city . It is also the wealthiest city in India , and has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India . Mumbai is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Elephanta Caves , Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus , and the city 's distinctive ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings . The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were originally home to communities of Marathi language speaking Koli people , who originated in Gujarat in prehistoric times . For centuries , the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company when in 1661 Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and Seven Islands of Bombay . During the mid-18th century , Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project , which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea . Along with construction of major roads and railways , the reclamation project , completed in 1845 , transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Maharashtra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maharashtra', 'summary': "Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount , Bandra ( Mount Mary Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Mary_Church,_Bandra', 'summary': 'The Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount , more commonly known as Mount Mary Church , is a Roman Catholic Basilica located in Bandra , Mumbai . The feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated here on the first Sunday after 8 September , the birthday of the Virgin Mary . The feast is followed by a week-long celebration known locally as the Bandra Fair and is visited by thousands of people .'}]}, {'value': '1954-10-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'San Thome Basilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Thome_Basilica', 'summary': "San Thome Church , also known as St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica and National Shrine of Saint Thomas is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Santhome , in the city of Chennai ( Madras ) , India . It was built in the 16th century by Portuguese explorers , over the tomb of Saint Thomas , one of the twelve apostles of Jesus . In 1893 , it was rebuilt as a church with the status of a cathedral by the British . The British version still stands today . It was designed in Neo-Gothic style , favoured by British architects in the late 19th century . This church is one of the only three known churches in the world built over the tomb of an apostle of Jesus , the other two being St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City and Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia , Spain ."}]}, {'value': '1956-03-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sardhana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardhana', 'summary': 'Sardhana is a town and a municipal board in Meerut district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is located 85 km ( 53 mi ) northeast of New Delhi , and 13 mi from Meerut . Sardhana is famous for its cloth industry and Church .'}]}, {'value': 'Uttar Pradesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh', 'summary': "Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Graces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Graces', 'summary': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Graces is a Roman Catholic Church in Sardhana , 19 km north-west of Meerut , in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh .'}]}, {'value': '1961-12-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Velankanni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velankanni_Town', 'summary': 'Velankanni ( Vēḷāṅkaṇṇi ) , is a Special Grade Panchayat Town in Nagapattinam district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It lies on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal , 350 km south of Chennai ( Madras ) and 12 km south of Nagapattinam . Once a port that traded with Rome and Greece , the tiny commercial center gradually lost its importance to the larger city of Nagapattinam . The canal built to link this town with Vedaranyam still lies to the west . The Vellayar , a minor branch of the Cauvery River , runs south of the town and discharges into the sea . The town was among the worst hit by the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . The town is home to one of the most visited Roman Catholic Latin Rite shrines called the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health . Velankanni has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Government of India .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Health', 'summary': 'The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health , also known as Sanctuary of Our Lady of Vailankanni , is a Marian shrine located at the small town of Velankanni in Tamil Nadu , South India . The Roman Catholic Latin Rite Basilica is dedicated to Our Lady of Good Health . Devotion to Our Lady of Good Health of Velankanni can be traced back to the mid-16th century , and is attributed to three separate miracles at the sites surrounding the Basilica : The apparition of Blessed Mary and the Christ Child to a slumbering shepherd boy , the healing of a handicapped buttermilk vendor , and the rescue of Portuguese sailors from a deadly sea storm . These accounts are mere oral lore with no written record or attested sources to support them . Initially , only a simple and modest chapel was built by the Portuguese sailors who washed ashore safely . More than 500 years later , the nine-day festival and celebration is still observed and draws nearly 5 million pilgrims each year . The Shrine of Our Lady of Vailankanni is also known as the Lourdes of the East because it is one of the most frequented pilgrimage centres in India .'}]}, {'value': '1962-11-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangalore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangalore', 'summary': "Bangalore , officially known as Bengaluru ( [ ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu ] ( listen ) ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of over ten million , making it a megacity and the third-most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India , on the Deccan Plateau at an elevation of over 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) above sea level , which is the highest among India 's major cities . Its multi-ethnic , multi-religious , and cosmopolitan character is reflected by its more than 1000 Hindu temples , 400 mosques , 100 churches , 40 Jain Basadis , three Sikh gurdwaras , two Buddhist viharas and one Parsi fire temple located in an area of 741 km² of the metropolis . The religious places are further represented by the proposed Chabad of the Jewish community . The numerous Bahá'ís have a society called the Bahá ' í Centre . In 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā - a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire - established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas , or petes , which exist to the present day . After the fall of Vijayanagar empire in 16th century , the Mughals sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar ( 1673-1704 ) , the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees . When Haider Ali seized control of the Kingdom of Mysore , the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands . It was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India ."}]}, {'value': 'Karnataka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karnataka', 'summary': 'Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .'}]}, {'value': "St Mary 's Basilica , Shivajinagar", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Basilica,_Bangalore", 'summary': "St. Mary 's Basilica is located in the Archdiocese of Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka . It is among the oldest churches in Bangalore and the first church in the state that has been elevated to the status of a minor basilica . It is famous for festivities held during the St. Mary 's Feast in the month of September each year , attracting devotees from the entire region of Bangalore ."}]}, {'value': '1973-09-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kochi,_India', 'summary': 'Kochi ( [ koˈtʃːi ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Cochin ( /ˈkoʊtʃɪn/ KOH-chin ) , is a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea . It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala and is often referred to as Ernakulam . Kochi is the most densely populated city in Kerala . As of 2011 , it has a corporation limit population of 677,381 within an area of 94.88 km² and a total urban population of more than of 2.1 million within an area of 440 km² , making it the largest and the most populous metropolitan area in Kerala . Kochi city is also part of the Greater Cochin region and is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India . The civic body that governs the city is the Kochi Municipal Corporation , which was constituted in the year 1967 , and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority ( GCDA ) and the Goshree Islands Development Authority ( GIDA ) . Called the Queen of the Arabian Sea , Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward , and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era . Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503 , Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India . It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530 , when Goa was chosen instead . The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British , with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state . Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala . The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': "St Mary 's Cathedral Basilica , Ernakulam", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Cathedral_Basilica,_Ernakulam", 'summary': "The St. Mary 's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica is a cathedral in Ernakulam , Kerala , India . It was founded in 1112 , and is also known by the names Nasrani Palli , Anchukaimal Palli or Thekke Palli . The church is the headquarters of the Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly ( Archieparchia Ernakulamensis-Angamaliensis ) , which is the Episcopal See of the Syro-Malabar Church ."}]}, {'value': '1974-03-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syro-Malabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ( Classical Syriac : ܥܸܕܬܵܐ ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܝܼ ܕܡܲܠܲܒܵܪ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ Edta Qatholiqi D'Malabar Suryaya ; Malayalam : മലബാറിലെ സുറിയാനി കത്തോലിക്ക സഭ Malabarile Suriyani catholika Sabha ; Latin : Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium , lit . Church of the Malabar Syrians ) or Church of Malabar Syrian Catholics is an Eastern Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church based in Kerala , India . It is an autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular church in full communion with the Pope and the worldwide Catholic Church , with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . The Church is headed by the Metropolitan and Gate of all India Major Archbishop George Cardinal Alencherry . The name Syro-Malabar is a prefix coined from the words Syriac as the church employs the East Syriac Rite liturgy , and Malabar which is the historical name for modern Kerala . The name has been in usage in official Vatican documents since the nineteenth century . The Syro-Malabar Church is the largest of the St. Thomas Christians ( Nasrani ) denominations with over 4 million believers and traces its origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century . The earliest organised Christian presence in India dates to the 3rd century , when Persian missionaries of the East Syriac Rite tradition , members of what later became the Church of the East or Nestorian Church , established themselves in modern-day Kerala . The Church of the East shared communion with the Great Church ( Catholicism and Orthodoxy ) until the Council of Ephesus in the 5th century , separating primarily over differences in Christology . The Syro-Malabar Church employs a Latinised variant of the Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari belonging to the East Syriac Rite of the historic Church of the East , which dates back to 3rd century Edessa , Upper Mesopotamia as such it is a part of Syriac Christianity by liturgy and heritage . Catholicism within the Syro-Malabar Church is unique in that it has inculturated with traditional Hindu customs that form an integral part of traditional Indian culture . As scholar and theologian Placid Podipara describes the Church as Hindu ( Indian ) in Culture , Christian ( Catholic ) in Religion , and Oriental ( East Syriac Rite ) in Worship ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thoothukudi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thoothukudi', 'summary': 'Thoothukudi ( also known as Tuticorin , the official name until 2018 ) is a port city and a municipal corporation and an industrial city in Thoothukudi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . The city lies in the Coromandel Coast of Bay of Bengal . Thoothukudi is the capital and headquarters of Thoothukudi district . It is located about 590 kilometres ( 367 miles ) southwest of Chennai , 190 kilometres ( 118 miles ) northeast of Thiruvananthapuram and 580 kilometres ( 360 miles ) southesst of Bengaluru . According to Confederation of Indian Industry , Thoothukudi has the second highest Human Development Index in Tamil Nadu next to Chennai . Thoothukudi City serves as the headquarters of Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited . Major educational establishments in the city include Government Thoothukudi Medical College , Fisheries College and Research Institute , Tamil Nadu Maritime Academy , V.O . Chidambaram College , Kamaraj College , , Anna University Thoothukudi Campus . and Government Polytechnic College . V. O. Chidambaranar Port Trust is one of the fastest growing Major Ports in India . Thoothukudi is an Emerging Energy and Industrial hub of South India . Thoothukudi is known as Pearl City due to the pearl fishing carried out in the town .'}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Snows Shrine Basilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Snows_Basilica', 'summary': 'Our Lady of Snows Shrine Basilica is located at Thoothukudi , Tamil Nadu , India . It is one of the Catholic pilgrimage centers in India dedicated to the Our Lady of Snows , a title given to St. Mary . The Shrine name refers to the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome .'}]}, {'value': '1982-07-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kochi,_India', 'summary': 'Kochi ( [ koˈtʃːi ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Cochin ( /ˈkoʊtʃɪn/ KOH-chin ) , is a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea . It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala and is often referred to as Ernakulam . Kochi is the most densely populated city in Kerala . As of 2011 , it has a corporation limit population of 677,381 within an area of 94.88 km² and a total urban population of more than of 2.1 million within an area of 440 km² , making it the largest and the most populous metropolitan area in Kerala . Kochi city is also part of the Greater Cochin region and is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India . The civic body that governs the city is the Kochi Municipal Corporation , which was constituted in the year 1967 , and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority ( GCDA ) and the Goshree Islands Development Authority ( GIDA ) . Called the Queen of the Arabian Sea , Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward , and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era . Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503 , Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India . It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530 , when Goa was chosen instead . The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British , with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state . Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala . The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Cathedral_Basilica', 'summary': 'The Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica ( also known as കോട്ടേപള്ളി / Kottepalli ) at Fort Kochi is one of the nine Basilicas in Kerala . Counted as one of the heritage edifices of Kerala , this church is one of the finest and most impressive churches in India and visited by tourists the whole year round . It is a place of devotion as well as a center of historic significance , endowed with architectural and artistic grandeur and colours of the gothic style . The basilica serves as the Cathedral church of the Diocese of Cochin . It was built originally by the Portuguese and elevated to a Cathedral by Pope Paul IV in 1558 , was spared by the Dutch conquerors who destroyed many Catholic buildings . Later the British demolished the structure and João Gomes Ferreira [ pt ] commissioned a new building in 1887 . Consecrated in 1905 , Santa Cruz was proclaimed a Basilica by Pope John Paul II in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '1984-08-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandel', 'summary': 'Bandel is a town in the Hooghly district of the Indian state of West Bengal . It is founded by Portuguese settlers and falls under the jurisdiction of Chandernagore Police Commissionerate . It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority ( KMDA ) . Bandel is a major rail junction station of Eastern Railway zone , it is 40 km from Howrah station .'}]}, {'value': 'West Bengal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Bengal', 'summary': "West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandel_Church', 'summary': 'The Basilica of the Holy Rosary commonly known as Bandel Church is one of the oldest Christian churches in West Bengal , India . Situated in Bandel ( the name came from the Bengali word বন্দর which means port ) , Hooghly district of West Bengal , it stands as a memorial to the Portuguese settlement in Bengal . Founded in 1599 , it is dedicated to Nossa Senhora do Rosário , Our Lady of the Rosary . It is also a parish church , part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta . It is one of the most prominent historical churches in West Bengal as well as in India .'}]}, {'value': '1988-11-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thrissur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thrissur', 'summary': 'Thrissur ( ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , also known by its former name Trichur ) is a city and headquarters of the Thrissur district in Kerala , India . It is the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi and Calicut urban areas and the 20th largest in India . Thrissur is also known as the cultural capital of Kerala because of its cultural , spiritual and religious leanings throughout history . The city is built around a 65-acre ( 26 ha ) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple . Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin . It is located 268 kilometres ( 167 mi ) towards north-west of the state capital city Trivandrum . One of the main cultural events in Thrissur is the Thrissur Pooram , which attracts quite a number of tourists and travellers .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Dolours', 'summary': 'Our Lady of Dolours Basilica alias Puthanpally ( Malayalam : പുത്തൻപള്ളി , meaning : New Church ) is a minor basilica of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Thrissur City in the Indian state of Kerala . The third tallest church in Asia , it is famous for its Gothic style architecture . Built in fine Indo-Gothic style with an area of 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m2 ) , it has soaring belfries at the entrance , double storeyed aisles all along the nave and transepts , and eleven altars , five on either side of the main one . It is the largest church in India and its exuberant interior decorations include fine specimens of murals , images of saints and scenes from the scriptures .'}]}, {'value': '1992-04-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syro-Malabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ( Classical Syriac : ܥܸܕܬܵܐ ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܝܼ ܕܡܲܠܲܒܵܪ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ Edta Qatholiqi D'Malabar Suryaya ; Malayalam : മലബാറിലെ സുറിയാനി കത്തോലിക്ക സഭ Malabarile Suriyani catholika Sabha ; Latin : Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium , lit . Church of the Malabar Syrians ) or Church of Malabar Syrian Catholics is an Eastern Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church based in Kerala , India . It is an autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular church in full communion with the Pope and the worldwide Catholic Church , with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . The Church is headed by the Metropolitan and Gate of all India Major Archbishop George Cardinal Alencherry . The name Syro-Malabar is a prefix coined from the words Syriac as the church employs the East Syriac Rite liturgy , and Malabar which is the historical name for modern Kerala . The name has been in usage in official Vatican documents since the nineteenth century . The Syro-Malabar Church is the largest of the St. Thomas Christians ( Nasrani ) denominations with over 4 million believers and traces its origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century . The earliest organised Christian presence in India dates to the 3rd century , when Persian missionaries of the East Syriac Rite tradition , members of what later became the Church of the East or Nestorian Church , established themselves in modern-day Kerala . The Church of the East shared communion with the Great Church ( Catholicism and Orthodoxy ) until the Council of Ephesus in the 5th century , separating primarily over differences in Christology . The Syro-Malabar Church employs a Latinised variant of the Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari belonging to the East Syriac Rite of the historic Church of the East , which dates back to 3rd century Edessa , Upper Mesopotamia as such it is a part of Syriac Christianity by liturgy and heritage . Catholicism within the Syro-Malabar Church is unique in that it has inculturated with traditional Hindu customs that form an integral part of traditional Indian culture . As scholar and theologian Placid Podipara describes the Church as Hindu ( Indian ) in Culture , Christian ( Catholic ) in Religion , and Oriental ( East Syriac Rite ) in Worship ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thiruvaiyaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiruvaiyaru', 'summary': "Thiruvaiyaru ( also spelled as Tiruvaiyaru or Tiruvayyaru ) is a panchayat town in Thanjavur District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Thiruvaiyaru is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri , 11 km from Thanjavur . Thiruvaaiyaru has an old Siva temple dedicated to Aiyarappar or Panchanatheeswar . Though pilgrims flock to this temple throughout the year , Thiruvaiyaru is more renowned for its association with Saint Thyagaraja , who , along with Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri , comprised the Trinity of Carnatic music . Thiruvaiyaru means Five Rivers around the city . The Five Rivers are Arisilaaru , Vennaaru , Vettaaru , Kudamuruttiyaaru and Kaveriaaru . Tiruvaiyaru is the headquarters of the Tiruvaiyaru taluk . Tiruvaiyaru is a small , quiet town . However , its modesty belies its importance as a pilgrim centre . On the highway from Tanjavur , you pass five bridges over the Vadavar , Vettar , Vennar , Kudamurutti and Cauvery , the five rivers from which Tiruvaiyaru gets its name ( tiru = sacred ; ai = five ; aaru = river ) . The presiding deity of the Shiva temple here , Panchanadeeshvarar ( in Tamil , Ayyarappan ' both mean the same thing , ` the Lord of the Five Rivers ' ) also gets his name from them . Tiruvaiyaru is considered as holy as Varanasi and bathing in the Cauvery here is as guaranteed to rid devotees of sins as bathing in the Ganges ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Lourdes , Poondi ( Poondi Madha Basilica )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poondi_Madha_Basilica', 'summary': 'Our Lady of Lourdes Basilica , Poondi , is a Catholic pilgrimage centre located in Tamil Nadu , South India . Poondi is a small village located near Thirukattupalli in Thiruvaiyaru Taluk ( also spelled as Taluka ) , about 35 km away from Thanjavur . Poondi is usually associated with Alamelupuram village located besides the Basilica and so is called as Poondi-Alamelupuram , officially .'}]}, {'value': '1999-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ranchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ranchi', 'summary': "Ranchi ( /ˈrɑːntʃi/ pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand . Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement , which called for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar , northern Orissa , western West Bengal and the eastern area of what is present-day Chhattisgarh . The Jharkhand state was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas . Ranchi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi 's flagship Smart Cities Mission ."}]}, {'value': 'Jharkhand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jharkhand', 'summary': 'Jharkhand ( lit . Bushland or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km2 ( 30,778 sq mi ) . It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . The state is known for its waterfalls , hills and holy places ; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites . The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period , as shown by several ancient cave paintings . Even evidence of use of iron started in this region as early as 1400 BCE . The region was under the rule of many sovereign and autonomous ruling dynasties including Maurya , Gupta , Gauda , Pala , Nagvanshi , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj , Raksel , Chero and Kharagdiha Zamindari estates . In the 16th century Mughal influence reached the region , and it finally came under the East India Company in the 18th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of the Divine Motherhood of Our Lady , Raja Ulhatu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Divine_Motherhood_of_Our_Lady', 'summary': 'The Basilica of the Divine Motherhood of Our Lady is a minor basilica in Ulhatu , near Ranchi in India . The decree designating it as a basilica was issued on 30 November 2004 . In the Roman Catholic Church , the Virgin Mary is regarded not only as the Mother of God but also as the Mother of the Church . The origins of this church can be traced back to 1903 , to a remote village called Kawali , where a village primary school was opened and placed under the care of a catechist . A village chapel was built at Kawali in 1907 and later shifted to Bhuthataur in 1948 . A primary school functioned from here also and a priest attended the mass in this church . This was a time when Ulhatu still formed a part of the Ranchi Cathedral parish . In 1952 when Fr Defrijn laid the foundation of the church and school building , living in a hut . The church was formally established in the year 1953 . Soon pilgrims started to arrive at Ulhatu . In this shrine the statue of Our Lady of Halle feeding the child Jesus is placed . There are several stories that are attached to the Mary in this parish .'}]}, {'value': '2004-11-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kochi,_India', 'summary': 'Kochi ( [ koˈtʃːi ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Cochin ( /ˈkoʊtʃɪn/ KOH-chin ) , is a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea . It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala and is often referred to as Ernakulam . Kochi is the most densely populated city in Kerala . As of 2011 , it has a corporation limit population of 677,381 within an area of 94.88 km² and a total urban population of more than of 2.1 million within an area of 440 km² , making it the largest and the most populous metropolitan area in Kerala . Kochi city is also part of the Greater Cochin region and is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India . The civic body that governs the city is the Kochi Municipal Corporation , which was constituted in the year 1967 , and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority ( GCDA ) and the Goshree Islands Development Authority ( GIDA ) . Called the Queen of the Arabian Sea , Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward , and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era . Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503 , Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India . It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530 , when Goa was chosen instead . The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British , with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state . Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala . The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom , Vallarpadam ( National Shrine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallarpadam_Church', 'summary': 'The National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom , Vallarpadam-Ernakulam , is a large centre of pilgrimage , and the major Christian pilgrim centre of India [ citation needed ] . According to the Holy See , the apparition of the Virgin Mary in Vallarpadam is the only approved one in India . [ citation needed ] Vallarpadam Basilica is the most important Marian Shrine in India . [ citation needed ] People from all parts of the world irrespective of caste or creed go to the church to seek the blessings of Mary , the mother of Jesus , popularly known as Vallarpadathamma [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': '2004-12-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiruchirapalli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiruchirapalli', 'summary': "Tiruchirappalli [ b ] ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( formerly Trichinopoly in English ) , also called Trichy ( City of heaven ) , is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District . Trichy is the fourth largest city as well as the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state . Located 322 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south of Chennai and 374 kilometres ( 232 mi ) north of Kanyakumari , Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of the state . The Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two , forming the island of Srirangam , which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . The city occupies an area of 167.23 square kilometres ( 64.57 sq mi ) and had a population of 916,857 in 2011 . [ a ] Tiruchirappalli 's recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC , when it was under the rule of the Cholas . The city has also been ruled by the Mutharaiyars , Pandyas , Pallavas , Vijayanagar Empire , Nayak Dynasty , the Carnatic state and the British . The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the Rockfort , the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval . The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur , capital of the Early Cholas , is now a neighbourhood in Tiruchirappalli . The city played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars ( 1746-1763 ) between the British and the French East India companies . The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu and houses nationally recognised institutions such as Indian Institute of Management ( IIM ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( IIIT ) National Institute of Technology ( NIT ) and Tamil Nadu National Law University . Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) , Golden Rock Railway Workshop , Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli ( OFT ) and Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project ( HAPP ) have their factories in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamil Nadu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamil_Nadu', 'summary': "Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index ."}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of the Holy Redeemer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Redeemer,_Tiruchirapalli', 'summary': 'The Basilica of the Holy Redeemer , Tiruchirappalli is one of five Roman Catholic minor basilicas in the southern state of Tamil Nadu , India .'}]}, {'value': '2006-10-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thiruvananthapuram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram', 'summary': "Thiruvananthapuram ( IPA : [ t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm ] ( listen ) ) , commonly known by its former name Trivandrum , is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala . It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011 . The encompassing urban agglomeration population is around 1.68 million . Located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland , Thiruvananthapuram is a major Information Technology hub in Kerala and contributes 55% of the state 's software exports as of 2016 . Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India , the city is characterised by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills . The Ays ruled the present region of Thiruvananthapuram until the 10th century . With their fall in the 10th century , the city was taken over by the Chera dynasty . The city was later taken over by the Kingdom of Venad in the 12th century . In the 17th century the king Marthanda Varma expanded the territory and founded the princely state of Travancore and Thiruvananthapuram was made capital of Travancore . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin state and remained capital when the new Indian state of Kerala was formed in 1956 . Thiruvananthapuram is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the University of Kerala , Kerala Technological University the regional headquarters of Indira Gandhi National Open University , and many other schools and colleges . Thiruvananthapuram is also home to research centres such as the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology , Indian Space Research Organisation 's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre , the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , and a campus of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research ."}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'Pro-Cathedral of St Mary Queen of Peace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Mary,_Queen_of_Peace_Basilica', 'summary': "The St. Mary , Queen of Peace Basilica , located in the Palayam/Cantonment area of the city of Thiruvananthapuram , in the state of Kerala , India , is the first Syro-Malankara Catholic Church to be elevated to the rank of a Catholic basilica . It is the fifth basilica in Kerala . On 10 November . 2008 , at the St. Mary 's Cathedral , Pattom , Trivandrum , Leonardo Sandri , Papal representative and Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches , announced the designation of the Queen of Peace Pro-Cathedral in Thiruvananthapuram as a basilica . Major Archbishop Moran Mor Baselios Cleemis Catholicos dedicated the church as the St. Mary , Queen of Peace Basilica on 7 December 2008 . Kerala Minister M. Vijayakumar presided over a meeting that followed ."}]}, {'value': '2008-10-13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syro-Malankara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church also known as the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church ( Malayalam : മലങ്കര സുറിയാനി കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭ ) is an Eastern Catholic autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular church in full communion with the Pope and the worldwide Catholic Church , with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . It is part of the Major Archiepiscopal Churches of the Catholic Church that are not distinguished with a patriarchal title . It is headed by Major Archbishop Baselios Cardinal Cleemis Maphrian of the Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum based in Kerala , India . The Malankara Syrian Catholic Church traces its origins to the missions of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century . The Church employs the West Syriac Rite Divine Liturgy of Saint James , which is also used in other Eastern Catholic churches such as the Maronite Church of Lebanon and the Syriac Catholic Church of Antioch , and also in Oriental Orthodox churches such as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch , the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church of India , and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church of India . It is one of the two Eastern Catholic Churches from India , the other one being the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church which employs the East Syriac Rite liturgy . The Malankara Syrian Catholic Church was established on 20 September 1930 as a result of the reunion movement under the leadership of Geevarghese Ivanios , when it split from the Malankara Church and entered into communion with the Catholic Church . The Malankara Church itself had emerged from the split within the Saint Thomas Christian community of the 17th century ; after the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653 , the Malankara Church emerged as the Puthenkuttukar , or New Party faction that stood with Archdeacon Thoma I in swearing to resist the authority of the Latin Catholic Portuguese Padroado . This faction entered into a relationship with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch . The Malankara Syrian Catholic Church represents the group from this Malankara faction that reunited with Rome in the 20th century ( 1930 ) . A group of five Malankara Orthodox Syrian bishops who opposed the jurisdiction of the Syrian Orthodox Patriarch in India appointed Ivanios to have negotiations with the Holy See of Rome in 1926 to enter into a new communion . Rome only required that bishops make a profession of faith and that their baptisms and ordinations be proven valid in each case .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Secunderabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Secunderabad', 'summary': "Secunderabad /sɪkəndərˈɑːbɑːd/ ( [ sikŋdɾaːbaːd ] ( listen ) , also spelled sometimes as Sikandarabad ) is the twin city of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana . Named after Sikandar Jah , the third Nizam of the Asaf Jahi dynasty , Secunderabad was established in 1806 as a British cantonment . Although both the cities are together referred to as the twin cities , Hyderabad and Secunderabad have different histories and cultures , with Secunderabad having developed directly under British rule until 1948 , and Hyderabad as the capital of the Nizams ' princely state of Hyderabad . Geographically divided from Hyderabad by the Hussain Sagar lake , Secunderabad is no longer a separate municipal unit and has become part of Hyderabad 's Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation ( GHMC ) . Both cities are collectively known as Hyderabad and together form the fifth-largest metropolis in India . Being one of the largest cantonments in India , Secunderabad has a large presence of army and air force personnel ."}]}, {'value': 'Telangana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Telangana', 'summary': 'Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption , Secunderabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Secunderabad', 'summary': "Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption ( commonly known as St. Mary 's Church , Secunderabad ) is a minor basilica located in Secunderabad , India . The decree designating it as a basilica was issued on 7 November 2008 . The church is located on Sarojini Naidu Road in Secunderabad . It owes its early history to Father Daniel Murphy along with Bishop Carew . St. Mary 's Church was completed in 1850 . This church was formerly called the Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Hyderabad . In 1886 , it ceased to be a cathedral . In 1871 , a few nuns from St. Anne at Turin came here and opened a school that is popular as St. Ann 's school . St. Mary 's Church is the oldest Roman Catholic church in the city of Secunderabad , India . It was formerly the Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Hyderabad . It is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary . Adjacent to the church is the convent of St. Ann 's which runs the St. Ann 's High School , Secunderabad ."}]}, {'value': '2008-11-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angamaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angamaly', 'summary': 'Angamaly ( Aṅkamāli ) is a municipality and the northernmost boundary of the city of Kochi in Kerala , India . Situated about 30 km ( 19 mi ) north of the city centre , the area is the northern gateway to the commercial capital of Kerala and is an integral part of the Kochi metropolitan area . The town lies at the intersection of Main Central Road ( MC Road ) and National Highway 544 . MC Road , which starts from Thiruvananthapuram ends at Angamaly at its intersection with NH 544 . Originally established as a panchayat in May 1952 , Angamaly became a municipality in April 1978 and is also a Legislative Assembly constituency from 1965 in the Ernakulam district . The movie Angamaly Diaries is set in Angamaly .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': 'St. George Basilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._George_Basilica,_Angamaly', 'summary': 'St. George Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica is a basilica in Angamaly , Kerala , India . This Church was established in A.D 450 . Angamaly was the first Syrian Archdiocese in India , established on 29 August 1567 . Its jurisdiction was extended whole over India till the 16th century . The most ancient University for Malpan training was established at Angamaly before the arrival of the Portuguese . The Chaldean bishop Mar Abraham was ordained as the Archbishop of Angamaly diocese and Mar Hormiz Syro-Malabar Catholic Church , Angamaly was the Cathedral church at that time . The New Angamaly St. George Basilica was constructed under the bold leadership of late Very Rev . Fr . Paul Kariatty and it was consecrated on 31 December 2006 . On 24 , June 2009 Pope Benedict XVI raised St George Forane Church to the status of Basilica . The Present Rector of this Basilica is Very . Rev .'}]}, {'value': '2009-06-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syro-Malabar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ( Classical Syriac : ܥܸܕܬܵܐ ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܝܼ ܕܡܲܠܲܒܵܪ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ Edta Qatholiqi D'Malabar Suryaya ; Malayalam : മലബാറിലെ സുറിയാനി കത്തോലിക്ക സഭ Malabarile Suriyani catholika Sabha ; Latin : Ecclesia Syrorum Malabarensium , lit . Church of the Malabar Syrians ) or Church of Malabar Syrian Catholics is an Eastern Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church based in Kerala , India . It is an autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular church in full communion with the Pope and the worldwide Catholic Church , with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . The Church is headed by the Metropolitan and Gate of all India Major Archbishop George Cardinal Alencherry . The name Syro-Malabar is a prefix coined from the words Syriac as the church employs the East Syriac Rite liturgy , and Malabar which is the historical name for modern Kerala . The name has been in usage in official Vatican documents since the nineteenth century . The Syro-Malabar Church is the largest of the St. Thomas Christians ( Nasrani ) denominations with over 4 million believers and traces its origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century . The earliest organised Christian presence in India dates to the 3rd century , when Persian missionaries of the East Syriac Rite tradition , members of what later became the Church of the East or Nestorian Church , established themselves in modern-day Kerala . The Church of the East shared communion with the Great Church ( Catholicism and Orthodoxy ) until the Council of Ephesus in the 5th century , separating primarily over differences in Christology . The Syro-Malabar Church employs a Latinised variant of the Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari belonging to the East Syriac Rite of the historic Church of the East , which dates back to 3rd century Edessa , Upper Mesopotamia as such it is a part of Syriac Christianity by liturgy and heritage . Catholicism within the Syro-Malabar Church is unique in that it has inculturated with traditional Hindu customs that form an integral part of traditional Indian culture . As scholar and theologian Placid Podipara describes the Church as Hindu ( Indian ) in Culture , Christian ( Catholic ) in Religion , and Oriental ( East Syriac Rite ) in Worship ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alleppey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alleppey,_India', 'summary': 'Alappuzha ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) , also known by its former name Alleppey , is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District in the Indian State of Kerala . Alappuzha is a city and a municipality in Kerala with an urban population of 174,164 and ranks third among the districts in literacy rate in the State of Kerala . In 2016 , the Centre for Science and Environment rated Alappuzha as the cleanest town in India . Alappuzha is considered to be the oldest planned city in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the city is the first of its kind along the Laccadive Sea coast . The city is situated 28 km from Changanacherry , 46 km from Kottayam , 53 km from Kochi , 129.4 km from Thrissur and 155 km north of Trivandrum . A town with canals , backwaters , beaches , and lagoons , Alappuzha was described by Lord Curzon as the Venice of the East . Hence , it is known as the Venetian Capital of Kerala . In Alappuzha , Malayalam is the most spoken language . It is an important tourist destination in India . The Backwaters of Alappuzha is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Kerala . A houseboat cruise in these backwaters can be booked . It connects Kumarakom and Cochin to the North and Quilon to the South .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerala', 'summary': "Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India ."}]}, {'value': "St Andrew 's Basilica , Arthunkal", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Andrew's_Basilica,_Arthunkal", 'summary': "The largest shrine of St Sebastian in the world , the church known as Arthunkal St. Andrew 's Basilica and St. Sebastian 's International Shrine in Arthunkal , Alappuzha district , Kerala , India , was constructed by Portuguese missionaries in the 16th century.The grand annual feast of St Sebastian Arthunkal in January , which lasts for a month accompanied by millions of pilgrims is one of the important celebrations and major attractions in India.The feast of shrine Basilica also known as makaram perunnal . The church was rebuilt in 1584 under the vicar Jacomo Fenicio , an Italian Jesuit whose devotees claim to possess powers to heal the body and mind . Devotees fondly referred to him as Arthunkal Veluthachan , fair skinned father . Fenicio died in 1632 . Eight years after his death , the church was rebuilt again , this time reoriented to face west towards the long white-sand beach on the shores of the Arabian Sea . In 1647 , a statue of St. Sebastian , struck with arrows all over his bleeding body ( he was executed on the order of the Roman emperor Diocletian for embracing the Christian faith ) sculptured in Milan , was brought and placed in the Arthunkal church . Arthunkal St Andrews Basilica , the first Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey was elevated to the status of Basilica on 9 July 2010 . Arthunkal Basilica became the first Basilica in the diocese of Alleppey and the seventh basilica in Kerala and the third basilica of the Roman Catholic Latin church of Kerala ."}]}, {'value': '2010-07-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pondicherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)', 'summary': 'Pondicherry ( /pɒndɪˈtʃɛri/ ) , officially known as Puducherry ( /pʊdʊˈtʃɛri/ ) , is the capital and the most populous city of the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry , with a population of 657,209 and an area of 492 km2 . The city is located in the Puducherry district on the southeast coast of India , and is surrounded by the state of Tamil Nadu with which it shares most of its culture and language . Pondicherry city consists of 42 wards . Wards 1-10 are north of the city . Wards 11-19 are in Boulevard Town and remaining wards are southwest of the city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Puducherry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puducherry', 'summary': 'Puducherry ( /pʊdʊˈtʃɛri/ ) , formerly known as Pondicherry ( /pɒndɪˈtʃɛri/ ) , is one of the 8 union territories of India . It was formed out of four territories of former French India , namely Pondichéry ( Pondicherry ; now Puducherry ) , Karikal ( Karaikal ) , Mahé and Yanaon ( Yanam ) , excluding Chandernagore . It is named after the largest district , Puducherry . Historically known as Pondicherry ( Pāṇṭiccēri ) , the territory changed its official name to Puducherry on 20 September 2006 . The Union Territory of Puducherry lies in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula . The areas of Puducherry district and Karaikal district are bound by the state of Tamil Nadu , while Yanam district and Mahé district are enclosed by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively . Puducherry is the 29th most populous and the third most densely populated of the states and union territories of India . It has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of ₹210 billion ( US $ 2.9 billion ) and ranks 25th in India .'}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus,_Pondicherry', 'summary': 'Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ( Tamil : தூய இருதய ஆண்டவர் பசிலிக்கா ) , situated on the south boulevard of Pondicherry in Puducherry , India , is an oriental specimen of Gothic architecture . It contains rare stained glass panels depicting events from the life of Christ and saints of the Catholic Church . In recent years it has become one of the famous pilgrimage spots for Christians .'}]}, {'value': '2011-06-24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latin_Church', 'summary': "The Latin Church , also known as the Western Church or the Roman Catholic Church , [ N 1 ] is the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church , employing the Latin liturgical rites . It is one of 24 such churches , the 23 others forming the Eastern Catholic Churches . It is headed by the Bishop of Rome , the pope - traditionally also called the Patriarch of the West - with his cathedra in this role at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome , Italy . The Latin Church traces its history to the earliest days of Christianity through its direct leadership under the Holy See , founded by Peter and Paul , according to Catholic tradition . The Catholic Church teaches that its bishops are the successors of Jesus ' apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . Of Jesus ' twelve apostles , four are associated with apostolic sees of the Western Church : 1 ) Peter founded Rome ( together with Paul ) and Syracuse , 2 ) Paul also founded Malta , 3 ) Barnabas founded Milan , and 4 ) James , son of Zebedee founded Santiago de Compostela . Substantial distinguishing theological emphases , liturgical traditions , features and identity of Latin Catholicism , on the other hand , can be traced back to the Latin church fathers whereof most importantly the Latin Doctors of the Church , from the 2nd-7th centuries , including in the Early African church . After the East-West schism in 1054 in the Middle Ages its members became known as Latins in contrast with Eastern Christians . Following the Islamic conquests , the Crusades were launched from 1095 to 1291 in order to defend Christians and their properties in the Holy Land against persecution . The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1099 for their care , remaining until this day . Other Latin dioceses , such as the Archdiocese of Carthage where much of trinitarian theology and Ecclesiastical Latin developed , were vanquished and transformed into titular sees . The Latin Church was in full communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East-West schism of Rome and Constantinople in 1054 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of basilicas', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_basilicas_in_India_0', 'intro': 'This is the complete list of Basilicas in India. Basilica is a title given to some Roman Catholic churches. By canon law no Catholic church can be honoured with the title of basilica unless by apostolic grant or from immemorial custom. The title is bestowed upon large churches that are important as places of pilgrimage or for a specific devotion such as to a saint. Basilicas in this canonical sense are divided into major (greater) and minor basilicas. Today only four, all in Rome, are classified as major basilicas: the major basilicas of St John Lateran, St Peter, St Paul outside the Walls, and St Mary Major. The other canonical basilicas, including all the basilicas in India are minor basilicas. There are 26 basilicas in India, of which 21 are of the Latin rite, 4 are of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and 1 is of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. The state of Kerala has 9 basilicas, including all 4 non-Roman Catholic basilicas while Tamil Nadu has 6 basilicas and Karnataka has 4. All the remaining basilicas are the only ones in their respective states or union territories. India is the country with the most basilicas in Asia.'}	null	null	The third-most populous city in India is home to a basilica famous for what annual festival ?	St. Mary 's Feast
01a679cb169c99bf	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_County_Championship', 'title': '2013 County Championship', 'header': ['Team', 'Primary home ground', 'Other grounds', 'Coach', 'Captain', 'Overseas player ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Derbyshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Derbyshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Derbyshire . Its limited overs team is called the Derbyshire Falcons in reference to the famous peregrine falcon which nests on the Derby Cathedral ( it was previously called the Derbyshire Scorpions until 2005 and the Phantoms until 2010 ) . Founded in 1870 , the club held first-class status from its first match in 1871 until 1887 . Because of poor performances and lack of fixtures in some seasons , Derbyshire then lost its status for seven seasons until it was invited into the County Championship in 1895 . Derbyshire is also classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963 ; and classified as a senior Twenty20 team since 2003 . In recent years the club has enjoyed record attendances with over 24,000 people watching their home Twenty20 fixtures in 2017 - a record for a single campaign . The local derby versus Yorkshire at Chesterfield now regularly sells out in advance . The club is based at the County Cricket Ground , previously known as the Racecourse Ground , in the city of Derby . In 2006 , for the first time in eight years , county cricket returned to Queen 's Park , Chesterfield with a County Championship game against Worcestershire and a one-day league game against Surrey . Other first-class cricket grounds used in the past have included Buxton , Saltergate in Chesterfield , Heanor , Ilkeston , Blackwell , Abbeydale Park in Sheffield , Wirksworth and Burton upon Trent ( 3 grounds ) , which is actually in Staffordshire . One-day contests have been played at Darley Dale , Repton School , Trent College , Leek , Staffordshire and Knypersley ( also in Staffordshire ) ."}]}, {'value': 'County Ground , Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Derby', 'summary': "The County Cricket Ground ( usually shortened to the County Ground , also known as the Racecourse Ground ; currently the Pattonair County Ground due to sponsorship ) is a cricket ground in Derby , England . It has been the home of Derbyshire County Cricket Club since 1871 . The ground was first used by South Derbyshire Cricket Club in 1863 and was initially located within Derby Racecourse , although racing ceased after 1939 . The ground has staged two One-Day Internationals : New Zealand against Sri Lanka during the 1983 ICC Cricket World Cup and New Zealand against Pakistan during the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup . It was one of the venues for the 2017 ICC Women 's Cricket World Cup , hosting one of the semi-finals . The ground was also formerly used for football , and was the home of Derby County F.C . between 1884 and 1895 . It staged the first ever FA Cup Final match played outside London , a replay of the 1886 Final , and hosted an international match between England and Ireland in 1895 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Derby', 'summary': "Derby ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ( listen ) DAR-bee ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire , England . It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire , of which it was traditionally the county town . [ nb 1 ] Derby gained city status in 1977 , and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700 . Derby was settled by Romans - who established the town of Derventio - Saxons and Vikings , who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . Initially a market town , Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era . Home to Lombe 's Mill , an early British factory , Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution . It contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site . With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century , Derby became a centre of the British rail industry . Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing , home to the world 's second largest aero-engine manufacturer , Rolls-Royce . Bombardier Transportation are based at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works and were for many years the UK 's only train manufacturer . Toyota Manufacturing UK 's automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston . To the east lies Nottingham , separated by the M1 motorway ."}]}, {'value': "Queen 's Park , Chesterfield", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_Park,_Chesterfield", 'summary': "Queen 's Park is a county cricket ground located in Chesterfield , Derbyshire , England and lies within a park in the centre of the town established for Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee in 1887 . It has a small pavilion and is surrounded by mature trees . The park is the home of Chesterfield CC and also played home to Derbyshire CCC for 100 years between 1898 and 1998 , before the county team returned in 2006 after an 8-year absence . It was at one time surrounded by a banked cycle track . It is a small ground and slow to dry after rain , thus can provide a green wicket . The size of the ground however , lends itself to rapid scoring on good wickets . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Chesterfield', 'summary': "Chesterfield is a large market town and borough in Derbyshire , England , 24 miles ( 39 km ) north of Derby and 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of Sheffield at the confluence of the rivers Rother and Hipper . With Whittington , Brimington and Staveley it had a population of about 103,801 in 2012 , making it Derbyshire 's second largest town . It has been traced to a soon-abandoned Roman fort of the 1st century AD . The name of the later Anglo-Saxon village comes from the Old English ceaster ( a Roman fort ) and feld ( grazing land ) . Its sizeable street market is held three days a week . The town sits on a coalfield , but little visual evidence of mining remains . Its biggest landmark is the Church of St Mary and All Saints with its crooked spire ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Krikken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karl_Krikken', 'summary': "Karl Matthew Krikken ( born 9 April 1969 ) is a former English cricketer who played for Derbyshire County Cricket Club , primarily as a wicket-keeper , between 1987 and 2003 . Krikken was born in Bolton , Lancashire , the son of Brian Krikken , a wicket-keeper with Lancashire and Worcestershire between 1966 and 1969 . Krikken joined Derbyshire in the 1987 season and was the club 's first-choice wicket-keeper for most of his career after displacing Bernie Maher in the side . He was also a lower-order right-handed batsman . After his retirement , he became Derbyshire 's Academy Coach in late 2003 , having earned the ECB 's Level 4 Coaching Certificate . Krikken was appointed as the club 's Head Coach in June 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne Madsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Madsen_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Wayne Lee Madsen ( born 2 January 1984 ) is an English cricketer who plays for Derbyshire County Cricket Club . Hailing from a strong cricketing family , with uncles Henry Fotheringham , Michael Madsen , Trevor Madsen and cousin Greg Fotheringham all playing first-class cricket in South Africa , Madsen made his debut in 2003 for KwaZulu-Natal cricket team . In August 2009 he signed his contract with Derbyshire , following a strong run of form with two centuries in four games . After gaining UK citizenship in February 2015 , Madsen announced that he hoped to represent England in the future . He captained Derbyshire between 2012 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shivnarine Chanderpaul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shivnarine_Chanderpaul', 'summary': "Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( born 16 August 1974 ) is a Guyanese cricketer of Indian descent and former West Indian international cricketer and captain of the West Indies cricket team . Considered as one of the greatest batsmen of all-time , Chanderpaul is the first Indo-Caribbean to play 100 Tests for the West Indies , and third player with the international career span over two decades after Sachin Tendulkar and Sanath Jayasuriya . Chanderpaul captained West Indies in 14 Tests and 16 One Day Internationals . A left-handed batsman , Chanderpaul is well known for his unorthodox batting stance , which has been described as crab-like . He has scored 20,000 runs in international cricket , and in 2008 he was named as one of the five Cricketers of the Year by the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , and awarded Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy ( ICC Cricketer of the Year ) by the International Cricket Council . He made his international debut at the age of 19 , but did not score a century in international cricket for three years , prompting some criticism . Early in his career , he was plagued by injuries , and was even dubbed a hypochondriac until he had a piece of floating bone removed from his foot in 2000 . Since then he has enjoyed consistent form , scoring over 11,000 runs in Test cricket and is currently the 8th highest run scorer of all time in the format . Due to poor performances , Chanderpaul was dropped from the West Indies squad in 2015 . After that , he announced his retirement from international cricket in 2016 , without a farewell , at the age of 41 ."}]}, {'value': 'Durham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Durham County Cricket Club ( rebranded as Durham Cricket in February 2019 ) is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Durham . Founded in 1882 , Durham held minor status for over a century and was a prominent member of the Minor Counties Championship , winning the competition seven times . In 1992 , the club joined the County Championship and the team was elevated to senior status as an official first-class team . Durham has been classified as an occasional List A team from 1964 , then as a full List A team from 1992 ; and as a senior Twenty20 team since the format 's introduction in 2003 . Durham CCC competes in the Specsavers County Championship , the Royal London One-Day Cup and in the North Group of the NatWest t20 Blast . They won the County Championship in 2008 for the first time , retained the trophy in the 2009 season , and then won it for a third time in 2013 . In one-day competition , they won the 50-over Friends Provident Trophy in 2007 and the inaugural 50-over Royal London One-Day Cup in 2014 . Having been relegated from Division One of the County Championship as part of the conditions for a package of financial support from the ECB , Durham has played in Division Two of the County Championship ever since the 2017 season . The club 's limited overs kit colours are yellow and blue in the Royal London One-Day Cup , and also yellow and blue colours in the t20 Blast . Durham is currently sponsored by several companies including Emirates and Port of Tyne , as well as 188Bet as their betting partner . The team was sponsored by Northern Rock prior to the bank 's nationalisation in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Riverside Ground , Chester-le-Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Ground', 'summary': 'The Riverside Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as the Emirates Riverside , is a cricket venue in Chester-le-Street , County Durham , England . It is home to Durham County Cricket Club , and has also hosted several international matches .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chester-le-Street', 'summary': "Chester-le-Street ( /ˈtʃɛstərlistriːt/ ) is a town in County Durham , England . Its history goes back to the building of a Roman fort called Concangis . This Roman fort is the Chester ( from the Latin castra ) of the town 's name ; the Street refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town , and which is now called Front Street . Chester-le-Street is located 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Newcastle upon Tyne and 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Sunderland on the River Wear . The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years before being transferred to Durham Cathedral , and the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English , Aldred writing the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels there . A market town , the town holds markets Tuesdays , Fridays and Saturdays . From 1894 until 2009 the town had its own local government district . Originally from 1894 , this was the Chester-le-Street Rural District , which covered the town and several outlying villages . In 1909 the inner part of the Rural District was separated out to form the new Chester-le-Street Urban District Council , which covered the town as it was at that time . By 1974 , however , the town of Chester-le-Street had expanded far beyond the boundary of the Urban District and during that year 's Local Government reorganisation , the Urban District was amalgamated with parts of the remaining Rural District to form the new Chester-le-Street District . The Chester-le-Street District Council was abolished in 2009 when County Durham became a unitary authority as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England , a move that was controversial at the time ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geoff Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoff_Cook', 'summary': 'Geoff Cook ( born Geoffrey Cook , 9 October 1951 in Middlesbrough , Yorkshire ) is a former English cricketer , who played in seven Tests and six ODIs from 1981 to 1983 . Cricket writer , Colin Bateman , stated A player held in great respect by his fellow professionals , Cook got his big chance when the first rebel tour went to South Africa in 1982 , but he was unable to convert his consistent county form into Test success .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Collingwood', 'summary': 'Paul David Collingwood MBE ( born 26 May 1976 ) is a former English cricketer , having played all three formats of the game internationally for England . Collingwood played for Durham County Cricket Club and was the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 winning captain . He was a regular member of the England Test side and captain of the One Day International ( ODI ) team ( 2007-2008 ) . He is the first T20I cap for England . He captained his county , Durham County Cricket Club for the final six seasons of his career . Collingwood is a batting all-rounder , whose batting combines natural strokeplay with great tenacity . He also bowls reliable medium pace . Described as a natural athlete , he was also regarded as one of the finest fielders of his time , usually fielding at backward point or 3rd or 4th slips in tests , he also deputised as wicket-keeper for England . His first-class debut was in 1996 and he made his first appearance for England in One Day International cricket in 2001 and made his Test match debut in 2003 . For two years he remained an occasional Test player but after selection for the final Test of the 2005 Ashes , he secured a regular place . His 206 during the 2006-07 Ashes was the first double century by an England batsman in Australia for 78 years and in a match that England lost . A series of three consecutive match-winning performances by Collingwood at the end of the 2006-07 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia brought him enthusiastic approval in the British media .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Middlesex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Middlesex which has effectively been subsumed within the ceremonial county of Greater London . The club was founded in 1864 but teams representing the county have played top-class cricket since the early 18th century and the club has always held first-class status . Middlesex have competed in the County Championship since the official start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . The club plays most of its home games at Lord 's Cricket Ground , which is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club , in St John 's Wood . The club also plays some games at the Uxbridge Cricket Club Ground ( historically Middlesex ) and the Old Deer Park in Richmond ( historically Surrey ) . Until October 2014 , the club played limited overs cricket as the Middlesex Panthers , having changed from Middlesex Crusaders in 2009 following complaints from Muslims and Jews . On 24 October 2014 , the club announced that they would use the name Middlesex County Cricket Club in all forms of the sport with immediate effect . Limited-overs kit colours are dark blue and pink quarters and from 2007 , Middlesex have worn exclusive pink shirts during their Twenty20 matches in support of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity . The club has an indoor school based in Finchley , the Middlesex Academy and a project at Radlett Cricket Club . Middlesex have won thirteen County Championship titles ( including 2 shared titles ) , the most recent in 2016 . In limited overs cricket , they have won two Benson & Hedges Cups , four one-day cricket titles , one National League and the Twenty20 Cup , through which they became the first county club to qualify for both the Stanford Super Series and the Twenty20 Champions League ."}]}, {'value': "Lord 's , London", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lord's", 'summary': "Lord 's Cricket Ground , commonly known as Lord 's , is a cricket venue in St John 's Wood , London . Named after its founder , Thomas Lord , it is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club , the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) , the European Cricket Council ( ECC ) and , until August 2005 , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Lord 's is widely referred to as the Home of Cricket and is home to the world 's oldest sporting museum . Lord 's today is not on its original site ; it is the third of three grounds that Lord established between 1787 and 1814 . His first ground , now referred to as Lord 's Old Ground , was where Dorset Square now stands . His second ground , Lord 's Middle Ground , was used from 1811 to 1813 before being abandoned to make way for the construction through its outfield of the Regent 's Canal . The present Lord 's ground is about 250 yards ( 230 m ) north-west of the site of the Middle Ground . The ground can hold 30,000 spectators . Proposals are being developed to increase capacity and amenity . As of December 2013 [ update ] , it was proposed to redevelop the ground at a cost of around £200 million over a 14-year period . The current ground celebrated its two hundredth anniversary in 2014 . To mark the occasion , on 5 July an MCC XI captained by Sachin Tendulkar played a Rest of the World XI led by Shane Warne in a 50 overs match ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Uxbridge Cricket Club Ground , Uxbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uxbridge_Cricket_Club_Ground', 'summary': 'Uxbridge Cricket Ground opened in 1971 . Uxbridge Cricket Club moved here after a redevelopment of Uxbridge High Street saw the club move from their Cricketfield Road ground . The present ground is situated across from Uxbridge Common on which the team used to play during the 19th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uxbridge', 'summary': 'Uxbridge ( /ˈʌksbrɪdʒ/ ) is a suburban town in west London , and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon . 15.4 miles ( 24.8 km ) west-northwest of Charing Cross , it is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan . Uxbridge historically formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex , and was a significant local commercial centre from an early time . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1955 , and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 . It is a significant retail and commercial centre , and is the location of Brunel University and the Uxbridge campus of Buckinghamshire New University . The town is close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire , which is locally the River Colne . Several historical events have taken place in and around the town , including attempted negotiations between King Charles I and the Parliamentary Army during the English Civil War . The public house at the centre of those events , since renamed the Crown & Treaty , still stands . Uxbridge also houses the Battle of Britain Bunker , from where the air defence of the south-east of England was coordinated during the Battle of Britain . Situated in RAF Uxbridge , the No . 11 Group Operations Room within the bunker played a crucial role during the battle and was later used during the D-Day landings . Uxbridge overall includes Harefield , Ickenham , Hillingdon , Newyears Green and Cowley ; altogether are represented by six electoral wards that are used for the election of councillors to Hillingdon Council and for statistical purposes .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Scott_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Richard John Scott ( born 2 November 1963 ) is an English cricket coach and retired first-class cricketer . He was born at Bournemouth ( then in Hampshire , now Dorset ) . He represented Dorset , Hampshire and Gloucestershire before coaching Dorset and Middlesex ( 2009-2018 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Rogers_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Christopher John Llewellyn Rogers ( born 31 August 1977 ) is a former Australian cricketer who played for Australian national team . Rogers is a left-handed opening batsman . He spent ten years playing for Western Australia , before moving to play for Victoria in 2008 . He has played county cricket in England for the past ten years for five first-class teams Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Northamptonshire , Middlesex and Somerset . Rogers holds the record for most half centuries in consecutive innings . Despite being colour blind and short sighted , he maintained a first-class average of nearly 50 , yet he did not play for the Australia national cricket team until the age of 30 , when he was selected for a single Test match in 2008 . He was recalled to the Australia national team for the 2013 Ashes series , aged 35 , and over the following two years played a further 24 Tests opening the batting for Australia before retiring after the 2015 Ashes series .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rogers ( Apr-Jun/Aug-Sep ) Adam Voges ( Jul-Aug )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Rogers_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Christopher John Llewellyn Rogers ( born 31 August 1977 ) is a former Australian cricketer who played for Australian national team . Rogers is a left-handed opening batsman . He spent ten years playing for Western Australia , before moving to play for Victoria in 2008 . He has played county cricket in England for the past ten years for five first-class teams Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Northamptonshire , Middlesex and Somerset . Rogers holds the record for most half centuries in consecutive innings . Despite being colour blind and short sighted , he maintained a first-class average of nearly 50 , yet he did not play for the Australia national cricket team until the age of 30 , when he was selected for a single Test match in 2008 . He was recalled to the Australia national team for the 2013 Ashes series , aged 35 , and over the following two years played a further 24 Tests opening the batting for Australia before retiring after the 2015 Ashes series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adam_Voges', 'summary': "Adam Charles Voges OAM ( /ˈvoʊdʒɪz/ , born 4 October 1979 ) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer who played for the Australian national team at Test , One Day International ( ODI ) , and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) level , and also captained Western Australia and Perth Scorchers in domestic cricket . Voges ' test match batting average of 61.87 is second behind Don Bradman among batsmen who have finished their career and played a minimum of 20 innings . [ A ] Voges was included in the 2016 ICC Test Match Team of the Year . From Perth , Western Australia , Voges excelled at cricket from an early age , attending the Western Australian Institute of Sport and playing for the Australian under-19 team . He made his first-class debut for Western Australia in the 2002-03 Sheffield Shield , and had established himself in the side by the middle of the decade , playing as a middle-order batsman and part-time left-arm orthodox bowler . Voges debuted for Australia during the 2006-07 Chappell-Hadlee Trophy , and played irregularly at both ODI and T20I level throughout the remainder of the decade . In October 2012 , after Marcus North 's resignation , Voges was appointed acting captain of Western Australia . For the inaugural Big Bash League , he signed with the Melbourne Stars franchise , although he switched to the Perth Scorchers the following season . In overseas competitions , Voges has represented Hampshire , Nottinghamshire , and Middlesex ( captain 2015-2016 ) in English county cricket , and also played for the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League and the Jamaica Tallawahs in the Caribbean Premier League . Voges made his Test debut for Australia in June 2015 , aged 35 , and scored a century on debut against the West Indies . He recorded a second century in November 2015 , against New Zealand , and later scored 269 not out , 106 not out , and 239 in consecutive innings from December 2015 to February 2016 , breaking Sachin Tendulkar 's record for the most runs between dismissals in Test cricket . In February 2017 , Voges announced his retirement from international cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'Nottinghamshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Nottinghamshire . The club 's limited overs team is called the Notts Outlaws . The county club was founded in 1841 but Nottinghamshire teams formed by earlier organisations , essentially the old Nottingham Cricket Club , had played top-class cricket since 1771 and the county club has always held first-class status . Nottinghamshire have competed in the County Championship since the official start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . The club plays most of its home games at the Trent Bridge cricket ground in West Bridgford , Nottingham , which is also a venue for Test matches . The club has played matches at numerous other venues in the county . Their kit colours are dark green with a gold/yellow trim for the Natwest T20 Blast and more yellow dominant for the Royal London One-Day Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Trent Bridge , Nottingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Bridge', 'summary': "Trent Bridge is a cricket ground mostly used for Test , One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England , just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham . Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club . As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire 's home games , the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and will host the final of the One-Day Cup between 2020 and 2024 . In 2009 , the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan . The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent , and is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground , the football stadia of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nottingham', 'summary': "Nottingham ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ ( listen ) NOT-ing-əm ) is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire , England . Part of the East Midlands region , it is 128 miles ( 206 km ) north of London and 45 miles ( 72 km ) northeast of Birmingham . To the west lies Derby , separated by the M1 motorway . Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making , bicycle ( notably Raleigh bikes ) , and tobacco industries . It was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations . Nottingham is a tourist destination ; in 2018 , the city received the second highest amount of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest amount in the East Midlands . In 2017 , Nottingham had an estimated population of 329,200 . The population of the city proper , compared to its regional counterparts , has been attributed to its historical and tightly-drawn city boundaries . The wider conurbation , which includes many of the city 's suburbs , has a population of 768,638 . It is the largest urban area in the East Midlands and the second-largest in the Midlands . Its Functional Urban Area , also the largest in the East Midlands , has a population of 919,484 . The population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mick Newell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mick_Newell', 'summary': 'Michael Newell ( born 25 February 1965 in Blackburn , Lancashire , England ) is the current Director of Cricket of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club and a retired English cricketer . Mick Newell was educated at West Bridgford Comprehensive School and represented Nottinghamshire between 1984 and 1992 as a right-handed batsman , leg-break bowler and occasional wicketkeeper . He was awarded his county cap in 1987 and a benefit in 1999 . His best season was in 1987 when he scored 1,054 first-class runs at an average of 39.03 He was appointed 2nd XI manager and captain in 1992 and served as the 1st XI coach between 2002 and 2016 . He remains as Director of Cricket . He has led the club to County Championship titles in 2005 and 2010 , County Championship 2nd Division title in 2004 as well as the 2nd XI Trophy in 2011 . The club has continued to produce young cricketers for Test cricket . He is a member of the current England cricket selection committee , serving alongside National Selector James Whitaker and Angus Fraser .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Read', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Read', 'summary': 'Christopher Mark Wells Read ( born 10 August 1978 ) is a former English cricketer who was the captain of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club . He had been the first-choice England wicket-keeper on numerous occasions during his career , but was never able to hold on to the role long term .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed Cowan ( Apr-Jun ) David Hussey ( Jun-Sep )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Cowan', 'summary': 'Edward James McKenzie Cowan ( born 16 June 1982 ) is a former Australian cricketer , who has played for the British Universities , New South Wales ( NSW ) , Tasmania , Oxford MCCU and Nottinghamshire teams . He is a left handed opening batsman . In March 2018 , he announced his retirement from first-class cricket .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Hussey', 'summary': 'David John Hussey ( born 15 July 1977 ) is a former Australian cricketer . Hussey is a right-handed batsman and can also bowl right-arm offbreaks . He is the younger brother of former Australian cricketer Michael Hussey . He was captain of the Melbourne Stars in the Big Bash League .'}]}, {'value': 'Somerset', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Somerset County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Somerset . Founded in 1875 , Somerset was initially regarded as a minor county until official first-class status was gained in 1895 . Somerset has competed in the County Championship since 1891 and has subsequently played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . The club 's limited overs team was formerly named the Somerset Sabres , but is now known only as Somerset . Somerset 's early history is complicated by arguments about its status . It is generally regarded as a minor county from its foundation in 1875 until 1890 , apart from the 1882 to 1885 seasons when it is considered by substantial sources to have been an unofficial first-class team , holding important match status . There are , however , two matches involving W. G. Grace in 1879 and 1881 which are considered first-class by some authorities . In 1891 , Somerset joined the County Championship , which had just become an officially recognised competition , and has important match status from 1891 to 1894 . The county is classified as an official first-class team from 1895 by Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and the County Championship clubs ; classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963 ; and classified as a senior Twenty20 team since 2003 . Somerset have never won the County Championship , their highest finish being second , which they achieved in 2001 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 , 2018 and 2019 . The club won their first silverware in the late 1970s , winning both the Gillette Cup and John Player League in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'County Ground , Taunton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Ground,_Taunton', 'summary': "The County Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as Cooper Associates County Ground , and nicknamed Ciderabad , is a cricket ground in Taunton , Somerset . It is the home of Somerset County Cricket Club , who have played there since 1882 . The ground , which is located between Priory Bridge Road and St James Street , has a capacity of 8,500 . The ground was originally built as part of a sports centre by Taunton Athletic Club in 1881 , and became the home of the previously nomadic Somerset County Cricket Club soon after . Having leased the ground for ten years , the club bought the ground in 1896 , under the guidance of club secretary Henry Murray-Anderdon . The ground ends are the River End to the north and the Somerset Pavilion End to the south . Somerset played their first match of first-class cricket on the ground over 8-10 August 1882 , beating Hampshire County Cricket Club by five wickets . Later in the same month , the touring Australia national cricket team played a match against Somerset , becoming the first international side to play at the ground . The first international cricket to be played on the ground was in the 1983 Cricket World Cup , for a group-stage match between England and Sri Lanka . The ground also hosted two group-stage matches during the 1999 Cricket World Cup and venue for the tournament in 2019 . Since 1997 , women 's international cricket has been played at the ground , and in 2006 it became the home of the England women 's cricket team . The ground saw ( men 's ) international cricket in 2017 , with a Twenty20 International ( T20I ) tie between England and South Africa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taunton', 'summary': "Taunton /ˈtɔːntən/ is a large town in Somerset , England . The town 's population in 2011 was 69,570 . Taunton has over 1,000 years of religious and military history , including a 10th-century monastery and Taunton Castle , which has origins in the Anglo Saxon period and was later the site of a priory . The Normans then built a stone structured castle , which belonged to the Bishops of Winchester . The current heavily reconstructed buildings are the inner ward , which now houses the Museum of Somerset and the Somerset Military Museum . The town has been the site of many historically important events . During the Second Cornish uprising of 1497 , Perkin Warbeck marched a primarily Cornish army some 6,000 strong upon Taunton , and most of that army surrendered to Henry VII on 4 October 1497 in the town . On 20 June 1685 the Duke of Monmouth crowned himself king of England at Taunton during the Monmouth Rebellion , which culminated in the Battle of Sedgemoor ; Following this , Judge Jeffreys lived in the town during the Bloody Assizes which took place in the Great Hall of Taunton Castle ( now the Museum of Somerset ) , amongst other trials . The Grand Western Canal reached Taunton in 1839 and the railway in 1842 . Taunton is the site of Musgrove Park Hospital and Somerset County Cricket Club 's County Ground and is home to 40 Commando , Royal Marines . Central Taunton is part of the annual West Country Carnival circuit . It hosts the Taunton flower show , which has been held in Vivary Park since 1866 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Hurry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Hurry', 'summary': "Andrew Hurry ( born 15 October 1964 ) is director of cricket at Somerset County Cricket Club . A former Royal Marines fitness instructor and amateur cricketer with both Taunton and Wembdon Cricket Clubs , Hurry joined Somerset in March 2001 as Fitness Instructor , introducing yoga as an activity for the 2002 season . For the 2005 season , Hurry was named Second XI coach , but left to coach the United Arab Emirates national cricket team . Hurry rejoined Somerset as First XI coach in February 2006 to replace England bound Mark Garaway , having achieved England and Wales Cricket Board coaching qualifications up to Level Four . In the 2007 season , with Justin Langer as captain and Hurry as coach , Somerset won the County Championship second division with 10 victories in 16 matches , after finishing last in 2006 . The county was also promoted in the Natwest Pro40 one-day competition . By June 2008 the county led the first division of the County Championship . In September 2009 , Hurry signed an extended contract with the club , tying him to Somerset until 2012 . As part of a restructuring at the end of the 2013 season , Hurry 's role as first XI coach was subsumed into Director of Cricket David Nosworthy 's role with Hurry becoming Director of High Performance responsible for overseeing the transition of young cricketers into the First XI environment . At the end of the 2014 season , Hurry was appointed by the ECB as the new head of the England Development Programme . In October 2017 , Hurry returned to Somerset for a third time after being appointed the club 's new Director of Cricket ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcus Trescothick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Trescothick', 'summary': "Marcus Edward Trescothick MBE ( born 25 December 1975 ) is a former English cricketer , who played first-class cricket for Somerset County Cricket Club , and represented England in 76 Test matches and 123 One Day Internationals . He was Somerset captain from 2010-16 and temporary England captain for several Tests and ODIs . A left-handed opening batsman , he made his first-class debut for Somerset in 1993 and quickly established himself as a regular member of the team . Trescothick made his One Day International ( ODI ) debut seven years later , against Zimbabwe in July 2000 . His Test debut , against the West Indies , followed in August . Although former England captain Nasser Hussain likened Trescothick 's build and batting temperament to that of Graham Gooch , his stroke play is more reminiscent of David Gower . An aggressive opener : as of March 2014 [ update ] he holds the record for the most ODI centuries of any English player , and for the fastest half-century in English Twenty20 cricket . Trescothick is also an accomplished slip fielder and occasional right-handed medium pace bowler who has kept wicket for England in five ODIs , and deputised as England captain for two Test matches and ten ODIs . Trescothick was an automatic choice for England between 2000 and 2006 , before a stress-related illness threatened his career and forced him to pull out of the national squad . He began rebuilding his career with Somerset in 2007 and scored two double-centuries that season . However , he remained uneasy about returning to international cricket , and announced his retirement from internationals in March 2008 , opting to continue playing at county level for Somerset . Media speculation continued as to a possible international return , Trescothick repeatedly voiced his intent to remain in retirement , and has suffered recurrences of his condition in both 2008 and 2009 when Somerset toured abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Alviro Petersen ( Apr-May/Jul ) Dean Elgar ( May-Jun ) Piyush Chawla ( Aug-Sep )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alviro_Petersen', 'summary': 'Alviro Nathan Petersen ( born 25 November 1980 ) is a former South African international cricketer who plays his domestic cricket in South Africa for the Highveld Lions and in England for Lancashire . A right-handed batsman , he has represented South Africa in Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 cricket . He was the captain of the Highveld Lions in South African domestic cricket .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dean_Elgar', 'summary': 'Dean Elgar ( born 11 June 1987 ) is a South African cricketer , who plays Tests and ODIs , and a former Test captain . He is a left-handed opening batsman and a slow-left arm bowler . Elgar captained the 2006 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Sri Lanka in 2006 . He now plays for the Northerns cricket team and Titans cricket team in the major South African cricket competitions . He was included in the Northerns team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup . On 23 March , 2018 he became the second batsman after Desmond Haynes to carry his bat right through the innings on 3 occasions in Test cricket history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Piyush_Chawla', 'summary': 'Piyush Chawla ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 24 December 1988 ) is an Indian cricketer who has played for the India national cricket team . He has also played for the India under-19 team and the Central Zone . He is seen as a leg-spinning all-rounder in domestic cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Surrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Surrey County Cricket Club ( Surrey CCC ) is a first-class club in county cricket , one of eighteen in the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Surrey , including areas that now form South London . Teams representing the county are recorded from 1709 onwards ; the current club was founded in 1845 and has held first-class status continuously since then . Surrey have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England , including every edition of the County Championship ( which began in 1890 ) . The club 's home ground is The Oval , in the Kennington area of Lambeth in South London . They have been based there continuously since 1845 . The club also has an 'out ground ' at Woodbridge Road , Guildford , where some home games are played each season . Surrey 's history includes three major periods of success . The club was unofficially proclaimed as Champion County seven times during the 1850s ; it won the title eight times in nine years from 1887 to 1895 ( including the first official County Championship in 1890 ) ; and won seven consecutive titles from 1952 to 1958 . Surrey won 23 of its 28 county matches in 1955 , the most wins by any team in the County Championship and a record which can no longer be beaten ( as fewer than 23 matches have been played each season since 1993 ) . Surrey have won the County Championship 19 times outright ( and shared once ) , a number exceeded only by Yorkshire , with their most recent win being in 2018 . The club 's badge is the Prince of Wales 's feathers , used since 1915 , as the Prince of Wales owns the land on which The Oval stands ."}]}, {'value': 'The Oval , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Oval', 'summary': "The Oval , known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval , is an international cricket ground in Kennington , in the London Borough of Lambeth , in south London . The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845 . It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880 . The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there . In addition to cricket , The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events . In 1870 , it staged England 's first international football match , versus Scotland . It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872 , as well as those between 1874 and 1892 . In 1876 , it held both the England v. Wales and England v. Scotland rugby international matches and , in 1877 , rugby 's first varsity match . It also hosted the final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodbridge Road , Guildford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_Ground,_Woodbridge_Road,_Guildford', 'summary': 'The Sports Ground , Woodbridge Road is a cricket ground in Guildford , Surrey . The ground was given to the town in trust in 1911 by Sir Harry Waechter , Bart . Guildford Cricket Club play their home matches on the ground . Surrey CCC play at least one County Championship match there each season , as well as some second XI and Surrey Stars fixtures . Until comparatively recently , hockey was played on the ground in winter . The ground was also used for football until at least 1921 . It was the home ground of the amateur team Guildford F.C . who existed until 1953 ( not to be confused with the professional Guildford City team who played at Josephs Road ) and was also used as the venue for some Surrey Senior Cup finals . The ground capacity is 4,500 . The two ends of the ground are known as the Pavilion End and the Railway End . Surrey first used the ground in 1938 , against Hampshire from 13 to 15 July , winning by an innings . They have played there in most seasons since .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guildford', 'summary': 'Guildford ( /ˈɡɪlfərd/ ( listen ) ) is a large town in Surrey , England , 27 miles ( 43 km ) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road midway between the capital and Portsmouth . The town has a population of about 80,000 and is the seat of the wider Borough of Guildford which had an estimated 146,100 inhabitants in 2015 . Guildford has Saxon roots and historians attribute its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey was forded by the Harrow Way . [ n 1 ] By AD 978 it was home to an early English Royal Mint . The building of the Wey Navigation and the Basingstoke Canal in the 17th and 18th centuries , respectively , connected Guildford to a network of waterways that aided its prosperity . In the 20th century , the University of Surrey and Guildford Cathedral , an Anglican cathedral , were added . Due to recent development running north from Guildford , and linking to the Woking area , Guildford now officially forms the southwestern tip of the Greater London Built-up Area , as defined by the Office for National Statistics .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Adams ( Apr-Jun ) Alec Stewart ( acting , Jun-Sep )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Adams_(cricketer)', 'summary': 'Christopher John Adams ( born 6 May 1970 ) is a former English first-class cricketer who briefly represented his nation at Test and One Day International level . He is the current interim head coach of the Dutch national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alec_Stewart', 'summary': 'Alec James Stewart OBE ( born 8 April 1963 ) is an English former cricketer , and former captain of the England cricket team , who played Test cricket and One Day Internationals as a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman . He is the fourth most capped English cricketer of all time in Test matches and 3rd most capped in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) , having played in 133 Tests and 170 ODIs .'}]}, {'value': 'Graeme Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graeme_Smith', 'summary': "Graeme Craig Smith ( born 1 February 1981 ) is a South African cricket commentator and former cricketer , who played for South Africa in all formats . In 2003 , he was appointed captain of the national team , taking over from Shaun Pollock . He held the position of test captain until his retirement in 2014 . He is regarded as one of the greatest South African players of all time . At 22 , he was appointed as South Africa 's youngest ever captain . A tall , left-handed opening batsman , Smith is regarded as one of the best test match openers of all time . During South Africa 's tour of England in 2003 , he made double centuries in consecutive Test matches : 277 at Edgbaston , and 259 at Lord 's . His 259 at Lord 's still holds the record for being the highest score made by a foreign player at this prestigious venue . On 24 October 2013 , Smith became the second South African and 12th overall to complete 9,000 runs in test cricket in his 112th test match . Known for the success of his opening partnership with Herschelle Gibbs , South Africa 's most prolific ever opening partnership , Smith has the distinction of having been part of all four of South Africa 's opening partnerships of over 300 runs : in three of them he was partnered by Gibbs , and in 2008 Smith added 415 for the first wicket with Neil McKenzie against Bangladesh , a world record opening partnership . On 3 March 2014 , during the third Test against Australia , he announced his retirement from international cricket . He was also the overseas player and captain of English side Surrey ."}]}, {'value': 'Graeme Smith ( Apr-May ) Ricky Ponting ( May-Jul ) Hashim Amla ( Aug-Sep )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graeme_Smith', 'summary': "Graeme Craig Smith ( born 1 February 1981 ) is a South African cricket commentator and former cricketer , who played for South Africa in all formats . In 2003 , he was appointed captain of the national team , taking over from Shaun Pollock . He held the position of test captain until his retirement in 2014 . He is regarded as one of the greatest South African players of all time . At 22 , he was appointed as South Africa 's youngest ever captain . A tall , left-handed opening batsman , Smith is regarded as one of the best test match openers of all time . During South Africa 's tour of England in 2003 , he made double centuries in consecutive Test matches : 277 at Edgbaston , and 259 at Lord 's . His 259 at Lord 's still holds the record for being the highest score made by a foreign player at this prestigious venue . On 24 October 2013 , Smith became the second South African and 12th overall to complete 9,000 runs in test cricket in his 112th test match . Known for the success of his opening partnership with Herschelle Gibbs , South Africa 's most prolific ever opening partnership , Smith has the distinction of having been part of all four of South Africa 's opening partnerships of over 300 runs : in three of them he was partnered by Gibbs , and in 2008 Smith added 415 for the first wicket with Neil McKenzie against Bangladesh , a world record opening partnership . On 3 March 2014 , during the third Test against Australia , he announced his retirement from international cricket . He was also the overseas player and captain of English side Surrey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Ponting', 'summary': "Ricky Thomas Ponting AO ( born 19 December 1974 ) is an Australian cricket coach , commentator , and former cricketer . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time . He is considered the most successful captain in international cricket history , with 220 matches won overall from 324 matches with a winning ratio of 67.91% . Ponting was captain of the Australian national team during its 'golden era ' ; between 2004 and 2011 in Tests and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) . He is a specialist right-handed batsman , an excellent slip / close catching fielder , as well as a very occasional bowler . He was named Cricketer of the Decade 2000 . He represented the Tasmanian Tigers in Australian domestic cricket , the Hobart Hurricanes in Australia 's domestic T20 competition the Big Bash League , and played in the Indian Premier League with the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2008 . He is widely considered to be one of the best batsmen of the modern era , alongside Sachin Tendulkar of India and Brian Lara of the West Indies . On 1 December 2006 , he reached the highest rating achieved by a Test batsman for 50 years , though this was surpassed by Steve Smith in December 2017 . He stands second in the List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored behind Sachin Tendulkar . He is the only Australian test captain to have led his side to three separate Ashes series defeats , but led Australia to their second ever 5-0 Ashes win as well as victory at the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and was also a member of the 1999 World Cup winning team under Steve Waugh . He also led Australia to ICC Champions Trophy victory twice in a row , in 2006 and 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hashim_Amla', 'summary': "Hashim Mohammed Amla OIS ( born 31 March 1983 ) is a former South African international cricketer who played for South Africa in all three formats of the game . He is regarded as one of the greatest opening batsmen of all time . Amla currently holds the record for being the fastest ever to 2000 , 3000 , 4000 , 5000 , 6000 and 7000 ODI runs . He also became the fastest cricketer to reach 10 ODI centuries . Amla is an occasional off break bowler and was South Africa 's Test captain from June 2014 to January 2016 . He is a right-handed batsman and holds the record for the highest individual Test score of any South African batsman of 311 not out , scored against England at The Oval , London in July 2012 . In 2014 , he became the fastest cricketer to reach 15 centuries in ODIs in his 86th innings . In the same year he became the fastest cricketer to reach 16 centuries in ODIs in his 94th inning and fastest cricketer to 17 centuries in ODIs in his 98th innings . On 18 January 2015 , he became the fastest cricketer to score 18 centuries in ODIs in his 102nd innings . On 3 March 2015 , he became the fastest cricketer to reach 20 centuries in ODIs in his 108th innings . He has scored ODI centuries against all Test playing countries and is only the fourth person to do so . He was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sussex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Sussex County Cricket Club is the oldest of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Sussex . Its limited overs team is called the Sussex Sharks . The club was founded in 1839 as a successor to the various Sussex county cricket teams , including the old Brighton Cricket Club , which had been representative of the county of Sussex as a whole since the 1720s . The club has always held first-class status . Sussex have competed in the County Championship since the official start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . The club colours are traditionally blue and white and the shirt sponsors are Aerotron for the Specsavers County Championship , Parafix for Royal London One-Day Cup matches and Boundless for NatWest Blast T20 matches . Its home ground is the County Cricket Ground , Hove . Sussex also play matches around the county at Arundel and Eastbourne . Sussex won its first ever official County Championship title in 2003 and subsequently became the dominant team of the decade , repeating the success in 2006 and 2007 . In 2006 Sussex achieved the double , beating Lancashire to clinch the C & G Trophy , before winning the County Championship following an emphatic victory against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge , in which Sussex defeated their hosts by an innings and 245 runs . Sussex then won the title for the third time in five years in 2007 , when in a nail-biting finale on the last day of the season , Sussex defeated Worcestershire early in the day and then had to wait until past five o'clock as title rivals Lancashire narrowly failed to beat Surrey - prompting relieved celebrations at the County Cricket Ground , Hove ."}]}, {'value': 'County Ground , Hove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Hove', 'summary': 'The County Cricket Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as The 1st Central County Ground , is a cricket venue in Hove , East Sussex , England . The County Ground is the home of Sussex County Cricket Club , where most Sussex home matches since 1872 have been played , although many other grounds in Sussex have been used . Sussex CCC continue to play some of their games away from The County Ground , at either Arundel Castle and Horsham . It is one of the few county grounds to have deckchairs for spectators , in the Sussex CCC colours of blue and white , and was the first cricket ground to install permanent floodlights , for day/night cricket matches and the second ground ( after Edgbaston ) to host a day/night match in England , in 1997 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hove', 'summary': 'Hove /hoʊv/ is a seaside resort in the county of East Sussex , and a constituent part of the city of Brighton and Hove . Originally a small but ancient fishing village surrounded by open farmland , it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton , and by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status . Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . In 1997 , as part of local government reform , the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove , and this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arundel Castle Cricket Club Ground , Arundel Cricket Field Road Ground , Horsham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arundel_Castle_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'Arundel Castle Cricket Ground is a cricket ground in Arundel , West Sussex , England , nearby to Arundel Castle . It has been in use since 1952 . The ground was first used by the Sussex 1st XI in 1972 for limited-over matches and in 1990 for County Championship matches . As of the end of the 2015 English cricket season , Arundel Castle has hosted 32 first-class matches , 20 List A matches , and 5 T20 matches .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arundel', 'summary': 'Arundel ( /ˈærəndəl/ or locally /ˈɑːndəl/ ) is a market town and civil parish in a steep vale of the South Downs , West Sussex , England . The much-conserved town has a medieval castle and Roman Catholic cathedral . Although smaller in population than most other parishes , Arundel has a museum and comes second behind much larger Chichester in its number of listed buildings in West Sussex . The River Arun runs through the eastern side of the town . Arundel was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835 . From 1836 to 1889 the town had its own Borough police force with a strength of three . In 1974 it became part of the Arun district , and is now a civil parish with a town council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horsham_Cricket_Club', 'summary': 'Horsham Cricket Club is one of the oldest cricket clubs in the world and represents the Sussex market town of Horsham in the Sussex Cricket League , along with Roffey Cricket Club . Although cricket was played in Horsham before 1768 , the first recorded game of a town side was on 8 August 1771 , and Horsham Cricket Club was created soon after 1806 . The club has played various locations over the years , before settling at their present ground in 1851 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horsham', 'summary': 'Horsham /ˈhɔːrʃəm/ is a market town on the upper reaches of the River Arun on the fringe of the Weald in West Sussex , England . The town is 31 miles ( 50 km ) south south-west of London , 18.5 miles ( 30 km ) north-west of Brighton and 26 miles ( 42 km ) north-east of the county town of Chichester . Nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east . It is the administrative centre of the Horsham district .'}]}, {'value': 'Mark Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(cricketer,_born_1966)', 'summary': "Mark Andrew Robinson OBE ( born 23 November 1966 ) is a former English cricketer who is the former coach of the England women 's cricket team . A right-arm fast-medium bowler , Robinson played for three different English counties ( Northamptonshire , Yorkshire , and Sussex ) , and also spent one season in New Zealand , playing for Canterbury . After retiring from playing , he served as coach of Sussex from 2005 to 2015 , winning County Championships with the team in 2006 and 2007 , and also coached several England Lions tours . He was awarded an OBE in the Queen 's 2018 New Year Honours ."}]}, {'value': 'Ed Joyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Joyce', 'summary': "Edmund Christopher Joyce ( born 22 September 1978 ) is a former Irish cricketer who played for both the Ireland and England national cricket teams . After beginning his career with Middlesex , he moved to Sussex in 2009 , before returning to Ireland to play for Leinster Lightning in the fledgling first-class competition , the Irish Inter-Provincial Championship . A left-handed batsman and occasional right-arm bowler of medium pace , Joyce is widely regarded as one of the best cricketers produced by Ireland . After qualifying to play for England , Joyce was a member of the squad in the 2006-07 Ashes series and 2007 World Cup . Since dropping down the pecking order for selection with England , Joyce got special dispensation from the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) to play for Ireland in the 2011 World Cup . He was one of the eleven cricketers to play in Ireland 's first ever Test match , against Pakistan . On 24 May 2018 , he announced his retirement from all professional cricket . In June 2019 , Joyce was appointed as the interim head coach of the Ireland women 's cricket team ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Magoffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Magoffin', 'summary': 'Steven James Steve Magoffin ( born 17 December 1979 ) is a former Australian cricketer , who most recently played for Worcestershire in English county cricket , and having previously played for Western Australia and Queensland in Australian domestic matches . He has also played county cricket as an overseas player for Surrey and Sussex . A former Queensland Academy of Sport player , Magoffin made his debut for WA in 2004-05 where he played every Pura Cup in the season , finishing with 28 wickets at 35.10 . He has a career-best haul of 8 for 20 , playing for Sussex against Somerset in 2013 . He played a few matches for Surrey in April and May , 2007 as a substitute for Matthew Nicholson . In 2015 , Magoffin applied for a UK passport , thus making him a naturalised UK player .'}]}, {'value': 'Warwickshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Warwickshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Warwickshire . Its 50 overs team is called the Warwickshire Bears and its T20 team the Birmingham Bears . Founded in 1882 , the club held minor status until it was elevated to first-class in 1894 pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895 . Since then , Warwickshire have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . Warwickshire 's kit colours are black and gold and the shirt sponsor is Gullivers Sports Travel . The club 's home is Edgbaston Cricket Ground in south Birmingham , which regularly hosts Test and One-Day International matches ."}]}, {'value': 'Edgbaston , Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': "Edgbaston Cricket Ground , also known as the County Ground or Edgbaston Stadium , is a cricket ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham , England . It is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club and its T20 team Birmingham Bears . Edgbaston has also been the venue for Test matches , One-Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals . Edgbaston has hosted the T20 Finals Day more than any other cricket ground . Edgbaston is the main home ground for the Birmingham Phoenix men 's team in The Hundred competition from 2020 . Edgbaston was the first English ground outside Lord 's to host a major international one-day tournament final when it hosted the ICC Champions Trophy final in 2013 . With permanent seating for approximately 25,000 spectators , it is the fourth-largest cricketing venue in England , after Lord 's , Old Trafford and The Oval . Edgbaston was the venue of the first senior game under floodlights in English cricket in July 1997 between Warwickshire and Somerset in the then AXA Life Sunday League and hosted the first day/night Test match in England in August 2017 when England played the West Indies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dougie Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dougie_Brown', 'summary': 'Douglas Robert Brown ( born 29 October 1969 ) is a Scottish former cricketer and former head coach of the United Arab Emirates national team . Brown represented the Scottish national team as an all-rounder at One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International level , having earlier played One Day International cricket for England in 1997 and 1998 . He played English county cricket for Warwickshire .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Troughton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Troughton', 'summary': 'Jamie Oliver Troughton ( born 2 March 1979 ) is an English cricket coach and former cricketer . He was mainly an attack-minded left-handed batsman but also an occasional slow left-arm orthodox bowler . He played for ( and captained ) the county side Warwickshire . He also played for the England one day international team . Troughton was born into a well-known British acting family . He is the son of the stage and television actor David Troughton , who is a leading member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , and the nephew of Michael Troughton . His grandfather , Patrick Troughton , was best known for playing the Second Doctor in Doctor Who . He is also the younger brother of Robin Hood actor Sam Troughton and the cousin of Harry Melling , who appeared in the Harry Potter films . In 2014 , Jim played Colin Blythe in an episode of BBC Radio 4 drama Home Front . He played six one day internationals for England , scoring 36 runs at an average of nine . He was a hard-hitting batsman with a good range of shots . He averaged a respectable 40 plus in the four day county game .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeetan Patel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeetan_Patel', 'summary': "Jeetan Shashi Patel ( Gujarati : જીતેન પટેલ ; born 7 May 1980 ) is a former New Zealand international cricketer . A right arm off spin bowler , he plays county cricket for Warwickshire County Cricket Club in England , and plays for the Wellington Firebirds in New Zealand . From 2005 to 2013 , Patel played for New Zealand in all three formats , but in 2014 he made himself unavailable for international cricket , choosing to focus on county cricket instead . He has twice been named the most valuable player by England 's Professional Cricketers ' Association , and in 2015 Wisden named him one of its five cricketers of the year . He was unexpectedly brought back into the national team in 2016 , replacing the injured Mark Craig during the tour to India , where he exhibited a far better batting technique . He announced his retirement from international cricket on 21 June 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yorkshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club', 'summary': "Yorkshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales . It represents the historic county of Yorkshire . The club 's limited overs team is called the Yorkshire Vikings . Yorkshire teams formed by earlier organisations , essentially the old Sheffield Cricket Club , played top-class cricket from the 18th century and the county club has always held first-class status . Yorkshire have competed in the County Championship since the official start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England . Yorkshire are the most successful team in English cricketing history with 33 County Championship titles , including one shared . The team 's most recent Championship title was in 2015 , following on from that achieved in 2014 . The club 's limited-overs kit colours are Cambridge blue , Oxford blue , and yellow with Mazars as the main sponsor . Yorkshire play most of their home games at the Headingley Cricket Ground in Leeds . Another significant venue is at North Marine Road Ground , Scarborough , which houses the annual Scarborough Festival . Yorkshire has historically used other locations including Bramall Lane , Sheffield , which was the club 's original home ; Horton Park Avenue , Bradford ; St George 's Road Cricket Ground , Harrogate ; The Circle , Kingston upon Hull ; and Acklam Park , Middlesbrough . The team drew an average attendance of 8,417 to seven home games in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Headingley , Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Headingley_Cricket_Ground', 'summary': 'Headingley Cricket Ground , known for sponsorship reasons as Emerald Headingley Cricket Ground , is a cricket ground in the Headingley Stadium complex in Leeds , England . It adjoins the Headingley Rugby Stadium through a shared main stand , although the main entrance to the cricket ground is at the opposite Kirkstall Lane end . It has hosted Test cricket since 1899 and has a capacity of 18,350 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leeds', 'summary': "Leeds is the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire in Northern England , approximately 170 miles north of central London . Leeds has one of the most diverse economies of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private-sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77% of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third-largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is ranked as a High Sufficiency level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by five universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . Leeds was a small manorial borough in the 13th century , and in the 17th and 18th centuries it became a major centre for the production and trading of wool , and in the Industrial Revolution a major mill town ; wool was still the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were also important . From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . It now lies within the West Yorkshire Urban Area , the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.6 million . Today , Leeds has become the largest legal and financial centre outside London with the financial and insurance services industry worth £13 billion to the city 's economy . The finance and business service sector account for 38% of total output with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city , including an office of the Bank of England ."}]}, {'value': 'North Marine Road Ground , Scarborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Marine_Road_Ground,_Scarborough', 'summary': "North Marine Road Ground , formerly known as Queen 's , is a cricket ground in Scarborough , North Yorkshire , England . It is the home of Scarborough Cricket Club which hosts the Scarborough Festival and the Yorkshire County Cricket Club plays a series of fixtures in the second half of the season each year . The current capacity is 11,500 , while its record attendance is the 22,946 who watched Yorkshire play Derbyshire in 1947 . The two ends are known as the Peasholm Park End and the Trafalgar Square End ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire', 'summary': 'Scarborough ( /ˈskɑːrbərə/ ) is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire , the town lies between 10-230 feet ( 3-70 m ) above sea level , rising steeply northward and westward from the harbour on to limestone cliffs . The older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland . With a population of just over 61,000 , Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast . The town has fishing and service industries , including a growing digital and creative economy , as well as being a tourist destination . People who live in the town are known as Scarborians .'}]}, {'value': 'Jason Gillespie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Gillespie', 'summary': 'Jason Neil Gillespie ( born 19 April 1975 ) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer who played all three formats of the game . Primarily a right-arm fast bowler , he was also a competent lower-order batsman with a Test double century , an unbeaten 201 , the highest score by a night-watchman in international cricket . Gillespie made his One Day International debut against Sri Lanka at Colombo in the Singer World Series in August 1996 , and his Test debut against the West Indies at Sydney in November 1996 . He also played for South Australia , Yorkshire and Glamorgan at first-class level , and was an AIS Australian Cricket Academy scholarship holder in 1995 . On 29 February 2008 , Gillespie announced his retirement from first-class cricket in Australia . He then played for a period in the unauthorised Indian Cricket League for the Ahmedabad Rockets . At the end of the 2008 English domestic season he retired from all first-class cricket .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Gale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Gale', 'summary': 'Andrew William Gale ( born 28 November 1983 ) is an English cricket coach and former first-class cricketer , who is first XI coach of Yorkshire County Cricket Club . He also co-owns Pro Coach Cricket Academy , with his business partner Chris Brice , providing cricket coaching by professional cricketers . He has taken part in some commentary work for Sky Sports and Yorkshire Radio . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Kane Williamson ( Aug-Sep )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kane_Williamson', 'summary': 'Kane Stuart Williamson ( born 8 August 1990 ) is a New Zealand international cricketer who is currently the captain of the New Zealand national team in all formats . He is a right-handed batsman and an occasional off spin bowler . Williamson made his first-class cricket debut in December 2007 . He made his U-19 debut against the touring Indian U-19 team the same year and was named captain of the New Zealand U-19 team for the 2008 U-19 Cricket World Cup . He made his international debut in 2010 . Williamson has represented New Zealand at the 2011 , 2015 and 2019 editions of the Cricket World Cup and 2012 , 2014 and 2016 editions of the ICC World Twenty20 . He made his full-time captaincy debut for New Zealand in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 in India . He captained New Zealand national team in 2019 Cricket World Cup and led the team to the finals . He was then awarded the Player of the Tournament award . He is also one of the most well behaved cricketers in the world . At various times Ian Chappell and Martin Crowe have ranked Williamson among the top four or five Test cricket batsmen , along with Joe Root , Steve Smith , Virat Kohli and David Warner .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Division One', 'section_text': 'Team promoted from Division Two', 'uid': '2013_County_Championship_0', 'intro': 'The 2013 County Championship season, known as the LV= County Championship for sponsorship reasons, was the 114th cricket County Championship season. It was contested through two divisions: Division One and Division Two. Each team played all the others in their division both home and away. Durham were County Champions for the third time in six seasons. The top two teams from Division Two, Lancashire and Northamptonshire, gained promotion to the first division for the 2014 season, while the bottom two sides from Division One - Derbyshire and Surrey - were relegated to Division Two for 2014.'}	null	null	What is the primary home ground of the team whose overseas player was born on 7 May 1980 ?	Edgbaston , Birmingham
01a79c66b74e8973	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_torch_relay_route', 'title': '2010 Winter Olympics torch relay route', 'header': ['Day', 'Date', 'Cities', 'Notable torchbearers'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia : Victoria , Esquimalt , CFB Esquimalt , Songhees First Nation , Esquimalt First Nation , View Royal , Sidney , North Saanich , Central Saanich , Saanich , Oak Bay , Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Esquimalt,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'The Township of Esquimalt /ɪˈskwaɪmɔːlt/ is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island , in British Columbia , Canada . It is bordered to the east by the provincial capital , Victoria , to the south by the Strait of Juan de Fuca , to the west by Esquimalt Harbour and Royal Roads , to the northwest by the New Songhees 1A Indian reserve and the town of View Royal , and to the north by a narrow inlet of water called the Gorge , across which is the district municipality of Saanich . It is almost tangential to Esquimalt 1 Indian Reserve near Admirals Road . It is one of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria and part of the Capital Regional District . Esquimalt had a population of 17,655 in 2016 . It covers 7.08 km2 ( 2.73 sq mi ) . It is home to the Pacific fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CFB_Esquimalt', 'summary': "Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt ( CFB Esquimalt ) is Canada 's Pacific Coast naval base and home port to Maritime Forces Pacific and Joint Task Force Pacific Headquarters . As of 2018 [ update ] , 4,411 military personnel and 2,762 civilians work at CFB Esquimalt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Songhees_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Songhees First Nation is a First Nations government located around Victoria , British Columbia on southern Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esquimalt_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Esquimalt First Nation , also known as the Esquimalt Indian Band and Esquimalt Nation , is a First Nations band government of the Esquimalt people . Historically their village was located closer to Victoria proper , but today their main reserve is on the north shore of Esquimalt Harbour adjacent to the Town of View Royal . They are a member nation of the First Nations of South Island Tribal Council , and were signatories to the Douglas Treaties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/View_Royal,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'View Royal is a town in Greater Victoria and a member municipality of the Capital Regional District of British Columbia , Canada . View Royal has a population of 10,858 residents . With over 700 hectares ( 1,700 acres ) of parkland , View Royal includes McKenzie , Pike , Prior and Thetis Lakes and portions of the Esquimalt Harbour and Portage Inlet .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sidney,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Sidney is a town located at the northern end of the Saanich Peninsula , on Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is one of the 13 Greater Victoria municipalities . It has a population of approximately 11,583 . Sidney is located just east of Victoria International Airport , and about 6 km ( 4 mi ) south of BC Ferries ' Swartz Bay Terminal . The town is also the only Canadian port-of-call in the Washington State Ferries system , with ferries running from Sidney to the San Juan Islands and Anacortes . Sidney is located along Highway 17 , which bisects the town from north to south . It is generally considered part of the Victoria metropolitan area . The town west of Highway 17 ( also called Patricia Bay Highway , locally abbreviated as the Pat Bay Highway ) has a mixture of single-family residences and light industry . The majority of the town is located east of Highway 17 . Single-family units are also present east of the highway , but the eastern sector also has many condominium-type buildings , plus most of the service and retail outlets . The island-studded Haro Strait , part of the Salish Sea forms Sidney 's eastern boundary . There is a large boating and marine industry in the area , ranging from marinas to boatbuilders and marine suppliers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Saanich,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'The District of North Saanich is located on the Saanich Peninsula of British Columbia , approximately 25 km ( 16 mi ) north of Victoria on southern Vancouver Island . It is one of the 13 Greater Victoria municipalities . The District is surrounded on three sides by 20 km ( 12 mi ) of ocean shoreline , and consists of rural/residential areas , a large agricultural base and is home to the Victoria International Airport and the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_Saanich,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Central Saanich is a district municipality in Greater Victoria and a member municipality of the Capital Regional District . It is located on the Saanich Peninsula . The district began as a farming community , and many hobby farms , along with a handful of small working farms and vineyards , still exist . In recent decades , the area has seen increasing residential , commercial , and industrial development , especially around the neighbourhoods of Brentwood Bay and Saanichton , which are occasionally referred to as separate communities . The area 's best-known tourist attractions are the Butchart Gardens , located in the Brentwood Bay area , and Island View Beach . The mayor of Central Saanich is former district councillor Ryan Windsor . Municipal councillors last elected in 2014 include Niall Paltiel , Carl Jensen , Alicia Cormier , Bob Thompson , Christopher Graham , and Zeb King ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saanich,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "The District of Saanich ( /ˈsænɪtʃ/ ) is a district municipality on Vancouver Island in British Columbia , within the Greater Victoria area . The population was 114,148 at the 2016 census , making it the most populous municipality in the Capital Regional District and Vancouver Island , and the eighth-most populous in the province . The district adopted its name after the Saanich First Nation , meaning emerging land or emerging people . The District acts as a bedroom community immediately to the north of Victoria , British Columbia . With an area of 103.44 square kilometres ( 39.94 sq mi ) , it is the largest municipality in Greater Victoria . The municipality contains a wide variety of rural and urban landscapes and neighbourhoods stretching north to the Saanich Peninsula . Saanich is home to part of the University of Victoria which is bisected by the neighbouring district municipality of Oak Bay . The municipality 's topography is undulating with many glacially scoured rock outcroppings . Elevations range from sea level to 229 metres ( 751 ft ) . The physical setting is greatly influenced by water . There are 8.1749 square kilometres ( 3.1563 sq mi ) of fresh water lakes and 29.61 kilometres ( 18.40 mi ) of marine shoreline ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Oak Bay is a municipality incorporated in 1906 that is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island , in the Canadian province of British Columbia , Canada . A member municipality of the Capital Regional District , it is a community east of and adjacent to the city of Victoria . It is one of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}]}, {'value': 'Catriona Le May Doan - long track speed skater Simon Whitfield - triathlete Silken Laumann - rower Alexandre Despatie -diver General Walter Natynczyk -Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff Allison Forsyth -skier Derek Porter -rower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catriona_Le_May_Doan', 'summary': 'Catriona Ann Le May Doan , OC ( born December 23 , 1970 ) is a Canadian speed skater and a double Olympic champion in the 500 m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Simon_Whitfield', 'summary': 'Simon St. Quentin Whitfield ( born 16 May 1975 in Kingston , Ontario ) is a retired Olympic triathlon champion from Canada . Whitfield won 10 consecutive Canadian Triathlon Championships titles and carried the Canadian national flag during the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in Sydney , where he had won his gold medal , and the opening ceremony at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , making him one of few Canadian athletes to be honoured twice as Olympic flag bearer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silken_Laumann', 'summary': 'Silken Suzette Laumann , MSC ( born November 14 , 1964 ) is a Canadian champion rower .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Despatie', 'summary': 'Alexandre Despatie ( French : [ alɛksɑ̃dʁ depati ] ; born June 8 , 1985 ) is a Canadian diver and broadcaster from Laval , Quebec . He was the world champion at the 1 and 3 m springboards from 2005 to 2007 and is the first , and so far only , diver to have been world champion in all three individual categories ( 1 , 3 and 10 m platform ) . He is also a 37-time Canadian senior diving champion , and nine-time junior champion . He was born in Montreal , Quebec , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Natynczyk', 'summary': 'Walter John Walt Natynczyk , CMM MSC CD ( /nəˈtɪntʃɪk/ nə-TIN-chik ) is a retired Canadian Army general who has served as Deputy Minister of Veterans Affairs since 2014 . He was the President of the Canadian Space Agency from 2013 to 2014 and Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Armed Forces from 2008 to 2012 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Allison_Forsyth', 'summary': 'Allison Forsyth ( born 14 October 1978 ) is a Canadian former alpine skier from Nanaimo , British Columbia who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics . She retired from competitive skiing after the 2007-2008 season , due to injuries suffered over her career , and to start a family . Forsyth is married to Steve Grywul , and has children .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Derek_Porter', 'summary': 'Derek Nesbitt-Porter ( born 2 November 1967 ) is a gold medal-winning Olympic rower from Canada .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': "British Columbia : Victoria , Sooke , T'Sou-ke , Metchosin , Colwood , Fort Rodd Hill , Fisgard Lighthouse , Langford , Mill Bay , Cowichan Bay , Kw'amutsun First Nation , Duncan , North Cowichan , Lake Cowichan , Ganges , Crofton , Chemainus , Ladysmith , Cedar , Snuneymuxw First Nation , Nanaimo", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Victoria ( Saanich : METULIYE mətúliyə ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia , located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada 's Pacific coast . The city has a population of 85,792 , and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770 . Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre , which is a greater population density than Toronto . Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada , and is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from British Columbia 's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland . The city is about 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Seattle by airplane , ferry , or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry which operates daily , year round between Seattle and Victoria , and 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Port Angeles , Washington , by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and , at the time , British North America , Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest , with British settlement beginning in 1843 . The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings , in particular its two most famous landmarks , Parliament Buildings ( finished in 1897 and home of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia ) and the Empress hotel ( opened in 1908 ) . The city 's Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Francisco 's . The region 's Coast Salish First Nations peoples established communities in the area long before non-native settlement , possibly several thousand years earlier , which had large populations at the time of European exploration . Known as The Garden City , Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry . Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life , according to Numbeo . The city has a large non-local student population [ citation needed ] , who come to attend the Victoria College of Art , the Canadian College of Performing Arts , and high school programs run by the region 's three school districts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sooke,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Sooke /suːk/ is a district municipality on the southern tip of Vancouver Island , Canada , 38 kilometres by road from Victoria , the capital of British Columbia . Sooke , the westernmost of Greater Victoria 's Western Communities , is to the north and west of the Sooke Basin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Metchosin,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'The District of Metchosin is a municipality and community in Greater Victoria on the southern tip of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . It is a coastal community adjacent to the Strait of Juan de Fuca . Metchosin is part of the Western Communities and one of the 13 regional municipalities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colwood,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Colwood is a city located on Vancouver Island to the southwest of Victoria , capital of British Columbia . Colwood was incorporated in 1985 and has a population of approximately 17,000 people . Colwood lies within the boundaries of the Greater Victoria area or Capital Regional District , in a region called the West Shore , or the West Shore . It is one of the 13 component municipalities of Greater Victoria . Set along more than 5km of oceanfront , this fast-growing seaside community is home to abundant forests , parks and trails as well as several historic sites including Fort Rodd Hill , Fosgard Lighthouse and Hatley Castle . One of Colwood 's best known landmark is Hatley Castle , now home to Royal Roads University . It is a Scottish Baronial mansion and grounds originally built as a residence for James Dunsmuir , Premier and later Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia . Colwood almost became the seat of the Crown of the Commonwealth realm in 1940 , when , after the start of World War II , the government planned to relocate King George VI , Queen Elizabeth , and their children , Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret , to the castle for protection . But they decided to stay in London and Windsor , near the European front . The government transferred the estate to the Canadian Armed Forces . It adapted the site for use as Royal Roads Military College , a naval training facility from 1941-mid-1990s . The military college was closed in the 1990s , and the estate is now the campus of the public Royal Roads University , which opened in 1995 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Rodd_Hill_National_Historic_Site', 'summary': 'Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site is a 19th-century coastal artillery fort on the Colwood , British Columbia side of Esquimalt Harbour , ( Greater Victoria/Victoria BC Metropolitan Area ) . The site is adjacent to Fisgard Lighthouse National Historic Site , the first lighthouse on the west coast of Canada . Both the fort and lighthouse are managed and presented to the public by Parks Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fisgard_Lighthouse_National_Historic_Site', 'summary': 'Fisgard Lighthouse National Historic Site , on Fisgard Island at the mouth of Esquimalt Harbour in Colwood , British Columbia , is the site of Fisgard Lighthouse , the first lighthouse on the west coast of Canada . Fisgard Lighthouse is about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) by boat or 12.5 kilometres ( 7.8 miles ) by car from downtown Victoria . Automated in 1929 , the light shows a white isophase light of 2 second period in a sector from 322° to 195° at 21.6 metres ( 71 ft ) above mean sea level , and in other directions it shows red shutters . The white 14.6-metre ( 48 ft ) tower is floodlit below balcony level .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Langford,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Langford is a city on southern Vancouver Island in the province of British Columbia , Canada . Langford is one of the 13 component municipalities of Greater Victoria and is within the Capital Regional District . Langford was incorporated in 1992 and has a population of over 40,000 people . Its municipal neighbours are Colwood to the southeast , Highlands to the north , Metchosin to the southwest , and View Royal to the northeast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mill_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Mill Bay is a commuter town of about 3,200 people located on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada about 30 km ( 19 mi ) north of Victoria , the capital . Mill Bay was founded in the 1860s with lumber and milling as its primary industries , done at the mill on the bay . It was named for the sawmill built in the area in 1861 by Henry S. Shepherd soon purchased by William Sayward . :174 It is known for its ferry to Brentwood Bay on the Saanich Peninsula and the historic Malahat Drive , which is also a source of criticism due to frequent closures from either automobile accidents or weather conditions . [ citation needed ] Numerous suggestions have been made by various groups regarding a 'bypass ' route ( possibly a bridge ) , though as of 2007 , the Brentwood-Mill Bay Ferry and the Malahat remain the best routes to Greater Victoria from the rest of Vancouver Island ( a third route goes south from Lake Cowichan via Port Renfrew to Victoria ) . The MV Mill Bay that has served the ferry route since 1956 is named for the town but was taken out of service in 2011 and is now served by the MV Klitsa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cowichan_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Cowichan Bay ( English : /ˈkaʊɪtʃæn/ ) is a bay and community located on the east coast of southern Vancouver Island near Duncan , in British Columbia . The mouth of the Cowichan River is near Cowichan Bay . Mount Tzouhalem and its hiking trails and ecological reserve stands to the north . The bay is known for its fishing and scenic value . The area 's main industries are fishing and tourism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duncan,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Duncan ( pop . 4,944 ) is a city on southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . It is the smallest city by area ( 2.07 square kilometres , 0.8 square miles ) in the nation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Cowichan,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "North Cowichan ( Canada 2016 Census population 29,676 ) is a District municipality established in 1873 located on Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . The municipality is part of the Cowichan Valley Regional District . North Cowichan is noted for a landscape including forests , beaches , rivers and lakes . The municipality encompasses the communities of Crofton , Chemainus , Maple Bay and the 'south end ' which is essentially a suburb of the City of Duncan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Cowichan,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Lake Cowichan ( Nitinaht : ʕaʔk̓ʷaq c̓uubaʕsaʔtx̣ ) , ( pop . 2,974 ) , is a town located on the east end of Cowichan Lake and , by highway , is 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) west of Duncan , British Columbia . The town of Lake Cowichan was incorporated in 1944 . The Cowichan River flows through the middle of the town . Cowichan Lake is British Columbia 's second-most pristine lake [ citation needed ] and Cowichan River is designated as a Heritage River . Lake Cowichan is at the western end of the Trans Canada Trail , which , when completed , will be one of the longest trail networks in the world at almost 24,000 kilometres ( 15,000 mi ) length . Youbou , with a population of about 1,000 people ; Mesachie Lake , British Columbia with a population of about 800 people ; and Honeymoon Bay with a population of about 600 people are three nearby communities of Lake Cowichan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ganges,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Ganges , British Columbia is an unincorporated community on Salt Spring Island in the province of British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crofton,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Crofton , British Columbia , is a small coastal town that is part of the District of North Cowichan on southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia . The town has a population of 1,373 people as of 2016 . It is about 74 km north of Victoria . The town was establish in 1902 to accommodate a smelter for the copper being mined at nearby Mount Sicker , and was named after Henry Croft , the mine owner . The worldwide drop in copper prices in 1907 ( the Panic of 1907 ) saw the smelter shut down in 1908 , and the town slowed down . A pulp and paper mill was built in town in 1956 , giving new life to the town . Crofton also houses a BC Ferries terminal to Salt Spring Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chemainus,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Chemainus /ʃʌˈmeɪnəs/ is a community in the Chemainus Valley on the east coast of southern Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . Founded as an unincorporated logging town in 1858 , Chemainus is now famous for its 53 outdoor murals . This outdoor gallery has given birth to many businesses , including a theatre , antiques dealers , and eateries . The tourist industry stemming from the murals helped rejuvenate the town after its large sawmill closed in the early 1980s and was replaced by a smaller , more efficient , mill .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ladysmith,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Ladysmith , originally Oyster Harbour , is a town located on the 49th parallel north on the east coast of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . The local economy is based on forestry , tourism , and agriculture . A green hill location adjacent to a sheltered harbour forms the natural geography of the community . As of 2016 [ update ] , the population was 8,537 . The area of the town was 11.99 square kilometres . Total private dwellings were 3,754 . Population density was 711.9 people per square kilometre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cedar,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Cedar is a small community in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is located near the east coast of Vancouver Island - about 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) southeast of Nanaimo . Its geographical coordinates are 49°07′N 123°51′W / 49.117°N 123.850°W / 49.117 ; -123.850 . The village was so named because of the profusion of Thuja plicata trees in its vicinity , known as the Western Red Cedar . Cedar as a locality existed prior to 1888 , as on April 1 , that year , a post office was opened .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Snuneymuxw_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Snuneymuxw First Nation ( pronounced [ snʊˈneɪməxʷ ] ) is currently located in and around Nanaimo on east-central Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . Although the Snuneymuxw now only have a total reserve land base of 266 hectares , divided into small , separated reserves , they once occupied a wide region of south-central Vancouver Island where they lived for more than 5,000 years . Snuneymuxw Territory on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island , the Gulf Islands , and the Fraser River in the British Columbia was in the center of Coast Salish territory . Their language is the Hulquminum language . The Snuneymuxw First Nation is responsible for the operation of Newcastle Island Marine Provincial Park . The Manson , Wyse , Good , Seward , White , Wesley , Brown , Johnny and Thomas families are prominent in the Snuneymuxw First Nation community .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanaimo', 'summary': 'Nanaimo ( /nəˈnaɪmoʊ/ ) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . As of the 2016 census , it had a population of 90,504 . It is known as The Harbour City . The city was previously known as the Hub City , which has been attributed to its original layout design where the streets radiated out from the shoreline like the spokes of a wagon wheel , as well as its generally centralized location on Vancouver Island . Nanaimo is also the headquarters of the Regional District of Nanaimo .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia : Nanaimo , Lantzville , Nanoose Bay , Parksville , Coombs , Hilliers , Port Alberni , Hupacasath First Nation , Tseshaht First Nation , Ucluelet , Long Beach in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve , Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations , Tofino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanaimo', 'summary': 'Nanaimo ( /nəˈnaɪmoʊ/ ) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . As of the 2016 census , it had a population of 90,504 . It is known as The Harbour City . The city was previously known as the Hub City , which has been attributed to its original layout design where the streets radiated out from the shoreline like the spokes of a wagon wheel , as well as its generally centralized location on Vancouver Island . Nanaimo is also the headquarters of the Regional District of Nanaimo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lantzville,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Lantzville is a coastal community on the east side of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada along the western shore of the Strait of Georgia and immediately north of the City of Nanaimo . The District of Lantzville was incorporated on June 25 , 2003 . It covers an area of 27.87 square kilometres and has a population of 3,807 . The district is almost completely residential , with some commercial buildings on Lantzville Road ( formerly part of the Island Highway ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nanoose_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Nanoose Bay is a community in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is located between Nanaimo and Parksville on the Strait of Georgia in the Regional District of Nanaimo , on the east coast of Vancouver Island , and had a population of 5,919 in the Canada 2016 Census . The town is named after a First Nations band related to the Nanaimo First Nations . The Schooner Cove Marina with 400 berths is a destination for boaters from throughout the Pacific Northwest . The Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental Test Range ( CFMETR ) , a joint Canadian-American testing facility for torpedoes and other maritime warfare and listening equipment , has operated out of Nanoose Bay since 1965 . There was a protest camp set up along the highway during the 1970s and 1980s protesting the CFMETR . The ghost town of Red Gap , which was the site of the Straits Lumber Mill from 1912 to 1942 , is nearby .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parksville,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Parksville is a city on Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . The city lies along Highway 19A , 37 kilometres northwest of Nanaimo , 48 kilometres east of Port Alberni and 7 kilometres southeast of Qualicum Beach . The majority of Parksville 's land base lies between Englishman River and French Creek , although a substantial portion of the city lies east of Englishman River , along the western shores of Craig Bay . As of the 2016 Census , Parksville 's population was 12,514 , representing a 4.5% increase over the 2011 Census . Parksville is well known for its large , sandy beaches at Parksville Bay and Craig Bay . The city 's best-known annual event since 1982 is a sandcastle-building competition held from mid-July to mid-August , dubbed 'Parksville Beachfest ' . Beachfest is the only World Championship Sand Sculpting official qualification event in Canada . Local media , businesses , and civil services frequently refer to Parksville , with its adjacent municipalities , as the community of 'Oceanside ' , typically including Qualicum Beach , French Creek , Coombs/Hilliers , Errington , Nanoose , Bowser and Deep Bay . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Coombs,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Coombs is a small community on Vancouver Island in British Columbia , situated on provincial highway 4A approximately 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) west of Parksville . Coombs is home to approximately 1,327 people and is renowned for its Old Country Market ( which features a family of goats living on the roof ) , Butterfly World ( which includes a small indoor tropical rainforest ) , the 106 year old Coombs Fall Fair and the Coombs Bluegrass Festival held every B.C . Day weekend . The history of Coombs goes back many years . The Ford House which is the old log house situated on the Alberni Highway is dated back to early 1900 's . The pioneer Walter Ford house was completed in 1911 . Next to the Ford House is the old General Store which also always housed the General Post Office . The Coombs Fair Grounds is an active place throughout the year . The Rodeo Grounds just up the highway heading towards Port Alberni is a successful and active place during the summer months . The railway line is also a huge part of the history of Coombs . Along with the United Church and just over the French Creek Bridge is the French Creek School , opened in 1912 , which closed in 2015 but is used now as a Coombs Community Commons . French Creek school was a huge asset to the community for over 100 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Alberni', 'summary': "Port Alberni ( /ælˈbɜːrni/ ) is a city located on Vancouver Island in the province of British Columbia , Canada . Port Alberni has a total population of 17,678 , and a census agglomeration area of 25,112 . Port Alberni is a deep port city which lies within the Alberni Valley at the head of the Alberni Inlet , Vancouver Island 's longest inlet . It is the location of the head offices of the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hupacasath_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Hupacasath First Nation is a First Nations government based in the Alberni Valley on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . It is a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council . An alternate spelling of Hupacasath is Opetchesaht or Opitchesaht . Hupacasath First Nation consists of approximately 300 members across five reserves . In September 2012 , the Government of Canada Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement signed a trade agreement with Chinese investors giving them control over major assets such as coal on its 232,000-hectare territory . It comes into effect when it has been ratified by both sides . The Hupacasath First Nations community argued in federal court in June that the federal government is required to consult First Nations under Section 35 of the Constitution Act , which provides constitutional protection to the aboriginal and treaty rights of aboriginal peoples in Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tseshaht_First_Nation', 'summary': 'Tseshaht First Nation is an amalgamation of many tribes up and down Alberni Inlet and in the Alberni Valley of central Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . They are a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council which includes all other Nuu-chah-nulth-aht peoples except the Pacheedaht First Nation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ucluelet', 'summary': 'Ucluelet ( /juːˈkluːlɪt/ , also Ukee locally ) is a district municipality ( population about 1,717 ) on the Ucluelet Peninsula on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . Ucluelet means people of the safe harbour in the indigenous Nuu-chah-nulth ( Nootka ) language .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Long_Beach_(British_Columbia)', 'summary': "Long Beach is the largest and longest beach in the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on the west coast of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . It is located on Wickaninnish Bay between Tofino ( NW ) and Ucluelet ( SE ) and is adjoined by campgrounds and picnic areas . The Tofino-Ucluelet highway parallels the entirety of the beach . The beach 's consistent surf , exposed to the open Pacific Ocean , established it as one of the earliest and most popular surfing locations in British Columbia . Long Beach features rocky 'islands ' in the mid-tidal zone of the beach that are accessible only at low tide ; when the tide is high , these islands are either surrounded by water or thrashed by ocean swells . In addition , dangerous rip currents exist around the larger islands , and to some extent in the open sea farther out . Unsupervised swimming is considered extremely hazardous , and park visitors have been swept from shorebound rocks during storm season ; for this reason , beach access is restricted during heavy storm weather . Prominently posted signs warn about the danger of visiting the beach during high tide , as shorebound logs can be shifted unexpectedly by swells that wash onto the higher reaches of the beach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Rim_National_Park_Reserve', 'summary': 'Pacific Rim National Park Reserve is a 511 km2 ( 197 sq mi ) park located in British Columbia , Canada , which comprises three separate regions : Long Beach , the Broken Group Islands , and the West Coast Trail . It represents the Pacific Coast Mountains landscape which is characterized by rugged coasts and temperate rainforests . Widespread vegetation found in the park includes western hemlock , Sitka spruce , western red-cedar , deer fern and sword fern . Animal species vary from marine and intertidal species , such as humpback whales and ochre sea star , to terrestrial mammals , such as Vancouver Island wolves . For recreational purposes , Long Beach is used for surfing and windsurfing , the Broken Group for sea kayaking , and the West Coast Trail for hiking , as well as camping in all areas and scuba diving in the winter months in the Long Beach and Broken Group areas . The Wickaninnish Beach Provincial Park formed the nucleus upon which the national park was assembled . After years of negotiation between the federal government and the provincial government of W.A.C . Bennett , a breakthrough was reached after Jean Chrétien took over for Arthur Laing as the federal minister responsible for parks . British Columbia adopted the West Coast National Park Act in 1969 and the two governments signed an agreement in 1970 to create the park through land assembly and extinguishing forestry rights . Following protracted negotiations , the park was finally added to the National Parks Act in 2000 , classified as a park reserve based on an accepted claim of certain rights to the area by the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tla-o-qui-aht_First_Nations', 'summary': 'The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations are a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation ( band government ) in Canada . They live on ten reserves along the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The band is part of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council . There were 618 people living in the Tla-o-qui-aht reserves in 1995 . Their primary economic activities are fishing and tourism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tofino,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Tofino is a district of approximately 1,932 residents on the west coast of Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . The district is located at the western terminus of Highway 4 on the tip of the Esowista Peninsula at the southern edge of Clayoquot Sound . A popular tourist destination in the summer , Tofino 's population swells to many times its winter size . It attracts surfers , hikers , nature lovers , bird watchers , campers , whale watchers , fishers , or anyone just looking to be close to nature . In the winter it is not as bustling , although many people visit Tofino and the West Coast to watch storms on the water . Close to Tofino is Long Beach , a scenic and popular year-round destination , at the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve . With its natural hot springs , Maquinna Marine Provincial Park is a popular day-trip destination for tourists . Reachable by boat or floatplane , the park is located about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) north of Tofino ."}]}, {'value': 'Chun Lee-Kyung - short track speed skater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chun_Lee-Kyung', 'summary': "Chun Lee-kyung ( Hangul : 전이경 , Hanja : 全利卿 ; born January 6 , 1976 in Okcheon , Chungcheongbuk-do ) is a retired South Korean short track speed skater . She is a four-time Olympic Champion and three-time Overall World Champion for 1995-1997 . She was a dominant force in International Short Track Speed Skating during the mid-1990s . Chun took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , France , at the age of 15 , but failed to win much attention . In 1994 , however , Chun won two gold medals at the Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games . She won the women 's 1000 m final , defeating the reigning World Champion Nathalie Lambert and former World Champion Kim So-hee , and was part of the team that won the 3000 m relay in a world record time along with Kim . Between 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics , Chun won the Overall World Championship three times in a row , in 1995 , 1996 and 1997 ( becoming the second person to have won three consecutive Overall World Championships ) . She shared the 1997 title though with Yang Yang ( A ) , her most significant career rival . She also won the Overall World Cup title for 1997-1998 season . In 1998 , at the Nagano Winter Olympics , Chun successfully defended both of her Olympic titles , by defeating China 's Yang Yang ( A ) and Yang Yang ( S ) in the 1000 m final after trailing for most of the race . Yang Yang ( A ) crossed the line together with Chun in what was ruled and reviewed as a photo finish , but was then disqualified for cross tracking Chun at the very end as Chun tried to pass on the inside ( although the photo finish seemed to show Chun having defeated her for the gold regardless ) . She led the relay team to another Olympic victory with world record time , completing the first double-double in Olympic short track history ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "British Columbia : Qualicum Beach , Qualicum First Nation , Bowser , Fanny Bay , Union Bay , Royston , Cumberland , Courtenay , K'ómoks First Nation , Comox , CFB Comox , Black Creek , Campbell River First Nation , Campbell River", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qualicum_Beach,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Qualicum Beach is a town located on Vancouver Island British Columbia , Canada . At the 2016 census , it had a population of 8,943 . It is situated at the foot of Mount Arrowsmith , along the Strait of Georgia on Vancouver Island 's northeastern coast . Qualicum 's natural environment and proximity to Victoria and Vancouver have made it a tourist destination , with rental cottages along its coast . It is also a retirement community , and has the oldest average population in Canada with a median age of 65.9 in 2016 . Qualicum Beach is served by the coast-spanning Island Highway , an airport , and a nearby ferry to Lasqueti Island . It is informally considered a twin city with neighbouring Parksville ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Qualicum_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Qualicum First Nation is a First Nations band government located in Qualicum Bay at the mouth of the Big Qualicum River , near Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bowser,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Bowser ( /ˈbaʊzər/ BOW-zər ) is a community on the east coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . It has a population of 1,729 . Approximately 66 km north of Nanaimo , Bowser is in a region informally known as Lighthouse Country , spanning a stretch of highway that extends from Qualicum Beach in the south to Horne Lake to the west and Fanny Bay in the north and east to Denman and Hornby Islands . Bowser is in the Regional District of Nanaimo and in its Electoral Area H , one of eight in the District . The community was named after William J. Bowser , Premier of British Columbia from 1915 to 1916 . Bowser 's local hotel was famous in the 1930s for a dog trained by his owners to deliver beer bottles to tables , receive the payment , and deliver change , a feat listed in Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . A regular customer of the Bowser Hotel was Jack Holt , a veteran of the Boer War who was Bowser 's postmaster from the period during World War I until the late 1950s . Bowser has lent its name to a soil series which is widespread on eastern Vancouver Island . Bowser loamy sand is mapped under the whole community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fanny_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Fanny Bay is a small hamlet in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is located on Baynes Sound on the east coast of Vancouver Island . In 2001 , its population was listed as 815 . It is best known for its fine oysters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Union_Bay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Union Bay in British Columbia , Canada is a small community approximately 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of Courtenay , British Columbia , the largest city in the Comox Valley . Union Bay is populated by about 1200 people and is an unincorporated site within the Comox Valley Regional District . The street along Highway 19A features a boatlaunch , coffee shop , and market/cafe . Also along the highway are the heritage Gaolhouse museum , Post Office , church , and now closed school . The community has a rich history that is intertwined with that of Cumberland , British Columbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Royston,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Royston is an unincorporated community which is part of the greater Comox Valley region , 100 km northwest of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island , in British Columbia , Canada . It is situated next to the Trent River , across the harbour from Comox and lies on the southeast municipal boundary of Courtenay . It has a population of just over 1500 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cumberland,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Cumberland is an incorporated village municipality in the Comox Valley on Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Courtenay ( /ˈkɔːrtni/ KORT-nee ) is a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island , in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is the largest community and only city in the area commonly known as the Comox Valley , and the seat of the Comox Valley Regional District , which replaced the Comox-Strathcona Regional District . Courtenay is 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) west of the town of Comox , 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) northeast of the village of Cumberland , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) northwest of the unincorporated settlement of Royston , and 108 km ( 67 mi ) northwest of Nanaimo . Along with Nanaimo and Victoria , it is home to The Canadian Scottish Regiment ( Princess Mary 's ) , a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Armed Forces ."}, {'url': "/wiki/K'ómoks_First_Nation", 'summary': "The K'ómoks First Nation , also known as the Comox Indian Band , is the band government of the Island Comox or K'ómoks people of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada . Closely allied to the Cape Mudge and Campbell River First Nations , historically they were a Coast Salish people since integrated into Kwakwaka'wakw society . Originally part of the Laich-kwil-tach Council of Chiefs , which is a treaty society , they are now negotiating independently in the BC Treaty Process . They remain a member government of the Kwakiutl District Council ( a tribal council ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Comox,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "Comox ( English : /ˈkoʊmoʊks/ ) is a town of about 15,000 people on the southern coast of the Comox Peninsula in the Georgia Strait on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The warm dry summers , mild winters , fertile soil and abundant sea life attracted First Nations thousands of years ago ( citation needed ) , who called the area kw'umuxws ( Kwak'wala , the adopted language of the K'omoks , for plentiful ) . When the area was opened for settlement in the mid-19th century , it quickly attracted farmers , a lumber industry and a fishing industry . For over fifty years , the village remained isolated from the outside world other than by ship until roads and a railway were built into the area during the First World War . The installation of an air force base near the village during the Second World War brought new prosperity to the area , and in recent years , Comox has become a popular tourist attraction due to its good fishing , local wildlife , year-round golf and proximity to the Mount Washington ski area , the Forbidden Plateau , and Strathcona Provincial Park . The town is also home to a Royal Canadian Air Force base CFB Comox , an airport for military and commercial airline use and the Sea Cadet training facility HMCS Quadra . The mild climate has attracted many retirees to the area in the 21st century , resulting in a high rate of growth and a sharp increase in the median age of residents . Comox town is in the Comox Valley , along with several other communities , including Courtenay , Cumberland , and the unincorporated hamlets of Royston , Union Bay , Fanny Bay , Black Creek and Merville . The nearby Comox Glacier is visible from many parts of the town and is the area 's signature landmark ."}, {'url': '/wiki/CFB_Comox', 'summary': "Canadian Forces Base Comox ( IATA : YQQ , ICAO : CYQQ ) , commonly referred to as CFB Comox or 19 Wing is a Canadian Forces Base located 2.5 nautical miles ( 4.6 km ; 2.9 mi ) north northeast of Comox , British Columbia . It is primarily operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and is one of two bases in the country using the CP-140 Aurora anti-submarine/maritime patrol and surveillance aircraft . Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 19 Wing , commonly referred to as 19 Wing Comox . CFB Comox 's airfield is also used by civilian aircraft . The civilian passenger terminal building operations are called the Comox Valley Airport and are operated by the Comox Valley Airport Commission . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Black_Creek,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Black Creek is a community on the eastern side of Vancouver Island , British Columbia . It is approximately 16 km north of Courtenay . It is primarily an agricultural hamlet and bedroom community to Courtenay and Campbell River - approximately 20 km to the north . It is part of Electoral Area C in the Comox Valley Regional District .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laich-kwil-tach', 'summary': "Laich-kwil-tach ( also spelled Ligwilda'xw ) , is the Anglicization of the Kwak'wala autonomy by the Southern Kwakiutl people of Quadra Island and Campbell River in British Columbia , Canada . There are today two main groups ( of perhaps five original separate groups ) : the Wei Wai Kai ( Cape Mudge Band ) and Wei Wai Kum just across on the Vancouver Island mainland in the town of Campbell River . In addition to these two main groups there are the Kwiakah ( Kwiakah Band / Kwiakah First Nation ) originally from Phillips Arm and Frederick Arm and the Discovery Islands , the Tlaaluis ( Laa'luls ) between Bute and Loughborough Inlets - after a great war between the Kwakiutl and the Salish peoples they were so reduced in numbers that they joined the Kwiakah - and the Walitsima / Walitsum Band of Salmon River ( also called Hahamatses or Salmon River Band ) . So great was the power of the Southern Kwakiutl that the Comox people of the Courtenay-Comox came to speak Kwak'wala instead of K'omox , which today remains spoken by their kin the Sliammon and Homalhko on the other side of Georgia Strait around Powell River . Many of the Wewaykum in Campbell River are of Comox descent , while the Weewaikai of the Cape Mudge Band retain noble lineages and ceremonies going back centuries to their roots in the Queen Charlotte Strait . The great potlatches of the Cape Mudge chiefs are celebrated in the book Chiefly Feasts : The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch ( A. Donaitis , U. Wash Press ) . The Southern Kwakiutl remain politically separate from their distant kin , the Kwakwaka'wakw , whose name means speakers of Kwak'wala who remained in the Queen Charlotte Strait . The Kwagu ' ł or Northern Kwakiutl of Fort Rupert are more closely allied and related to the Southern Kwakiutl than are the Kwakwaka'wakw . The term Kwakiutl has different political and historical associations with each of these groups , and has associations with one band in particular over all others , which is one reason why Kwakwaka'wakw evolved as the collective name for the main group of Queen Charlotte Strait Kwak'wala-speakers . The Southern Kwakiutl have always called themselves Laich-kwil-tach , at least since moving into the Georgia Strait . Laich-kwil-tach raids on the southern Georgia Strait , Puget Sound , and even up the Fraser River and out into the Strait of Juan de Fuca , and northwards , are described in the annals of the early non-First Nations explorers and traders . There was one notable incident shortly after the founding of Fort Langley in which the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) staff repelled a siege by the Euclataws ( i.e ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Campbell_River,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Campbell River or Wiwek̓a̱m is a city in British Columbia on the east coast of Vancouver Island at the south end of Discovery Passage , which lies along the important Inside Passage shipping route . Campbell River has a population ( 2016 census ) of 35,138 and has long been touted as the Salmon Capital of the World . Campbell River and Region is in close proximity to the neighboring communities of Quadra and the Discovery Islands , Sayward , Oyster River , Gold River , Tahsis and Zeballos .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Columbia : Sandspit , Skidegate , Queen Charlotte Yukon : Whitehorse British Columbia : Taku River Tlingit First Nation , Atlin Yukon : Kwanlin Dün First Nation , Whitehorse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandspit,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Sandspit is the largest community on Moresby Island , in Haida Gwaii off the Pacific coast of British Columbia , Canada . The only town on Moresby Island , Sandspit has accommodations , a campground , supermarket and 85-berth harbor serving visitors to Gwaii Haanas . The unincorporated community had a population of 296 as of the 2016 census , down from 297 in 2011 . The community is served by Sandspit Airport with daily flights to and from Vancouver , as well as multiple ferry voyages from Alliford Bay to Skidegate Landing on Graham Island . Near the airport , a copper and cedar sculpture of a salmon by island artist Lon Sharp dominates the main road . Sandspit is also home to the Open Ocean totem pole by Jesse Jones , Jimmy Jones and Jason Goetzinger . The Circle Tour leaves and returns to Sandspit on active gravel logging road past Skidegate Lake , Copper River , Gray Bay beach , and Copper Bay , where traditional Haida people fish for sockeye salmon and hang the fish out to dry in May and early June .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skidegate,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Skidegate /ˈskɪdɪɡɪt/ ( Haida : Hlg̱aagilda ) is a Haida community in Haida Gwaii ( formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands ) in British Columbia , Canada . It is located on the southeast coast of Graham Island , the largest island in the archipelago , and is approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west of mainland British Columbia across Hecate Strait . Skidegate , which is located on Skidegate Indian Reserve No . 1 and was formerly home to the Skidegate Mission is also the northern terminal for the BC Ferries service between Graham Island and Alliford Bay on Moresby Island . According to tradition , the village was named after an earlier village chief , Sg̱iida-gidg̱a Iihllngas = Son of the Chiton ] whose name late 18th-century traders in sea otter pelts recorded as Skidegate . Between 1790 and 1820 the community was a hub for the exploitation of sea otter furs . Skidegate is home to a number of totem poles :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Charlotte,_British_Columbia', 'summary': "The Village of Queen Charlotte , more commonly known by its residents as Charlotte , is a village municipality on Haida Gwaii ( formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands ) in the province of British Columbia , Canada . It is located on the southern end of Graham Island at Skidegate Inlet and is a member municipality of the North Coast Regional District . It was founded in 1891 and in 1908 was the first townsite registered in the islands although it was n't incorporated as a municipality until 2005. was previously been represented as part of Electoral Area F of that regional district , which was coterminous with the Queen Charlotte Islands ( which now comprises Electoral Areas D and E ) . The town site was established when the first sawmill in the archipelago began operating in 1908 . In the wake of World War I , additional work force was needed to supply allied warplanes with lumber . The town infrastructure quickly developed , offering public education , a hospital , general stores and other amenities , even a newspaper . Logging and fishing were the main source of jobs in Queen Charlotte when the demand for lumber again increased by the second half of the 20th century . Today , few inhabitants are working in these resource-based jobs and a recent shift towards tourism-oriented employment has been observed , although the main economic driver is government jobs , including : hospital workers , school district , BC Ferries , local Forestry and Parks offices etc . Queen Charlotte was incorporated in 2005 and offers several motels , shops , restaurants , a gas station and auto repair , a credit union , RCMP station and a hospital . It is also the location of the Queen Charlotte Visitor Centre , which is open year-round . With its small harbour . Queen Charlotte is often the starting-point for chartered tours into Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site on southern Moresby Island ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon', 'summary': "Whitehorse is the capital and only city of Yukon , and the largest city in northern Canada . It was incorporated in 1950 and is located at kilometre 1426 ( Historic Mile 918 ) on the Alaska Highway in southern Yukon . Whitehorse 's downtown and Riverdale areas occupy both shores of the Yukon River , which originates in British Columbia and meets the Bering Sea in Alaska . The city was named after the White Horse Rapids for their resemblance to the mane of a white horse , near Miles Canyon , before the river was dammed . Because of the city 's location in the Whitehorse valley and relative proximity to the Pacific Ocean , the climate is milder than comparable northern communities such as Yellowknife . At this latitude winter days are short and summer days have up to about 19 hours of daylight . Whitehorse , as reported by Guinness World Records , is the city with the least air pollution in the world . As of the 2016 census , the population was 25,085 . This represents approximately 70 percent of the entire population of Yukon territory ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taku_River_Tlingit_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Taku River Tlingit First Nation are the band government of the Inland Tlinkit in far northern British Columbia , Canada and also in Yukon . They comprise two ḵwaan ( tribes ) of the Tlingit people , who are otherwise coastal , the Áa Tlein Ḵwáan of the Atlin Lake area and the Deisleen Ḵwáan of Teslin Lake , whose main focus is the Teslin Tlingit Council in Teslin , Yukon . Their band offices are in Atlin , British Columbia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlin,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Atlin ( Tlingit : Áa Tlein ) is a community in northwestern British Columbia , Canada , located on the eastern shore of Atlin Lake . In addition to continued gold-mining activity , Atlin is a tourist destination for fishing , hiking and Heliskiing . As of 2004 , there are 450 permanent residents . The name comes from Áa Tlein , the Tlingit language word for big body of water . The surrounding area has been used by Inland Tlingit people for many years and the community is home to the Taku River Tlingit First Nation . Each July the town hosts the Atlin Arts & Music Festival in Tarahne Park , however no festival took place in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kwanlin_Dün_First_Nation', 'summary': 'The Kwanlin Dün First Nation ( KDFN ) is located in and around Whitehorse in Yukon , Canada . The Kawnlin Dün is the largest First Nation in Yukon . Linguistically , the Kwanlin Dün are affiliated with the Southern Tutchone Tribal Council . The Kwanlin Dün include members who are Southern Tutchone , Tagish ( Tagish Ḵwáan ) , and Tlingit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon', 'summary': "Whitehorse is the capital and only city of Yukon , and the largest city in northern Canada . It was incorporated in 1950 and is located at kilometre 1426 ( Historic Mile 918 ) on the Alaska Highway in southern Yukon . Whitehorse 's downtown and Riverdale areas occupy both shores of the Yukon River , which originates in British Columbia and meets the Bering Sea in Alaska . The city was named after the White Horse Rapids for their resemblance to the mane of a white horse , near Miles Canyon , before the river was dammed . Because of the city 's location in the Whitehorse valley and relative proximity to the Pacific Ocean , the climate is milder than comparable northern communities such as Yellowknife . At this latitude winter days are short and summer days have up to about 19 hours of daylight . Whitehorse , as reported by Guinness World Records , is the city with the least air pollution in the world . As of the 2016 census , the population was 25,085 . This represents approximately 70 percent of the entire population of Yukon territory ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yukon : Dawson City , Old Crow Northwest Territories : Inuvik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dawson_City', 'summary': 'Dawson City , officially the Town of the City of Dawson , is a town in the Canadian territory of Yukon . It is inseparably linked to the Klondike Gold Rush ( 1896-99 ) . Its population was 1,375 as of the 2016 census , making it the second largest town of Yukon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Crow,_Yukon', 'summary': "Old Crow ( Teechik in Gwichin ) is a community in the Canadian territory of Yukon . It had 221 inhabitants as of 2016 , most of them Gwich'in . A First Nations peoples who belong to the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation . Located in a periglacial environment , the community is situated on the Porcupine River in the far northern part of the territory . Old Crow is the only Yukon community that can not be reached by motor vehicle , requiring visitors to fly in to Old Crow Airport in order to reach it . It is a dry community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inuvik', 'summary': 'Inuvik /ɪˈnuːvɪk/ ( place of man ) is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada within Inuit Nunangat and is the administrative centre for the Inuvik Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Martha Benjamin-cross country skier Alisa Camplin -aerial skier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alisa_Camplin', 'summary': "Alisa Peta Camplin AM ( born 10 November 1974 ) is an Australian aerial skier who won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics , the second ever winter Olympic gold medal for Australia . At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Camplin finished third to receive a bronze medal . She is the first Australian skier to win medals at consecutive Winter Olympics , making her one of Australia 's best skiers ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Nunavut : Kugluktuk Northwest Territories : Dettah , N'Dilo , Yellowknife", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kugluktuk', 'summary': 'Kugluktuk ( Inuinnaqtun : Qurluktuk , the place of moving water ; Inuktitut syllabics : ᖁᕐᓗᖅᑐᖅ [ quʁluqtuq ] , formerly Coppermine until 1 January 1996 ) is a hamlet located at the mouth of the Coppermine River in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut , Canada , on Coronation Gulf , southwest of Victoria Island . It is the westernmost community in Nunavut , near the border with the Northwest Territories . The traditional language of the area is Inuinnaqtun and is written using the Latin alphabet , rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system . Like Cambridge Bay , Bathurst Inlet , and Umingmaktok , syllabics are rarely seen and are used mainly by the Government of Nunavut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dettah', 'summary': "Dettah [ pronunciation ? ] , sometimes , incorrectly , as Detah , is a First Nations community in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories , Canada . Located just southeast of the capital of Yellowknife , it is a 6.5 km ( 4.0 mi ) drive from that city by ice road across the north arm of Great Slave Lake in winter or a 27 km ( 17 mi ) drive via the Ingraham Trail , year-round . The name means 'Burnt Point ' in the Tli Cho language and refers to a traditional fishing camp used by the Dene for hundreds of years ."}, {'url': "/wiki/N'Dilo", 'summary': "Ndilǫ /ˈdiːloʊ/ is a First Nations community in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories , Canada . The small Dene community is located on the edge of Yellowknife on the tip of Latham Island . It has a population of approximately 200 people . Ndilǫ and Dettah are the communities of the Yellowknives . Ndilǫ is represented by the Yellowknives Dene First Nation ( Ndilǫ ) and are part of the Akaitcho Territory Government . The land was set aside for use by status Indians by the Government of Canada in 1947 and was called 'Lot 500 ' on the official register . In 1959 , the government built the first ten permanent houses for Dene families . They were colourful homes and so people began referring to the community as 'Rainbow Valley ' . In the 1970s there were 200 residents living in 20 houses . The name was officially changed to Ndilǫ in 1991 , which means end of the island in the local Dene dialect ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yellowknife', 'summary': "Yellowknife ( /ˈjɛloʊnaɪf/ ; Dogrib : Sǫ̀mbak ' è ) is the capital , only city , and largest community in the Northwest Territories , Canada . It is on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake , about 400 km ( 250 mi ) south of the Arctic Circle , on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River . Yellowknife and its surrounding water bodies were named after a local Dene tribe at one time known as the Copper Indians or Yellowknife Indians , referred to locally as the Yellowknives Dene First Nation , who traded tools made from copper deposits near the Arctic Coast . Its population , which is ethnically mixed , was 19,569 per the 2016 Canadian Census . Of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories , five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife : Dene Suline , Dogrib , South and North Slavey , English , and French . In the Dogrib language , the city is known as Sǫ̀mbak ' è ( Som-ba Kay ) ( where the money is ) . The Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934 , after gold was found in the area , although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936 . Yellowknife quickly became the centre of economic activity in the NWT , and was named the capital of the Northwest Territories in 1967 . As gold production began to wane , Yellowknife shifted from being a mining town to a centre of government services in the 1980s . However , with the discovery of diamonds north of the city in 1991 , this shift began to reverse . In recent years , tourism , transportation , and communications have also emerged as significant Yellowknife industries ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberta : Grande Prairie , Fort McMurray , CFB Cold Lake , Cold Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grande_Prairie', 'summary': "Grande Prairie is a city in northwest Alberta , Canada within the southern portion of an area known as Peace River Country . It is located at the intersection of Highway 43 ( part of the CANAMEX Corridor ) and Highway 40 ( the Bighorn Highway ) , approximately 456 km ( 283 mi ) northwest of Edmonton . The city is surrounded by the County of Grande Prairie No . 1 . Grande Prairie was the seventh-largest city in Alberta in 2016 with a population of 63,166 , and was one of Canada 's fastest growing cities between 2001 and 2006 . The city adopted the trumpeter swan as an official symbol due to its proximity to the migration route and summer nesting grounds of this bird . For that reason , Grande Prairie is sometimes nicknamed the Swan City . The dinosaur has emerged as an unofficial symbol of the city due to paleontology discoveries in the areas north and west of the Grande Prairie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_McMurray', 'summary': 'Fort McMurray ( /mɪkˈmʌri/ mik-MURR-ee ) is an urban service area in the Regional Municipality ( RM ) of Wood Buffalo in Alberta , Canada . It is located in northeast Alberta , in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands , surrounded by boreal forest . It has played a significant role in the development of the national petroleum industry . A severe wildfire in May 2016 led to the evacuation of its residents and caused widespread damage . Formerly a city , Fort McMurray became an urban service area when it amalgamated with Improvement District No . 143 on April 1 , 1995 , to create the Municipality of Wood Buffalo ( renamed the RM of Wood Buffalo on August 14 , 1996 ) . Despite its current official designation of urban service area , many locals , politicians and the media still refer to Fort McMurray as a city . Fort McMurray was known simply as McMurray between 1947 and 1962 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CFB_Cold_Lake', 'summary': 'Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake ( IATA : YOD , ICAO : CYOD ) , commonly abbreviated CFB Cold Lake , is a Canadian Forces Base located 5.5 nautical miles ( 10.2 km ; 6.3 mi ) southwest of Cold Lake , Alberta . It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and is one of two bases in the country housing the CF-18 Hornet fighter , the other being CFB Bagotville . Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 4 Wing , commonly referred to as 4 Wing Cold Lake . Civilian passenger service was available through the Medley passenger terminal on the periphery of the air base . The regularly scheduled air service between Calgary and the civilian terminal was cancelled in June 2011 . Unscheduled civilian air traffic is usually directed to Cold Lake Regional Airport . The facility is named Cold Lake/Group Captain R.W . McNair Airport . It is one of only three military aerodromes in Canada to be named after an individual , Valcartier ( W/C J.H.L . ( Joe ) Lecomte ) Heliport and Moose Jaw/Air Vice Marshal C.M . McEwen Airport being the others . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ; however its use by international flights is currently restricted to military aircraft and personnel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cold_Lake,_Alberta', 'summary': 'Cold Lake is a city in northeastern Alberta , Canada and is named after the lake nearby .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelly Sutherland-chuckwagon racer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saskatchewan : Lac la Ronge , La Ronge Manitoba : Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lac_la_Ronge', 'summary': "Lac la Ronge is a glacial lake in Saskatchewan , Canada . It is the fifth largest lake in the province . It is approximately 250 kilometres ( 160 mi ) north of Prince Albert , on the edge of the Canadian Shield . La Ronge , Air Ronge and the Lac La Ronge First Nation are on the west shore . The lake is a popular vacation spot . Recreational activities include fishing , boating , canoeing , hiking , and camping . The Lac la Ronge Dam , an embankment dam , was constructed at the source of the Rapid River in 1966 to regulate the lake 's water level . The dam is 3.1 metres high and contains four gates . The dam was upgraded in 2007 and a fish ladder was installed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Ronge,_Saskatchewan', 'summary': 'La Ronge is a northern town in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan , Canada . Its location is approximately 250 km ( 160 mi ) north of Prince Albert where Highway 2 becomes Highway 102 . La Ronge lies on the western shore of Lac la Ronge , is adjacent to Lac La Ronge Provincial Park , and is on the edge of the Canadian Shield . This town is also the namesake of the larger La Ronge population centre comprising the community , the Northern Village of Air Ronge and the Kitsakie 156B and Lac La Ronge 156 reserves of the Lac La Ronge First Nation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thompson,_Manitoba', 'summary': "Thompson ( population 13,678 ) is the largest city in the Northern Region of Manitoba and is situated along the Burntwood River , 761 kilometers ( 473 miles ) north of Winnipeg . Originally founded in 1956 as a mining town , Thompson now primarily serves as the Hub of the North , providing goods and services ( e.g. , healthcare , retail trade ) to the surrounding communities . Thompson 's trade area is larger than New Mexico yet contains just over 50,000 residents , with many of the smaller communities accessible only by air or winter road . Despite Thompson 's isolated location in the heart of Canada 's boreal forest , Thompson is directly connected to Winnipeg via paved highway , railroad ( VIA Rail ) , and the Thompson Airport . Thompson also has modern amenities ( e.g. , fiber optic internet ) and a large retail scene , including half a dozen shopping malls and several large chain stores ( e.g. , Wal-Mart , Giant Tiger , Safeway , Shoppers Drug Mart , Canadian Tire ) . Thompson 's natural and undisturbed surroundings makes it a popular community with outdoor enthusiasts : the largest marina in Manitoba ( the land of 100,000 lakes ) is located just 38 km ( 24 mi ) south in Paint Lake Provincial Park , hundreds of kilometers of snowmobile trails are maintained by the Thompson Trailbreakers , and the lack of light pollution and Thompson 's northern latitude allows for occasional viewing of the northern lights ( even within the city limits ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manitoba : Churchill Nunavut : CFS Alert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba', 'summary': 'Churchill ( Inuktitut : ᑯᒡᔪᐊᖅ , Kuugjuaq ) is a town in northern Manitoba , Canada , on the west shore of Hudson Bay , roughly 110 kilometres ( 68 miles ) from the Manitoba-Nunavut border . It is most famous for the many polar bears that move toward the shore from inland in the autumn , leading to the nickname Polar Bear Capital of the World that has helped its growing tourism industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CFS_Alert', 'summary': 'Canadian Forces Station Alert , also CFS Alert , is a Canadian Armed Forces signals intelligence intercept facility located in Alert , Nunavut , Canada , on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island . Located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , it is the northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world . It takes its name from HMS Alert , which wintered 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of the present station off what is now Cape Sheridan , Nunavut in 1875-1876 . The entire population of Baffin , Unorganized , the Statistics Canada name for Qikiqtaaluk , is located here . As of the 2016 census the population was reported as 62 , an increase of 1,140% over the 2011 census .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nunavut : Grise Fiord , Qausuittuq , Iqaluit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grise_Fiord', 'summary': "Grise Fiord ( Inuktitut : ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ , romanized : Aujuittuq , lit . 'place that never thaws ' ) is an Inuit hamlet in the Qikiqtaaluk Region in the territory of Nunavut , Canada . Despite its low population ( 129 residents as of the Canada 2016 Census ) , it is the largest community on Ellesmere Island . It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world , with an average yearly temperature of −16.5 °C ( 2.3 °F ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Resolute,_Nunavut', 'summary': "Resolute or Resolute Bay ( Inuktitut : ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ , romanized : Qausuittuq , lit . 'place with no dawn ' ) is an Inuit hamlet on Cornwallis Island in Nunavut , Canada . It is situated at the northern end of Resolute Bay and the Northwest Passage and is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region . Resolute is one of Canada 's northernmost communities and is second only to Grise Fiord on Ellesmere Island ( Alert and Eureka are more northerly but are not considered towns , rather military outposts and weather stations ) . It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world , with an average yearly temperature of −15.7 °C ( 3.7 °F ) . As of the 2016 census the population was 198 , a decrease of 7.5% from the 2011 census . As in most other northern communities , the roads and most of the terrain are all gravel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iqaluit', 'summary': "Iqaluit ( /iˈkæluɪt/ ee-KAL-oo-it ; Inuktitut : ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ [ iqaluit ] ( meaning place of fish ) ; French : [ ikalɥi ( t ) ] ) is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut , its largest community , and its only city . It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987 , after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated , when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored . In 1999 , Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories . Before this event , Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada , with population and economic growth highly limited . This is due to the city 's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies , as the city , like the rest of Nunavut , has no road , rail , or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada . The city has a polar climate , influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island ; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold , although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle . As of the 2016 census , the population was 7,740 ( Population Centre : 7,082 ) , an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census . Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada . Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut ( singular : Iqalummiuq ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Carillo -sportscaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Carillo', 'summary': 'Mary Carillo ( born March 15 , 1957 ) is a U.S. sportscaster and former professional tennis player . She is a reporter for NBC Sports and NBC Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quebec : Kuujjuaq , Gaspé , Uashat-Maliotenam , Sept-Îles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuujjuaq', 'summary': "Kuujjuaq ( [ kuːjːuɑq ] ; Inuktitut : ᑰᔾᔪᐊᖅ , Great River ) , [ citation needed ] [ a ] formerly known as Fort Chimo and by other names , is a former Hudson 's Bay Company outpost at the mouth of the Koksoak River on Ungava Bay that has become the largest northern village ( Inuit community ) in the Nunavik region of Quebec , Canada . It is the administrative capital of the Kativik Regional Government . Its population was 2,754 as of the 2016 census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gaspé,_Quebec', 'summary': "Gaspé is a city at the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in the Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec in Canada . Gaspé is located about 650 km ( 400 mi ) northeast of Quebec City , and 350 km ( 220 mi ) east of Rimouski . As of the 2011 Canadian Census , the city had a total population of 15,163 . In addition to the city , Gaspé 's territory includes the communities of Cap-aux-Os , Cap-des-Rosiers , Douglastown , Haldimand , Jersey Cove , L'Anse-à-Fugère , L'Anse-à-Valleau , L'Anse-au-Griffon , Penouille , Petit-Cap , Petite-Rivière-au-Renard , Pointe-Jaune , Rivière-au-Renard , Rivière-Morris , Sandy Beach , Saint-Majorique , Saint-Maurice-de-l'Échouerie , Wakeham , and York Centre . The city 's territory occupies 1,440 km2 ( 560 sq mi ) and borders the sea and the St. Lawrence River for some 130 km ( 81 mi ) . French is the first language learnt by most of Gaspé 's population where nearly 90% of the population is French Canadian . Gaspé is where Jacques Cartier took possession of New France ( now part of Canada ) in the name of François I of France on July 24 , 1534 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Uashat-Maliotenam', 'summary': 'Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam is an Innu First Nations band government in Quebec , Canada . It is based in Sept-Îles in the Côte-Nord region on the North shore of the Saint Lawrence River . It owns two reserves : Maliotenam 27A and Uashat 27 located at both ends of Sept-Îles . It is governed by a band council and is a member of the Mamuitun Tribal Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sept-Îles,_Quebec', 'summary': "Sept-Îles ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sɛ.t‿il ] , Quebec French pronunciation : [ sɛ.t͡s‿ɪl ] ( listen ) , French for Seven Islands ) is a city in the Côte-Nord region of eastern Quebec , Canada . It is among the northernmost locales with a paved connection to the rest of Quebec 's road network . The population was 25,686 as of the Canada 2011 Census . The town is called Uashau , meaning bay , in the Innu language . The city is well known for having major iron companies like Iron Ore Company of Canada and the Cliffs Natural Resources . The city relies heavily on the iron industry . Sept-Îles has among the highest average wages and the highest average wage increases . The only settlements on the paved road network that are farther north are Fermont , Radisson and Chisasibi , the latter two of which are in the extreme western part of the province at the north end of the James Bay Road . The only other settlements at higher latitudes in the province are mostly isolated Cree , Innu , or Inuit villages , with access limited to seasonal gravel roads . Sept-Îles is the seat of the judicial district of Mingan . The city is also home to the most highly attended recreational sport events in the province : the Tournoi Orange . volleyball tournament , which consists of 405 teams and close to 800 volleyball games ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newfoundland and Labrador : Labrador City , Wabush , CFB Goose Bay , Sheshatshiu , North West River , Happy Valley - Goose Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Labrador_City', 'summary': 'Labrador City is a town in western Labrador ( part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador ) , near the Quebec border with a population of 7,220 as of 2016 . Neighbouring Labrador City is Wabush , a smaller town with a population of approximately 1,906 as of 2016 . Together , the twin towns are known as Labrador West . In the 1960s , Labrador City was founded to accommodate employees of the Iron Ore Company of Canada , and iron ore mining continues to be the primary industry in the town . The Labrador City town motto is Kamistiatusset , a Naskapi word meaning land of the hard-working people . The Labrador City town crest is that of a snowy owl holding a scroll atop a black spade on a mound of red earth . The symbol represents iron ore mining . The spade is flanked by two caribou . Both snowy owls and caribou are native to the Labrador City area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wabush', 'summary': 'Wabush is a small town in the western tip of Labrador , bordering Quebec , known for transportation and iron ore operations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay', 'summary': 'Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay ( IATA : YYR , ICAO : CYYR ) , commonly referred to as CFB Goose Bay , is a Canadian Forces Base located in the municipality of Happy Valley-Goose Bay in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) . Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 5 Wing , commonly referred to as 5 Wing Goose Bay . The airfield at CFB Goose Bay is also used by civilian aircraft , with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as Goose Bay Airport . The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) . CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only , with no more than 15 passengers . The mission of 5 Wing is to support the defence of North American airspace , as well as to support the RCAF and allied air forces in training . Two units comprise 5 Wing : 444 Combat Support Squadron ( flying the CH-146 Griffon ) and 5 Wing Air Reserve Flight . CFB Goose Bay also serves as a forward operating location for RCAF CF-18 Hornet aircraft and the base and surrounding area is occasionally used to support units of the Canadian Army during training exercises .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sheshatshiu', 'summary': "Sheshatshiu ( Innu pronunciation : [ ʃehatʃju ] ) is an Innu Federal Reserve in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , located approximately 30 kilometres north of Goose Bay . ( Some references may spell the community 's name as Sheshatshit , the t spelling is more traditional in the Innu-aimun language , but the u is used more commonly in English to avoid inappropriate connotations . The name means a narrow place in the river . ) The community is inhabited by the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation , whose current chief is Eugene Hart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_West_River', 'summary': "North West River is a small town located in central Labrador . Established in 1743 as a trading post by French Fur Trader Louis Fornel , the community later went on to become a hub for the Hudson 's Bay Company and home to a hospital and school serving the needs of coastal Labrador . North West River is the oldest modern settlement in Labrador ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Happy_Valley_–_Goose_Bay', 'summary': 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay ( Inuit : Vâli ) is a town in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Located in the central part of Labrador on the coast of Lake Melville and the Grand River , Happy Valley-Goose Bay is the largest population centre in that region . Incorporated in 1973 , it comprises the former town of Happy Valley and the Local Improvement District of Goose Bay . Built on a large sandy plateau in 1941 , the town is home to the largest military air base in northeastern North America [ clarification needed ] [ citation needed ] , CFB Goose Bay .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Newfoundland and Labrador : Hopedale , L'Anse aux Meadows , St. Anthony", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopedale,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Hopedale ( Inuit : Arvituk ) is a town located in the north of Labrador , the mainland portion of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . Hopedale is the legislative capital of the Inuit Land Claims Area Nunatsiavut , and where the Nunatsiavut Assembly meets . As of 2014 it has a population of 583 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/L'Anse_aux_Meadows", 'summary': "L'Anse aux Meadows ( /ˈlænsi ˈmɛdoʊz/ ) is an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the Great Northern Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . Archaeological evidence of a Norse presence was discovered at L'Anse aux Meadows in the 1960s . It is the only confirmed Norse or Viking site in or near North America outside of the settlements found in Greenland . Dating to c. 1000 , L'Anse aux Meadows is widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact . It is notable for its possible connection with Leif Erikson , and with the Norse exploration of North America . It was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1978 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'St. Anthony is a town on the northern reaches of the Great Northern Peninsula of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . St. Anthony serves as a main service centre for northern Newfoundland and southern Labrador . St. Anthony and surrounding area has an approximate population of 4,330 . The population of the town itself was 2,258 in 2016 , compared with 2,418 in 2011 , 2,476 in 2006 and 2,730 in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Cole -sportscaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Cole_(announcer)', 'summary': 'Robert Cecil Cole CM ( born ( 1933-06-24 ) June 24 , 1933 ) is a Canadian former sports television announcer who has worked for CBC and Sportsnet and former competitive curler . He is known primarily for his work on Hockey Night in Canada .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Newfoundland and Labrador : Cape Spear , Petty Harbour , Goulds , Conception Bay South , Paradise , Mount Pearl , St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Spear', 'summary': "Cape Spear ( French : Cap d'Espoir ) is a headland located on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland near St. John 's in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . At a longitude of 52°37 ' W , it is the easternmost point in Canada and North America , excluding Greenland . Cape Spear is within the municipal boundaries of the city of St. John 's , located about 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) from downtown St. John 's . The Portuguese named this location Cabo da Esperança , meaning cape of hope , which became Cap d'Espoir in French and finally Cape Spear . Cape Spear is the trailhead/trail end for two components of the East Coast Trail ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petty_Harbour_–_Maddox_Cove', 'summary': "Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove is a town of approximately 960 people located on the eastern shore of the Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is nestled deep in the heart of Motion Bay , just south ( approximately 15 minutes away ) of St. John 's . The present town is approximately 200 years old , though the site has been continuously occupied since at least 1598 , predating the arrival of the Mayflower and making it one of the oldest European settlements in North America . During King William 's War , the village was raided by French forces in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign . Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove is the site of the Petty Harbour Generating Station , the first hydroelectric generating station in Newfoundland and Labrador . It was also the Tidy Towns population category winner for 2007 . This award is based on natural beauty , community involvement , environmental awareness and Heritage preservation ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Goulds,_St._John's", 'summary': "Goulds is a rural neighbourhood in St. John 's in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The community is located south-east of the city centre , and has a population of roughly 12,000 . Goulds was an incorporated community up until 1991 , at which time it was amalgamated with Wedgewood Park and Kilbride into the city of St. John 's . The community has three schools , Goulds Elementary for grades K-5 , St. Kevin 's Junior High School for grades 6-8 , and St. Kevin 's High School for grades 9-12 . The Goulds is known for having had two residents appear as contestants Canada 's Worst Driver : Jillian Kieley ( in Season 11 ) , and Ashley Dunne ( in Season 13 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Conception_Bay_South', 'summary': 'Conception Bay South is a town located on the southern shore of Conception Bay on the Avalon Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland , Province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The town is commonly called C.B.S .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paradise,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': "Paradise is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . . The town is a part of the St. John 's Metropolitan Area and borders the City of St. John 's , the City of Mount Pearl , the Town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip 's , and the town of Conception Bay South . According to the 2016 Canadian census the population of Paradise is 21,389 , after recording a 21% increase in population over five years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mount_Pearl', 'summary': "Mount Pearl is the second-largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The city is located southwest of St. John 's , on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland . Mount Pearl is part of the St. John 's metropolitan area , the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada ."}, {'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city , excluding Greenland . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest cities in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of 1 July 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': "Seamus O'Regan - Co-host of Canada AM Mike Adam -curler", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Seamus_O'Regan", 'summary': "Seamus Thomas Harris O'Regan PC MP ( born January 18 , 1971 ) is a Canadian politician and former television personality from Newfoundland and Labrador . He currently serves as Minister of Natural Resources and formerly served as Minister of Indigenous Services and Minister of Veterans Affairs . He was a correspondent with CTV National News , and a former host of Canada AM , which he co-hosted from 2003-2011 with Beverly Thomson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada_AM', 'summary': "Canada AM was a Canadian breakfast television news show that aired on CTV from 1972 to 2016 . Its final hosts were Beverly Thomson and Marci Ien , with Jeff Hutcheson presenting the weather forecast and sports . The program aired on weekdays , and was produced from CTV 's facilities at 9 Channel Nine Court in Toronto . In addition to CTV 's local owned-and-operated stations ( O & Os ) in Eastern Canada as well as affiliate station CITL-DT Lloydminster , the program also aired on independent station CJON-DT ( NTV ) in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , as well as CTV News Channel , the network 's 24-hour national news service . The program previously aired on CTV 's O & Os in Western Canada , until they launched their own all-local morning news programmes called CTV Morning Live in August 29 , 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Adam', 'summary': 'Michael B. Adam , ONL ( born June 3 , 1981 ) is a Canadian curler who won gold at the 2006 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Newfoundland and Labrador : Carbonear , Harbour Grace , Spaniard 's Bay , Bay Roberts , Clarke 's Beach , Cupids , Brigus , Clarenville , Glovertown , Gambo , Gander , Lewisporte , Bishop 's Falls , Grand Falls-Windsor", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbonear', 'summary': 'Carbonear is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It overlooks the west side of Conception Bay and had a history long tied to fishing and shipbuilding . Since the late 20th century , its economy has changed to emphasize education , health care and retail . As of 2016 , there were 4,838 people in the community .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harbour_Grace', 'summary': "Harbour Grace is a town in Conception Bay on the Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . With roots dating back to the 16th century , it is one of the oldest towns in North America . It is located about 45 km northwest of the provincial capital , St. John 's . The town has a population of 3,074 ( 2006 ) , engaged primarily in fishing and fish processing . The alternative spelling Harbor Grace was current at one time ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Spaniard's_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador", 'summary': "Spaniard 's Bay is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . It is located on the northwest side of Conception Bay and consists of Vokey 's Shore , Northern Cove , Mint Cove , Green Head , and Goddenville . The name Spaniard 's Bay came from the Basque and Portuguese fishermen who frequented the port in the 16th century and 17th century , and were referred to by the English as Spaniards . Occupation of the area was seasonal at first , as with most of Newfoundland , but gradually English fishermen began to make permanent homes in Spaniard 's Bay around 1776 . American Traders were visiting Spaniard 's Bay before 1776 and they exchanged salt , rum , and tobacco for cod . By 1805 , there were 400 people living in the area and according to the 1871 Lovell 's Directory , the population would rise to 1,182 in less than seventy years . The majority of the settlers were English and had Dorset origin , but there was a strong Irish population . By the end of 1991 , the population would be close to 2,200 . The initial settlement at Spaniard 's Bay centred on Mint Cove and Northern Cove . Some of the people living in Mint Cove before 1800 were Jonathan Sheppard , John Warford , Timothy Collins , and William Chipman . William Gosse and Robert Gosse , Jr. had a dockyard in Northern Cove in 1790 , while Thomas Noseworthy and William Porter were living at Green Head in 1796 . The Smith and Barrett families occupied Bread and Cheese Cove ( Bishop 's Cove ) , with the Smiths claiming to have been in possession of the land since 1625 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bay_Roberts', 'summary': "Bay Roberts ( 2016 Population 6,012 ; Census Agglomeration 11,083 ) is located on the north shore of Conception Bay on the northeastern Avalon Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The growth of the local economy can be connected to the town 's proximity to other major Newfoundland markets , by road and by water ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Clarke's_Beach", 'summary': "Clarke 's Beach is a town on Conception Bay in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador . In the 2016 census the town had a population of 1,558 . It is the home of a number of well-known Newfoundland artists , and is a favourite place for retirement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cupids', 'summary': 'Cupids is a town of 743 people ( per the 2016 Census ) on Conception Bay , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It has also been known as Coopers , Copers Cove , Cupers Cove , and Cuperts . It is the oldest continuously settled official British colony in Canada . Cupids is believed to be the site of the first child born of European parents on the continent . The town was established by Englishman John Guy in 1610 . In November 2009 , the community was visited by The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall . In August 2010 , the community was visited by many people from around the world to celebrate the Cupids 400th anniversary , including Canadian Governor General Michaëlle Jean . On August 17 , 2010 , Canada Post released a commemorative stamp in honour of the founding of the community . 2010 also saw the opening of the Cupids Legacy Centre . This facility includes a world class museum , archeology lab , Faerie Garden , Family History archive , Legacy Hall ( a modern 2000 square foot open space ) , and a spacious boardroom .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brigus', 'summary': "Brigus is a small fishing community located in Conception Bay , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Brigus was home to Captain Bob Bartlett and the location of his residence Hawthorne Cottage . Incorporated in July 1964 , Brigus ' first Mayor was Fred Bartlett . The present Mayor is Byron Rodway . Rev . R. Wells was the first Clergy Mayor elected in the Province ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clarenville', 'summary': "Clarenville is a town on the east coast of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Clarenville was incorporated in 1951 and is located in the Shoal Harbour valley fronting an arm of the Atlantic Ocean called Random Sound . The town grew in importance after it became a junction on the Newfoundland Railway where a branch line to the Bonavista Peninsula left the main line . The construction of the Trans-Canada Highway through the community in the 1960s resulted in it becoming a local service centre for central-eastern Newfoundland , serving 96,000 people living in 90 communities within a 100 km radius [ citation needed ] . Clarenville is centrally located and within two hours ' driving time of 70% of the province 's population . The town is a natural gateway to the Discovery Trail , extending down the Bonavista Peninsula to Trinity and Bonavista , reputed site of the first landing of European explorer John Cabot . The trail is a panorama of scenery , historic sites , coastal towns and villages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glovertown', 'summary': 'Glovertown is a town in northeastern Newfoundland , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is in Division No . 7 on Alexander Bay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gambo,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Gambo is a town in northeastern Newfoundland , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . It is in Division No . 7 on Freshwater Bay . According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Gander is a town located in the northeastern part of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) south of Gander Bay , 100 km ( 62 mi ) south of Twillingate and 90 km ( 56 mi ) east of Grand Falls-Windsor . Located on the northeastern shore of Gander Lake , it is the site of Gander International Airport , once an important refuelling stop for transatlantic aircraft , and still a preferred emergency landing point for aircraft facing on-board medical or security issues . Most of the streets in Gander are named after famous aviators , including Alcock and Brown , Amelia Earhart , Charles Lindbergh , Eddie Rickenbacker , Marc Garneau and Chuck Yeager .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lewisporte', 'summary': 'Lewisporte is a town in central Newfoundland Island , Canada , with a population of 3,409 . It is situated in Burnt Bay which opens on to the Bay of Exploits . Lewisporte has a deep water port and related facilities that serve many communities in the region .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Bishop's_Falls", 'summary': "Bishop 's Falls is a town in the north-central part of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador , with a population of 3,156 at the 2016 census ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor', 'summary': "Grand Falls-Windsor is a town located in the central region of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , with a population of 14,171 at the 2016 census . The town is the largest in the central region , the fifth largest in the province , and is home to the annual Exploits Valley Salmon Festival . Grand Falls-Windsor was incorporated in 1991 when the two former towns of Grand Falls and Windsor amalgamated . The town is known as Qapskuk in the Mi'kmaq language ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newfoundland and Labrador : Grand Falls-Windsor , Badger , Springdale , Deer Lake , Pasadena , Corner Brook , Port au Port , Kippens , Stephenville , Channel - Port aux Basques', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor', 'summary': "Grand Falls-Windsor is a town located in the central region of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , with a population of 14,171 at the 2016 census . The town is the largest in the central region , the fifth largest in the province , and is home to the annual Exploits Valley Salmon Festival . Grand Falls-Windsor was incorporated in 1991 when the two former towns of Grand Falls and Windsor amalgamated . The town is known as Qapskuk in the Mi'kmaq language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Badger,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Badger is a town in north-central Newfoundland , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada on the Exploits River . It supplied pulp and paper for the mills in Grand Falls for many years and was famous for its large spring log drives . The town is located in the interior of the island , twenty miles west of Grand Falls in Division No . 6 . Badger was incorporated as a Town on September 30 , 1963 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Springdale,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': "Springdale is a town in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , which had a population of 2,971 people in 2016 , up from 2,764 in the Canada 2006 Census . The community is located on the Northwestern shores of Hall 's Bay , in Central Newfoundland , near the mouth of Indian River . One of the largest towns in north central Newfoundland , the town hosts the Springdale Braves ( male ) and the Springdale Bravettes ( female ) hockey teams . They also host the Springdale Bluefins swim team . The town has a small harbour , a hospital , and many recreational facilities , including a hockey rink , curling club , skatepark , tennis courts , a soccer pitch and softball field . Springdale is known as the hub of Green Bay , and provides services to a number of communities in the Green Bay North and Green Bay South areas . The town boasts a number of chain restaurants , including Mary Brown 's , Subway , Tim Hortons , and Greco Express , in addition to locally owned ventures such as Marie 's Restaurant , C & L Family Restaurant , and Bojo 's Restaurant . The current mayor of Springdale is David Edison . Springdale has two schools ; Indian River Academy , which houses students from Kindergarten to Grade 6 , and Indian River High School , which serves students in Grades 7-12 . On the outskirts of town is Glassy Beach , which is known for its smooth pieces of broken glass that can be safely walked across in bare feet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Deer_Lake,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Deer Lake is a town in the western part of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . The town derives its name from Deer Lake and is situated at the outlet of the upper Humber River at the northeastern end of the lake .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pasadena,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Pasadena is an incorporated town located in census division 5 which is in the western portion of Newfoundland , Canada . The community is situated on the shores of Deer Lake at the junction of the North Arm Valley and the Humber Valley . The town was named after Pasadena , California . The meaning of the name , according to the municipal website of the Californian town , derives from the Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) word for valley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corner_Brook', 'summary': "Corner Brook ( 2016 population : 19,806 CA 31,917 ) is a city located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada . Located on the Bay of Islands at the mouth of the Humber River , the city is the second-largest population centre in the province behind St. John 's , and smallest of three cities behind St. John 's and Mount Pearl . As such , Corner Brook functions as a service centre for western and northern Newfoundland . It is located on the same latitude as Gaspé , Quebec , a city of similar size and landscape on the other side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Corner Brook is the most northern city in Atlantic Canada . It is the administrative headquarters of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nations band government . The Mi'kmaq name for the nearby Humber River is Maqtukwek ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_au_Port,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Port au Port is a small Canadian rural community located in the western part of the island of Newfoundland . Port au Port is situated on the isthmus connecting the main part of the island of Newfoundland to the Port au Port Peninsula to the west . Port au Port is located on Route 460 , several kilometres west of the town of Stephenville and the village of Kippens . It was originally named Gravels . It had a population of 505 in 1940 and 214 by 1956 . Coordinates : 48°33′N 58°44′W / 48.550°N 58.733°W / 48.550 ; -58.733'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kippens', 'summary': "Kippens ( Canada 2011 Census population 1,815 ) is a town located in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland . The town of Kippens is situated on the West Coast of the province of Newfoundland . The town was granted its municipality status on December 31 , 1968 . Kippens borders the town of Stephenville to the east , the town of Port au Port East to the west , and St. George 's Bay to the south . Extensive tracts of forests mark the northern boundary of the community , and Romaine 's River ( also known as Kippens River ) runs in an east-west direction along the northern boundary of the community . The town exists mainly as a residential suburb of Stephenville with very little industrial or commercial activity taking place in the town ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephenville,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador', 'summary': 'Stephenville ( Canada 2016 Census population 6,623 ) is a town in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland . The town functions as a local service centre for the southwestern part of the island , serving a direct population of 35,000 people from surrounding areas and over 100,000 people along the entire southwestern coast of the island . The primary employer in the town was a paper mill , which closed in 2005 . Stephenville has a modern 40-bed hospital ( built in 2003 ) , schools , stores , movie theater , banks , and International Airport ( Stephenville International Airport , CYJT ) , year round ice free sea port ( Port Harmon ) , and government institutions . The provincial community college system , College of the North Atlantic , is headquartered in Stephenville and maintains a campus there for students from the southwestern region of the island . A provincial minimum security jail is also located in the town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Channel_–_Port_aux_Basques', 'summary': 'Channel-Port aux Basques is a town at the extreme southwestern tip of Newfoundland fronting on the western end of the Cabot Strait . A Marine Atlantic ferry terminal is located in the town which is the primary entry point onto the island of Newfoundland and the western terminus of the Newfoundland and Labrador Route 1 ( Trans-Canada Highway ) in the province . The town was incorporated in 1945 and its population in the 2016 census was 4,067 . Port aux Basques is the oldest of the collection of towns that make up the present-day town , which consists of Port aux Basques , Channel , Grand Bay , and Mouse Island . Amalgamation took place in the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia : North Sydney , Sydney Mines , Membertou , Glace Bay , Dominion , Scotchtown , New Waterford , Sydney , Baddeck , Wagmatcook , Whycocomagh , Waycobah , Mabou , Port Hood , Judique , Port Hawkesbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Sydney,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "North Sydney ( Scottish Gaelic : Suidni A Tuath or Am Bàr ) is a former town and current community in Nova Scotia 's Cape Breton Regional Municipality . Located on the north side of Sydney Harbour , along the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island , North Sydney is an important port in Atlantic Canada , serving as the western terminus of the Marine Atlantic ferry service . It acts as the marine link for the Trans-Canada Highway to Newfoundland and is often termed The Gateway To Newfoundland for that reason . Marine Atlantic ferries currently operate from North Sydney 's terminal to the ports of Channel-Port aux Basques and Argentia . The Crown Corporation is one of the largest employers in the area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Mines,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Sydney Mines ( Scottish Gaelic : Mèinnean Shidni ) is a community and former town in Canada 's Nova Scotia 's Cape Breton Regional Municipality . Founded in 1784 and incorporated as a town in 1889 , Sydney Mines has a rich history in coal production , although mining activity has now ceased . Prior to a permanent settlement being established , there was significant activity along the shore . Sydney Mines was also home to a large steel company that was named SCOTIA it was the modern to its day between the Sydney Steel Plant ( DISCO ) and the Sydney Mines Steel Plant ( SCOTIA ) they produced 50% of Canada 's steel during World War I ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Membertou_First_Nation', 'summary': "The Membertou First Nation is a Mi'kmaq First Nation band government in the tribal district of Unama'ki , also known as Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia . As of 2012 , the Mi'kmaq population is 814 on-Reserve , and approximately 481 off-Reserve . It operates a community radio station CJIJ-FM ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glace_Bay,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Glace Bay ( Scottish Gaelic : Glasbaidh ) is a community in the eastern part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia , Canada . It forms part of the general area referred to as Industrial Cape Breton . Formerly an independently incorporated town ( 1901-1995 ) , the municipal government in Glace Bay was dissolved and the community has been amalgamated into the larger regional municipality . Prior to amalgamation , Glace Bay had been the province 's fourth largest urban area and the largest town in Nova Scotia by population . Neighbouring communities include Reserve Mines , Dominion , and Tower Road ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dominion,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Dominion is an unincorporated community in Nova Scotia 's Cape Breton Regional Municipality . It is located immediately west of the larger centre of Glace Bay . Founded in 1906 , Dominion got its name from the local Dominion Coal Company and owed its birth to the coal mining industry as did many of the local communities . Coal was king , and remnants of many old mine workings still run under the town . The local high school , MacDonald High , sank slightly into one of these mine workings and had to be subsequently torn down ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotchtown,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Scotchtown ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile Nan Gàidheal ) is a community in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Waterford,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "New Waterford is a Canadian urban community in Nova Scotia 's Cape Breton Regional Municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Sydney is a former city and current community located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality of Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . Situated on Cape Breton Island 's east coast , it belongs administratively to the Cape Breton Regional Municipality . Sydney was founded in 1785 by the British , was incorporated as a city in 1904 , and dissolved on 1 August 1995 , when it was amalgamated into the regional municipality . Sydney served as the Cape Breton Island colony 's capital , until 1820 , when the colony merged with Nova Scotia and the capital moved to Halifax . A rapid population expansion occurred just after the turn of the 20th century , when Sydney was home to one of North America 's main steel mills . During both the First and Second World Wars , it was a major staging area for England-bound convoys . The post-war period witnessed a major decline in the number of people employed at the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation ( DOSCO ) steel mill , and the Nova Scotia and Canadian governments had to nationalize it in 1967 to save the region 's biggest employer , forming the new crown corporation called the Sydney Steel Corporation ( SYSCO ) . The city 's population has steadily decreased since the early 1970s due to the plant 's fortunes , and SYSCO was finally closed in 2001 . Today , the main industries are in customer support call centres and tourism . Together with Sydney Mines , North Sydney , New Waterford , and Glace Bay , Sydney forms the Industrial Cape Breton region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baddeck,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Baddeck ( /bəˈdɛk/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Badaig ; 2011 population : 769 ) is a village in Victoria County , Nova Scotia , Canada . This village is seventy-eight kilometres west of Sydney . It is Victoria County 's shire town and is situated on the northern shore of Bras d'Or Lake on Cape Breton Island . According to some historians the name Baddeck is derived from the Mi'kmaq term Abadak which has been translated as place with an island near ( in reference to Kidston Island , immediately offshore ) . Today , Baddeck functions as a service centre for the sparsely populated county and hosts a well-equipped volunteer fire department , a consolidated school serving grades Primary-12 , as well as a public library , provincial government offices , a hospital , the Bras d'Or Yacht Club , a branch of the Royal Canadian Legion and a nursing home ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wagmatcook,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Wagmatcook is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in Victoria County on Cape Breton Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whycocomagh,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Whycocomagh ( Why-cog-ho-mah , Scottish Gaelic : Hogamagh ) is a Canadian rural community in the province of Nova Scotia . The population in 2001 was 854 residents . It is located on the eastern edge of Inverness County in the central part of Cape Breton Island . The community sits on the northwestern shore of St. Patrick 's Channel , an arm of Bras d'Or Lake . Whycocomagh ( We'koqma ' q ) is a Mi'kmaq word which means Head of the Waters . Nearby is a Mi'kmaq reserve where wooden sculptures and baskets are made ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mabou,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Mabou ( Mi'kmaq : Mȧbu ; Scottish Gaelic : An Drochaid The Bridge ) is a small Canadian rural community located in Inverness County on the west coast of Nova Scotia 's Cape Breton Island . The population in 2011 was 1,207 residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Hood,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'The village is located on Trunk 19 ( the Ceilidh Trail ) , approximately 30-minutes drive north from the Canso Causeway which links mainland Nova Scotia to Cape Breton Island .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judique,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Judique ( Jood-ICK , Scottish Gaelic : Siùdaig ) is a small community located in Inverness County on the Ceilidh Trail ( Trunk 19 ) on the western side of Cape Breton Island , Nova Scotia , Canada . Judique is on the edge of St. George 's Bay in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . Judique is situated between Grahams on the Shore Road in the north , Beatons on Hwy 19 , and the boundary between Long Point and Craigmore to the South . St. George 's Bay on the east and General Line Road to the west ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Port Hawkesbury ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile a ' Chlamhain ) is a town located on the southwestern end of Cape Breton Island , on the north shore of the Strait of Canso , opposite of the town of Mulgrave , in Nova Scotia 's Inverness County . Positioned as the gateway to Cape Breton just minutes from the Canso Causeway , the town 's nickname is Cape Breton 's Front Porch ."}]}, {'value': 'Cindy Day-CTV Maritimes meteorologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Nova Scotia : Port Hawkesbury , Port Hastings , Tracadie , Paq'tnek , Antigonish , New Glasgow , Trenton , Stellarton , Bible Hill , Truro", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Hawkesbury,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Port Hawkesbury ( Scottish Gaelic : Baile a ' Chlamhain ) is a town located on the southwestern end of Cape Breton Island , on the north shore of the Strait of Canso , opposite of the town of Mulgrave , in Nova Scotia 's Inverness County . Positioned as the gateway to Cape Breton just minutes from the Canso Causeway , the town 's nickname is Cape Breton 's Front Porch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Hastings,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Port Hastings is a Canadian rural community in Inverness County , Nova Scotia . The community is located at the eastern end of the Canso Causeway on Cape Breton Island . It is named after Charles Hastings Doyle .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tracadie,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Tracadie is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia , located in Antigonish County . Tracadie has close links with nearby Upper Big Tracadie . Led by Thomas Brownspriggs , Tracadie was settled by Black Loyalists in the early 18th century . According to one 19th century observer , this community was the most successful rural Black community in the province .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Antigonish ( /ˌæntɪɡəˈnɪʃ/ ; Scottish Gaelic : Am Baile Mòr , pronounced [ am ˈpalə ˈmuːɾ ] ) is a town in Antigonish County , Nova Scotia , Canada . The town is home to St. Francis Xavier University and the oldest continuous Highland games outside Scotland . It is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 miles ) northeast of Halifax , the provincial capital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Glasgow,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "New Glasgow is a town in Pictou County , in the province of Nova Scotia , Canada . It is situated on the banks of the East River of Pictou , which flows into Pictou Harbour , a sub-basin of the Northumberland Strait . The town 's population was 9,075 in the 2016 census . New Glasgow is at the centre of the province 's fourth largest urban area ; the population of the New Glasgow census agglomeration in the 2016 census was 34,487 . The New Glasgow census agglomeration includes the smaller adjacent towns of Stellarton , Westville , and Trenton as well as adjacent rural areas of the county ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trenton,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Trenton is a Canadian town located in Pictou County , Nova Scotia . Founded in 1786 , it is situated on the east bank of the East River of Pictou . The community gained its name in 1882 at the suggestion of a prominent citizen , Harvey Graham , after he visited Trenton , New Jersey . It was incorporated as a town on 11 March 1911 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stellarton,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Stellarton is a town located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It is adjacent and to the south of the larger town of New Glasgow . In pioneer times the area was called Coal Mines Station , and from 1833 until 1870 , it was known as Albion Mines . The town was incorporated as Stellarton in 1889 and owes its name to a specific type of torbanite which came to be known as stellarite because of the stars of fire given off by its sparky flame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bible_Hill,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Bible Hill ( Mi'kmaq : Wi'kopekwitk ) is a Canadian village in Colchester County , Nova Scotia . It lies on the north bank of the Salmon River , opposite the town of Truro and the unincorporated community of Salmon River . Bible Hill functions as a suburb of Truro with several residential subdivisions . The village is home to Bible Hill Junior High School , Bible Hill Consolidated Elementary School and the Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture . The Bible Hill Estates Trailer Park has been used as a filming location for the Trailer Park Boys television series service as the Sunnyvale Trailer Park"}, {'url': '/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Truro ( Mi'kmaq : Wagobagitik , Gaelic : Truru ) is a town in central Nova Scotia , Canada . Truro is the shire town of Colchester County and is located on the south side of the Salmon River floodplain , close to the river 's mouth at the eastern end of Cobequid Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Richardson Ikue Teshigawara-short track speed skater', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nova Scotia : Truro , Millbrook , Stewiacke , Shubenacadie , Elmsdale , Enfield , Waverley , North Preston , Cherry Brook , Cole Harbour , Dartmouth , Beechville , Halifax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Truro ( Mi'kmaq : Wagobagitik , Gaelic : Truru ) is a town in central Nova Scotia , Canada . Truro is the shire town of Colchester County and is located on the south side of the Salmon River floodplain , close to the river 's mouth at the eastern end of Cobequid Bay ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewiacke,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Stewiacke is a town located in southern Colchester County , Nova Scotia , Canada . The town was incorporated on August 30 , 1906 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shubenacadie,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Shubenacadie ( /ˌʃuːbəˈnækədi/ ) is a village located in Hants County , in central Nova Scotia , Canada . As of 2006 , the population was 2074 . The name for the Mi'kmaw territory in which present-day Shubenacadie is located and the origin of its name is the Mi'kmaw word Sipekne'katik , which place abounding in groundnuts or place where the wapato grows . Historically , the Sipekne'katik region was a large stretch of territory that covered central Nova Scotia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elmsdale,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Elmsdale ( 2011 population : 3,034 ) is an unincorporated Canadian village and community located on the boundary of Hants County and the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enfield,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Enfield is an exurban community located 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) north of Halifax Stanfield International Airport in the Shubenacadie Valley on the border of Hants and Halifax counties in Nova Scotia , Canada . Specifically , Enfield exists in both the East Hants Municipal District and the Halifax Regional Municipality and is divided by the Shubenacadie River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waverley,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Waverley is a suburban community located in the Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada . It has a rich history in gold mining . It lies north of Dartmouth , and south of Fall River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Preston,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'North Preston is a rural community in Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada . The community is populated primarily by Black Nova Scotians . North Preston is the oldest and largest Black community in Canada , as well as having the highest concentration of African Canadians across Canada . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cherry_Brook,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Cherry Brook is a predominantly African Canadian rural community located to the north of Trunk 7 between Lake Loon and Lake Major , and just a few miles east of Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . Cherry Brook is a rural community with a few small farms . Most of the people work at trades in the Halifax Regional Municipality communities of Dartmouth and Halifax . The Baptist Church is the glue that keeps residents together . On Trunk 7 is located the Black Cultural Centre which contains meeting rooms and facilities to meet community needs for meetings and other events . It is a showplace for historical documents and other collections that tell the story of the early development of the Prestons and the many Black families who live in Black communities throughout Nova Scotia . Cherry Brook is also the home of Canadian Idol season one runner up , Gary Beals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cole_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Cole Harbour is a former unincorporated village and unincorporated community located in the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Dartmouth ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a former city and current community located in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia , Canada . Dartmouth is located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour . Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes , after the large number of lakes located within its boundaries . On April 1 , 1996 , the provincial government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) . Dartmouth and its neighbouring city of Halifax , the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved . The city of Dartmouth forms part of the urban core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the capital district by the Halifax Regional Municipality . At the time that the City of Dartmouth was dissolved , the provincial government altered its status to a separate community to Halifax ; however , its status as part of the metropolitan Halifax urban core existed prior to municipal reorganization in 1996 . Dartmouth is still an official geographic name that is used by all levels of government for legal purposes , postal service , mapping , 9-1-1 emergency response , municipal planning , and is recognized by the Halifax Regional Municipality as a civic addressing community . The official place name did not change , due to the confusion with similar street names , land use planning set out by the former City of Dartmouth , and significant public pressure . Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force , as well as specific bylaws created prior to April 1 , 1996 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beechville,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Beechville ( pop . 125 ) is a rural community within the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia , Canada , on the St. Margaret 's Bay Road ( Trunk 3 ) . The Beechville Lakeside Timberlea ( BLT ) trail starts here near Lovett Lake , following the line of the old Halifax and Southwestern Railway . Ridgecliff Middle School , located in Beechville Estates , serves the communities of Beechville , Lakeside and Timberlea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Sidney Crosby - hockey player Sarah Conrad -snowboarder Stephen Giles -canoer/kayaker Sandie Rinaldo -television journalist Andrew Russell -canoer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Crosby', 'summary': "Sidney Patrick Crosby ONS ( born August 7 , 1987 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who serves as captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Nicknamed Sid the Kid and dubbed The Next One , Crosby was selected first overall by the Penguins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft , and is widely regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time . During his two-year major junior career with the Rimouski Océanic , he earned many awards and led his club to the 2005 Memorial Cup final . Océanic and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League retired Crosby 's jersey number 87 in 2019 . Crosby debuted in the NHL during the 2005-06 season , recording 102 points and finishing as runner-up for the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL Rookie of the Year . By his second season , he led the NHL with 120 points to capture the Art Ross Trophy , becoming the youngest player and the only teenager to win a scoring title in any major North American sports league . That same season , Crosby won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's most valuable player ( MVP ) and the Lester B. Pearson Award for most outstanding player as judged by his peers . He started the 2007-08 season with the team 's captaincy and subsequently led them to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals , where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings in six games . The Penguins returned to the Finals against Detroit the following year and won in seven games ; Crosby became the youngest captain in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup . In 2009-10 , he received the Mark Messier Leadership Award and scored 51 goals , winning the Maurice Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer . In early 2011 , Crosby sustained a concussion that left him sidelined for the rest of the season and for most of the 2011-12 campaign . In 2014 , Crosby again won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as his second Art Ross Trophy ( 104 points ) and his third Ted Lindsay Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_Conrad', 'summary': 'Sarah Conrad ( born March 9 , 1985 in Halifax , Nova Scotia ) is a Canadian snowboarder , specializing in the halfpipe . Conrad made her World Cup debut in December 2002 at Whistler , British Columbia . She made her first World Cup podium at Stoneham , Canada in March 2008 , where she won silver . To date , she has won one other medal , a bronze in March 2009 . Conrad has also competed in two FIS Snowboarding World Championships , with her best performance coming in 2009 , when she finished 12th . Conrad competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics , in the halfpipe . She finished 20th in the first qualifying round and 9th in the second , not enough to qualify for the final . Conrad was also selected as a member of the Canadian team for the 2010 Winter Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Giles', 'summary': "Stephen Giles ( born July 4 , 1972 ) is a Canadian sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1990s to the mid 2000s . Competing in four Summer Olympics , he won the bronze in the C-1 1000 m event at Sydney in 2000 . Giles was born in St. Stephen , New Brunswick . He began canoeing at age eight at the Orenda Racing Canoe Club in Lake Echo , Nova Scotia . He was a member of the Canadian national team for fifteen years , including eleven senior world championships . He was inducted into the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame in 2012 . He was adept at both the 500 m event and 1000 m early in his career . His best races came in the C-1 1000 m event later in his career , earning the world championship gold medal in 1998 at Szeged , Hungary . In the same event , he won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and a bronze medal at the 2002 World Championships in Seville , Spain . He also won a bronze medal at the 1993 world championships in Copenhagen , Denmark , in the men 's C-1 500 m event , and at the 1989 Junior World Championships in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . Notable contemporaries in the C-1 included Andreas Dittmer , Martin Doktor , and Maxim Opalev . Giles is part of a long line of successful Canadian paddlers in the C-1 discipline including Frank Amyot , John Wood , and Larry Cain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sandie_Rinaldo', 'summary': 'Sandra Brycks Sandie Rinaldo ( born 16 January 1950 ) is a Canadian television journalist and anchor for CTV News .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Russell_(canoer)', 'summary': "Andrew Russell ( born January 26 , 1983 ) is a Canadian sprint canoer who has paddled since he was a young boy , alongside his three brothers at Dartmouth , Nova Scotia 's Banook Canoe Club . He won a silver medal in the C-4 1000 m event at the 2006 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Szeged . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Russell finished fifth in the C-2 500 m and sixth in the C-2 1000 m events ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Route in Canada', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2010_Winter_Olympics_torch_relay_route_0', 'intro': 'The route of the 2010 Winter Olympics torch relay carried the torch through over 1000 communities across Canada, visiting different locations from October 30, 2009 to its final stop at BC Place in Vancouver, British Columbia on February 12, 2010.'}	null	null	What is the population of the first city listed for the same day as Bob Cole 's run ?	583
01a8fe3d6671fd64	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners', 'title': 'List of New Jersey Devils award winners', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Martin Brodeur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Brodeur', 'summary': "Martin Pierre Brodeur ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ maʁtɛ̃ bʁɔdœʁ ] ; born May 6 , 1972 ) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey goaltender and current team executive . He played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , 21 of them for the New Jersey Devils , with whom he won three Stanley Cup championships and five Eastern Conference championships in 17 postseason campaigns . He also won two Olympic gold medals with Team Canada in the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympic Games , as well as several other medals with Team Canada in other international competitions . Brodeur is widely regarded as one of the greatest goaltenders of all time and in 2017 was named by the league as one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018 . Brodeur holds numerous NHL and franchise records among goaltenders ; he ranks as the league 's all-time regular season leader in wins ( 691 ) , losses ( 397 ) , shutouts ( 125 ) , games played ( 1,266 ) , and goals scored ( 3 ) . He won at least 30 games in twelve straight seasons between 1995-96 and 2007-08 and is the only goalie in NHL history with eight 40-win seasons . He is a four-time Vezina Trophy winner , a five-time William M. Jennings Trophy winner , a ten-time NHL All-Star , a Calder Memorial Trophy winner , and one of only 12 NHL goaltenders to score a goal in both the regular season and the playoffs . Brodeur used a hybrid style of goaltending by standing up more than typical butterfly style goalies , though he adapted to more modern techniques at the latter stage of his career . He was known for his puck handling , his positional play , and his reflexes , especially with his glove hand . Brodeur 's prowess at puck handling was so well known that it led in part to the NHL changing its rules regarding where goalies were allowed to handle the puck outside of the goal crease like a sweeper-defenseman , adding what is known as The Brodeur Rule . He announced his retirement in the middle of the 2014-15 season after a brief stint with the St. Louis Blues , having played in seven games with the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Goaltender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goaltender', 'summary': "In ice hockey , the goaltender or goalie is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their team 's net , thus preventing the opposing team from scoring . The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease ( often referred to simply as the crease or the net ) . Goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots . In today 's age of goaltending there are two common styles , butterfly and hybrid ( hybrid is a mix of the traditional stand-up style and butterfly technique ) . Because of the power of shots , the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact . The goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice , as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game . One-on-one situations , such as breakaways and shootouts , have the tendency to highlight a goaltender 's pure skill , or lack thereof . No more than one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time . Teams are not required to use a goaltender and may instead opt to play with an additional skater , but the defensive disadvantage this poses generally means that the strategy is only used as a desperation maneuver when trailing late in a game or can be used if the opposing team has a delayed penalty ( if the team receiving the penalty touches the puck the play will stop ) . The goaltender is also known as the goalie , goaler , goalkeeper , net minder , and tender by those involved in the hockey community . In the early days of the sport , the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender . The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches , usually called the goalie coach who specialize exclusively in working with goaltenders ."}]}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 1993-94 NHL season was the 77th regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 26 teams with the addition of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Florida Panthers . The New York Rangers were the Stanley Cup champions . It was the Rangers ' fourth championship overall , and their first in 54 seasons , since 1939-40 . The spectacular play of Dominik Hasek of the Buffalo Sabres ushered in a new era of goaltending dominance in the NHL . Only three teams reached the 300-goal plateau , and only one team , the Detroit Red Wings , averaged more than four goals scored per game . Goaltenders combined for 99 shutouts during the regular season , a mark that broke the all-time regular-season record of 85 set in 1974-75 ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Butcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Butcher', 'summary': 'Will Butcher ( born January 6 , 1995 ) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman for the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Butcher was selected in the fifth round , 123rd overall , by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 2017-18 NHL season was the 101st season of operation ( 100th season of play ) of the National Hockey League . With the addition of a new expansion team , the Vegas Golden Knights , 31 teams competed in an 82-game regular season . The regular season began on October 4 , 2017 , and ended on April 8 , 2018 . The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 11 , 2018 , and concluded on June 7 , with the Washington Capitals winning their first Stanley Cup in the Finals over the Vegas Golden Knights in five games .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrik Elias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrik_Eliáš', 'summary': "Patrik Eliáš ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpatrɪk ˈɛlɪjaːʃ ] ( listen ) ; born 13 April 1976 ) is a Czech former professional hockey winger who played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the New Jersey Devils . Eliáš is the franchise 's all-time leader in points , goals and assists , and he holds the franchise records for the most points in a season ( 96 ) along with most career game-winning goals ( 79 ) . Eliáš has won the Stanley Cup twice with the Devils , in 2000 and 2003 . He also ranks second in points by a Czech-born player in the NHL behind Jaromír Jágr ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1997-98 NHL season was the 81st regular season of the National Hockey League . The Stanley Cup champions were the Detroit Red Wings , who swept the Washington Capitals in four games .'}]}, {'value': 'Scott Gomez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Gomez', 'summary': 'Scott Carlos Gomez ( born December 23 , 1979 ) is a former American professional ice hockey coach and former player . He was the assistant coach for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Gomez had previously played in the NHL with the New Jersey Devils , New York Rangers , Montreal Canadiens , San Jose Sharks , Florida Panthers , St. Louis Blues and Ottawa Senators .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–2000_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 NHL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Atlanta Thrashers , 28 teams each played 82 games . This was the first season played in which teams were awarded a point for an overtime loss . The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship . During the regular season , no player reached the 100-point plateau , the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since the 1967-68 season . Also , in the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the New Jersey Devils overcame a three games to one deficit against the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Eastern Conference Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Adam Henrique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Henrique', 'summary': 'Adam Henrique ( born February 6 , 1990 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was selected 82nd overall at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2011-12 NHL season was the 95th season of operation ( 94th season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Los Angeles Kings defeated the New Jersey Devils in the Stanley Cup Final four games to two to win the team 's first Stanley Cup in their second Stanley Cup final appearance ; they had lost to Montreal Canadiens in the 1993 Finals . During the off-season , the Atlanta Thrashers relocated to Winnipeg , Manitoba , to become the new Winnipeg Jets . It was the first NHL team relocation since the 1997-98 season , when the Hartford Whalers relocated to become the Carolina Hurricanes . The league did not change its divisional structure to accommodate the move , and the Jets took the place of the Thrashers in the Southeast Division . In December 2011 , the board of governors eventually approved a proposed realignment for the following season , which would result in four conferences with the first two rounds of the playoffs being divisional , but this was rejected by the NHL Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) . It was the fifth consecutive season with games in Europe at the start of the season . The Winter Classic was held on January 2 , 2012 , in Philadelphia between the Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Rangers . The 59th All-Star Game was held at Scotiabank Place in Ottawa , Ontario , the home arena of the Ottawa Senators , on January 29 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Scott Niedermayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Niedermayer', 'summary': "Scott Niedermayer ( born August 31 , 1973 ) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman and current special assignment coach of the Anaheim Ducks . He played 18 seasons and over 1,000 games in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Anaheim Ducks . Niedermayer is a four-time Stanley Cup champion and played in five NHL All-Star Games . He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2003-04 as the NHL 's top defenceman and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 2007 as the most valuable player of the playoffs . In 2017 , Niedermayer was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history . As a junior , Niedermayer was a member of a Kamloops Blazers team that won two Western Hockey League championships and was voted the most valuable player of the 1992 Memorial Cup , leading the Blazers to the Canadian Hockey League championship . The third overall selection at the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by New Jersey , Niedermayer played the majority of his professional career with the Devils before moving to Anaheim in 2005 . Internationally , Niedermayer played with Team Canada on several occasions . He is a member of the Triple Gold Club , having won the Stanley Cup as well as a World Championship ( 2004 ) and Olympic gold medals ( 2002 , 2010 ) . Niedermayer also played for the Memorial Cup champions , and championship teams at the 1991 World Junior Championships and the 2004 World Cup of Hockey , making him and Corey Perry the only players in history to have ever won each of the six major North American and international competitions available to players . Regarded as one of the greatest defencemen in NHL history , Niedermayer has earned numerous accolades throughout his career . He was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in November 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992–93_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1992-93 NHL season was the 76th regular season of the National Hockey League . Each player wore a patch on their jersey throughout the season to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Stanley Cup . The league expanded 24 teams with the addition of the Ottawa Senators and the Tampa Bay Lightning . The Montreal Canadiens won their league-leading 24th Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one . This remains the last time that a Canadian team has won the Stanley Cup . It proved , at the time , to be the highest-scoring regular season in NHL history , as a total of 7,311 goals were scored over 1,008 games for an average of 7.25 per game . Twenty of the twenty-four teams scored three goals or more per game , and only two teams , the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Chicago Blackhawks , allowed fewer than three goals per game . Only 68 shutouts were recorded during the regular season . A record twenty-one players reached the 100-point plateau , while a record fourteen players reached the 50-goal plateau - both records still stand as of the 2018-19 NHL season .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Rafalski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Rafalski', 'summary': "Brian Christopher Rafalski ( born September 28 , 1973 ) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman . He previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils and Detroit Red Wings , in the SM-liiga Hämeenlinnan Pallokerho and Helsingin IFK in the Elitserien for Brynäs IF . After struggling to enter the NHL , spending four seasons in European leagues , Rafalski won the Stanley Cup three times , playing in five Stanley Cup finals in his NHL career ( 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 ) . Rafalski also played for the United States men 's ice hockey team in three Olympic ice hockey tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '1999-2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–2000_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1999-2000 NHL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Atlanta Thrashers , 28 teams each played 82 games . This was the first season played in which teams were awarded a point for an overtime loss . The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship . During the regular season , no player reached the 100-point plateau , the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since the 1967-68 season . Also , in the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the New Jersey Devils overcame a three games to one deficit against the Philadelphia Flyers to win the Eastern Conference Finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Petr Sykora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petr_Sýkora', 'summary': 'Petr Sýkora ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpɛtr̩ ˈsiːkora ] ; born November 19 , 1976 ) is a Czech retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils , Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , New York Rangers , Edmonton Oilers , Pittsburgh Penguins , and Minnesota Wild . He is a two-time Stanley Cup champion , having won with the Devils in 2000 and the Penguins in 2009 . Sýkora has played in six Stanley Cup Finals in his NHL career .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1995-96 NHL season was the 79th regular season of the National Hockey League . The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche ( formerly the Quebec Nordiques ) , who , in their first year as the Avalanche , swept the Florida Panthers in the finals , in four games .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Todd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Todd', 'summary': "Kevin Todd ( born May 4 , 1968 ) is a Canadian retired ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Todd started his NHL career with the New Jersey Devils in 1988-89 . He also played for the Edmonton Oilers , Chicago Blackhawks , Los Angeles Kings , and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . He left the NHL after the 1997-98 season and spent one season in Switzerland for EV Zug before retiring after a career ending neck injury . Todd won the AHL 's Les Cunningham Award and John B. Sollenberger Trophy 1990-91 season . He broke the New Jersey Devils rookie scoring record previously held by Kirk Muller , but since broken by Scott Gomez ."}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'In ice hockey , a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals . Generally , the forwards try to stay in three different lanes , also known as thirds , of the ice going from goal to goal . It is not mandatory , however , to stay in a lane . Staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle . One forward obtains the puck and then the forwards pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side . This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities . This strategy allows for a constant flow of the play , attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone . The forwards can pass to the defence players playing at the blue line , thus freeing up the play and allowing either a shot from the point ( blue line position where the defence stands ) or a pass back to the offence . This then begins the triangle again . Each team has three forwards in each line :'}]}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1991-92 NHL season was the 75th regular season of the National Hockey League . The league expanded to 22 teams with the addition of the expansion San Jose Sharks . For the first time , the Stanley Cup Finals extended into June , with the Pittsburgh Penguins repeating as Stanley Cup champions , winning the best of seven series four games to none against the Chicago Blackhawks .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Weinrich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Weinrich', 'summary': 'Eric John Weinrich ( born December 19 , 1966 ) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) with the New Jersey Devils , Hartford Whalers , Chicago Blackhawks , Montreal Canadiens , Boston Bruins , Philadelphia Flyers , St. Louis Blues and Vancouver Canucks . He played 1,157 career NHL games , scoring 70 goals and 318 assists for 388 points .'}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990–91_NHL_season', 'summary': 'The 1990-91 NHL season was the 74th season of the National Hockey League . The Stanley Cup winners were the Pittsburgh Penguins , who won the best of seven series 4-2 against the Minnesota North Stars . This was the last NHL season to end in May .'}]}, {'value': 'Colin White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_White_(ice_hockey,_born_1977)', 'summary': 'Colin White ( born December 12 , 1977 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He previously played with the New Jersey Devils and the San Jose Sharks of the NHL .'}]}, {'value': 'Defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defenceman', 'summary': 'Defence ( defense in the United States ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking . In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e . has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in National Hockey League play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .'}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_NHL_season', 'summary': "The 2000-01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League . With the addition of the expansion Columbus Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild , 30 teams each played 82 games . The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche , who won the best of seven series 4-3 against the New Jersey Devils . The focus of Colorado 's Stanley Cup run was on star defenseman Ray Bourque , who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his illustrious 22-year career ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Stars -- NHL All-Rookie Team', 'section_text': "The NHL All-Rookie Team consists of the top rookies at each position as voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers ' Association .", 'uid': 'List_of_New_Jersey_Devils_award_winners_2', 'intro': "The New Jersey Devils are an American professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Devils entered the League as the Kansas City Scouts in 1974. After just two years in Kansas City, they moved to Denver, Colorado, where they were known as the Colorado Rockies. In 1982, the team moved again to New Jersey. They currently play their home games at the Prudential Center. The franchise and its members have won numerous team and individual awards and honors. They have captured the Prince of Wales Trophy as the Eastern Conference playoff champion five times, while they have also won Stanley Cup three times, in 1995, 2000 and 2003. Former goaltender Martin Brodeur is the team's most decorated player, having won the Vezina Trophy four times and the William M. Jennings Trophy five times, and the Calder Memorial Trophy once, along with several selections to the NHL First and Second All-Star teams. Scott Stevens played in ten NHL All-Star Games, more than any player in team history. Taylor Hall is the only player in franchise history to have won the Hart Memorial Trophy. Five players have had their numbers retired by the team."}	null	null	How many seasons did the New Jersey Devils player selected to the NHL All-Rookie Team of 1992-93 play in the NHL ?	18
01a9b05691dea5ba	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Wool', 'title': 'Sonny Wool', 'header': ['Teams', 'Stage', 'Date', 'Prediction', 'Result', 'Outcome'], 'data': [{'value': 'New Zealand vs Tonga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi ( Sea Eagles ) . Like their Polynesian neighbours , the Tongans start their matches with a war dance - the Sipi Tau . They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance ( PIRA ) along with Fiji and Samoa . The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19-14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup , but having lost to New Zealand and Canada , were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarter-finals .'}]}, {'value': 'Pool stage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A', 'summary': 'Pool A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2011 and was completed on 2 October . The pool was composed of hosts New Zealand , as well as the fourth-placed team from 2007 , France , and Canada , Japan and Tonga . One of the biggest shocks in the history of the tournament came when Tonga beat France by 19 points to 14 . On 3 October , it was announced that New Zealand winger Richard Kahui had been voted official Player of Pool A .'}]}, {'value': '9 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A', 'summary': 'Pool A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2011 and was completed on 2 October . The pool was composed of hosts New Zealand , as well as the fourth-placed team from 2007 , France , and Canada , Japan and Tonga . One of the biggest shocks in the history of the tournament came when Tonga beat France by 19 points to 14 . On 3 October , it was announced that New Zealand winger Richard Kahui had been voted official Player of Pool A .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Japan national rugby union team ( often known as the Cherry Blossoms , Sakura , and , more recently , The Brave Blossoms ) , is traditionally the strongest rugby union power in Asia and has enjoyed and endured mixed results against non-Asian teams over the years . Rugby union in Japan is administered by the Japan Rugby Football Union ( JRFU ) , which was founded in 1926 . They compete annually in the Pacific Nations Cup and previously in the Asia Rugby Championship . They have also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the tournament began in 1987 . Rugby was first played in Japan 's treaty ports as early as 1866 . Popular participation by local university teams was established in 1899 and Japan 's first recorded international match was a match against a Canadian team in 1932. Notable games for Japan include a victory over the Junior All Blacks in 1968 , and a narrow 6-3 loss to England in 1971 . Famous wins by Japan include a 28-24 victory over a Scotland XV in 1989 and a 23-8 victory over Wales in 2013 . In the 2007 Rugby World Cup , Japan drew 12-12 against Canada . In 2011 , Japan displayed its progress by winning the 2011 IRB Pacific Nations Cup , played against Fiji , Samoa and Tonga . Further progress was displayed in 2014 when Japan completed a string of ten consecutive test wins ( a record for a tier 2 team ) to rank in the world 's top 10 teams . This continued into 2015 where they produced the first of their three biggest upsets when , in a Rugby World Cup pool match against the Springboks , they won 34-32 . In the years between , Japan faced quality opposition , playing relatively well with solid results including a tie against France , and a narrow loss to Wales at Cardiff ."}]}, {'value': 'Pool stage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83-7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A', 'summary': 'Pool A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2011 and was completed on 2 October . The pool was composed of hosts New Zealand , as well as the fourth-placed team from 2007 , France , and Canada , Japan and Tonga . One of the biggest shocks in the history of the tournament came when Tonga beat France by 19 points to 14 . On 3 October , it was announced that New Zealand winger Richard Kahui had been voted official Player of Pool A .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The France national rugby union team ( French : Équipe nationale de France de Rugby de XV ) represents France in men 's international rugby union and it 's administered by the French Rugby Federation . They traditionally play in blue shirts emblazoned with the national emblem of a golden rooster on a red shield , with white shorts and red socks ; thus they are commonly referred to as Les Tricolores or Les Bleus . The team 's home matches are mostly played at the Stade de France in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis . France is ranked 6th in the World Rugby Rankings as of February 9 , 2020 . Rugby was introduced to France in 1872 by the British , and on New Years Day 1906 , the national side played its first Test match - against New Zealand in Paris . France played sporadically against the Home Nations until they joined them to form the Five Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) in 1910 . France also competed in the rugby competitions at early Summer Olympics , winning the gold medal in 1900 and two silver medals in the 1920s . The national team came of age during the 1950s and 1960s , winning their first Five Nations title outright in 1959 . They won their first Grand Slam in 1968 . Since then they have won the title outright 17 times , including nine grand slams , and shared it eight times . France has competed in every Rugby World Cup since it began in 1987 , and qualified for the knock-out stage each time . They have reached the final three times , losing to the All Blacks in 1987 and 2011 , and to Australia in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pool stage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A', 'summary': 'Pool A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2011 and was completed on 2 October . The pool was composed of hosts New Zealand , as well as the fourth-placed team from 2007 , France , and Canada , Japan and Tonga . One of the biggest shocks in the history of the tournament came when Tonga beat France by 19 points to 14 . On 3 October , it was announced that New Zealand winger Richard Kahui had been voted official Player of Pool A .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Canada national rugby union team ( French : Équipe du Canada de rugby à XV ) is governed by Rugby Canada , and play in red and white . Canada is classified by World Rugby as a tier two rugby nation . There are ten tier one nations , and thirteen tier two nations . Canada competes in competitions such as the Americas Rugby Championship and the Rugby World Cup . Canada has been playing international rugby since their 1932 debut against Japan . Canada have competed at every World Cup since the tournament was first staged in 1987 , the only North American team to do so . Canada achieved their best result at the World Cup in 1991 , where they reached the quarterfinals . Canada was once the dominant power of North American rugby and was the second best team in the Americas ; Canada currently ranks fourth in the region after Argentina , the US and Uruguay . The team has achieved victories over Six Nations teams such as France , Wales , Italy , and Scotland on at least one occasion in past years , mostly during the amateur era . Canada is currently ranked 22nd in the World Rugby Rankings .'}]}, {'value': 'Pool stage', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A', 'summary': 'Pool A of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 9 September 2011 and was completed on 2 October . The pool was composed of hosts New Zealand , as well as the fourth-placed team from 2007 , France , and Canada , Japan and Tonga . One of the biggest shocks in the history of the tournament came when Tonga beat France by 19 points to 14 . On 3 October , it was announced that New Zealand winger Richard Kahui had been voted official Player of Pool A .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland vs Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Ireland national rugby union team is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the island of Ireland . The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship and every four years in the Rugby World Cup . Ireland is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions - players eligible to play for Ireland are also eligible for the Lions . The Ireland national team dates to 1875 , when it played its first international match against England . Ireland reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in 2019 . Eleven former Ireland players have earned their induction into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Wales national rugby union team ( Welsh : Tîm rygbi ' r undeb cenedlaethol Cymru ) represents Wales in international rugby union . Its governing body , the Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) , was established in 1881 , the same year that Wales played their first international against England . The team plays its home matches at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff ( currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Principality Stadium ) , which replaced Cardiff Arms Park as the national stadium of Wales in 1999 . Wales has competed annually in the Six Nations Championship ( previously the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship ) since it was established in 1883 . They have won the tournament ( and its predecessors ) outright 27 times , most recently in 2019 , which was also a Grand Slam . Wales has also participated in every Rugby World Cup since the competition was established in 1987 ; they finished third in the inaugural tournament , a record they have not since matched . Wales was the host nation for the 1999 Rugby World Cup , although matches were also played in England , Scotland , Ireland and France . The Wales team experienced their first 'golden age ' between 1900 and 1911 ; they first played New Zealand in 1905 , winning 3-0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park , and between March 1907 and January 1910 , they won 11 consecutive matches , a record that stood for over a century . Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars , but experienced a second 'golden age ' between 1969 and 1980 , when they won eight Five Nations Championships . Since 2005 , Wales have won five Six Nations titles , including four Grand Slams , and finished fourth at both the 2011 Rugby World Cup and 2019 Rugby World Cup ; they also won 14 consecutive matches between March 2018 and March 2019 , and reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in August 2019 . Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame ; 10 were inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame prior to its 2014 merger into the World Rugby Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarter-finals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10-22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Incorrect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England vs France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The England national rugby union team represents England in men 's international rugby union . They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France , Ireland , Italy , Scotland and Wales . England have won the championship on a total of 28 occasions ( as well as sharing 10 victories ) - winning the Grand Slam 13 times and the Triple Crown 25 times - making them the most successful outright winners in the tournament 's history . As of 18 November 2019 [ update ] , England are ranked third in the world by the International Rugby Board . They are currently the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup , having won the tournament in 2003 , and have been runners-up on three other occasions . The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official test match , losing 1-0 to Scotland . England dominated the early Home Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) which started in 1883 . Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 into union and league , England did not win the Championship again until 1910 . They first played against New Zealand in 1905 , South Africa in 1906 , and Australia in 1909 . England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and progressed to the final in the second tournament in 1991 , losing 12-6 to Australia . Following their Grand Slam in 2003 , England went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup , defeating Australia 20-17 in extra time . They contested the final again in 2007 in defence of their title , losing 15-6 to South Africa , and reached the final for the fourth time in 2019 , once again losing to South Africa , 32-12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The France national rugby union team ( French : Équipe nationale de France de Rugby de XV ) represents France in men 's international rugby union and it 's administered by the French Rugby Federation . They traditionally play in blue shirts emblazoned with the national emblem of a golden rooster on a red shield , with white shorts and red socks ; thus they are commonly referred to as Les Tricolores or Les Bleus . The team 's home matches are mostly played at the Stade de France in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis . France is ranked 6th in the World Rugby Rankings as of February 9 , 2020 . Rugby was introduced to France in 1872 by the British , and on New Years Day 1906 , the national side played its first Test match - against New Zealand in Paris . France played sporadically against the Home Nations until they joined them to form the Five Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) in 1910 . France also competed in the rugby competitions at early Summer Olympics , winning the gold medal in 1900 and two silver medals in the 1920s . The national team came of age during the 1950s and 1960s , winning their first Five Nations title outright in 1959 . They won their first Grand Slam in 1968 . Since then they have won the title outright 17 times , including nine grand slams , and shared it eight times . France has competed in every Rugby World Cup since it began in 1987 , and qualified for the knock-out stage each time . They have reached the final three times , losing to the All Blacks in 1987 and 2011 , and to Australia in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarter-finals', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Incorrect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa vs Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The South African national rugby union team , commonly known as the Springboks ( colloquially the Boks or Bokke , and Amabokoboko ) is the country 's national team governed by the South African Rugby Union . The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys with white shorts , and their emblem is the native antelope springbok . The team has been representing South Africa in international rugby union since 30 July 1891 , when they played their first test match against a British Isles touring team . Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition , the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of international anti-apartheid sporting boycotts . The team made its World Cup debut in 1995 , when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament . The Springboks defeated the All Blacks 15-12 in the final , which is now remembered as one of the greatest moments in South Africa 's sporting history , and a watershed moment in the post-Apartheid nation-building process . South Africa regained the title as champions 12 years later , when they defeated England 15-6 in the 2007 final . As a result of the 2007 World Cup tournament the Springboks were promoted to first place in the IRB World Rankings , a position they held until July the following year when New Zealand regained the top spot . They were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards . South Africa then won a third World Cup title in 2019 , defeating England 32-12 in the final . As a result of this , the South African National Rugby Union Team were named 2020 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards for a second time . The Springboks also compete in the annual Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern-hemisphere counterparts Argentina , Australia and New Zealand ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarter-finals', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Incorrect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The Argentina national rugby team is organised by the Argentine Rugby Union ( UAR , from the Spanish : Unión Argentina de Rugby ) . Nicknamed the Pumas ( Los Pumas in Spanish ) , they play in sky blue and white jerseys , Argentina played its first international rugby match in 1910 against a touring British Isles team . As of 23 September 2019 they are ranked 11th in the world by the IRB , making them the highest-ranked nation in the Americas . They have competed at every Rugby World Cup staged since the first tournament of 1987 , and the country are considered the strongest within the Americas , being undefeated against all but Canada , against whom they have suffered three losses . Although rugby union in Argentina is not as popular as association football , the Pumas ' impressive results since the 1999 World Cup have seen the sport 's popularity grow significantly . Argentina has achieved several upset victories , are tough contenders when playing in Buenos Aires , and are capable of regularly defeating Six Nations sides . A surprise victory over the hosts France in the first game of the 2007 World Cup took Argentina to fourth in the IRB World Rankings . The team were undefeated in their pool , and reached the semi-finals for the first time , beating Scotland 19-13 in their quarter-final . They were defeated 37-13 by eventual winners South Africa in the semi-finals , but followed this up with a second win over France to claim third place overall . By the end of the competition , the team had reached an all-time high of third in the World Rankings . After their advances in competitiveness and performance during the 2000s , coupled with their location in the Southern Hemisphere , Argentina was the only tier 1 nation that had no regular competition , and some , among them former Pumas captain Agustín Pichot , had even spoken of them joining the Six Nations . Argentina officially joined The Rugby Championship in a meeting in Buenos Aires on 23 November 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Quarter-finals', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Australia national rugby union team , nicknamed the Wallabies , is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the nation of Australia . The team first played at Sydney in 1899 , winning their first test match against the touring British Isles team . Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups , winning the final on two occasions and also finishing as runner-up twice . Australia beat England at Twickenham in the final of the 1991 Rugby World Cup and won again in 1999 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff when their opponents in the final were France . The Wallabies also compete annually in The Rugby Championship ( formerly the Tri-Nations ) , along with southern hemisphere counterparts Argentina , New Zealand and South Africa . They have won this championship on four occasions . Australia also plays Test matches against the various rugby-playing nations . More than a dozen former Wallabies players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Semifinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '16 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20-6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand vs France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly known as the All Blacks , represents New Zealand in men 's international rugby union , which is considered to be the country 's national sport . The team won the Rugby World Cup in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . New Zealand has a 77 per cent winning record in test match rugby , and is the only international men 's side to have secured more wins than losses against every opponent . Since their international debut in 1903 , they have played test matches against 19 nations , of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks . The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams , losing only eight of 45 matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier one ranked nation , along with England . The All Blacks compete with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship , and have won the trophy sixteen times in the competition 's 23-year history . The team has completed a Grand Slam tour , against the four nations of the United Kingdom , four times ( 1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 ) . New Zealand has been named the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was created in 2001 , and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . The team 's first match was in 1884 in New South Wales , and their first international test match was in 1903 against Australia in Sydney ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': "The France national rugby union team ( French : Équipe nationale de France de Rugby de XV ) represents France in men 's international rugby union and it 's administered by the French Rugby Federation . They traditionally play in blue shirts emblazoned with the national emblem of a golden rooster on a red shield , with white shorts and red socks ; thus they are commonly referred to as Les Tricolores or Les Bleus . The team 's home matches are mostly played at the Stade de France in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis . France is ranked 6th in the World Rugby Rankings as of February 9 , 2020 . Rugby was introduced to France in 1872 by the British , and on New Years Day 1906 , the national side played its first Test match - against New Zealand in Paris . France played sporadically against the Home Nations until they joined them to form the Five Nations Championship ( now the Six Nations ) in 1910 . France also competed in the rugby competitions at early Summer Olympics , winning the gold medal in 1900 and two silver medals in the 1920s . The national team came of age during the 1950s and 1960s , winning their first Five Nations title outright in 1959 . They won their first Grand Slam in 1968 . Since then they have won the title outright 17 times , including nine grand slams , and shared it eight times . France has competed in every Rugby World Cup since it began in 1987 , and qualified for the knock-out stage each time . They have reached the final three times , losing to the All Blacks in 1987 and 2011 , and to Australia in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_knockout_stage', 'summary': 'The knockout stage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October with a quarter-final between Ireland and Wales and concluded on 23 October with the final at Eden Park in Auckland . New Zealand were the first team to qualify for the knockout stage , when they beat France 37-17 in their penultimate Pool A game . New Zealand and France re-encountered in the final , that was won by the local team 8-7 . This was a rematch of the 1987 final , also in Eden Park and also won by New Zealand . This way , New Zealand got their second title , while France their third final . For the first time in World Cup history , three teams that finished second in their respective pools qualified for the semi-finals , while South Africa became the second defending champions not to reach the semi-finals after Australia in 1995 . Furthermore , the bottom half of the bracket was entirely composed of the 2012 Rugby Championship teams and the other half was composed of the last four Six Nations champions since the last World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '23 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8-7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Final', 'summary': "The 2011 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match between France and New Zealand , to determine the winner of the 2011 Rugby World Cup . The match took place on 23 October 2011 at Eden Park , in Auckland , New Zealand . New Zealand won the match 8-7 , the slimmest margin by which any Rugby World Cup final has been decided . New Zealand were favourites , as they went into the final unbeaten and the French had lost two pool games , including one to New Zealand . The French team also experienced a player revolt against their coach Marc Lièvremont , confirmed after the tournament by veteran back-rower Imanol Harinordoquy . The match was a close-fought and tight contest with few line-breaks . Each side scored one try and the outcome was determined by kicks - the All Blacks kicked a penalty goal while the French managed only the conversion of their try . The result was the lowest score of any World Cup final . The match echoed the 1987 Rugby World Cup Final which was also held at Eden Park between the same teams . As in the 2007 final , both teams had progressed from the same pool . New Zealand 's victory marked the first time that a nation had held both the men 's World Cup and Women 's Rugby World Cup , as the Black Ferns had won the 2010 tournament ."}]}, {'value': 'Correct', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Results -- 2011 Rugby World Cup', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Sonny_Wool_0', 'intro': "Sonny Wool is a sheep from the North Island of New Zealand. Born in Dannevirke circa 2008, he is named after All Black Sonny Bill Williams. He become famous after his feeding behaviour was used to correctly predict the winner of each of the New Zealand national rugby union team's matches at the 2011 Rugby World Cup. His role at the 2011 Rugby World Cup has been compared to that of Paul the Octopus at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Sonny Wools owner is Beverley Dowling. His agent is Dan Boyd, who also designed the sheeps prediction process. The prediction process was designed so that Sonny Wool was presented with two boxes containing feed in the form of hay, each box marked on the outside with the flag of a national rugby union team in a forthcoming match. His choice of which hay to eat first was interpreted as indicating his prediction of a win for the country whose flag was on that box. Selections by the sheep have been correct in all of New Zealands matches in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, though predictions for the other three quarter-finals turned out to be incorrect. Sonny Wool has his own website, Facebook and Twitter accounts. He was reported to be under 24-hour security watch after receiving death threats."}	null	null	When was pool A at the World Cup completed ?	2 October
01aa429c612ccae8	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas', 'title': 'Henry Thomas', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raggedy Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raggedy_Man', 'summary': "Raggedy Man is a 1981 American drama film based on William D. Wittliff and Sara Clark 's 1979 novel , and directed by Jack Fisk ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial', 'summary': "E.T . the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Dee Wallace , Peter Coyote , and Henry Thomas with supporting roles by Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed E.T . ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T . return to his home planet , while attempting to keep him hidden from the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 on a budget of $ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 , by Universal Pictures , E.T ."}]}, {'value': 'Elliott', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misunderstood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misunderstood_(1984_film)', 'summary': "Misunderstood is a 1984 American drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg , based on the 1869 novel Misunderstood by Florence Montgomery . This film stars Henry Thomas as a young boy who struggles with family , friends , and relationships after his mother 's death . The novel Misunderstood had previously been adapted as the 1966 Italian film Incompreso , which starred Anthony Quayle ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cloak & Dagger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cloak_&_Dagger_(1984_film)', 'summary': 'Cloak & Dagger is a 1984 American spy adventure film directed by Richard Franklin , and starring Henry Thomas , Dabney Coleman and Michael Murphy . It was written by Tom Holland and based on a Cornell Woolrich short story The Boy Cried Murder , which was initially filmed as The Window . It was originally released in a double feature with The Last Starfighter on July 13 , 1984 , and was released separately on August 10 , 1984 . The film grossed $ 9.7 million in the United States . Thomas was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Davey Osborne', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frog Dreaming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frog_Dreaming', 'summary': 'Frog Dreaming is a 1986 Australian family adventure film starring Henry Thomas and directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith .'}]}, {'value': 'Cody', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valmont_(film)', 'summary': 'Valmont is a 1989 French-American drama film directed by Miloš Forman and starring Colin Firth , Annette Bening , and Meg Tilly . Based on the 1782 French novel Les Liaisons dangereuses by Choderlos de Laclos , and adapted for the screen by Jean-Claude Carrière , the film is about a scheming widow ( Merteuil ) who bets her ex-lover ( Valmont ) that he can not corrupt a recently married honorable woman ( Tourvel ) . During the process of seducing the married woman , Valmont ends up falling in love with her . Earlier , Merteuil learns her secret lover ( Gercourt ) has discarded her and is about to marry her cousins daughter- a virginal 15 year old Cécile . As revenge , the jilted Merteuil employs Valmont ( during his pursuit of Tourvel ) to seduce Cécile before her marriage to Gercourt . Valmont received an Oscar nomination for Best Costume Design ( Theodor Pištěk ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Raphael Danceny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fire in the Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky', 'summary': "Fire in the Sky is a 1993 American biopic science fiction mystery film directed by Robert Lieberman and written by Tracy Tormé . It is based on Travis Walton 's book The Walton Experience , which describes an alleged extraterrestrial encounter . The film stars D. B. Sweeney as Walton , and Robert Patrick as his best friend and future brother-in-law , Mike Rogers . James Garner , Craig Sheffer , Scott MacDonald , Henry Thomas , and Peter Berg also star . Fire in the Sky was a modest box office success and met with generally positive reviews . The film 's critical standing has since diminished , although its alien abduction scenes remain well-regarded . It was nominated for four Saturn Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Hayes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curse of the Starving Class', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curse_of_the_Starving_Class', 'summary': "Curse of the Starving Class is a play by Sam Shepard , considered the first of a series on family tragedies . Some critics consider it part of a Family Trilogy that includes Buried Child ( 1979 ) and True West ( 1980 ) . Others consider it part of a quintet that includes Fool for Love ( 1983 ) and A Lie of the Mind ( 1985 ) . The play was commissioned by Joseph Papp and premiered in London in 1977 before playing at Papp 's New York Shakespeare Festival in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wesley Tate', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends of the Fall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall', 'summary': "Legends of the Fall is a 1994 American epic historical drama western film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Brad Pitt , Anthony Hopkins , Aidan Quinn , Julia Ormond and Henry Thomas . Based on the 1979 novella of the same title by Jim Harrison , the film is about three brothers and their father living in the wilderness and plains of Montana in the early 20th century and how their lives are affected by nature , history , war , and love . The film 's time frame spans from World War I through the Prohibition era , ending with a brief scene set in 1963 . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) . Both the film and book contain occasional Cornish language terms , the Ludlows being a Cornish immigrant family ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Ludlow', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara , Niagara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara,_Niagara', 'summary': "Niagara , Niagara is a 1997 film directed by Bob Gosse , and starring Henry Thomas , Robin Tunney , as well as Michael Parks , John Ventimiglia and Stephen Lang . A dark and tragic romantic tale about young love , drugs , a cross country trip and Tourette syndrome . Filmed locations were New Paltz , Highland and Poughkeepsie in upstate New York , as well as Niagara Falls and Canada . A film was produced by the New York City based Shooting Gallery . The film was praised internationally , particularly in the UK , but American critics were mixed . Robin Tunney 's performance garnered her the Volpi Cup Award for Best Actress at the 1997 Venice International Film Festival . The film has fallen into a cult status , due to underground popularity . It was released only on VHS , but not on DVD ."}]}, {'value': 'Seth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suicide Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suicide_Kings', 'summary': "Suicide Kings is a 1997 American crime thriller comedy film directed by Peter O'Fallon and starring Christopher Walken , Denis Leary , Sean Patrick Flanery , Johnny Galecki , Jay Mohr , Jeremy Sisto and Henry Thomas . Based on Don Stanford 's short story The Hostage , the film follows the group of students who kidnap a respected Mafia figure . It has a 34% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and grossed $ 1.7 million in the US ."}]}, {'value': 'Avery Chasten', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bombshell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bombshell_(1997_film)', 'summary': 'Bombshell is a sci-fi film/thriller written and directed by Paul Wynne , and starring Henry Thomas , Mädchen Amick , Frank Whaley , Pamela Gidley , and Brion James . It is produced by Wyatt Knight , Steven Paul , Patrick Peach , Vicky Pike , Jeff Ritchie , and Paul Wynne ( himself ) . The production company is Molecular Films and Wynne/Pike Productions .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Hogan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fever', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fever_(1999_film)', 'summary': "Fever ( 1999 ) is a psychological thriller written and directed by Alex Winter and starring Henry Thomas , David O'Hara , Teri Hatcher and Bill Duke ."}]}, {'value': 'Nick Parker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The House That Screamed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_House_That_Screamed_(2000_film)', 'summary': 'The House That Screamed is a 2000 horror film by the Polonia brothers , released by Sub Rosa Studios . The film follows a writer ( Bob Dennis ) , attempting to escape from the recent tragedy in his life by throwing himself into his work , only to discover the haunted house . It was followed by a sequel , Hellgate : the House That Screamed 2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Gillton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Good Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Good_Baby', 'summary': 'A Good Baby is a 2000 drama film directed by Katherine Dieckmann , making her directorial debut . The film was produced by Lianne Halfon , Tom Carouso , Aileen Argentini and Derrick Tseng . The script was written by Dieckmann and Leon Rooke . The film stars Henry Thomas played Raymond Toker , a young loner . The other casts were David Strathairn , Cara Seymour , Danny Nelson , Jayne Morgan , Allison Glenn , Jerry Foster , Jerry Rushing , Emilie Jacobs and Hannah Grady .'}]}, {'value': 'Raymond Toker', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All the Pretty Horses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(film)', 'summary': "All the Pretty Horses is a 2000 American romance western film produced and directed by Billy Bob Thornton and starring Matt Damon and Penélope Cruz . It is based on Cormac McCarthy 's novel of the same name . The film was released on Christmas Day 2000 to mostly negative reviews . It grossed $ 18 million worldwide , against a $ 57 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Lacey Rawlins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Quickie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Quickie_(film)', 'summary': 'The Quickie is a 2001 crime film starring Jennifer Jason Leigh and Vladimir Mashkov , directed by Sergey Bodrov . It was entered into the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival where Vladimir Mashkov won the award for Best Actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Alex', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dead in the Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead_in_the_Water_(film)', 'summary': 'Dead In The Water ( Brazilian : O mar por testemunha ) is a 2002 American crime /thriller feature film written and directed by Gustavo Lipsztein .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "I 'm with Lucy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'm_with_Lucy", 'summary': "I 'm With Lucy is a 2002 romantic comedy directed by Jon Sherman starring Monica Potter in the title role , with Henry Thomas , David Boreanaz , Anthony LaPaglia , Gael García Bernal and John Hannah ."}]}, {'value': 'Barry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangs of New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York', 'summary': "Gangs of New York is a 2002 American epic period drama film directed by Martin Scorsese , set in the New York slums , and inspired by Herbert Asbury 's non-fiction book , The Gangs of New York . The screenplay was written by Jay Cocks , Steven Zaillian , and Kenneth Lonergan . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Daniel Day-Lewis and Cameron Diaz . In 1863 , a long-running Catholic-Protestant feud erupts into violence , just as an Irish immigrant group is protesting about low wages caused by an influx of freed slaves , as well as the threat of conscription . Scorsese spent twenty years developing the project until in 1999 Harvey Weinstein and his production company Miramax Films acquired it . Made in Cinecittà , Rome and in New York , the film was completed by 2001 , but its release was delayed following the September 11 attacks . Released on December 20 , 2002 , the film grossed $ 193 million worldwide against its $ 100 million budget and received positive reviews from critics for Day-Lewis ' performance , Scorsese 's directing , the production design and costume design . It was nominated for ten Oscars at the 75th Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Johnny Sirocco', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Henry_Thomas_0', 'intro': "Henry Jackson Thomas Jr. (born September 9, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his breakout role as Elliott in Steven Spielberg's film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and his more recent recurring role in The Haunting of Hill House."}	null	null	Who is the director of the 1985 film in which Henry Thomas played Cody ?	Brian Trenchard-Smith
01aab47a8910b454	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy', 'title': 'List of lakes of Italy', 'header': ['Lake', 'Region', 'Area km²', 'Elevation m', 'Depth m'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lake Garda ( Lago di Garda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Garda', 'summary': 'Lake Garda ( Italian : Lago di Garda [ ˈlaːɡo di ˈɡarda ] or ( Lago ) Benaco [ beˈnaːko ] ; Eastern Lombard : Lach de Garda ; Venetian : Ƚago de Garda ; Latin : Benacus ) is the largest lake in Italy . It is a popular holiday location in northern Italy , about halfway between Brescia and Verona , and between Venice and Milan on the edge of the Dolomites . Glaciers formed this alpine region at the end of the last Ice Age . The lake and its shoreline are divided between the provinces of Verona ( to the south-east ) , Brescia ( south-west ) , and Trento ( north ) . The name Garda , which the lake has been seen referred to in documents dating to the eighth century , comes from the town of the same name . It is the evolution of the Germanic word warda , meaning place of guard or place of observation .'}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy , Trentino/South Tyrol , Veneto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/Südtirol', 'summary': 'Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( US : /trɛnˌtiːnoʊ ˌɑːltoʊ ˈɑːdiːdʒeɪ/ , UK : /-dɪdʒ- , - ˌæltoʊ ˈædɪdʒeɪ/ ; Italian : Trentino-Alto Adige [ trenˈtiːno ˈalto ˈaːdidʒe ] ; German : Trentino-Südtirol ; Ladin : Trentin-Südtirol ) is an autonomous region of Italy , located in the northern part of the country . Since the 1970s , most legislative and administrative powers have been transferred to the two self-governing provinces that make up the region : the Province of Trento , commonly known as Trentino , and the Province of Bolzano , commonly known as South Tyrol . From the 9th century until its annexation by Italy in 1919 , the region was part of Austria-Hungary and its predecessors , the Austrian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire . Together with the Austrian state of Tyrol it is represented by the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino . With a past of poverty , the region is today among the wealthiest and most developed in both Italy and the whole of Europe . In English , the region is also known as Trentino-South Tyrol or by its Italian name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veneto', 'summary': "Veneto ( US : /ˈvɛnətoʊ , ˈveɪn- , -neɪt- , ˈvɛnɛtoʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈvɛːneto ] ; Venetian : Vèneto [ ˈvɛneto ] or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy . Its population is about five million , ranking fifth in Italy . The region 's capital is Venice . Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD . Later , after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797 . Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world . After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire , until it was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 , as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian [ citation needed ] which is divided into five varieties . Since 1971 the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region 's citizens as the Venetian people . Article 1 defines Veneto as an autonomous Region , constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno , Padua , Rovigo , Treviso , Venice , Verona and Vicenza , while maintaining bonds with Venetians in the world . Article 2 sets forth the principle of the self-government of the Venetian people and mandates the Region to promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation . Despite these affirmations , approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , differently from its north-eastern and north-western neighbours , Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively ."}]}, {'value': '370', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '346', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lago Maggiore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lago_Maggiore', 'summary': "Lake Maggiore ( UK : /mæˈdʒɔːreɪ , ˌmædʒiˈɔːreɪ/ , US : /mɑːˈdʒɔːreɪ , məˈdʒɔːri/ ; Italian : Lago Maggiore [ ˈlaːɡo madˈdʒoːre ] ; Western Lombard : Lagh Maggior ; Piedmontese : Lagh Magior ; literally 'Greater Lake ' ) or Verbano ( pronounced [ verˈbaːno ] ; Latin : Lacus Verbanus ) is a large lake located on the south side of the Alps . It is the second largest lake in Italy and the largest in southern Switzerland . The lake and its shoreline are divided between the Italian regions of Piedmont and Lombardy and the Swiss canton of Ticino . Located halfway between Lake Orta and Lake Lugano , Lake Maggiore extends for about 65 kilometres ( 40 miles ) between Locarno and Arona . The climate is mild in both summer and winter , producing Mediterranean vegetation , with many gardens growing rare and exotic plants . Well-known gardens include those of the Borromean and Brissago Islands , that of the Villa Taranto in Verbania , and the Alpinia Botanical Garden above Stresa ."}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy , Piedmont , Ticino ( Switzerland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Piedmont', 'summary': 'Piedmont ( /ˈpiːdmɒnt/ PEED-mont ; Italian : Piemonte , pronounced [ pjeˈmonte ] ; Piedmontese , Occitan and Arpitan : Piemont , Piedmontese pronunciation : [ pjeˈmʊŋt ] ) is a region in northwest Italy , one of the 20 regions of the country . It borders the Liguria region to the south , the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east and the Aosta Valley region to the northwest ; it also borders Switzerland to the northeast and France to the west . It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres ( 9,808 sq mi ) and a population of 4,377,941 as of 30 November 2017 . The capital of Piedmont is Turin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '210', 'urls': []}, {'value': '194', 'urls': []}, {'value': '372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Como ( Lago di Como )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Como', 'summary': 'Lake Como ( Italian : Lago di Como [ ˈlaːɡo di ˈkɔːmo ] , locally [ ˈkoːmo ] ; Western Lombard : Lagh de Còmm [ ˈlɑː‿dːe ˈkɔm ] , [ a ] Cómm [ ˈkom ] or Cùmm [ ˈkum ] ) , also known as Lario ( Italian : [ ˈlaːrjo ] ; after the Latin : Larius Lacus ) , is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy , Italy . It has an area of 146 square kilometres ( 56 sq mi ) , making it the third-largest lake in Italy , after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore . At over 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) deep , it is the fifth deepest lake in Europe , and the deepest outside Norway ; the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres ( 660 ft ) below sea level . Lake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times , and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems . It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo , Villa Serbelloni , and Villa Carlotta . Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como . One of its particularity is its characteristic Y shape , which forms the so-called Larian Triangle , with the little town of Canzo as its capital . In 2014 , The Huffington Post called it the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages .'}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}]}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Trasimeno ( Lago Trasimeno )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Trasimeno', 'summary': 'Lake Trasimeno ( /ˌtrɑːzɪˈmeɪnoʊ/ TRAH-zim-AY-noh , also US : /-ˈmiːnoʊ , ˌtræz-/ -\u2060EE- , TRAZ-im- ; Italian : Lago Trasimeno [ ˈlaːɡo traziˈmɛːno ] ; Latin : Trasumennus ; Etruscan : Tarśmina ) , also referred to as Trasimene ( /ˈtræzɪmiːn/ TRAZ-im-een ) or Thrasimene in English , is a lake in the province of Perugia , in the Umbria region of Italy on the border with Tuscany . The lake is south of the river Po and north of the nearby river Tiber , has a surface area of 128 km2 ( 49.4 sq mi ) and is the fourth for surface area in Italy . ( It is slightly smaller than Lake Como . ) Only two minor streams flow directly into the Lake and none flows out . The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels and the seasonal demands from the towns , villages and farms near the shore .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbria', 'summary': 'Umbria ( /ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə , Italian : [ ˈumbrja ] ) is a region of central Italy . It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls , and is crossed by the River Tiber . The regional capital is Perugia . Umbria is known for its landscapes , traditions , history , culinary delights , artistic legacy , and influence on culture . The region is characterized by hills , mountains , valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia , Assisi , a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi , the Basilica of San Francesco and other Franciscan sites , works by Giotto and Cimabue , Terni , the hometown of St. Valentine , Norcia , the hometown of St. Benedict , Città di Castello , main center of the early Renaissance situated in the Tiber High Valley , Gubbio , the hometown of St. Ubaldo , Spoleto , Orvieto , Todi , hometown of the Franciscan mystic Jacopone da Todi , Castiglione del Lago , Narni , Amelia , and other small cities .'}]}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': '257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Bolsena ( Lago di Bolsena )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Bolsena', 'summary': 'Lake Bolsena ( Italian : Lago di Bolsena ) of central Italy , is a lake of volcanic and tectonic origin . Roman historic records indicate activity of the Vulsini volcano occurred as recently as 104 BC ; it has been dormant since then . The two islands in the southern part of the lake were formed by underwater eruptions following the collapse that created the depression . The lake is supplied entirely from the aquifer , rainfall and runoff , with one outlet at the southern end . A sewage treatment plant filters most of the raw sewage from the surrounding communities . Constructed in 1996 , it features pipelines transporting the sewage from every major community around the lake to the treatment plant on the Marta River ; that is , no effluents enter the lake . Fertilizers are a second source of contamination . However , the chemical content of the lake is monitored at several stations around it . Lying within the northern part of the province of Viterbo that is called Alto Lazio ( Upper Latium ) or Tuscia , the lake has a long historic tradition . The Romans called it Lacus Volsinii , adapting the Etruscan name , Velzna , of the last Etruscan city to hold out against Rome , which was translocated after 264 BC , and its original location today has not been securely identified . The lake is bordered on one side by a modernized version of the Roman consular road Via Cassia . In addition to the historic sites of all periods , Lake Bolsena is currently surrounded by numerous tourist establishments , largely for camping , agrotourism and bed and breakfasts .'}]}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazio', 'summary': "Lazio ( UK : /ˈlætsioʊ/ , US : /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈlattsjo ] ; Latin : Latium ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country , it has almost 5.9 million inhabitants - making it the second most populated region of Italy ( after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania ) - and its GDP of more than 170 billion euros per annum means that it has the nation 's second largest regional economy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which is also Italy 's capital and the country 's largest city ."}]}, {'value': '114', 'urls': []}, {'value': '305', 'urls': []}, {'value': '151', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lake Iseo ( Lago d'Iseo )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Iseo', 'summary': "Lake Iseo or Iseo lake ( US : /iːˈzeɪoʊ/ ee-ZAY-oh ; Italian : Lago d'Iseo [ ˈlaːɡo diˈzɛːo ] ; Eastern Lombard : Lach d'Izé ) , also known as Sebino ( Italian : [ seˈbiːno ] ; Latin : Sebinus ) , is the fourth largest lake in Lombardy , Italy , fed by the Oglio river . It is in the north of the country in the Val Camonica area , near the cities of Brescia and Bergamo . The lake is almost equally divided between the Provinces of Bergamo and Brescia . Northern Italy is known for its heavily industrialised towns and in between there are several natural lakes . Lake Iseo retains its natural environment , with its lush green mountains surrounding the crystal clear lake . [ citation needed ] There are several medieval towns around the lake , the largest being Iseo and Sarnico . A notable tourism sector has emerged . A road has been carved into the side of the mountains that circumnavigates the entire lake . In the middle of the lake there are Montisola island , Loreto isle and San Paolo isle ( which compound the Monte Isola municipality ) . There is easy access via the regular running lake ferries . The Floating Piers , an art installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude , was open to the public at Lake Iseo for 16 days in June and July 2016 . Since 2018 , the northern portion of the lake ( called Alto Sebino ) is part of the UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve of Valle Camonica - Alto Sebino ."}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}]}, {'value': '65.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '251', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Bracciano ( Lago di Bracciano )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Bracciano', 'summary': 'Lake Bracciano ( Italian : Lago di Bracciano ) is a lake of volcanic origin in the Italian region of Lazio , 32 km ( 20 mi ) northwest of Rome . It is the second largest lake in the region ( second only to Lake Bolsena ) and one of the major lakes of Italy . It has a circular perimeter of approximately 32 km ( 20 mi ) . Its inflow is from precipitation runoff and percolation , and from underground springs , and its outflow is the Arrone . The lake owes its origin to intense volcanic and tectonic activity from 600,000 to 40,000 years before present , which created many small volcanoes in the Sabatino territory . The main magma chamber was situated under the present lake of Bracciano . Its collapse created the depressed area now occupied by the lake , which is not a crater lake . Some small craters and calderas are still recognisable around the lake and in the immediate vicinity ( Martignano , Baccano , Sacrofano ) . Three towns border the lake , Bracciano , Anguillara Sabazia and Trevignano Romano . The lake is an important tourist attraction situated near Rome . As it serves as a drinking water reservoir for the city of Rome it has been under control since 1986 in order to avoid pollution of its waters . The use of motorboats is strictly forbidden ( exceptions being made for a few professional fisherman and the authorities ) , and a centralised sewer system has been built for all the bordering towns in order to avoid any spoiling of the water quality .'}]}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazio', 'summary': "Lazio ( UK : /ˈlætsioʊ/ , US : /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈlattsjo ] ; Latin : Latium ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country , it has almost 5.9 million inhabitants - making it the second most populated region of Italy ( after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania ) - and its GDP of more than 170 billion euros per annum means that it has the nation 's second largest regional economy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which is also Italy 's capital and the country 's largest city ."}]}, {'value': '56.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '160', 'urls': []}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Lugano ( Lago di Lugano )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Lugano', 'summary': 'Lake Lugano ( Italian : Lago di Lugano or Ceresio , from Latin : Ceresius lacus ; Lombard : Lagh de Lugan ; German : Luganersee ) is a glacial lake which is situated on the border between southern Switzerland and Northern Italy . The lake , named after the city of Lugano , is situated between Lake Como and Lago Maggiore . It was cited for the first time by Gregory of Tours in 590 with the name Ceresio , a name which is said to have derived from the Latin word cerasus , meaning cherry , and refers to the abundance of cherry trees which at one time adorned the shores of the lake . The lake appears in documents in 804 under the name Laco Luanasco .'}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy , Ticino ( Switzerland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '48.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '288', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Omodeo ( Lago Omodeo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Omodeo', 'summary': 'Lake Omodeo ( Italian : Lago Omodeo , Sardinian : Lagu Omodeu ) is an artificial lake in central west Sardinia , Italy . The lake was constructed in the 1920s . The dam , designed by the engineer Angelo Omodeo , was inaugurated in 1924 , at that time it was the largest reservoir in Europe . The lake length is 20 km . A new dam was built in 1997 , dedicated to the Sardinian medieval judge Eleonor of Arborea , it is 582 m long and 120 m wide .'}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lago d'Orta", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lago_d'Orta", 'summary': 'Lake Orta ( Italian : Lago dOrta ) is a lake in northern Italy , west of Lake Maggiore . It has been so named since the 16th century , but was previously called the Lago di San Giulio , after Saint Julius ( 4th century ) , the patron saint of the region . Its southern end is about 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) by rail , to the northwest of Novara on the main Turin-Milan line , while its north end is about 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) by rail south of the Gravellona-Toce railway station , halfway between Ornavasso and Omegna . Its scenery is characteristically Italian , while the San Giulio island has some very picturesque buildings , and takes its name from the local saint , who lived in the 4th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Piedmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piedmont', 'summary': 'Piedmont ( /ˈpiːdmɒnt/ PEED-mont ; Italian : Piemonte , pronounced [ pjeˈmonte ] ; Piedmontese , Occitan and Arpitan : Piemont , Piedmontese pronunciation : [ pjeˈmʊŋt ] ) is a region in northwest Italy , one of the 20 regions of the country . It borders the Liguria region to the south , the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east and the Aosta Valley region to the northwest ; it also borders Switzerland to the northeast and France to the west . It has an area of 25,402 square kilometres ( 9,808 sq mi ) and a population of 4,377,941 as of 30 November 2017 . The capital of Piedmont is Turin .'}]}, {'value': '18.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Coghinas ( Lago Coghinas )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Coghinas', 'summary': 'Lake Coghinas ( Italian : Lago di Coghinas , Sardinian : Lagu Coghinas ) is an artificial lake , in northern Sardinia , Italy , located in the province of Sassari . With a surface of 17.8 km² and a capacity of 254 million cubic metres of water , it is the second largest lake in the region ( second only to Lake Omodeo ) and one of the major reservoirs in Italy . The dam , constructed under Fascism in 1924 , is 185 metres long and 58 metres wide . It has the function of water supply , but also it has a hydroelectric power plant . The lake is the home of a rich ecosystem , and it is become a tourist attraction , around its shores are present a youth hostel , restaurants , a sailing club .'}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '17.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lago di Varese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lago_di_Varese', 'summary': 'Varese Lake ( Italian : Lago di Varese ) is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy , in the north of Italy . It has an area of 14.5 km² , a medium depth of 11 m , and a maximum depth of 23 m. It hosted the Canoeing European Championships in 2012 , the World Rowing Master Regatta in 2013 , the World Rowing Under 23 Championships in 2014 and the second Canoeing World Championship in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}]}, {'value': '14.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lago di Vico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lago_di_Vico', 'summary': 'Lake Vico ( Italian Lago di Vico ) is a caldera lake in the northern Lazio region , central Italy . It is one of the highest major Italian lakes , with an altitude of 510 m. Administratively , it is part of the municipalities of Caprarola and Ronciglione . The lake is surrounded by the Cimini Hills , in particular by the Fogliano ( 965 m ) and Venere ( 851 m ) mountains . It is part of the Lake Vico Natural Reserve . According to legend , the lake was created by Hercules , who defied the local inhabitants by wielding his club . When he did this , a stream sprang up and formed the lake . Lake Vico occupies the central caldera of Vico Volcano . A volcanic cone was built up in a series of eruptions that occurred 305,000 to 258,000 years ago . Later , the eruption of voluminous pyroclastic flows , and volcanic ash , caused the progressive collapse of the volcanic cone , which created the caldera , in which Lake Vico now lies , by about 138,000 years ago . The lake is drained by the River Vicano . Before the construction of a tunnel by the Etruscans , the lake was probably deeper than today , the Monte Venere constituting an island within it . The area is famous for its extensive beech forest , which is one of the most southerly in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazio', 'summary': "Lazio ( UK : /ˈlætsioʊ/ , US : /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈlattsjo ] ; Latin : Latium ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country , it has almost 5.9 million inhabitants - making it the second most populated region of Italy ( after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania ) - and its GDP of more than 170 billion euros per annum means that it has the nation 's second largest regional economy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which is also Italy 's capital and the country 's largest city ."}]}, {'value': '12.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lago d'Idro", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lago_d'Idro", 'summary': "Lake Idro ( Italian : Lago d'Idro , also Eridio from Latin : Eridius lacus , Lombard : Lac d'Ider , German : Idrosee ) is an Italian prealpine lake of glacial origin situated largely within the Province of Brescia ( Lombardy ) and in part in Trentino . At 368 m above sea level it is the highest of the Lombard prealpine lakes . The lake is fed principally by the waters of the river Chiese ; that river is also its only emissary . It has a surface area of 11.4 km² and a maximum depth of 122 m. The lake is surrounded by wooded mountains . The shoreline of some 24 km is shared between four communes : Idro ( the frazioni Crone and Belprato ) , from which the lake takes its name , Anfo , Bagolino ( fraz . Ponte Caffaro ) and Bondone ( fraz . Baitoni ) . Lake Idro currently faces severe problems of eutrophication resulting from the absence of adequate sewerage systems and the use of its feed-waters for irrigation and the generation of hydropower : it has become a site of conflict between environmental , agricultural and electricity industry interests . The name derives from a legendary monster ( Idra ) who supposedly lived there"}]}, {'value': 'Lombardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lombardy', 'summary': "Lombardy ( /ˈlɒmbərdi , ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee , LUM- ; Italian : Lombardia [ lombarˈdiːa ] ; Lombard : Lombardia , Western Lombard : [ lũbarˈdiːa ] , or Lombardéa , Eastern Lombard : [ lombarˈde.a ] ) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy , in the northwest of the country , with an area of 23,844 square kilometres ( 9,206 sq mi ) . About 10 million people , forming one-sixth of Italy 's population , live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy 's GDP is produced in the region , making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe . Milan , Lombardy 's capital , is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy ."}]}, {'value': '10.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '368', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Lakes with an area > 10 km²', 'section_text': 'Lake Como Lake Trasimeno', 'uid': 'List_of_lakes_in_Italy_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of lakes of Italy'}	null	null	What is the elevation in metres of the lake located about halfway between Brescia and Verona ?	65
01ab4e00ddd1a751	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Lan_Jones', 'title': 'O-Lan Jones', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Death in Canaan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Death_in_Canaan', 'summary': "A Death in Canaan is a 1978 American made-for-television drama film directed by Tony Richardson and starring Stefanie Powers , Paul Clemens , and Brian Dennehy . Its plot concerns the true-life story of a teenager who is put on trial for the murder of his mother in a small Connecticut town . Nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , 1978 . The film is based on the book of the same name by Joan Barthel . The film first aired on the CBS Wednesday Night Movies on March 1 , 1978 , and was never officially released on any analog or digital medium for rental or sale . Arthur Miller 's one-act play Some Kind of Love Story ( 1984 ) is loosely based on the same incident . He later adapted it into a screenplay for Everybody Wins ( 1990 ) starring Debra Winger and Nick Nolte ."}]}, {'value': 'Carla Pitts', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Die Laughing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Laughing_(film)', 'summary': 'Die Laughing is a 1980 American comedy-drama film released by Orion Pictures and starring Robby Benson .'}]}, {'value': 'Judge', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadly Drifter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deadly_Drifter', 'summary': "Out ( also known as Deadly Drifter ) is a satirical 1982 film directed by Eli Hollander . The film is based on Ronald Sukenick 's 1973 novel OUT . It stars Peter Coyote , O-Lan Jones , and Danny Glover . The movie tells the tale of Rex ( Coyote ) roaming the U.S. doing various assignments for a mysterious group of urban guerrillas they call Our Friends . In each meeting the person or persons designated It carries a hidden stick of dynamite . Director Eli Hollander summarizes the film , A subtitle of it could be 'From Yippie to Yuppie ' . And the '80s are certainly the age of yuppies . The film does kind of chronicle the history of the transformation from the '60s into the '80s ."}]}, {'value': 'Nixie / Dinah', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shoot the Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shoot_the_Moon', 'summary': "Shoot the Moon is a 1982 American drama film directed by Alan Parker , and written by Bo Goldman . It stars Albert Finney , Diane Keaton , Karen Allen , Peter Weller and Dana Hill . Set in Marin County , California , the film follows George ( Finney ) and Faith Dunlap ( Keaton ) , whose deteriorating marriage , separation and love affairs devastate their four children . The title of the film alludes to the move of shooting the moon in the card game Hearts . Goldman began writing the script in 1971 , deriving inspiration from his encounters with dysfunctional couples . He spent several years trying to secure a major film studio to produce it before taking it to 20th Century Fox . Parker learned of the script as he was developing Fame ( 1980 ) , and he later worked with Goldman to rewrite it . After an unsuccessful pre-production development at Fox , Parker moved the project to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , which provided a budget of $ 12 million . Principal photography lasted 62 days , in the period from January to April 1981 , on location in Marin County . Shoot the Moon premiered on February 19 , 1982 to mostly positive reviews , but was deemed a box-office failure , having grossed only $ 9.2 million in North America . It later competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival , and received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor - Drama ( Finney ) and Best Actress - Drama ( Keaton ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Counter Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Right Stuff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)', 'summary': "The Right Stuff is a 1983 American epic historical drama film . It was adapted from Tom Wolfe 's best-selling 1979 book of the same name about the Navy , Marine and Air Force test pilots who were involved in aeronautical research at Edwards Air Force Base , California , as well as the Mercury Seven , the seven military pilots who were selected to be the astronauts for Project Mercury , the first human spaceflight by the United States . The film was written and directed by Philip Kaufman and stars Ed Harris , Scott Glenn , Sam Shepard , Fred Ward , Dennis Quaid and Barbara Hershey . Levon Helm narrates , and plays Air Force test pilot Jack Ridley . The film was a box-office failure , grossing about $ 21 million against a $ 27 million budget . Despite this , it received widespread critical acclaim and eight Oscar nominations at the 56th Academy Awards , four of which it won . It holds a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 96% . In 2013 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant ."}]}, {'value': 'Pretty Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Married to the Mob', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Married_to_the_Mob', 'summary': "Married to the Mob is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Jonathan Demme , starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Matthew Modine . Pfeiffer , in something of a departure from her previous roles , gave an acclaimed lead performance as a gangster 's widow from Brooklyn , opposite Modine as the undercover FBI agent assigned the task of investigating her mafia connections . As a slippery mob boss romantically pursuing Angela , Dean Stockwell was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Phyllis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miracle Mile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miracle_Mile_(film)', 'summary': 'Miracle Mile is a 1988 American apocalyptic thriller film written and directed by Steve De Jarnatt , and starring Anthony Edwards and Mare Winningham . The film takes place mostly in real time . It is named after the Miracle Mile neighborhood of Los Angeles , where most of the action takes place .'}]}, {'value': 'Waitress', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wildfire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wildfire_(1988_film)', 'summary': 'Wildfire is a 1988 American romance drama film directed by Zalman King and starring Steven Bauer and Linda Fiorentino .'}]}, {'value': 'Mrs. Johnson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lonesome Dove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lonesome_Dove_(TV_miniseries)', 'summary': "Lonesome Dove is an American epic Western adventure television miniseries directed by Simon Wincer . It is a four-part adaptation of the 1985 novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry and is the first installment in the Lonesome Dove series . The novel was based upon a screenplay by Peter Bogdanovich and McMurtry , intended to star John Wayne , James Stewart and Henry Fonda , but the film was never made after John Ford advised Wayne against it . The eventual television miniseries stars Robert Duvall and Tommy Lee Jones . The series was originally broadcast by CBS from February 5 to 8 , 1989 , drawing a huge viewing audience , earning numerous awards , and reviving both the television western and the miniseries . An estimated 26 million homes tuned in to watch Lonesome Dove , unusually high numbers for a Western at that time . The western genre was considered dead by most people , as was the miniseries . By the show 's end , it had earned huge ratings and virtually revamped the entire 1989-1990 television season . A favorite with audiences , as well as critics , Lonesome Dove garnered many honors and awards . At the 1989 Emmy Awards , the miniseries had 18 nominations and seven wins , including one for director Simon Wincer . Lonesome Dove also won two Golden Globes , for Best Miniseries and Best Actor in a Miniseries ( Robert Duvall ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sally Skull', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How I Got into College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_I_Got_into_College', 'summary': 'How I Got Into College is a 1989 romantic comedy film directed by Savage Steve Holland , starring Anthony Edwards , Corey Parker , and Lara Flynn Boyle and produced & released by 20th Century Fox . This is the film debut of eventual voice actor Tom Kenny .'}]}, {'value': "Sally O'Connor", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Scissorhands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Scissorhands', 'summary': "Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 American romantic dark fantasy film directed by Tim Burton . It was produced by Burton and Denise Di Novi , and written by Caroline Thompson from a story by her and Burton . Johnny Depp plays an artificial man named Edward , an unfinished creation who has scissor blades instead of hands . The young man is taken in by a suburban family and falls in love with their teenage daughter Kim ( Winona Ryder ) . Additional roles were played by Dianne Wiest , Anthony Michael Hall , Kathy Baker , Vincent Price , and Alan Arkin . Burton conceived Edward Scissorhands from his childhood upbringing in suburban Burbank , California . During pre-production of Beetlejuice , Caroline Thompson was hired to adapt Burton 's story into a screenplay , and the film began development at 20th Century Fox , after Warner Bros. declined . Edward Scissorhands was then fast tracked after Burton 's critical and financial success with Batman . The majority of filming took place in Lutz , Florida between March 10 and June 10 , 1990 . The film also marks the fourth collaboration between Burton and film score composer Danny Elfman . The leading role of Edward had been connected to several actors prior to Depp 's casting : a meeting between Burton and the preferred choice of the studio , Tom Cruise , was not fruitful , and Tom Hanks and Gary Oldman turned down the part . The character of The Inventor was devised specifically for Vincent Price , and would be his last major role ."}]}, {'value': 'Esmeralda', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacific Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Heights_(film)', 'summary': 'Pacific Heights is a 1990 American psychological thriller film directed by John Schlesinger , written by Daniel Pyne , and starring Melanie Griffith , Matthew Modine , and Michael Keaton .'}]}, {'value': 'Hotel Maid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seinfeld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seinfeld', 'summary': "Seinfeld is an American sitcom television series created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld for NBC . As a comedian rising in popularity in the late eighties , Seinfeld was presented with an opportunity to create a show with NBC . Seinfeld asked fellow comedian and friend , Larry David , to help create a premise for a sitcom . The show stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself , and mostly focuses on his personal life with a handful of friends and acquaintances , including best friend George Costanza ( Jason Alexander ) , friend and former girlfriend Elaine Benes ( Julia Louis-Dreyfus ) , and neighbor across the hall Cosmo Kramer ( Michael Richards ) . Seinfeld is set predominantly in an apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper West Side in New York City . It is often described as being a show about nothing , as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life . Seinfeld was produced by West-Shapiro Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment and ran from 1989 to 1998 . In syndication , the series is distributed by Sony Pictures Television . It was largely written by David and Seinfeld with script writers who included Larry Charles , Peter Mehlman , Gregg Kavet , Carol Leifer , David Mandel , Jeff Schaffer , Steve Koren , Jennifer Crittenden , Tom Gammill , Max Pross , Dan O'Keefe , Charlie Rubin , Marjorie Gross , Alec Berg , Elaine Pope , and Spike Feresten . A favorite among critics , the series led the Nielsen ratings in seasons six and nine , and finished among the top two ( with NBC 's ER ) every year from 1994 to 1998 . Seinfeld is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms of all time . It has been ranked among the best television shows of all time in publications such as Entertainment Weekly , Rolling Stone , and TV Guide ."}]}, {'value': 'Waitress', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelf Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelf_Life_(film)', 'summary': 'Shelf Life is a 1993 film directed by Paul Bartel . The final film Bartel directed before he died in 2000 , it stars O-Lan Jones , Andrea Stein , and Jim Turner .'}]}, {'value': 'Tina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harts of the West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harts_of_the_West', 'summary': 'Harts of the West is an American Western/comedy-drama television series starring Beau Bridges and his father , Lloyd Bridges , set on a dude ranch in Nevada . The series aired on CBS from September 25 , 1993 , to June 18 , 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rose McLaughlin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural Born Killers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers', 'summary': 'Natural Born Killers is a 1994 American crime film directed by Oliver Stone and starring Woody Harrelson , Juliette Lewis , Robert Downey Jr. , Tom Sizemore , and Tommy Lee Jones . The film tells the story of two victims of traumatic childhoods who became lovers and mass murderers , and are irresponsibly glorified by the mass media . The film is based on an original screenplay by Quentin Tarantino that was heavily revised by Stone , writer David Veloz , and associate producer Richard Rutowski . Tarantino received a story credit . Jane Hamsher , Don Murphy , and Clayton Townsend produced the film , with Arnon Milchan , Thom Mount , and Stone as executive producers . The film was released on August 26 , 1994 in the United States , and also screened at the Venice Film Festival on August 29 , 1994 . It was a box office success , grossing over $ 50 million against a production budget of $ 34 million , but received a mixed critical reception . Some critics praised the plot , acting , humor , and combination of action and romance , while others found the film overly violent and graphic . Notorious for its violent content and inspiring copycat crimes , the film was named the eighth most controversial film in history by Entertainment Weekly in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mabel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The X-Files', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_X-Files', 'summary': "The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter . The original television series aired from September 10 , 1993 to May 19 , 2002 on Fox . The program spanned nine seasons , with 202 episodes . A short tenth season consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24 , 2016 , and concluded on February 22 , 2016 . Following the ratings success of this revival , Fox announced in April 2017 that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes . The season premiered on January 3 , 2018 , concluding on March 21 , 2018 . In addition to the television series , two feature films have been released : The 1998 film The X-Files , which took place as part of the TV series continuity , and the stand-alone film The X-Files : I Want to Believe , released in 2008 , six years after the original television run had ended . The series revolves around Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who investigate X-Files : marginalized , unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena . Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal while Scully , a medical doctor and a skeptic , is assigned to scientifically analyze Mulder 's discoveries , offer alternate rational theories to his work , and thus return him to mainstream cases . Early in the series , both agents become pawns in a larger conflict and come to trust only each other and a few select people . The agents also discover an agenda of the government to keep the existence of extraterrestrial life a secret . They develop a close relationship which begins as a platonic friendship , but becomes a romance by the end of the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Rebecca Waite', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mars Attacks !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mars_Attacks!', 'summary': 'Mars Attacks ! is a 1996 American comic science fiction film directed by Tim Burton , who also co-produced it with Larry J. Franco . The screenplay , which was based on the cult trading card series of the same name , was written by Jonathan Gems . The film features an ensemble cast consisting of Jack Nicholson ( in a dual role ) , Glenn Close , Annette Bening , Pierce Brosnan , Danny DeVito , Martin Short , Sarah Jessica Parker , Michael J . Fox , Rod Steiger , Tom Jones , Lukas Haas , Natalie Portman , Jim Brown , Lisa Marie Smith and Sylvia Sidney . Alex Cox had tried to make a Mars Attacks film in the 1980s before Burton and Gems began development in 1993 . When Gems turned in his first draft in 1994 , Warner Bros. commissioned rewrites from Gems , Burton , Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski in an attempt to lower the budget to $ 60 million . The final production budget came to $ 80 million , while Warner Bros. spent another $ 20 million on the Mars Attacks ! marketing campaign . Filming took place from February to November 1996 . The film was shot in California , Nevada , Kansas , Arizona and Argentina . The filmmakers hired Industrial Light & Magic to create the Martians using computer animation after their previous plan to use stop motion animation , supervised by Barry Purves , fell through because of budget limitations .'}]}, {'value': 'Sue-Ann Norris', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Truman Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Truman_Show', 'summary': 'The Truman Show is a 1998 American science fiction comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir , produced by Scott Rudin , Andrew Niccol , Edward S. Feldman , and Adam Schroeder , and written by Niccol . The film stars Jim Carrey as Truman Burbank , adopted and raised by a corporation inside a simulated television show revolving around his life , until he discovers it and decides to escape . Additional roles are performed by Laura Linney , Noah Emmerich , Natascha McElhone , Holland Taylor , Ed Harris , and Brian Delate . The Truman Show was originally a spec script by Niccol , inspired by an episode of The Twilight Zone called Special Service . Unlike the finished product , it was more of a science-fiction thriller , with the story set in New York City . Scott Rudin purchased the script , and set up production at Paramount Pictures . Brian De Palma was to direct before Weir signed as director , making the film for $ 60 million - $ 20 million less than the original estimate . Niccol rewrote the script while the crew was waiting for Carrey to sign . The majority of filming took place at Seaside , Florida , a master-planned community located in the Florida Panhandle . The film was a financial success , debuting to critical acclaim , and earned numerous nominations at the 71st Academy Awards , 56th Golden Globe Awards , 52nd British Academy Film Awards and The Saturn Awards . The Truman Show has been analyzed as a thesis on Christianity , metaphilosophy , simulated reality , existentialism , and reality television .'}]}, {'value': 'Bar Waitress', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American Virgin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Virgin_(2000_film)', 'summary': 'American Virgin is a 2000 comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Marois . Its plot is about a young woman , Katrina Bartalotti ( Mena Suvari ) , the daughter of an adult film director ( Robert Loggia ) , who agrees to lose her virginity onscreen to spite her father .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selected filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'O-Lan_Jones_0', 'intro': 'O-Lan Jones is an American actress, composer, and theater producer. She played the eccentric religious fanatic woman Esmeralda in Edward Scissorhands.'}	null	null	Who was the writer of the 1982 film in which O-Lan Jones played the role of Counter Girl ?	Bo Goldman
01ac36edef20bc20	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_baseball_stadiums_in_Seattle', 'title': 'List of professional baseball stadiums in Seattle', 'header': ['Stadium name', 'Year ( s )', 'Capacity', 'Team ( s )', 'Distance to Center Field'], 'data': [{'value': 'Madison Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Park_(Seattle)', 'summary': 'Madison Park is an 8.3 acre ( 34,000 m² ) park in the Madison Park neighborhood of Seattle , Washington , located between the western shore of Lake Washington on the east , 42nd Avenue E. on the west , E. Madison Street on the north , and E. Blaine Street on the south . 43rd Avenue E. divides it into two sections ; the east is a swimming beach and public dock , and the west is a playground , playfield , and tennis courts . Next to the beach is Madison Park Co-op , a community playhouse for toddlers and children . For the first 19 years of its existence , the Madison Street Cable Railway ran on Madison Street from Elliott Bay to the park . Service was cut back to 21st Avenue in 1910 . There was also ferry service on Lake Washington from the early 1880s to August 31 , 1950 from Madison Park across the lake to Kirkland . ( The construction of the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge in 1940 had greatly reduced demand and the continued existence of the run could no longer be justified after tolls were removed in 1949 . )'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Hustlers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Hustlers', 'summary': 'The Pacific Northwest League was a professional Minor League Baseball league based in the Pacific Northwest . It was the first professional baseball league ever in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'YMCA Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1901-1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Clamdiggers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Clamdiggers', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recreation Park Base Ball Grounds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Siwashes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Siwashes', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yesler Way Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907-1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Siwashes , Seattle Turks , Seattle Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Siwashes', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Turks', 'summary': 'The Seattle Turks were a minor league baseball team based in Seattle , WA who played a single season ( 1909 ) in the Northwestern League . In their only year of existence , the team won a Northwestern League pennant with a record of 109-58 . On June 29 , 2013 , the Seattle Mariners MLB team played as the Seattle Turks in one-off throwback uniforms against the Chicago Cubs . Safeco Field was renamed Yesler Way Park for the game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Giants', 'summary': 'The Seattle Giants were a minor league baseball team that played in various leagues from 1910 to 1920 . Based in Seattle , Washington , United States , they played in the Northwestern League from 1910 to 1917 , the Pacific Coast International League in 1918 and 1920 , and the Northwest International League in 1919 . Two of their ballparks were Yesler Way Park and Dugdale Field . In 1919 , they were also known as the Seattle Drydockers .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dugdale Field', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dugdale_Field', 'summary': "Dugdale Field was a stadium located in Seattle , Washington . It was primarily used for baseball and was the home of Seattle Indians and Seattle Giants . The ballpark had a capacity of 15,000 people and was built in 1913 . It was destroyed by fire in July 1932 It was named after Daniel E. Dugdale who was a baseball pioneer in the area Dugdale had built a previous ball park called Yesler Way Park , at the intersection of 12th Avenue and Yesler Way in 1907 . It was often referred to as Dugdale Park but predates the larger and later stadium built in Rainier Valley . The panoramic photo displayed in this article appears to be the earlier Yesler Way Park , dated in 1907 . Dugdale Field also hosted the first football game featuring an NFL team in Seattle . On January 31 , 1926 , the Chicago Bears beat the Washington All Stars 34-0 in an exhibition game . Dugdale Field was burned down in an Independence Day arson fire in 1932 . Sick 's Stadium was built at the same location , and the Indians were renamed the Rainiers after they moved to Sick 's Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '~ 1900 -1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Giants , Ballard Pippins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Giants', 'summary': 'The Seattle Giants were a minor league baseball team that played in various leagues from 1910 to 1920 . Based in Seattle , Washington , United States , they played in the Northwestern League from 1910 to 1917 , the Pacific Coast International League in 1918 and 1920 , and the Northwest International League in 1919 . Two of their ballparks were Yesler Way Park and Dugdale Field . In 1919 , they were also known as the Seattle Drydockers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ballard_Pippins', 'summary': 'The Portland Colts were a minor league baseball team based in Portland , Oregon for five seasons ( 1909 , 1911-14 ) in the Class B Northwestern League . The Colts served as an unofficial farm team for the Portland Beavers and the Cleveland Indians . The Colts and Beavers shared Vaughn Street Park . The franchise was established in 1909 by William Wallace McCredie , who was the owner of the Beavers and a sitting Congressman . The team was disbanded after their first season , with McCredie selling several players to the Beavers . McCredie originally said he did not want to run two teams , but changed his mind in 1911 when he placed a bid for a Northwestern League franchise . The league penalized McCredie with a US $ 1,000 re-entry fee and adopted new rules when it came to selling players from your team . In 1911 , the Portland team was not officially named , but the Colts nickname returned at the start of the 1912 season . The Colts had two managers over their five seasons , Pearl Casey ( 1909 ) and Nick Williams ( 1911-14 ) . Towards the end of the 1914 season , McCredie sold the team to timber mogul Quinn Farr who relocated the team to his native Ballard , Washington and changed their name to the Ballard Pippins . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum members Harry Heilmann and Dave Bancroft played for the Colts . Several other Major League Baseball alumni graced the Colts roster throughout their five seasons of existence .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civic Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1932-1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Indians , Seattle Rainiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Indians', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Rainiers', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Sick 's Stadium", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sick's_Stadium", 'summary': "Sick 's Stadium , also known as Sick 's Seattle Stadium and later as Sicks ' Stadium , was a baseball stadium in the northwest United States in Seattle , Washington . It was located in Rainier Valley , on the NE corner of S. McClellan Street and Rainier Avenue S. The longtime home of the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League , it hosted the Seattle Pilots during their only major league season in 1969 . The site was previously the location of Dugdale Field , a 1913 ballpark that was the home of the Rainiers ' forerunners , the Seattle Indians . That park burned down in an Independence Day arson fire in 1932 , and until a new stadium could be built on the Dugdale site , the team played at Civic Field , a converted football stadium at the current location of Seattle Center 's Memorial Stadium ."}]}, {'value': '1938-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Rainiers , Seattle Angels , Seattle Pilots , Seattle Steelheads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Rainiers', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Angels', 'summary': 'The Seattle Rainiers , originally named the Seattle Indians and also known as the Seattle Angels , were a Minor League Baseball team in Seattle , Washington , that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 to 1906 and 1919 to 1968 . They were initially named for the indigenous Native American population of the Pacific Northwest , and changed their name after being acquired by the Rainier Brewing Company , which was in turn named for nearby Mount Rainier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Pilots', 'summary': "The Seattle Pilots were an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington during the 1969 Major League Baseball season . During their single-season existence , the Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium and were a member of the West Division of Major League Baseball 's American League . On April 1 , 1970 , the franchise moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers . The Pilots name originated from the owner 's part-time job as a harbor pilot and the city 's association with the aviation industry . The team colors were royal blue and gold ( with accessory red in the logo : helm and baseball seams ) . Seattle had long been a hotbed for minor league baseball and was home to the Seattle Rainiers , a successful team in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) . At the time , Seattle was the third-biggest metropolitan area on the West Coast . The Cleveland Indians briefly considered a move to Seattle in 1964 but opted to stay in Ohio . In 1967 Charles Finley looked to move his Kansas City Athletics to Seattle , but ended up moving the Athletics to Oakland , California . There was no real competition from other professional teams at the time . While Seattle had landed the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's SuperSonics in 1967 , the NBA was not as popular as baseball was at the time . The NFL would come to the city in 1976 with the addition of the expansion Seahawks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Steelheads', 'summary': 'The Seattle Steelheads were a Negro league baseball team from Seattle , Washington .'}]}, {'value': '405 feet ( 123 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdome', 'summary': "The Kingdome ( officially the King County Multipurpose Domed Stadium ) was a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle 's SoDo neighborhood . Owned and operated by King County , the Kingdome opened in 1976 and was best known as the home stadium of the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The stadium also served as both the home outdoor and indoor venue for the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) and hosted numerous amateur sporting events , concerts , and other events . The Kingdome measured 660 feet ( 200 m ) wide from its inside walls . The idea of constructing a covered stadium for a major league football or baseball team was first proposed to Seattle officials in 1959 . Voters rejected separate measures to approve public funding for such a stadium in 1960 and 1966 , but the outcome was different in 1968 ; King County voters approved the issue of US $ 40 million in municipal bonds to construct the stadium . Construction began in 1972 and the stadium opened in 1976 as the home stadium of the Sounders and Seahawks . The Mariners moved in the following year , and the SuperSonics moved in the next year , only to move back to the Seattle Center Coliseum in 1985 . The stadium hosted several major sports events , including the Soccer Bowl in August 1976 , the Pro Bowl in January 1977 , the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in July 1979 , the NBA All-Star Game in 1987 , and the NCAA Final Four in 1984 , 1989 , and 1995 . During the 1990s , the Seahawks ' and Mariners ' respective ownership groups began to question the suitability of the Kingdome as a venue for each team , threatening to relocate unless new , publicly funded stadiums were built . At issue was the fact that neither team saw their shared tenancy as profitable , as well as the integrity of the stadium 's roof as highlighted by the collapse of ceiling tiles onto the seating area before a scheduled Mariners game . As a result , public funding packages for new , purpose-built stadiums for the Mariners and Seahawks were approved in 1995 and 1997 , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1976-2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59,166', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Mariners', 'summary': "The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team joined the American League as an expansion team in 1977 playing their home games in the Kingdome . Since July 1999 , the Mariners ' home ballpark has been T-Mobile Park ( formerly Safeco Field ) , located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle . The Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle . They are nicknamed the M 's , a title featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992 . They adopted their current team colors - navy blue , northwest green ( teal ) , and silver - prior to the 1993 season , after having been royal blue and gold since the team 's inception . Their mascot is the Mariner Moose . The organization did not field a winning team until 1991 , and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship and defeated the New York Yankees in the ALDS . The game-winning hit in Game 5 , in which Edgar Martínez drove home Ken Griffey Jr. to win the game in the 11th inning , clinched a series win for the Mariners , served as a powerful impetus to preserve baseball in Seattle , and has since become an iconic moment in team history . The Mariners won 116 games in 2001 , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season . Through the end of the 2019 season , the franchise has finished with a losing record in 29 of 43 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '405 feet ( 123 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T-Mobile Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-Mobile_Park', 'summary': "T-Mobile Park is a retractable roof baseball park located in Seattle , Washington . Owned and operated by the Washington State Major League Baseball Stadium Public Facilities District , it is the home stadium of the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) and has a seating capacity of 47,929 for baseball . It is located in Seattle 's SoDo neighborhood , near the western terminus of Interstate 90 . The first game was played on July 15 , 1999 . During the 1990s , the suitability of the Mariners ' original stadium - the Kingdome - as an MLB facility came under doubt , and the team 's ownership group threatened to relocate the team . In September 1995 , King County voters defeated a ballot measure to secure public funding for a new baseball stadium . Shortly thereafter , the Mariners ' first appearance in the MLB postseason and their victory in the 1995 American League Division Series ( ALDS ) renewed a public desire to keep the team in Seattle . As a result , the Washington State Legislature approved an alternate means of funding for the stadium with public money . The site for the stadium , just south of the Kingdome , was selected in September 1996 and construction began in March 1997 . The bonds issued to finance Safeco Field were retired on October 1 , 2011 , five years earlier than anticipated . Aside from professional baseball , T-Mobile Park is also used for amateur baseball events including the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association high school state championships and one Washington Huskies game per season . Major non-baseball events that have been held at T-Mobile Park include the 2001 Seattle Bowl , as well as WrestleMania XIX in 2003 which attracted the stadium 's record attendance of 54,097 ."}]}, {'value': '1999-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46,621', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle_Mariners', 'summary': "The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle , Washington . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team joined the American League as an expansion team in 1977 playing their home games in the Kingdome . Since July 1999 , the Mariners ' home ballpark has been T-Mobile Park ( formerly Safeco Field ) , located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle . The Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle . They are nicknamed the M 's , a title featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992 . They adopted their current team colors - navy blue , northwest green ( teal ) , and silver - prior to the 1993 season , after having been royal blue and gold since the team 's inception . Their mascot is the Mariner Moose . The organization did not field a winning team until 1991 , and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship and defeated the New York Yankees in the ALDS . The game-winning hit in Game 5 , in which Edgar Martínez drove home Ken Griffey Jr. to win the game in the 11th inning , clinched a series win for the Mariners , served as a powerful impetus to preserve baseball in Seattle , and has since become an iconic moment in team history . The Mariners won 116 games in 2001 , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season . Through the end of the 2019 season , the franchise has finished with a losing record in 29 of 43 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '405 feet ( 123 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Stadiums', 'section_text': "Sick 's Stadium was built in 1938 and demolished in 1979 . The Kingdome was imploded in 2000 .", 'uid': 'List_of_professional_baseball_stadiums_in_Seattle_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of current, and former professional baseball stadiums in Seattle, Washington. The list consists of only known stadiums. In all, there were nine known professional baseball parks in the city of Seattle. Of those nine, three stadiums have housed a Major League Baseball franchise. The first stadiums was played on in 1892 by the Seattle Hustlers. The only current stadium is T-Mobile Park, the home of the Seattle Mariners, a Major League Baseball franchise.'}	null	null	What year was the stadium that has a capacity of 15,000 and is home to the Seattle Giants built ?	1913
01acbe0f73ee0d28	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_shooting', 'title': 'School shooting', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Date', 'Year', 'Death toll', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bremen school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bremen_school_shooting', 'summary': "The Bremen school shooting was a school shooting that occurred on 20 June 1913 at St Mary 's Catholic School ( St-Marien-Schule ) in Walle , a quarter of Bremen , Germany . The gunman , 29-year-old unemployed teacher Heinz Schmidt from Sülze , indiscriminately shot at students and teachers , killing five girls and wounding more than 20 other people before being subdued by school staff . He was never tried for the crime and sent directly to an asylum where he died in 1932 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bremen , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bremen', 'summary': "The City Municipality of Bremen ( /ˈbreɪmən/ , also US : /ˈbrɛmən/ ; German : Stadtgemeinde Bremen , IPA : [ ˈʃtatɡəˌmaɪndə ˈbʁeːmən ] ( listen ) ; Low German also : Breem or Bräm ) is the capital of the German federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( also called just Bremen for short ) , a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . With around 570,000 inhabitants , the Hanseatic city is the 11th largest city of Germany as well as the second largest city in Northern Germany after Hamburg . Bremen is the largest city on the River Weser , the longest river flowing entirely in Germany , lying some 60 km ( 37 mi ) upstream from its mouth into the North Sea , and is surrounded by the state of Lower Saxony . A commercial and industrial city , Bremen is , together with Oldenburg and Bremerhaven , part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region , with 2.5 million people . Bremen is contiguous with the Lower Saxon towns of Delmenhorst , Stuhr , Achim , Weyhe , Schwanewede and Lilienthal . There is an exclave of Bremen in Bremerhaven , the Citybremian Overseas Port Area Bremerhaven ( Stadtbremisches Überseehafengebiet Bremerhaven ) . Bremen is the fourth largest city in the Low German dialect area after Hamburg , Dortmund and Essen . Bremen 's port , together with the port of Bremerhaven at the mouth of the Weser , is the second largest port in Germany after the Port of Hamburg . The airport of Bremen ( Flughafen Bremen Hans Koschnick ) lies in the southern borough of Neustadt-Neuenland and is Germany 's 12th busiest airport . Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub of Northern Germany . The city is home to dozens of historical galleries and museums , ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums , such as the Bremen Overseas Museum ( Übersee-Museum Bremen ) . The Bremen City Hall and the Bremen Roland are UNESCO World Heritage Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'June 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( 4 by gunfire )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-year-old unemployed teacher Heinz Schmidt indiscriminately shot at students and teachers , killing four girls and wounding more than twenty others before being subdued by school staff . A fifth girl also died during the incident when she fell down a staircase', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wilno school massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilno_school_massacre', 'summary': 'The Wilno school massacre was a school shooting that occurred on 6 May 1925 at the Joachim Lelewel High School in Wilno , Poland ( now Vilnius , Lithuania ) . During the final exams , at about 11 a.m. , at least two eighth-grade students attacked the board of examiners with revolvers and hand grenades , killing several students , at least one teacher , and themselves . It was the first-ever school shooting that took place in Poland , preceding the Inowrocław school shooting in April 1936 and the 2019 Brześć Kujawski school shooting .'}]}, {'value': 'Wilno , Second Polish Republic ( now Vilnius , Lithuania )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilno', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic', 'summary': "The Second Polish Republic , commonly known as interwar Poland or Poland between the Wars , refers to the country of Poland in the period between the First and Second World Wars ( 1918-1939 ) . Officially known as the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska ) , the state was re-established in 1918 , in the aftermath of World War I . The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939 , when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany , the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic , marking the beginning of the European theatre of World War II . In 1938 , the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe . According to the 1921 census , the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million . By 1939 , just before the outbreak of World War II , this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million . Almost a third of population came from minority groups : 13.9% Ruthenians ; 10% Ashkenazi Jews ; 3.1% Belarusians ; 2.3% Germans and 3.4% Czechs and Lithuanians . At the same time , a significant number of ethnic Poles lived outside the country 's borders . When , after several regional conflicts , the borders of the state were finalized in 1922 , Poland 's neighbors were Czechoslovakia , Germany , the Free City of Danzig , Lithuania , Latvia , Romania and the Soviet Union . It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia , known as the Polish Corridor . Between March and August 1939 , Poland also shared a border with the then-Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia . The political conditions of the Second Republic were heavily influenced by the aftermath of World War I and conflicts with neighbouring states as well as the emergence of Nazism in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'May 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 ( including both perpetrators )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A student of Joachim Lelewel High School , Stanisław Ławrynowicz , fired shots and detonated a hand grenade which killed him , two students and a teacher while sitting Matura ( final exams ) . His friend , Janusz Obrąbalski attempted to detonate another grenade , which turned out to be faulty . Obrąbalski then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head . A bomb left by the two was later found in one of the classrooms', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kungälv school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kungälv_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Kungälv school shooting took place on 4 March 1961 in Kungälvs läroverk , in central Kungälv in Västra Götaland , Sweden . The school is currently known as Thorildskolan . It was the first reported school shooting in Sweden and one of the earliest in Europe . Seven youngsters were wounded by 15 bullets fired by the perpetrator and one died from his wounds . The memory of the murdered Per Håkan Altvall is kept alive in Kungälv via a stipend awarded annually to one or a number of students known for good friendship and social support to students .'}]}, {'value': 'Kungälv , Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kungälv', 'summary': 'Kungälv ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɵ̂ŋːɛlv ] ) is a city and the seat of Kungälv Municipality in Västra Götaland County , Sweden . It had 22,768 inhabitants in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A 17-year-old student fired fifteen bullets into a crowd at a school dance at Kungälvs Läroverk ( aka Thorildskolan ) , killing one student and wounding six others before escaping . He turned himself in to local police the following morning and was arrested', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cologne school massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne_school_massacre', 'summary': 'The Cologne school massacre was a mass murder that occurred at the Catholic elementary school ( katholische Volksschule ) located in the suburb of Volkhoven in Cologne , West Germany on 11 June 1964 . The perpetrator , Walter Seifert , also known as Der Feuerteufel von Volkhoven ( firedevil of Volkhoven ) , attacked the people at the school with a home-made flamethrower and a spear , killing eight pupils and two teachers , and wounding twenty-two others . When police arrived at the scene he fled from the school compound and poisoned himself . He was taken to a hospital , where he died the same evening .'}]}, {'value': 'Cologne , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cologne', 'summary': "Cologne ( English : /kəˈloʊn/ kə-LOHN ; German : Köln [ kœln ] ( listen ) ; Kölsch : Kölle [ ˈkœlə ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city of Germany 's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany . With slightly over a million inhabitants ( 1.08 million ) within its city boundaries , Cologne is the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region , which is Germany 's largest and one of Europe 's major metropolitan areas , and of the Rhineland . Centered on the left bank of the Rhine , Cologne is about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia 's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) northwest of Bonn . It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas . The city 's Cologne Cathedral ( Kölner Dom ) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne . There are many institutions of higher education in the city , most notably the University of Cologne ( Universität zu Köln ) , one of Europe 's oldest and largest universities , the Technical University of Cologne ( Technische Hochschule Köln ) , Germany 's largest university of applied sciences , and the German Sport University Cologne ( Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln ) , Germany 's only sport university . Cologne Bonn Airport ( Flughafen Köln/Bonn ) is Germany 's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city . The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport . Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the first word of which is the origin of its name . An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum , after the Ubii . Cologne , the French version of the city 's name , has become standard in English as well . Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42-year-old Walter Seifert attacked numerous students and adults with a home-made flamethrower , killing eight students before murdering his last two victims , both female teachers , with a spear . He then swallowed parathion , and died the following day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flamethrower', 'summary': "A flamethrower is a mechanical incendiary device designed to project a long , controllable stream of fire . First deployed by the Greeks in the 1st century CE , flamethrowers saw use in modern times during World War I , and more widely in World War II . Most military flamethrowers use flammable liquids thickened into a consistency similar to napalm , but commercial flamethrowers generally use high-pressure propane and gasoline ; such mobile liquids and gases are safer in peacetime applications , because their flames dissipate faster and often are easier to extinguish when necessary , because they are volatile and their liquid residues soak into porous media such as dry soil . In contrast , a military flamethrower 's viscous or gelled fuel sticks to the surfaces of its targets and is harder to dissipate with water , so it easily re-ignites after the flame has been extinguished . It also spreads less than mobile fluids , so that it permits a more manageably targeted burn . From the military point of view , when flamethrower fuel burns in a confined space such as a tunnel or dugout , its effects go beyond the threat of burning ; it quickly consumes the enclosed oxygen and pollutes the air within , so that smoke inhalation and asphyxiation may be as effective a weapon as the actual flames . Apart from the military applications , flamethrowers have peacetime applications where there is a need for controlled burning , such as in sugarcane harvesting and other land-management tasks . Various forms are designed for an operator to carry , while others are mounted on vehicles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spear', 'summary': 'A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft , usually of wood , with a pointed head . The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself , as is the case with fire hardened spears , or it may be made of a more durable material fastened to the shaft , such as flint , obsidian , iron , steel or bronze . The most common design for hunting or combat spears since ancient times has incorporated a metal spearhead shaped like a triangle , lozenge , or leaf . The heads of fishing spears usually feature barbs or serrated edges . The word spear comes from the Old English spere , from the Proto-Germanic speri , from a Proto-Indo-European root *sper- spear , pole . Spears can be divided into two broad categories : those designed for thrusting in melee combat and those designed for throwing ( usually referred to as javelins ) . The spear has been used throughout human history both as a hunting and fishing tool and as a weapon . Along with the axe , knife and club , it is one of the earliest and most important tools developed by early humans . As a weapon , it may be wielded with either one hand or two . It was used in virtually every conflict up until the modern era , where even then it continues on in the form of the fixed bayonet , and is probably the most commonly used weapon in history .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parathion', 'summary': 'Parathion , also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion and locally [ clarification needed ] known as Folidol , is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide . It was originally developed by IG Farben in the 1940s . It is highly toxic to non-target organisms , including humans , so its use has been banned or restricted in most countries . The basic structure is shared by parathion methyl .'}]}, {'value': "St John 's School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundee , United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Armed with a shotgun , Robert Mone entered a girls ' needlework class at St John 's School . He subjected the 14- and 15-year-old pupils and their pregnant teacher , Nanette Hanson , to a 1½-hour ordeal , before shooting Hanson dead , raping one girl , and sexually assaulting another", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Mone', 'summary': "Robert Francis Mone ( born 1948 ) is a Scottish convicted murderer and spree killer who was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1979 . Mone was born in Dundee and grew up with his parents and two sisters . He claims to have had a dysfunctional home life and traumatic childhood . His father , Robert Christopher Sonny Mone , murdered his aunt and two other women in Dundee after his conviction . In 1983 , just three and a half years into his life sentence , Robert Christopher Mone was stabbed to death in Craiginches Prison by a fellow inmate , who described Mone as Probably the most obnoxious person in the country . In 1964 , Robert Francis Mone was expelled from St John 's RC High School . He then joined the Gordon Highlanders and served with them in West Germany . He returned to Dundee with depression and began to drink heavily . On 1 November 1967 , armed with a shotgun , Mone entered a girls ' needlework class at St John 's School . He subjected the 14- and 15-year-old pupils and their pregnant teacher , Nanette Hanson , to a 1½-hour ordeal , before shooting Hanson dead , raping one girl , and sexually assaulting another . Mone , whose motive was apparently revenge for being expelled from the school three years prior , was found to be insane and sent to the State Hospital for Scotland and Northern Ireland in Carstairs . In 1976 , Mone broke out of Carstairs Hospital with fellow inmate ( and purported lover ) , Thomas McCulloch , murdering another inmate and a male nurse in the process and also killing a police officer ."}]}, {'value': 'Zadar school shooting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zadar , Yugoslavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zadar', 'summary': 'Zadar ( US : /ˈzɑːdɑːr/ , Croatian : [ zâdar ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the oldest continuously-inhabited Croatian city . It is situated on the Adriatic Sea , at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region . Zadar serves as the seat of Zadar County and of the wider northern Dalmatian region . The city proper covers 25 km2 ( 9.7 sq mi ) with a population of 75,082 in 2011 [ update ] , making it the second-largest city of the region of Dalmatia and the fifth-largest city in the country . The area of present-day Zadar traces its earliest evidence of human life from the late Stone Age , while numerous settlements date as early as the Neolithic [ citation needed ] . Before the Illyrians , an ancient Mediterranean people of an Indo-European culture inhabited the area . Zadar traces its origin to its 9th-century BC founding as a settlement of the Illyrian tribe of Liburnians known as Iader [ citation needed ] . In 59 BC it was renamed Iadera when it became a Roman municipium . In 48 BC it became a Roman colonia . During Roman rule Zadar acquired the characteristics of a traditional Ancient Roman city with a regular road network , a public square ( forum ) , and an elevated capitolium with a temple . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the destruction of Salona by the Avars and Croats in 614 , Zadar became the capital of the Byzantine theme of Dalmatia . In the beginning of the 9th century , Zadar came briefly under Frankish rule , but the Pax Nicephori returned it to the Byzantines in 812 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia', 'summary': "Yugoslavia ( /ˌjuːɡoʊˈslɑːviə/ ; Serbo-Croatian : Jugoslavija/Југославија [ juɡǒslaːʋija ] ; Slovene : Jugoslavija [ juɡɔˈslàːʋija ] ; Macedonian : Југославија [ juɡɔˈsɫavija ] ; [ A ] lit . Southern Slav Land ) was a country in Southeastern and Central Europe for most of the 20th century . It came into existence after World War I in 1918 [ B ] under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( it was formed from territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire ) with the Kingdom of Serbia , and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state , following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary . Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign . The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris . The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929 . Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . In 1943 , a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance . In 1944 King Peter II , then living in exile , recognised it as the legitimate government . The monarchy was subsequently abolished in November 1945 . Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946 , when a communist government was established . It acquired the territories of Istria , Rijeka , and Zadar from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'October', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "19-year-old student Milorad Vulinović shot and killed two of his professors using his father 's stolen gun", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eppstein school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eppstein_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Eppstein school shooting was a school shooting that occurred on 3 June 1983 at the Freiherr-vom-Stein Gesamtschule in Eppstein-Vockenhausen , West Germany . The gunman , 34-year-old Czech refugee Karel Charva , fatally shot three students , a teacher and a police officer and injured another 14 people using two semi-automatic pistols , before committing suicide . The shooting remains the fifth-deadliest of its kind in post-war Germany , after the Erfurt massacre in 2002 , the Winnenden school shooting in 2009 , the 2016 Munich shooting and the Cologne school massacre in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eppstein , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eppstein', 'summary': 'Eppstein is a town in the Main-Taunus-Kreis , in Hesse , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'June 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34-year-old Czech refugee Karel Charva opened fire in a sixth-grade classroom , first shooting and wounding the teacher , then killing three students and injuring fourteen others . He then killed a teacher and a police officer who tried to intervene before committing suicide . An additional thirty children suffered from shock during the incident', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ferres Comprehensive School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higham Ferrers , England , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higham_Ferrers', 'summary': 'Higham Ferrers is a market town in the Nene Valley in East Northamptonshire , England , close to the Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire borders . It forms a single built-up area with Rushden to the south and has an estimated population of 7,145 . The town centre contains many historic buildings around the Market Square and College Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'January 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Three months after he was expelled , Darren Fowler returned to his former school , Ferres Comprehensive School , shooting and wounding two teachers and two pupils before he was overpowered by staff', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raumanmeri school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raumanmeri_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Raumanmeri school shooting was a school shooting that occurred on 25 January 1989 at the Raumanmeri secondary school in Rauma , Finland . It was the first-ever school shooting in the history of Finland . A then-14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school fatally shot two of his classmates using a pistol that belonged to his father . The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying . Due to the perpetrator being under the age of 15 , he never faced any criminal charges for the attack .'}]}, {'value': 'Rauma , Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rauma,_Finland', 'summary': 'Rauma ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈrɑumɑ ] ; Swedish : Raumo ) is a town and municipality of ca . 39,400 ( 31 January 2019 ) inhabitants on the west coast of Finland , 92 kilometres ( 57 mi ) north of Turku , and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Pori . Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442 ( then under the rule of Sweden ) , Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry , high quality lace ( since the 18th century ) and the old wooden architecture of its centre ( Old Rauma , Vanha Rauma ) , which is a UNESCO world heritage site .'}]}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two students were fatally shot by a 14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school . The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullying', 'summary': 'Bullying is the use of force , coercion , or threat , to abuse , aggressively dominate or intimidate . The behavior is often repeated and habitual . One essential prerequisite is the perception ( by the bully or by others ) of an imbalance of physical or social power . This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict . Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three minimum criteria : ( 1 ) hostile intent , ( 2 ) imbalance of power , and ( 3 ) repetition over a period of time . Bullying is the activity of repeated , aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual , physically , mentally , or emotionally . Bullying ranges from one-on-one , individual bullying through to group bullying , called mobbing , in which the bully may have one or more lieutenants who are willing to assist the primary bully in their bullying activities . Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse . Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism . The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is exposed , repeatedly and over time , to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons , and that negative actions occur when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person , through physical contact , through words or in other ways . Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person . A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other .'}]}, {'value': 'Aarhus University shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus_University_shooting', 'summary': 'On Tuesday , 5 April 1994 , Flemming Nielsen of Silkeborg ( age 35 ) shot four people , all of them female students , two of them fatally , at Aarhus University in Denmark . Nielsen had been a student at the university since 1986 . He opened fire with a sawed-off shotgun in a university cafeteria where he killed his first victim , 24-year-old Birgit Bohn Wolfsen . The remaining students in the room managed to escape . Nielsen proceeded into another cafeteria and opened fire again , killing his second victim , 27-year-old Randi Thode Kristensen . Another two people were wounded but survived . Flemming Nielsen then retreated to a basement bathroom stall where he shot himself to death . The autopsy revealed that he had taken Fontex before the incident , and police found a suicide note at his home , stating how he could not handle life anymore , and that he wanted to kill some people before ending his own life . It is the only school shooting that has happened in Denmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Aarhus , Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aarhus', 'summary': 'Aarhus ( /ˈɔːrhuːs/ , also US : /ˈɑːr-/ , Danish : [ ˈɒːˌhuˀs ] ( listen ) ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011 ) [ note 1 ] is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality . It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula , in the geographical centre of Denmark , 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Hamburg , Germany . The inner urban area contains 273,077 inhabitants ( as of 1 January 2018 [ update ] ) and the municipal population is 340,421 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . Aarhus is the central city in Business Region Aarhus and in the East Jutland metropolitan area , which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016 . The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century and with the first written records stemming from the bishopric seated here from at least 948 . The city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products . Market town privileges were granted in 1441 , but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades and bombardments during the Swedish Wars . In the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction . As the industrial revolution took hold , the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century . Today , Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade , services , industry , and tourism in Jutland . The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union , and as number 234 among world cities . It is also a top 100 conference city in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'April 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '35-year-old student Flemming Nielsen shot and killed two people and wounded two others with a sawed-off shotgun before taking his own life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun', 'summary': 'A sawed-off shotgun also called a sawn-off shotgun and a short-barreled shotgun , is a type of shotgun with a shorter gun barrel - typically under 18 inches - and often a shortened or absent stock . Despite the colloquial term , barrels do not , strictly speaking , have to be shortened with a saw . Barrels can be manufactured at shorter lengths as an alternative to traditional , longer barrels . This makes them easier to transport due to their smaller profile and lighter weight . The design also makes the weapon easy to maneuver in cramped spaces , a feature sought by military close quarters combat units , law enforcement SWAT team users , and home defense purposes . As a result of the shorter barrel length , any sawed-off shotgun with a magazine tube will have its capacity reduced . In the 1930s , the United States , Britain and Canada mandated that a permit be required to own these firearms . They are subject to legal restrictions depending upon jurisdiction . They are used by military forces and police agencies worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunblane massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunblane_massacre', 'summary': 'The Dunblane school massacre took place at Dunblane Primary School near Stirling , Scotland , on 13 March 1996 , when Thomas Hamilton shot 16 children and one teacher dead before killing himself . It remains the deadliest mass shooting in British history . Public debate about the killings centred on gun control laws , including public petitions for a ban on private ownership of handguns and an official inquiry , which produced the 1996 Cullen Report . In response to this debate , two new Firearms Acts were passed , which outlawed private ownership of most handguns in Great Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Dunblane , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunblane', 'summary': 'Dunblane ( /dʌnˈbleɪn/ , Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Bhlàthain ) is a town in the council area of Stirling in central Scotland , and prior to 1994 inside the boundaries of Perthshire . It is a commuter town , with many residents making use of good transport links to much of the Central Belt , including Glasgow and Edinburgh . Dunblane is built on the banks of the Allan Water ( or River Allan ) , a tributary of the River Forth . Dunblane Cathedral is its most prominent landmark . Dunblane had a population of 8,114 at the 2001 census , which grew to 8,811 at the 2011 census ; both of these figures were computed according to the 2010 definition of the locality .'}]}, {'value': 'March 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 ( including the perpetrator and the unborn child )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43-year-old Thomas Hamilton opened fire in a gymnasium , killing sixteen children and one adult and injuring fifteen others before committing suicide . It remains the deadliest attack on children in British history . A ban on the ownership of handguns was introduced in the United Kingdom ( with the exception of Northern Ireland ) following the massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firearms_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Act_1997', 'summary': 'The Firearms ( Amendment ) ( No . 2 ) Act 1997 was the second of two Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1997 that amended the regulation of firearms within Great Britain . It was introduced by the newly elected Labour government of Tony Blair . The other Act was the Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'ROC de Leijgraaf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Veghel , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veghel', 'summary': 'Veghel ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈvɛɣəl ] ( listen ) ) is a town and a former municipality in the southern Netherlands . On 1 January 2017 Veghel , together with Schijndel and Sint-Oedenrode , merged into a new municipality called Meierijstad creating the largest municipality of the province North-Brabant in terms of land area .'}]}, {'value': 'December 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A 17-year-old student opened fire at ROC de Leijgraaf school , wounding three students and one teacher . One student was critically injured . It was the first school shooting in the history of the Netherlands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erfurt massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt_massacre', 'summary': 'The Erfurt massacre was a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium , a secondary school , in the Thuringia State capital Erfurt , Germany . 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people , including 13 staff members , two students , and one police officer , before committing suicide . One person was also wounded by a bullet fragment . According to students , he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators , although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door .'}]}, {'value': 'Erfurt , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erfurt', 'summary': "Erfurt ( /ˈɛərfɜːrt/ AIR-furt , /ˈɛərfʊərt/ AIR-foort ; German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʁfʊʁt ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia , central Germany . Erfurt lies in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin , within the wide valley of the Gera river . It is located 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Leipzig , 300 km ( 186 mi ) south-west of Berlin , 400 km ( 249 mi ) north of Munich and 250 km ( 155 mi ) north-east of Frankfurt . Together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha , Weimar , Jena and others , Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette ( German Thuringian city chain ) with over 500,000 inhabitants . Erfurt 's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany . Tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke ( Merchants ' bridge ) , the Old Synagogue , the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche ( St Severus 's Church ) and Petersberg Citadel , one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe . The city 's economy is based on agriculture , horticulture and microelectronics . Its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe . Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany ( after Leipzig ) as well as the public television children 's channel KiKa . The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network . Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains and other German and European transport networks . Erfurt was first mentioned in 742 , as Saint Boniface founded the diocese ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser began shooting through his former school , targeting teachers and faculty members . Twelve teachers and one administrator were killed , along with two students and a police officer ; only one other person was injured . The shooter then committed suicide', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coburg shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coburg_shooting', 'summary': 'The Coburg shooting was an attempted school killing at Realschule II in Coburg , Bavaria , Germany during the morning of 2 July 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Coburg , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coburg', 'summary': "Coburg ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkoːbʊɐ̯k ] ) is a town located on the Itz river in the Upper Franconia region of Bavaria , Germany . Long part of one of the Thuringian states of the Wettin line , it joined Bavaria by popular vote only in 1920 . Until the revolution of 1918 , it was one of the capitals of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld . Through successful dynastic policies , the ruling princely family married into several of the royal families of Europe , most notably in the person of Prince Albert , who married Queen Victoria in 1840 . As a result of these close links with the royal houses of Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Coburg was frequently visited by the crowned heads of Europe and their families . Coburg is also known as the location of Veste Coburg , one of Germany 's largest castles . In 1530 , Martin Luther lived there for six months during which he worked on translating the Bible into German . Today , Coburg 's population is close to 41,500 . Since it was little damaged in World War II , Coburg retains many historic buildings , making it a popular tourist destination ."}]}, {'value': 'July 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A 16-year-old student , known only as Florian K. , shot and wounded his teacher and an intervening school psychiatrist before taking his own life', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terra College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hague , Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hague', 'summary': "The Hague ( /heɪɡ/ ; Dutch : Den Haag [ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ( listen ) or 's - Gravenhage [ ˌsxraːvə ( n ) ˈɦaːɣə ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland . It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice , one of the most important courts in the world . With a metropolitan population of more than 1 million , it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam and Rotterdam . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet , the States General , the Supreme Court , and the Council of State of the Netherlands , but the city is not the constitutional capital of the Netherlands , which is Amsterdam . King Willem-Alexander lives in Huis ten Bosch [ a ] and works at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , together with Queen Máxima . Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands are located in the city . The Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and other Dutch companies . The Hague is known as the home of international law and arbitration . The International Court of Justice , the main judicial arm of the United Nations , is located in the city , as well as the International Criminal Court , the Permanent Court of Arbitration , Europol , and approximately 200 other international governmental organisations ."}]}, {'value': 'January', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A student shot the school principal , Hans van Wieren , in the head', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rötz school shooting', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rötz , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rötz', 'summary': 'Rötz is a town in the district of Cham , in Bavaria , Germany . It is situated 17 km northwest of Cham , and 30 km east of Schwandorf .'}]}, {'value': 'March 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': "After being ordered to leave the classroom , a 14-year-old student returned with a gun and threatened the life of the 35-year-old class teacher . During a struggle the weapon was fired and taken from the student . Investigators ' findings state that the student did not intend to kill the teacher , but himself . No one was injured", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geschwister Scholl School attack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emsdetten_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Emsdetten school shooting was a school shooting that occurred at the Geschwister Scholl-Schule in Emsdetten , Germany on 20 November 2006 . Eighteen-year-old former student Sebastian Bosse shot and wounded five people and set off several smoke bombs before committing suicide . Even though there were no fatalities besides that of the gunman , the shooting was at one point considered to be the worst school shooting in the history of Germany since the Erfurt massacre , in which 17 people , including the perpetrator , were killed . This position is now held by the 2009 Winnenden school shooting , which left 16 people dead , including the perpetrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Emsdetten , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emsdetten', 'summary': 'Emsdetten ( Westphalian : Detten ) is a town in the district of Steinfurt , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'November 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ( the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-year-old Bastian Bosse , a former student of the school , fired several shots with two sawed-off rifles and a caplock pistol and also threw several homemade smoke bombs before killing himself . The incident ended with no other fatalities , with 37 people being injured , including four students who suffered gunshot wounds , one teacher wounded by being hit in the face with a smoke bomb , sixteen police officers who suffered from smoke inhalation , and the school custodian who was shot in the abdomen inside the school', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caplock_mechanism', 'summary': 'The caplock mechanism , percussion lock , or cap and ball was the successor of the flintlock mechanism in firearm technology , and used a percussion cap struck by the hammer to set off the main charge , rather than using a piece of flint to strike a steel frizzen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Smoke_bomb', 'summary': 'A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke upon ignition . Smoke bombs are useful to airsoft games , paintball games , self-defense and practical jokes . They are also used in smoke tests .'}]}, {'value': 'Jokela school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Jokela school shooting occurred on 7 November 2007 , at Jokela High School in Jokela , a town in the municipality of Tuusula , Finland . The gunman Pekka-Eric Auvinen , entered the school on that morning armed with a semi-automatic pistol . He killed eight people and wounded one person in the toe before shooting himself in the head ; twelve others were also injured by flying shattered glass or sprained ankles . Auvinen died later that evening in a Helsinki hospital . This was the second school shooting in the history of Finland . The previous incident occurred in 1989 at the Raumanmeri school in Rauma , when a 14-year-old fatally shot two fellow students . Less than one year after the Jokela school massacre , the Kauhajoki school shooting happened , that is thought to be heavily inspired by Auvinen , occurred in Kauhajoki , where a gunman shot and killed ten people before killing himself .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuusula , Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuusula', 'summary': 'Tuusula ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈtuːsulɑ ] ; Swedish : Tusby [ ˈtʉ̌ːsbyː ] ) is a municipality of Finland . It belongs to the Helsinki sub-region of the Uusimaa region . The municipality has a population of 38,609 ( 31 January 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'November 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "18-year-old Pekka-Eric Auvinen opened fire in the school 's main hallway , killing six students , school principal Helena Kalmi , and the school nurse before shooting and wounding himself in a suicide attempt ; he later died at a hospital . One other person suffered gunshot wounds , and eleven people were injured by shattering glass while escaping from the school building . The day before the incident , Auvinen posted a video on YouTube predicting the massacre at the school", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kauhajoki school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting', 'summary': "The Kauhajoki school shooting occurred on 23 September 2008 , at the Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in the former province of Western Finland . The gunman , 22-year-old student Matti Juhani Saari , shot and killed ten people with a Walther P22 semi-automatic pistol , before shooting himself in the head . He died a few hours later in Tampere University Hospital . One woman was injured but was in a stable condition . The shooting took place at the Kauhajoki School of Hospitality , owned by the Seinäjoki Municipal Federation of Education . The facilities and campus were shared between the Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences and the Seinäjoki Vocational Education Centre - Sedu . Saari was a second-year student in a Bachelor of Hospitality Management degree programme . The incident was the second school shooting in less than a year in Finland , the other being the Jokela school shooting in November 2007 , in which nine people including the gunman died . Before that , only one other school shooting had taken place in the country 's history , in Rauma in 1989 , leaving two people dead ."}]}, {'value': 'Kauhajoki , Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kauhajoki', 'summary': 'Kauhajoki ( literally Scoop River ) is a town and municipality of Finland . The city is unilingually Finnish . It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southern Ostrobothnia region . The population of Kauhajoki is 13,352 ( 31 January 2019 ) and the municipality covers an area of 1,299.10 km2 ( 501.59 sq mi ) of which 16.46 km2 ( 6.36 sq mi ) is inland water ( 1 January 2018 ) . The population density is 10.28/km2 ( 26.6/sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'September 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22-year-old student Matti Juhani Saari entered the school via the basement and opened fire in a classroom he attended before setting it on fire with homemade Molotov cocktails and then fleeing the scene . Nine students and one staff member died in the incident . A woman was shot in the head and critically wounded , but survived after having two operations , while ten other students sustained minor injuries such as sprains and cuts from broken glass . Authorities eventually found Saari , who had shot himself but was still alive ; he died a short time later . It was assumed that the Jokela case , the previous year ( above ) , inspired Saari to commit the massacre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molotov_cocktails', 'summary': "A Molotov cocktail , also known as a petrol bomb , gasoline bomb ( United States ) , bottle bomb , poor man 's grenade , Molotovin koktaili ( Finnish ) , polttopullo ( Finnish ) , fire bomb ( not to be confused with an actual fire bomb ) , fire bottle or just Molotov , sometimes shortened as Molly , is a generic name used for a variety of bottle-based improvised incendiary weapons . Due to the relative ease of production , Molotov cocktails have been used by street criminals , rioters , criminal gangs , urban guerrillas , terrorists , irregular soldiers , or even regular soldiers short on equivalent military-issue weapons . They are primarily intended to ignite rather than completely destroy targets , and are often used just as much to cause chaos as to actually do damage , sometimes being used as weapons during riots and mass protest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Jokela school shooting occurred on 7 November 2007 , at Jokela High School in Jokela , a town in the municipality of Tuusula , Finland . The gunman Pekka-Eric Auvinen , entered the school on that morning armed with a semi-automatic pistol . He killed eight people and wounded one person in the toe before shooting himself in the head ; twelve others were also injured by flying shattered glass or sprained ankles . Auvinen died later that evening in a Helsinki hospital . This was the second school shooting in the history of Finland . The previous incident occurred in 1989 at the Raumanmeri school in Rauma , when a 14-year-old fatally shot two fellow students . Less than one year after the Jokela school massacre , the Kauhajoki school shooting happened , that is thought to be heavily inspired by Auvinen , occurred in Kauhajoki , where a gunman shot and killed ten people before killing himself .'}]}, {'value': 'Winnenden school shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnenden_school_shooting', 'summary': 'The Winnenden school shooting occurred on the morning of 11 March 2009 at a secondary school in Winnenden , Baden-Württemberg , in southwestern Germany , followed by a shootout at a car dealership in nearby Wendlingen . The shooting spree resulted in 16 deaths , including the suicide of the perpetrator , 17-year-old Tim Kretschmer , who had graduated from the school one year earlier . He also injured nine people during the incident .'}]}, {'value': 'Winnenden , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnenden', 'summary': 'Winnenden ( Swabian : Wẽnnede ) is a small town in the Rems-Murr district of the Stuttgart Region in Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany . It lies in a wine-growing area approx . 20 km ( 12 mi ) northeast of Stuttgart and has a population of fewer than 28,000 . The town is home to the Kärcher Company , makers of cleaning equipment namely pressure washers .'}]}, {'value': 'March 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 ( including the perpetrator )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17-year-old Tim Kretschmer , a former student of the school , opened fire in two classrooms and a chemistry laboratory , killing nine and injuring seven others . He then successfully escaped the school , killing two female teachers in the process . Afterwards , he shot and killed the caretaker of a psychiatric facility and then carjacked a motorist , who drove him into another town before escaping unharmed . The shooter opened fire in a car showroom after unsuccessfully trying to steal a car , killing two and injuring two others . He then committed suicide after a brief shootout with police', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'By region -- Europe', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at schools in Europe .', 'uid': 'School_shooting_3', 'intro': 'A school shooting is an attack at an educational institution, such as a primary school, secondary school, or university, involving the use of firearms. Many school shootings are also categorized as mass shootings due to multiple casualties. The phenomenon is most widespread in the United States, which has the highest number of school-related shootings, but school shootings have taken place in many countries across the world. According to studies, factors behind school shooting include family dysfunction, lack of family supervision, mental illness among many other psychological issues. Among the topmost motives of attackers were: bullying/persecution/threatened (75%) and revenge (61%), while 54% reported having numerous reasons. The remaining motives included an attempt to solve a problem (34%), suicide or depression (27%), and seeking attention or recognition (24%). School shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies, gun rights and gun control.'}	null	null	In what town did a student shoot a school nurse among other people ?	Tuusula
01ace015ea9e63ae	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Armenian_Premier_League', 'title': '2009 Armenian Premier League', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ararat Yerevan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ararat_Yerevan', 'summary': 'Football Club Ararat Yerevan ( Armenian : Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Արարատ Երևան ) , commonly known as Ararat Yerevan , is an Armenian football club based in Yerevan , capital and largest city . Currently , they play at the Armenian Premier League . Since 1999 , the club is owned by the Switzerland Armenian businessmen Vartan Sirmakes . The badge shows a white eagle standing on a football and is a reference to the club nickname . The badge also displays the name of Ararat in both Latin ( Ararat ) and Armenian ( ururus ) text .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yerevan', 'summary': "Yerevan ( UK : /ˌjɛrəˈvæn/ YERR-ə-VAN , US : /-ˈvɑːn/ -\u2060VAHN ; Armenian : Երևան [ a ] [ jɛɾɛˈvɑn ] ( listen ) , sometimes spelled Erevan ) [ b ] is the capital and largest city of Armenia as well as one of the world 's oldest continuously inhabited cities . Situated along the Hrazdan River , Yerevan is the administrative , cultural , and industrial center of the country . It has been the capital since 1918 , the fourteenth in the history of Armenia and the seventh located in or around the Ararat plain . The city also serves as the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese ; the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest dioceses in the world . The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC , with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain . Erebuni was designed as a great administrative and religious centre , a fully royal capital . By the late ancient Armenian Kingdom , new capital cities were established and Yerevan declined in importance . Under Iranian and Russian rule , it was the center of the Erivan Khanate from 1736 to 1828 and the Erivan Governorate from 1850 to 1917 , respectively . After World War I , Yerevan became the capital of the First Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire arrived in the area . The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century as Armenia became part of the Soviet Union . In a few decades , Yerevan was transformed from a provincial town within the Russian Empire to Armenia 's principal cultural , artistic , and industrial center , as well as becoming the seat of national government . With the growth of the Armenian economy , Yerevan has undergone major transformation ."}]}, {'value': 'City Stadium ( Abovyan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abovyan_City_Stadium', 'summary': 'Abovyan City Stadium ( Armenian : Աբովյանի Քաղաքային Մարզադաշտ ) is an all-seater football stadium in Abovyan , Armenia .'}]}, {'value': '3,946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Banants', 'summary': 'Football Club Urartu ( Armenian : Ուրարտու Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ , translated Futbolayin Akumb Urartu ) , commonly known as Urartu , is an Armenian professional football team based in the capital Yerevan , currently playing at the Armenian Premier League . The club won the Armenian Cup three times , in 1992 , 2007 and 2016 . In 2013-2014 , they won the Armenian Premier League for the first time in their history . In early 2016 , the Russia-based Armenian businessman Dzhevan Cheloyants became a co-owner of the club after purchasing the major part of the club shares . The club was known as FC Banants until 1 August 2019 , when it was officially renamed FC Urartu .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nairi Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alashkert_Stadium', 'summary': 'Alashkert Stadium ( Armenian : Ալաշկերտ մարզադաշտ ) , is a football stadium in Yerevan , Armenia . It was known as Nairi Stadium until 2013 when it was renamed Alashkert by the new owners . The stadium is located in Shengavit District , adjacent to Lake Yerevan , on the left bank of Hrazdan River .'}]}, {'value': '6,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandzasar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Gandzasar_Kapan', 'summary': 'Football Club Gandzasar Kapan ( Armenian : Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Գանձասար Կապան ) , commonly known as Gandzasar , is an Armenian football club based in the town of Kapan , Syunik Province . Translated from the Armenian , Gandz-a-sar simply means Treasure Mountain . The club headquarters are located on Shinararner street 1 , Kapan . The Gandzasar Kapan Training Centre is located at the eastern outskirts of the town of Kapan . The club is under the ownership of Zangezur Copper and Molybdenum Combine Closed Joint-Stock Company since 25 February 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kapan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapan', 'summary': 'Kapan ( Armenian : Կապան ) is a town at the southeast of Armenia , serving as the administrative centre of the urban community of Kapan as well as the provincial capital of Syunik Province . It is located in the valley of the Voghji River , on the northern slopes of Mount Khustup . According to the 2011 census , the population of Kapan is 43,190 , slightly declined from 45,711 in the 2001 census . Kapan is the most populous town in the Syunik Province and the entire region of southern Armenia . However , the current population of the town is around 34,600 as per the 2016 official estimate . The town was known as Ghapan ( Armenian : Ղափան ) during the Soviet period , derived from its historical name Kapan .'}]}, {'value': 'Gandzasar Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gandzasar_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gandzasar Stadium ( Armenian : Գանձասար մարզադաշտ ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kapan , the capital of Syunik Province , Armenia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Gandzasar . With a capacity of 3,500 , Gandzasar Stadium is located at the centre of the town of Kapan , on the left bank of Voghji River , between Aram Manukian and Hovhannes Tumanyan streets . Kapan town hall is located at the eastern edge of the stadium'}]}, {'value': '3,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilikia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilikia_FC', 'summary': 'Kilikia Football Club ( Armenian : Կիլիկիա Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ - Kilikia Futbolayin Akumb ) , is a defunct Armenian football club from the capital Yerevan .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hrazdan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hrazdan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hrazdan Stadium ( Armenian : Հրազդան մարզադաշտ ) is a multi-use , all-seater stadium in Yerevan , Armenia , opened in 1970 . Being the largest sports venue in Armenia , Hrazdan was mostly used for football matches . It was the home stadium of the Armenian national team until 1999 and has hosted the occasional international game since then . The stadium is able to host 54,208 spectators after the most recent reconstruction in 2008 , which converted the stadium into an all-seater one . Before the reconstruction , Hrazdan was able to hold up to 70,000 spectators . It was among the top four stadiums of the Soviet Union by its capacity . The stadium hosted the Armenian Cup finals on many occasions , as well as the opening ceremony of the Pan-Armenian Games in 2003 . The USSR national team played two games , against Finland and Greece , in Hrazdan in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '54,208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Mika', 'summary': 'Football Club Mika ( Armenian : Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Միկա ) , commonly known as Mika , was an Armenian football club from the capital Yerevan . It was owned by the Mika Corporation LLC headed by the Russia-based Armenian businessman Mikhail Baghdasarov . The club headquarters were located on Manandyan street 41 , Yerevan .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Stadium', 'summary': 'Mika Stadium ( Armenian : Միկա Մարզադաշտ ) , is a football stadium in Yerevan , Armenia , built between 2006-2007 and opened in 2008 . The capacity of the stadium is 7,250 seats and serves as the home ground of FC Mika .'}]}, {'value': '7,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pyunik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Pyunik', 'summary': 'Football Club Pyunik ( Armenian : Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Փյունիկ ) , commonly known as Pyunik , is an Armenian professional football club based in Yerevan . Pyunik is one of the most popular football clubs in Armenia . The club headquarters are located on Masis street 7 , Yerevan . The Pyunik Training Centre is located in the Kentron District of Yerevan . By the end of May 2017 , the ownership of the club was transferred from the FFA president Ruben Hayrapetyan , and the member of Armenian Parliament Samvel Aleksanyan , to Artur Soghomonyan ; an Armenian businessman based in Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan_Republican_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium ( Armenian : Վազգեն Սարգսյանի անվան Հանրապետական մարզադաշտ ) also known as the Republican Stadium ( Armenian : Հանրապետական մարզադաշտ , romanized : Hanrapetakan Stadium ) is an all-seater multi-use stadium located on 65 Vardanants street , in the Armenian capital Yerevan . The stadium was built between 1933 and 1935 . It was officially opened in 1935 as Dinamo Stadium . Further developments were implemented in 1953 , after the end of World War II . It is mainly used for association football and is the home ground of the Armenia national football team . The capacity of the stadium is 14,403 seats .'}]}, {'value': '14,403', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shirak', 'summary': 'Shirak Sports Club ( Armenian : Շիրակ Մարզական Ակումբ ) , commonly known as Shirak , is an Armenian football club from the city of Gyumri , Shirak Province . Founded in 1958 , the home venue of the club is the Gyumri City Stadium . Shirak is one of the oldest football clubs in Armenia and is the only team that participated in all seasons of the Armenian Premier League . They became champions of the Armenian Premier League in 1992 , 1994 , 1999 and 2012-2013 and lifted the Armenian Cup during the 2011-12 season . They also won the Armenian Super Cup in 1996 , 1999 , 2003 and 2013 . Since 2010 , the owner of Shirak SC is Arman Sahakyan , an Armenian businessman and a member of National Assembly of Armenia . The club headquarters are located on Andranik Ozanyan street 6 , Gyumri .'}]}, {'value': 'Gyumri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyumri', 'summary': "The area of modern-day Gyumri was known as Armenian Kumayri during the period of the Kingdom of Urartu . It is likely that the name was derived from the Cimmerians who conquered the region and probably founded the settlement . Under the domination of Turkic tribes , Kumayri was Turkified as Gümrü . In 1837 , Kumayri was renamed Alexandropol after Czar Nicholas I 's wife , Princess Alexandra Fyodorovna . Between 1924 and 1990 , the city was known as Leninakan in honor of Vladimir Lenin . Following independence , the original name Kumayri was used until 1992 , when Gyumri was chosen as the name of the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Gyumri City Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gyumri_City_Stadium', 'summary': 'The stadium was built and opened in 1924 to become the first stadium in the modern history of Armenia . When Shirak was founded in 1958 , the stadium became the regular home ground of the team for the Soviet First League competition . Starting from 1991 , the stadium witnessed many glorious moments of FC Shirak in the Armenian Premier League and the Armenian Independence Cup . The stadium hosted the 2011-12 Armenian Cup final match when Shirak defeated Impulse to win the title for the first time in their history .'}]}, {'value': '2,844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulisses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulisses_FC', 'summary': 'Ulisses Football Club ( Armenian : Ուլիս Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ ) , commonly known as Ulisses , is a defunct Armenian football club from Yerevan . The club played at the Armenian Premier League , the top division in Armenian football . They regularly used the Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium in Yerevan and sometimes the City Stadium in Abovyan as their home ground . The club headquarters are located on Nalbandyan street 48/1 , Yerevan . Like all other Armenian Premier League clubs , Ulisses FC had a reserve team that played in the Armenian First League . In 2015-16 , the club was owned by the Armenian businessman Genrikh Ghazandzhyan and sponsored by the Holiday Group of Companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Yerevan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,250', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Participating teams', 'section_text': 'YerevanShirakGandzasarYerevan teams : Ararat YerevanBanantsKilikiaMikaPyunikUlisses Location of teams in the 2009 Armenian Premier League', 'uid': '2009_Armenian_Premier_League_0', 'intro': 'The 2009 Armenian Premier League season was the eighteenth since its establishment. The season began on 21 March 2009 and ended on 7 November 2009. FC Pyunik were the defending champions. There were no teams promoted from the previous season of the First League. Therefore, Kilikia FC play another season in the top league. Only 8 teams were allowed to play in the 2009 Armenian Premier League. The league was played in four stages. Teams played each other four times, twice at home and twice away. FC Pyunik gained maximum points after round 28 and were crowned champions; winning their ninth consecutive title, twelfth overall. Ararat Yerevan were relegated to Armenian First League.'}	null	null	What is the club whose stadium was built and opened in 1924 ?	Shirak
01ad0d798420c59e	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani', 'title': 'Gwen Stefani', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1996-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saturday Night Live', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live', 'summary': "Saturday Night Live ( known as SNL ) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol . The show premiered on NBC on October 11 , 1975 , under the original title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show 's comedy sketches , which often parody contemporary culture and politics , are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members . Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest , who usually delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast as with featured performances by a musical guest . An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming , Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! , properly beginning the show . In 1980 , Michaels left the series to explore other opportunities . He was replaced by Jean Doumanian , who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews . Ebersol ran the show until 1985 . Since Michaels ' return he has held the job of show-runner . Many SNL cast members have found national stardom while appearing on the show , and achieved success in film and television , both in front of and behind the camera . Others associated with the show , such as writers , have gone on to successful careers creating , writing , and starring in television and film . Broadcast from Studio 8H at NBC 's headquarters in the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , SNL has aired 884 episodes since its debut , and began its forty-fifth season on September 28 , 2019 , making it one of the longest-running network television programs in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Musical guest', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King of the Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_the_Hill', 'summary': "King of the Hill is an American adult animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels for the Fox Broadcasting Company that ran from January 12 , 1997 , to May 6 , 2010 . It centers on the Hills , a middle-class American family in the fictional city of Arlen , Texas . Patriarch and main character Hank Hill , who works as assistant manager at Strickland Propane , is the everyman and general protagonist of the series . His modest conservative views and biases often clash with those of his wife , Peggy ; his son , Bobby ; his father , Cotton ; his niece , Luanne ; his boss , Buck Strickland ; and his neighbor , Kahn . Hank is friends with other residents on his block , especially Bill Dauterive , Dale Gribble , and Jeff Boomhauer , all of whom he has known since elementary school . It attempts to maintain a realistic approach , seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life . Judge began creating King of the Hill during his time making the MTV series Beavis and Butt-Head , which he also created and voiced . After pitching the pilot to Fox , Judge was paired with Greg Daniels , an experienced writer who previously worked on The Simpsons . The series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement in 1997 , quickly becoming a hit . The series ' popularity led to worldwide syndication , and reruns aired on Adult Swim from 2009 until 2018 . Since July 24 , 2018 , reruns began airing on Comedy Central until 2019 . The show became one of Fox 's longest-running series ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Kidney Boy and Hamster Girl : A Love Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kidney_Boy_and_Hamster_Girl:_A_Love_Story', 'summary': 'The fifth season of King of the Hill originally aired Sundays at 7:30-8:00 p.m. ( EST ) from October 1 , 2000 to May 13 , 2001 . The Region 1 DVD was released on November 22 , 2005 . The Region 2 DVD was released on February 26 , 2007 . The Region 4 DVD was released on April 28 , 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zoolander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoolander', 'summary': 'Zoolander is a 2001 American action comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and starring Stiller , Owen Wilson and Will Ferrell . The film contains elements from a pair of short films directed by Russell Bates and written by Drake Sather and Stiller for the VH1 Fashion Awards television specials in 1996 and 1997 . The short films and the film itself feature a dimwitted , narcissistic male model named Derek Zoolander , played by Stiller . The film involves Zoolander becoming the pawn of corrupt fashion executives who are plotting to assassinate the Prime Minister of Malaysia . The name Derek Zoolander was invented by Bates while he was editing the first short film , and was inspired by the names of two male models who both worked for Calvin Klein : the Dutchman Mark Vanderloo and the American Johnny Zander . A satire on the fashion industry , the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics but was a box office success . A sequel , Zoolander 2 , was released in February 2016 , to negative reviews . An animated series , Zoolander : Super Model , was released on Netflix UK in August 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameo_appearance', 'summary': "A cameo role or cameo appearance ( /ˈkæmioʊ/ ; often shortened to just cameo ) is a brief appearance or voice part of a well known person in a work of the performing arts . These roles are generally small , many of them non-speaking ones , and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance ( such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake ) or renowned people making uncredited appearances . Short appearances by celebrities , film directors , politicians , athletes or musicians are common . A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well , such as Alfred Hitchcock 's frequently performed cameos ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dawson 's Creek", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dawson's_Creek", 'summary': "Dawson 's Creek is an American teen drama television series about the fictional lives of a close-knit group of friends beginning in high school and continuing in college that ran from 1998 to 2003 . The series starred James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , Katie Holmes as his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter , and Michelle Williams as Jen Lindley , a New York City transplant to the fictional town of Capeside , Massachusetts , where the series was set . The show was created by Kevin Williamson and debuted on The WB on January 20 , 1998 . It was produced by Columbia TriStar Television ( renamed Sony Pictures Television before the sixth and final season ) and was filmed in Wilmington , North Carolina . The show placed at No . 90 on Entertainment Weekly 's New TV Classics list in 2007 . The series ended on May 14 , 2003 . During the course of the series , 128 episodes of Dawson 's Creek aired over six seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Spiderwebs', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/List_of_Dawson's_Creek_episodes", 'summary': "Dawson 's Creek , an American television series , was created by Kevin Williamson , who was the executive producer until the end of the show 's second season . Paul Stupin shared the executive producer role until Williamson left , and remained until the series finale along with Tom Kapinos and Greg Prange . It is produced by Outerbanks Entertainment and Sony Pictures Television . The series stars James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , an aspiring film maker . Katie Holmes portrays his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , with Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter . Michelle Williams plays Jen Lindley , who moves from New York City to Capeside after being sent away by her parents . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe plays siblings Jack and Andie McPhee . Between January 20 , 1998 , and May 14 , 2003 , Dawson 's Creek aired six seasons on the American television network The WB , the first a mid-season replacement and the following five as regular seasons . One hundred and twenty-eight episodes were produced over the show 's six-year run , and concluded with a two-hour series finale . All six seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malice_(2004_video_game)', 'summary': "Malice is a platform game for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 developed by Argonaut Games and published by Mud Duck Productions in North America and Evolved Games in Europe . The game was originally supposed to be a title for the PlayStation . It was ported and management aimed to release it in late 2001 as an Xbox launch title with band members from No Doubt doing various voice-overs and singer Gwen Stefani doing the voice for Malice . After a lengthy delay , cancellation , a change in publishers and an eventual revival , the game was released in 2004 and was met with mediocre reviews . This was Argonaut 's final title released , as the company went out of business two months after the Xbox version came out in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Malice ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Video game', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Aviator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)', 'summary': "The Aviator is a 2004 American epic biographical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by John Logan . It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes , Cate Blanchett as Katharine Hepburn , and Kate Beckinsale as Ava Gardner . The supporting cast features Ian Holm , John C. Reilly , Alec Baldwin , Jude Law as Errol Flynn , Gwen Stefani as Jean Harlow , Kelli Garner as Faith Domergue , Matt Ross , Willem Dafoe , Alan Alda , and Edward Herrmann . Based on the 1993 non-fiction book Howard Hughes : The Secret Life by Charles Higham , the film depicts the life of Howard Hughes , an aviation pioneer and director of Hell 's Angels . The film portrays his life from 1927-1947 during which time Hughes became a successful film producer and an aviation magnate while simultaneously growing more unstable due to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) . The Aviator was released in the United States on December 25 , 2004 . The film grossed $ 214 million at the box office . At the 77th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for DiCaprio , and Best Supporting Actor for Alda , winning five : Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , and Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Harlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Harlow', 'summary': "Jean Harlow ( born Harlean Harlow Carpenter ; March 3 , 1911 - June 7 , 1937 ) was an American film actress and sex symbol of the 1930s . Harlow was only on the screen from 1928 to 1937 , before her death at the age of 26 , but she became one of the biggest movie stars in the world , whose image in the public eye has endured . Often nicknamed the Blonde Bombshell and the Platinum Blonde , she was popular for her Laughing Vamp movie persona . Harlow was signed by billionaire producer Howard Hughes , who directed her first major appearance as a sex symbol in Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) . In 1932 , after a series of critically unsuccessful films and Hughes losing interest in her career , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought out Harlow 's contract . Harlow became a leading lady , starring in a string of hits including her breakthrough acting role Red-Headed Woman ( 1932 ) , Red Dust ( 1932 ) , Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) , Reckless ( 1935 ) and Suzy ( 1936 ) . Harlow 's popularity rivaled and soon surpassed that of MGM colleagues Joan Crawford and Norma Shearer . Harlow died during the filming of MGM 's Saratoga ( 1937 ) . The studio was able to complete the film by using body doubles , and it was released a little over a month after Harlow 's death . The American Film Institute ranks Jean Harlow as the 22nd-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Cast_in_a_Motion_Picture', 'summary': 'The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Motion Picture ( or Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ) , is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild to honor the finest acting achievements in film .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fashion Rocks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fashion_Rocks', 'summary': "Fashion Rocks is an annual international charity fundraiser event , which features fashions by the world 's top designers presented as live performances by popular music acts . Fashion Rocks Worldwide is the owner of the intellectual property rights to the Fashion Rocks brand and grants licenses for these live events globally . Fashion Rocks Worldwide also operates a content and cross-border marketplace at www.fashionrocks.com ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brain Fart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gossip Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gossip_Girl', 'summary': "Gossip Girl is an American teen drama television series based on the book series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar . The series , created by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , originally ran on The CW network for six seasons from September 19 , 2007 , to December 17 , 2012 . Narrated by the omniscient blogger Gossip Girl ( voiced by Kristen Bell ) , the series revolves around the lives of privileged upper-class adolescents living in Manhattan 's Upper East Side ( UES ) . The series begins with the return of Upper East Side teenage it girl Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) from a mysterious absence . She is reunited with her frenemy Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) and her mother Lily ( Kelly Rutherford ) , while she also meets Dan Humphrey ( Penn Badgley ) , an aspiring writer from Brooklyn . Other main characters are played by Chace Crawford , Ed Westwick , Taylor Momsen , Jessica Szohr , Matthew Settle , Connor Paolo and Kaylee DeFer . The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning 18 Teen Choice Awards . The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11 , 2012 . The final season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on October 8 , 2012 and ended on December 17 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Snowed Out lead singer ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Valley Girls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valley_Girls', 'summary': "Valley Girls is the twenty-fourth episode of the second season of The CW television series Gossip Girl . The episode served as a backdoor pilot for a potential Gossip Girl spin-off series set in the 1980s , entitled Valley Girls . The episode was directed by Mark Piznarski and written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage ( this was the first episode of the series since Much ' I Do ' About Nothing to be co-written by Schwartz ) . It was filmed on location in New York City , New York and in Los Angeles , California . References to elements of 1980s popular culture were heavily accentuated in the episode , which the producers hoped would bridge the generation gap between the characters and audience . Valley Girls aired on the CW in the United States on May 11 , 2009 and was viewed live by an audience of 2.31 million Americans . Although the episode received generally positive reviews , the spin-off series was not picked up . Valley Girls provides insight on the mysterious past of character Lily van der Woodsen ( played by Kelly Rutherford as an adult and Brittany Snow as a teenager ) through a series of flashbacks to her life as a teenager in the 1980s . In the past , Lily runs away from her wealthy parents to live in the San Fernando Valley with her sister Carol Rhodes ( Krysten Ritter ) , the black sheep of the family . In the present , Lily 's daughter Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) rebels against her mother while her classmates prepare for the Prom . The episode introduces the main cast of Valley Girls as guest actors ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everyday Sunshine : The Story of Fishbone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everyday_Sunshine:_The_Story_of_Fishbone', 'summary': "Everyday Sunshine : The Story of Fishbone is an award-winning 2010 documentary film about the U.S. alternative rock band Fishbone . Co-produced and co-directed by Lev Anderson and Chris Metzler , and narrated by actor Laurence Fishburne , Everyday Sunshine premiered during the 2010 Los Angeles Film Festival , on 19 June 2010 . The film was released by Pale Griot Film , and was made to coincide with Fishbone 's 25th anniversary . It was released on iTunes in February 2012 to coincide with Black History Month ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portlandia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portlandia_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Portlandia is a sketch comedy television series set and filmed in and around Portland , Oregon , starring Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein . The show was produced by Broadway Video Television and IFC Original Productions . It was created by Armisen and Brownstein , along with Jonathan Krisel , who directs it . It debuted on IFC on January 21 , 2011 . The show shared its title with the sculpture of the same name that sits above the entrance of the Portland Building on Fifth Avenue in downtown Portland , which appears in the show 's title sequence . The show has won a Peabody Award . In January 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth and final season , which concluded on March 22 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself ( with No Doubt )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Episode : Nina 's Birthday", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Portlandia_episodes', 'summary': 'Portlandia is an American satire television series created by Fred Armisen , Carrie Brownstein and Jonathan Krisel . The series stars Armisen and Brownstein . It premiered on January 21 , 2011 , on IFC . During the course of the series , 77 episodes of Portlandia aired over eight seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2014-2015 , 2017 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Voice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Voice_(American_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Voice is an American singing competition television series broadcast on NBC . It premiered during the spring television cycle on April 26 , 2011 , and expanded into the fall cycle with the premiere of the third season on September 10 , 2012 . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , and part of The Voice franchise it has aired seventeen seasons and aims to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 13 or over , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio-recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $ 100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the seventeen seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , Chris Blue , Chloe Kohanski , Brynn Cartelli , Chevel Shepherd , Maelyn Jarmon , and Jake Hoot . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . The original panel featured Christina Aguilera , CeeLo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton ; the panel for the upcoming eighteenth season features Shelton , Kelly Clarkson , John Legend and Nick Jonas . Other coaches from previous seasons include Shakira , Usher , Gwen Stefani , Pharrell Williams , Miley Cyrus , Alicia Keys , and Jennifer Hudson . In the fifteenth season , Kelsea Ballerini was featured as an off-screen fifth coach for Comeback Stage contestants . Bebe Rexha took over as the Comeback Stage coach for the sixteenth season ."}]}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coach ( seasons 7 , 9 , 12 , 17 ) ; advisor ( seasons 8 and 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Through the Eyes of Faith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trolls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trolls_(film)', 'summary': "Trolls is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy film based on the Troll dolls created by Thomas Dam . Mike Mitchell and Walt Dohrn co-directed this film , with Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger serving as the writers . Trolls is based on a story by Erica Rivinoja . The film features the voices of Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , Zooey Deschanel , Christine Baranski , Russell Brand , James Corden , Jeffrey Tambor , John Cleese and Gwen Stefani . The film follows two trolls who go on a quest , to save their village from destruction by the Bergens , creatures who eat Trolls to be happy . The 33rd animated feature film produced by DreamWorks Animation , the film premiered on October 8 , 2016 , at the BFI London Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . The film received positive reviews from critics , grossed $ 346 million worldwide against its $ 125 million budget and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! . A sequel , Trolls World Tour , is scheduled to be released on April 17 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'DJ Suki ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trolls World Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trolls_World_Tour', 'summary': 'Trolls World Tour is an upcoming 2020 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film is a sequel to the 2016 film Trolls , directed by Walt Dohrn with co-direction by David P. Smith , produced by Gina Shay , and will feature an ensemble voice cast including Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , James Corden , Ozzy Osbourne , Rachel Bloom , Anderson Paak , George Clinton , Mary J. Blige , Kelly Clarkson , Sam Rockwell , Ron Funches , Gwen Stefani , Icona Pop , Kunal Nayyar , Jamie Dornan , J Balvin and Kenan Thompson . The film is set to be theatrically released in the United States on April 17 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'DJ Suki ( voice )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gwen_Stefani_0', 'intro': "Gwen Renée Stefani (/stəˈfɑːni/; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer. She is a co-founder and the lead vocalist of the band No Doubt, whose singles include Just a Girl, Spiderwebs, and Don't Speak, from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as Hey Baby and It's My Life from later albums. During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was a critical and commercial success. It spawned six singles, including What You Waiting For?, Rich Girl, Hollaback Girl, and Cool. Hollaback Girl reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape. Among the singles were Wind It Up and The Sweet Escape, the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007. Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart."}	null	null	Which channel aired the first episode of the show in which Gwen Stefani appeared in 2013 ?	IFC
01ae3c8b602da829	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Australian_season_13)', 'title': 'Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 13)', 'header': ['Couple', 'Score', 'Dance', 'Music', 'Movie/Theme'], 'data': [{'value': 'Steve & Ashleigh', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Time Rock and Roll - Bob Seger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Time_Rock_and_Roll', 'summary': "Old Time Rock and Roll is a song written by George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III , with uncredited lyrics by Bob Seger . It was recorded by Seger for his 1978 album Stranger in Town . It was also released as a single in 1979 . It is a sentimentalized look back at the music of the original rock ' n ' roll era . The song gained renewed popularity after being featured in the 1983 film Risky Business . It has since become a standard in popular music and was ranked number two on the Amusement & Music Operators Association 's survey of the Top 40 Jukebox Singles of All Time in 1996 . It was also listed as one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 and ranked No . 100 in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years.100 Songs poll in 2004 of the top songs in American cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Seger', 'summary': "Robert Clark Seger ( /ˈsiːɡər/ , born May 6 , 1945 ) is an American singer , songwriter and musician . As a locally successful Detroit-area artist , he performed and recorded as Bob Seger and the Last Heard and Bob Seger System throughout the 1960s , breaking through with his first album , Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man ( which contained his first national hit of the same name ) in 1968 . By the early 1970s , he had dropped the 'System ' from his recordings and continued to strive for broader success with various other bands . In 1973 , he put together the Silver Bullet Band , with a group of Detroit-area musicians , with whom he became most successful on the national level with the album Live Bullet ( 1976 ) , recorded live with the Silver Bullet Band in 1975 at Cobo Hall in Detroit , Michigan . In 1976 , he achieved a national breakout with the studio album Night Moves . On his studio albums , he also worked extensively with the Alabama-based Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section , which appeared on several of Seger 's best-selling singles and albums . A roots rocker with a classic raspy , powerful voice , Seger wrote and recorded songs that deal with love , women , and blue-collar themes and is an example of a heartland rock artist . Seger has recorded many hits , including Night Moves , Turn the Page , Still the Same , We 've Got Tonite , Against the Wind , You 'll Accomp'ny Me , Hollywood Nights , Shame on the Moon , Like a Rock , and Shakedown , the last of which was written for the 1987 film Beverly Hills Cop II and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Seger also co-wrote the Eagles ' number-one hit Heartache Tonight , and his recording of Old Time Rock and Roll was named one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 . With a career spanning six decades , Seger has sold more than 75 million records worldwide , making him one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . Seger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012 . Seger was named Billboard 's 2015 Legend of Live honoree at the 12th annual Billboard Touring Conference & Awards , held November 18-19 at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Risky Business', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Risky_Business', 'summary': "Risky Business is a 1983 American teen coming-of-age comedy film written and directed by Paul Brickman ( in his directorial debut ) and starring Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay . The film covers themes including materialism , loss of innocence , coming of age , and capitalism . Best known as Cruise 's breakout film , Risky Business was a critical and commercial success , grossing more than $ 63 million against a $ 6.2 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Jesinta & Jarryd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 ( 8 , 7 , 6 , 7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cups - Anna Kendrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cups_(song)', 'summary': "Cups is a version of the 1931 Carter Family song When I 'm Gone , usually performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion , as in the cup game . It was first performed this way in a YouTube video by Luisa Gerstein and Heloise Tunstall-Behrens as Lulu and The Lampshades in 2009 ( under the title You 're Gon na Miss Me ) . Composition of the song is credited to A. P. Carter and Luisa Gerstein of Lulu and the Lampshades . The song became popular after it was performed by Anna Kendrick in the 2012 film Pitch Perfect . That version also became the official theme song of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament . The method is also used in the Rich Mullins song , Screen Door ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Kendrick', 'summary': "Anna Cooke Kendrick ( born August 9 , 1985 ) is an American actress , singer , and author . She began her career as a child actress in theater productions . Her first starring role was in the 1998 Broadway musical High Society . She later made her feature film debut in the musical comedy Camp ( 2003 ) . Kendrick rose to prominence for her supporting role as Jessica Stanley in The Twilight Saga ( 2008-2012 ) . Her starring role in Jason Reitman 's comedy-drama film Up in the Air , which was released in 2009 , received praise from critics and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She achieved further recognition for starring as Beca Mitchell in the Pitch Perfect film series ( 2012-2017 ) . Kendrick also had starring roles in the comedy-drama 50/50 ( 2011 ) , the crime-drama End of Watch ( 2012 ) , the musical-fantasy Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , the drama Cake ( 2014 ) , the adult comedy Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates ( 2016 ) , the animated comedy Trolls ( 2016 ) , and the mystery-thriller comedy A Simple Favor ( 2018 ) . Kendrick published a memoir in 2016 , titled Scrappy Little Nobody ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitch Perfect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitch_Perfect', 'summary': "Pitch Perfect is a 2012 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Jason Moore and written by Kay Cannon . It features an ensemble cast , including Anna Kendrick , Skylar Astin , Rebel Wilson , Anna Camp , Brittany Snow , Hana Mae Lee , Alexis Knapp , Ester Dean , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Wanetah Walmsley , Adam DeVine , Ben Platt , Utkarsh Ambudkar , John Michael Higgins , and Elizabeth Banks . The plot follows Barden University 's all-girl acappella group , The Barden Bellas , as they compete against another acappella group from their college to win Nationals . The film is loosely adapted from Mickey Rapkin 's non-fiction book , titled Pitch Perfect : The Quest for Collegiate a Cappella Glory . Filming concluded in December 2011 , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The film premiered in Los Angeles on September 24 , 2012 and was released on September 28 , 2012 in the United States . The film received positive reviews from critics and became a sleeper hit , earning over $ 115 million worldwide . It is the first film in the film series and was followed by two sequels , Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) and Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Zac & Jade', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quickstep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spider-Man Theme Song - Michael Bublé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man_(theme_song)', 'summary': 'Spider-Man is the theme song of the 1967 cartoon show Spider-Man , composed by Paul Francis Webster and Robert Bob Harris . The original song was recorded at RCA Studios in Toronto ( where the cartoon was produced ) featuring 12 CBC vocalists ( members of the Billy Van Singers , and Laurie Bower Singers groups ) who added to the musical backing track supplied by RCA Studios , New York . The singers were paid only for the session and have had no residuals from its use since then .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Bublé', 'summary': "Michael Steven Bublé ( IPA : /buːˈbleɪ/ boo-BLAY ; born September 9 , 1975 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , actor and record producer . His first album reached the top ten in Canada and the UK . He found a worldwide audience with his 2005 album It 's Time as well as his 2007 album Call Me Irresponsible - which reached number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , the UK Albums Chart , the US Billboard 200 , the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and several European charts . Bublé 's 2009 album Crazy Love debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 after three days of sales , and remained there for two weeks . It was also his fourth number one album on Billboard 's Top Jazz Albums chart . His 2011 holiday album , Christmas , was in first place on the Billboard 200 for the final four weeks of 2011 and the first week of 2012 , totalling five weeks atop the chart , it also made the top 5 in the United Kingdom . With this , Christmas became his third-consecutive number-one album on the chart . To Be Loved was released in April 2013 . Bublé has sold over 75 million records worldwide , and won numerous awards , including four Grammy Awards and multiple Juno Awards . Bublé is a dual citizen of both Canada and Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spider-Man 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spider-Man_2', 'summary': 'Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi and written by Alvin Sargent from a story by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar and Michael Chabon . A sequel to the 2002 film Spider-Man , it is the second installment in the Spider-Man trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics character of the same name . Tobey Maguire stars as Peter Parker / Spider-Man , alongside Kirsten Dunst , James Franco , Alfred Molina , Rosemary Harris , and Donna Murphy . Set two years after the events of Spider-Man , the film finds Peter Parker struggling to manage both his personal life and his duties as Spider-Man , which affects his civilian life dramatically . Meanwhile , Dr. Otto Octavius becomes a diabolical villain after a failed experiment kills his wife and leaves him neurologically fused to mechanical tentacles . Spider-Man must stop him from successfully recreating the experiment , which threatens to destroy the city , while dealing with a subconscious desire to stop being Spider-Man that is stripping him of his powers . Principal photography began in April 2003 in New York City and also took place in Los Angeles . Spider-Man 2 was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on June 30 , 2004 and grossed $ 789 million worldwide , becoming the third highest-grossing film of the year . It won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing ; it also received five awards at the Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Director for Raimi . It is considered as one of the most influential and best superhero films of all-time . Its success led to Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Libby & Carmelo*', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foxtrot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somewhere Over The Rainbow - E.Y . Harburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somewhere_Over_The_Rainbow', 'summary': "Over the Rainbow is a ballad composed by Harold Arlen with lyrics by Yip Harburg . It was written for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland in her starring role as Dorothy Gale . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland 's signature song . About five minutes into the film , Dorothy sings the song after failing to get Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , and the farmhands to listen to her story of an unpleasant incident involving her dog , Toto , and the town spinster , Miss Gulch ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Aunt Em tells her to find yourself a place where you wo n't get into any trouble . This prompts her to walk off by herself , musing to Toto , Some place where there is n't any trouble . Do you suppose there is such a place , Toto ? There must be . It 's not a place you can get to by a boat , or a train . It 's far , far away . Behind the moon , beyond the rain. , at which point she begins singing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/E.Y._Harburg', 'summary': "Edgar Yipsel Yip Harburg ( born Isidore Hochberg , Yiddish : איסידור הוכברג ; April 8 , 1896 - March 5 , 1981 ) was an American popular song lyricist and librettist who worked with many well-known composers . He wrote the lyrics to the standards Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? ( with Jay Gorney ) , April in Paris , and It 's Only a Paper Moon , as well as all of the songs for the film The Wizard of Oz , including Over the Rainbow . He was known for the social commentary of his lyrics , as well as his liberal sensibilities . He championed racial and gender equality and union politics . He also was an ardent critic of religion ."}]}, {'value': 'The Wizard of Oz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)', 'summary': "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Widely regarded to be one of the greatest films in cinema history , it is the most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . Directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left the production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind ) , the film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , and Bert Lahr . Characterized by its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , the film has become an American pop culture icon . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind , also directed by Fleming . It did win in two other categories : Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to make a profit for MGM until the 1949 re-release , earning only $ 3,017,000 on a $ 2,777,000 budget , not including promotional costs , which made it MGM 's most expensive production at that time . The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the public ; according to the Library of Congress , it is the most seen film in movie history . It was among the first 25 films that inaugurated the National Film Registry list in 1989 . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film is among the top ten in the BFI ( British Film Institute ) list of 50 films to be seen by the age of 14 . The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Sophia & Michael', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samba', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Independent Women Part I - Destiny 's Child", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_Women_Part_I', 'summary': "Independent Women is a song by American girl group Destiny 's Child . It was written and produced by production duo Poke & Tone , consisting of Samuel Barnes and Jean-Claude Olivier , along with Cory Rooney , and band member Beyoncé Knowles . The song first appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film adaption of Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , serving as its lead single , and was later included on the group 's third studio album , Survivor ( 2001 ) . Independent Women was Destiny 's Child 's first single to feature vocals from band member Michelle Williams who had joined the band in late-1999 . Released as the soundtrack 's lead single in September 2000 , the song held the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks from November 2000 to February 2001 . Billboard likened the song 's release strategy to being influenced by Janet Jackson 's Does n't Really Matter , saying the group began planting the seeds for the upcoming release in a similar vein . The song appeared in The Proud Family episode Do n't Leave Home Without It . Most recently in 2014 , a Target back to school commercial featured this song performed with classroom instruments . Billboard named the song number 77 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Destiny's_Child", 'summary': "Destiny 's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams . The group began their musical career as Girl 's Tyme , formed in 1990 in Houston , Texas . After years of limited success , the quartet comprising Knowles , Rowland , LaTavia Roberson , and LeToya Luckett were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records as Destiny 's Child . The group was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) , which contained the number-one singles Bills , Bills , Bills and Say My Name . Despite critical and commercial success , the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil , as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group 's manager Mathew Knowles , citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland . In early 2000 , both Roberson and Luckett were replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin ; however , Franklin quit after five months , leaving the group as a trio . Their third album , Survivor ( 2001 ) , whose themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , produced the worldwide hits Independent Women , Survivor and Bootylicious . In 2002 , they announced a hiatus to pursue solo careers . The trio reunited two years later for the release of their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) , which spawned the international hits Lose My Breath and Soldier . Since the group 's official disbandment in 2006 , Knowles , Rowland , and Williams have reunited a couple of times , including at the 2013 Super Bowl halftime show and 2018 Coachella festival . Destiny 's Child has sold more than sixty million records worldwide to date . Billboard magazine ranks the group as one of the greatest musical trios of all time , the ninth most successful artist/band of the 2000s , placed the group 68th in its All-Time Hot 100 Artists list in 2008 and in December 2016 , the magazine ranked them as the 90th most successful dance club artist of all-time ."}]}, {'value': "Charlie 's Angels", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Charlie's_Angels", 'summary': "Charlie 's Angels is an American crime drama television series that aired on ABC from September 22 , 1976 to June 24 , 1981 , producing five seasons and 115 episodes . The series was created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts and was produced by Aaron Spelling . It follows the crime-fighting adventures of three women working in a private detective agency in Los Angeles , California , and originally starred Kate Jackson , Farrah Fawcett ( billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) , and Jaclyn Smith in the leading roles and John Forsythe providing the voice of their boss , the unseen Charlie Townsend , who directed the crime-fighting operations of the Angels over a speakerphone . There were a few casting changes : after the departure of Fawcett and Jackson came the additions of Cheryl Ladd , Shelley Hack , and Tanya Roberts . Despite mixed reviews from critics and a reputation for merely being Jiggle TV ( specifically emphasizing the sex appeal of the female leads ) , Charlie 's Angels enjoyed huge popularity with audiences and was a top ten hit in the Nielsen ratings for its first two seasons . By the third season , however , the show had fallen from the top 10 . The fourth season of the show saw a further decline in ratings ; the changes could not stop the falling ratings and in 1981 , Charlie 's Angels came to an end after 110 episodes and five seasons . Charlie 's Angels continues to have a 1970s American cult and pop culture following through syndication , DVD releases , and subsequent television shows . The show also spawned a media franchise with a film series started in 2000 , which is a continuation of the series story with later generations of Angels . A reboot television series was broadcast in 2011 , but canceled after seven episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Tina & Damian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Dreamed a Dream - Anne Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Dreamed_a_Dream', 'summary': "I Dreamed a Dream is a song from the musical Les Misérables . It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act . The music is by Claude-Michel Schönberg , with orchestrations by John Cameron . The English lyrics are by Herbert Kretzmer , based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel from the original French production . The song is a lament , sung by the anguished Fantine , who has just been fired from her job at the factory and thrown onto the streets . She thinks back to happier days and wonders at all that has gone wrong in her life . The song is typically played in the key of E-flat major with the final chorus in F major , though the pitch is shifted up a bit for high-toned TVs , and it has also become a jazz standard . In the 1985 musical , the song occurs after Fantine has been fired , and before Lovely Ladies . In the original French production and the 2012 film adaptation , these two musical numbers are swapped around , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depressing descent into prostitution . The original French song was very extensively rewritten for the English production by Herbert Kretzmer , adding the prologue ( There was a time . ) and cutting the last few lines which became the ending to Lovely Ladies ( 'Do n't they know they 're making love to one already dead ' ) . For the French revival in 1991 , the song was loosely translated back from the English version ; there are thus two very different French versions of the song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anne_Hathaway', 'summary': "Anne Jacqueline Hathaway ( born November 12 , 1982 ) is an American actress . The recipient of multiple awards , including an Academy Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Golden Globe , she was one of the highest-paid actresses in the world in 2015 . Her films have earned over $ 6.8 billion worldwide , and she appeared in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list in 2009 . Hathaway graduated from Millburn High School in New Jersey , where she acted in several plays . As a teenager , she was cast in the television series Get Real ( 1999-2000 ) and made her breakthrough as the protagonist in her debut film , the Disney comedy The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) . Hathaway made a transition to adult roles with the 2005 dramas Havoc and Brokeback Mountain . The comedy film The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , in which she played an assistant to a fashion magazine editor , was her biggest commercial success to that point . She played a recovering alcoholic in the drama Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) , which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She followed this with roles in the commercially successful romantic films Bride Wars ( 2009 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , and the fantasy film Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . In 2012 , Hathaway starred as Selina Kyle in her highest-grossing film The Dark Knight Rises , the final installment in The Dark Knight trilogy . That year , she also played Fantine , a prostitute dying of tuberculosis , in the musical romantic drama Les Misérables , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She went on to play a scientist in the science fiction film Interstellar ( 2014 ) , the owner of an online fashion site in the comedy The Intern ( 2015 ) , and a haughty actress in the heist film Ocean 's 8 ( 2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Misérables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Misérables_(2012_film)', 'summary': "Les Misérables is a 2012 epic historical period musical film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil , who wrote the original French lyrics , Claude-Michel Schönberg , who wrote the music , and Herbert Kretzmer , who wrote the English lyrics , based on the 1862 French novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , which also inspired a 1980 musical by Boublil and Schönberg . The film is a British and American venture distributed by Universal Pictures . The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , Eddie Redmayne , Amanda Seyfried , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen . The film takes place in France during the early 19th century and tells the story of Jean Valjean who , while being hunted for decades by the ruthless policeman Javert after breaking parole , agrees to care for a factory worker 's daughter . The story reaches resolution against the background of the June Rebellion . Following the release of the 1980 musical , a film adaptation was mired in development hell for over ten years , as the rights were passed on to several major studios , and various directors and actors considered . In 2011 , producer Cameron Mackintosh sold the film rights to Eric Fellner , who financed the film through his Working Title Films . In June 2011 , production of the film officially began , with Hooper and Mackintosh serving as director and producer , and the main characters were cast later that year . Principal photography commenced in March 2012 , with a budget of $ 61 million . Filming took place on locations in Greenwich , London , Chatham , Winchester , Bath , and Portsmouth , England ; in Gourdon , France ; and on soundstages in Pinewood Studios . Les Misérables held its world premiere at Leicester Square in London on 5 December 2012 , and was released 25 December 2012 in the United States and 11 January 2013 in the United Kingdom . It grossed over $ 441 million worldwide ."}]}, {'value': 'Brendan & Alana', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tango', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) - Muse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neutron_Star_Collision_(Love_Is_Forever)', 'summary': 'Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) is a song by the English alternative rock band Muse , featured on the soundtrack to the 2010 film The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Recorded by the band in 2010 , the song was released as the lead single from the album on 17 May 2010 . The single became a top ten hit in Italy . It was also certified gold by Federation of the Italian Music Industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Muse_(band)', 'summary': "Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth , Devon , formed in 1994 . The band consists of Matt Bellamy ( lead vocals , guitar , keyboards ) , Chris Wolstenholme ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , and Dominic Howard ( drums ) . Muse signed to Maverick Records and released their debut album , Showbiz , in 1999 , showcasing Bellamy 's falsetto and a melancholic alternative rock style . Their second album , Origin of Symmetry ( 2001 ) , incorporated wider instrumentation and romantic classical influences , and earned them a reputation for energetic live performances . Absolution ( 2003 ) saw further classical influence , with strings on tracks such as Butterflies and Hurricanes , and was the first of five consecutive UK number-one albums . Black Holes and Revelations ( 2006 ) incorporated electronic and pop elements , displayed in singles such as Supermassive Black Hole . The album brought Muse wider international success . The Resistance ( 2009 ) and The 2nd Law ( 2012 ) explored themes of government oppression and civil uprising and cemented Muse as one of the world 's major stadium acts . Their seventh album , Drones ( 2015 ) , was a concept album about drone warfare and returned to a harder rock sound . Their eighth album , Simulation Theory ( 2018 ) , prominently featured synthesisers and was influenced by science fiction and the simulation hypothesis . Muse have won numerous awards , including two Grammy Awards , two Brit Awards , five MTV Europe Music Awards and eight NME Awards . In 2012 they received the Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ."}]}, {'value': 'Twilight Saga : Eclipse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twilight_Saga:_Eclipse', 'summary': "The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , commonly referred to as Eclipse , is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyer 's 2007 novel Eclipse . It is the third installment of The Twilight Saga film series , following 2008 's Twilight and 2009 's New Moon . Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009 . Directed by David Slade , the film stars Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprising their roles as Bella Swan , Edward Cullen , and Jacob Black , respectively . Melissa Rosenberg , who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon , returned as screenwriter . Filming began on August 17 , 2009 , at Vancouver Film Studios , and finished in late October , with post-production began early the following month . Bryce Dallas Howard was cast as Victoria , replacing Rachelle Lefevre who previously played her . The film was released worldwide on June 30 , 2010 in theatres , and became the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . The film has received mixed reception from critics . It held the record for biggest midnight opening in the United States and Canada in box office history , grossing an estimated $ 30 million , until it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in 2011 . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in the United States and Canada history with $ 68,533,840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $ 62 million . Eclipse has also become the film with the widest independent release , playing in over 4,416 theaters , surpassing its predecessor , The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which held the record since November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rhiannon & Aric', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cha-cha-cha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) - Fergie , Q-Tip and GoonRock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Little_Party_Never_Killed_Nobody_(All_We_Got)', 'summary': "A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) is a 2013 song recorded by Fergie , Q-Tip and GoonRock for the soundtrack to the 2013 film The Great Gatsby , an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's novel of the same name , released through Interscope Records on May 6 , 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fergie_(singer)', 'summary': "Fergie Duhamel ( /ˈfɜːrɡi dəˈmɛl/ ; born Stacy Ann Ferguson ; March 27 , 1975 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , and actress . She originally achieved chart success as part of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . Her debut solo album , The Dutchess ( 2006 ) , saw commercial success and spawned three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : London Bridge , Glamorous , and Big Girls Do n't Cry . Fergie was originally a member of the children 's television series Kids Incorporated and the girl group Wild Orchid . In 2001 , she left the group and in the subsequent year joined The Black Eyed Peas . She worked with The Black Eyed Peas on two albums before releasing her debut solo album , The Dutchess , in 2006 . She continued her collaboration with The Black Eyed Peas and released a further two albums with them , The E.N.D . ( 2009 ) and The Beginning ( 2010 ) . Fergie began touring with her own group in 2009 . Her second solo album , Double Dutchess , was released in 2017 . Fergie launched her first fragrance , Outspoken , under Avon in May 2010 and has since released four more fragrances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Q-Tip_(musician)', 'summary': "Kamaal Ibn John Fareed ( born Jonathan William Davis ; April 10 , 1970 ) , better known by his stage name Q-Tip , is an American rapper , record producer , singer , actor and DJ . Nicknamed The Abstract , he is noted for his innovative jazz-influenced style of hip hop production and his philosophical , esoteric and introspective lyrical themes . He embarked on his music career in the late 1980s , as an MC and main producer of the influential alternative hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest . In the mid-1990s , he co-founded the production team The Ummah , followed by the release of his gold-certified solo debut Amplified in 1999 . In the 2000s , he released the Grammy Award-nominated album The Renaissance and the experimental album Kamaal the Abstract . As an actor , Q-Tip has appeared in various films such as Poetic Justice , She Hate Me and Prison Song , the latter of which he co-wrote and played the lead role . As a DJ , he has hosted the Beats 1 radio show Abstract Radio since 2015 . In 2016 , Q-Tip was named the artistic director for hip hop culture at the Kennedy Center , and in 2018 , he became the instructor of a jazz and hip hop course at New York University 's Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music . Q-Tip is one of the most acclaimed figures in hip hop . John Bush of AllMusic called him the best rapper/producer in hip-hop history , while About.com placed him # 17 on their list of the Top 25 Hip-Hop Producers , as well as placing him # 38 on their list of the 50 Greatest Rappers of All Time . In 2012 , The Source ranked him # 20 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/GoonRock', 'summary': "David Jamahl Listenbee , better known by his stage name GoonRock , is an American record producer , musician , singer , songwriter and rapper . Raised in Los Angeles , California , early in his career he focused on hip hop and sold beats to artists such as Dr. Dre , Ne-Yo , Kanye West , and Juvenile . He later began incorporating club music . GoonRock co-wrote and co-produced a number of songs on LMFAO 's 2011 album Sorry for Party Rocking , including hit singles Party Rock Anthem and Sexy and I Know It . In 2013 Goonrock co-wrote and produced A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) for the international blockbuster film The Great Gatsby for Fergie featuring Q-Tip . In 2012 he co-wrote and produced two songs for Jennifer Lopez , including Clothes Off and Goin ' In . Goin ' In peaked at # 1 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for 2012 . In 2015 and 2016 he released a number of singles under his last name Listenbee . These did not chart in the US or the UK , but had moderate success elsewhere in Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'The Great Gatsby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby', 'summary': "The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval and excess , creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary [ a ] tale regarding the American Dream . Fitzgerald - inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's North Shore - began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , something new - something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referred to the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue . First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly . In its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel ."}]}, {'value': 'Cosentino & Jessica', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skyfall - Adele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skyfall_(Adele_song)', 'summary': "Skyfall is the theme song of the James Bond film of the same name , performed by English singer-songwriter Adele . It was written by Adele and producer Paul Epworth and features orchestration by J . A. C. Redford . The film company Eon Productions invited the singer to work on the theme song in early 2011 , a task that Adele accepted after reading the film 's script . While composing the song , Adele and Epworth aimed to capture the mood and style of the other Bond themes , including dark and moody lyrics descriptive of the film 's plot . Skyfall was released at 0:07 BST on 5 October 2012 as part of the Global James Bond Day , celebrating the 50th anniversary of the release of Dr. No , the first James Bond film . Skyfall became a major commercial success . The song reached number one in 11 countries and top 5 in many more regions . It quickly went to the top of the iTunes chart and peaked at number two in the UK and number eight in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of 2018 , Skyfall has sold over 7 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling digital singles of all time . Skyfall received various accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Original Song , Brit Award for British Single of the Year , Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song , Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media , thus making it the first Bond theme to win all the aforementioned awards . During the 85th Academy Awards , Adele performed the song live for the first time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adele', 'summary': "Adele Laurie Blue Adkins MBE ( /əˈdɛl/ ; born 5 May 1988 ) is an English singer-songwriter . After graduating from the BRIT School in 2006 , Adele signed a recording contract with XL Recordings . In 2007 , she received the Brit Awards Critics ' Choice Award and won the BBC Sound of 2008 poll . Her debut album , 19 , was released in 2008 to commercial and critical success . It is certified eight times platinum in the UK , and three times platinum in the US . The album contains her first song , Hometown Glory , written when she was 16 , which is based on her home suburb of West Norwood in London . An appearance she made on Saturday Night Live in late 2008 boosted her career in the US . At the 51st Grammy Awards in 2009 , Adele received the awards for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . Adele released her second studio album , 21 , in 2011 . The album was critically well received and surpassed the success of her debut , earning numerous awards in 2012 , among them a record-tying six Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year ; two Brit Awards , including British Album of the Year ; and three American Music Awards , including Favorite Pop/Rock Album . The album has been certified 17 times platinum in the UK , and is overall the fourth best-selling album in the nation . In the US , it has held the top position longer than any album since 1985 , and is certified diamond ."}]}, {'value': 'Skyfall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skyfall', 'summary': 'Skyfall is a 2012 spy film and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions . The film is the third to star Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond and features Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva , the villain , and Judi Dench in her final appearance as M. It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis , Robert Wade , and John Logan , and features the theme song Skyfall , written and performed by Adele . It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) and Columbia Pictures . The story centres on Bond investigating an attack on MI6 ; the attack is part of a plot by former agent Raoul Silva to discredit and kill M as revenge for having abandoned him . The film sees the return of two recurring characters after an absence of two films : Q , played by Ben Whishaw , and Miss Moneypenny , played by Naomie Harris . Mendes was approached to direct after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008 . Development was suspended when MGM ran into financial trouble , and did not resume until December 2010 . The original screenwriter , Peter Morgan , left the project during the suspension . When production resumed , Logan , Purvis , and Wade continued writing what became the final version . Filming began in November 2011 , primarily in the United Kingdom , with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey . Skyfall premiered in London at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 October 2012 and was then released in the United Kingdom on 26 October and the United States on 9 November . It was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues , although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Weekly scores -- Week 5', 'section_text': "Individual judges scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Todd McKenney , Kym Johnson , Helen Richey , Adam Garcia . Dannial Gosper was forced to withdraw from the competition and so the last eliminated pro , Carmelo Pizzino had to step in for him . Rhiannon Fish raised the bar and showed the other contestants how to party with her Great Gatsby themed cha-cha-cha which placed her on the top of the ladder for the 4th week in a row with 38/40 . Brendan & Alana 's Twilight themed Tango did not live up to its name with 25/40 . Then Brendan & Alana and Sophia & Michael faced the bottom two . But after the second week in a row in the bottom two Sophia & Michael were eliminated . Running order", 'uid': 'Dancing_with_the_Stars_(Australian_season_13)_7', 'intro': "The thirteenth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia premiered live on 1 October 2013. Daniel MacPherson continued his role as main host of the show on Channel Seven. However, Melanie Brown had announced she wouldn't be returning for her second season as co-host, in order to pursue a judging role on America's Got Talent. Sunrise weather presenter, Edwina Bartholomew permanently replaced Brown for this season. Todd McKenney and Helen Richey confirmed their returns as judges whilst, Joshua Horner resigned from the panel after two seasons. It was later revealed that two new judges will both replace Horner. Former champion and current Dancing with the Stars USA professional, Kym Johnson and actor/tap dancer Adam Garcia became the newest additions to the judges table, alongside McKenney and Richey. Twelve contestants and professional dancers participated in this season. The celebrities cast were revealed on 27 August 2013, via the networkers website, along with their professional partners and on Today Tonight. This season also marks the show's return to the Tuesday 7.30pm timeslot as it has not been presented in this format since season 7. This was the first time three professional dancers had suffered injuries in the same season; however, only one, Dannial Gosper, permanently withdrew from the show. On 26 November 2013, Cosentino and professional partner, Jessica Raffa were crowned champions for this season, defeating two female finalists Rhiannon Fish and Tina Arena, who both managed runner-up and third place respectively."}	null	null	Which rumba pair used a film that was the 23rd of its kind ?	Jessica
01b246d39f4b602b	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_University_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of alumni of University College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': 'Clement Attlee ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1st_Earl_Attlee', 'summary': "Clement Richard Attlee , 1st Earl Attlee , KG , OM , CH , PC , FRS ( 3 January 1883 - 8 October 1967 ) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955 . He was twice Leader of the Opposition ( 1935-1940 , 1951-1955 ) . The son of a London solicitor , Attlee was born into a middle-class family . After attending private schools and the University of Oxford , he practised as a barrister . The volunteer work he carried out in London 's East End exposed him to poverty and his political views shifted leftwards thereafter . He joined the Independent Labour Party , gave up his legal career , and began lecturing at the London School of Economics . His work was interrupted by service as an officer in the First World War . In 1919 , he became mayor of Stepney and in 1922 was elected Member of Parliament for Limehouse . Attlee served in the first Labour minority government led by Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 , and then joined the Cabinet during MacDonald 's second minority ( 1929-1931 ) . After retaining his seat in Labour 's landslide defeat of 1931 , he became the party 's Deputy Leader . Elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935 , and at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament , he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler and Mussolini in the lead-up to the Second World War . Attlee took Labour into the wartime coalition government in 1940 and served under Winston Churchill , initially as Lord Privy Seal and then as Deputy Prime Minister from 1942 ."}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Modern History ( 2nd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_History', 'summary': "The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires ."}]}, {'value': 'British Prime Minister', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir Jeremy Beecham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Beecham', 'summary': 'Jeremy Hugh Beecham , Baron Beecham DL ( born 14 November 1944 ) is a British Labour politician and a senior figure in English local government . He was leader of Newcastle City Council and the first Chairman of the Local Government Association . He was the elected Chairman of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party ( October 2005 - September 2006 ) . He is Jewish , and a board member of the New Israel Fund in the UK . Beecham was educated at the Royal Grammar School , Newcastle upon Tyne , and University College , Oxford ( 1962-65 ) , where he obtained a first class honours degree in law . He became a solicitor . He joined the Labour Party in 1959 , and was elected a councillor for Benwell , Newcastle , in the Newcastle City Council elections of 11 May 1967 . He stood for Parliament without success in Tynemouth in 1970 . He chaired the Social Services Committee on the council from 1973 to 1977 and was Leader of Newcastle from 1977 to 1994 , chairing the Finance Committee from 1979 to 1984 . In 1991 , Beecham became Chairman of the Association of Metropolitan Authorities ( AMA ) . When the AMA merged with the Association of District Councils and the Association of County Councils on 1 April 1997 to form the Local Government Association , he became the first chairman of the LGA . He is , as of 2006 [ update ] , the LGA vice-chairman and continues to chair the LGA Labour Group.He was the President of the British Urban Regeneration Association ( now folded ) .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law ( 1st )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law', 'summary': "Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct , although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate . It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice . State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . Legal systems vary between countries , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions , a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law . In common law systems , judges make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion case law may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature . Historically , religious law influenced secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries , including Iran and Saudi Arabia . Law 's scope can be divided into two domains ."}]}, {'value': 'Labour politician', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kofi Abrefa Busia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kofi_Abrefa_Busia', 'summary': 'Kofi Abrefa Busia ( 11 July 1913 - 28 August 1978 ) was a Ghanaian political leader and academic who was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972 . As a nationalist leader and Prime Minister , he helped to restore civilian government to the country following military rule .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE , DPhil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prime Minister of Ghana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghana', 'summary': "Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Cecil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood', 'summary': 'Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil , 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood , CH , PC , QC ( 14 September 1864 - 24 November 1958 ) , known as Lord Robert Cecil from 1868 to 1923 , was a British lawyer , politician and diplomat . He was one of the architects of the League of Nations and a defender of it , whose service to the organisation saw him awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law', 'summary': "Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct , although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate . It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice . State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . Legal systems vary between countries , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions , a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law . In common law systems , judges make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion case law may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature . Historically , religious law influenced secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries , including Iran and Saudi Arabia . Law 's scope can be divided into two domains ."}]}, {'value': 'A founder of the League of Nations , Nobel Peace Prize 1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/League_of_Nations', 'summary': "The League of Nations , abbreviated as LN or LoN , ( French : Société des Nations [ sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃ ] , abbreviated as SDN or SdN and meaning Society of Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace . It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War ; in 1919 US President Woodrow Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as the leading architect of the League . The organisation 's primary goals , as stated in its Covenant , included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration . Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions , just treatment of native inhabitants , human and drug trafficking , the arms trade , global health , prisoners of war , and protection of minorities in Europe . The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles , and it became effective together with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920 . The first meeting of the Council of the League took place on 16 January 1920 , and the first meeting of Assembly of the League took place on 15 November 1920 . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years . The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious First World War Allies ( France , the United Kingdom , Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the Executive Council ) to enforce its resolutions , keep to its economic sanctions , or provide an army when needed . The Great Powers were often reluctant to do so . Sanctions could hurt League members , so they were reluctant to comply with them . During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War , when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents , Benito Mussolini responded that the League is very well when sparrows shout , but no good at all when eagles fall out . At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935 , it had 58 members ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize', 'summary': "The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . Per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947-1989 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905-1946 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901-1904 ) . Due to its political nature , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of numerous controversies ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Clinton ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Clinton', 'summary': "William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '[ DNG ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42nd President of the United States of America', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William de Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_de_Silva', 'summary': "Peduru Hewage William de Silva ( 8 December 1908 - 30 July 1988 ) was a 20th-century Marxist/Trotskyist Sri Lankan politician . P. H. William de Silva was born at Kahatapitiya in Batapola , Ambalangoda , Ceylon , to a wealthy land-owning family . He received his elementary education at Batapola Mixed School and secondary education at St John 's College , Panadura , Richmond College , Galle , and Ananda College , Colombo . He studied for one year at the University College Colombo ( now the University of Colombo ) and then travelled to England for further studies at University College , Oxford . While in England , William de Silva joined the India League and a Marxist study group with other Ceylonese students in London . He then returned to Ceylon and joined the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ( LSSP ) . During World War II , he was an anti-war movement leader and was imprisoned in Bogambara Prison and Badulla Prison in Sri Lanka ( 1943-45 ) . He became a Ceylonese Member of Parliament in 1947 and 1953 . He was leader of the All-Ceylon Estate Workers Union and Vice-President of the All-Ceylon Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues . He separated from the LSSP in October 1953 and joined the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party ( VLLSP ) . He was the founding leader of Mahajana Eksath Peramuna . He was Cabinet Minister of Industries and Fisheries in S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike 's SLFP-MEP coalition government ( 1956-59 ) ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ceylonese politician', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceylon', 'summary': "Sri Lanka ( UK : /sri ˈlæŋkə , ʃriː -/ , US : /- ˈlɑːŋkə/ ( listen ) ; Sinhala : ශ්\u200dරී ලංකා Śrī Laṃkā ; Tamil : இலங்கை Ilaṅkai ) , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia , located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea . The island is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait . The legislative capital , Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city , Colombo . Sri Lanka 's documented history spans 3,000 years , with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years . It has a rich cultural heritage , and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka , the Pāli Canon , date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC . Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to the modern Maritime Silk Road . Sri Lanka was known in the west and from the beginning of British colonial rule as Ceylon ( /sɪˈlɒn/ , US also /seɪˈlɒn/ ) . A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century to obtain political independence , which was granted in 1948 ; the country became a republic and adopted its current name in 1972 . Sri Lanka 's recent history has been marred by a 26-year civil war , which ended decisively when the Sri Lanka Armed Forces defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) in 2009 . The current constitution stipulates the political system as a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system . It has had a long history of international engagement , as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , and a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G77 , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Along with the Maldives , Sri Lanka is one of only two South Asian countries rated high on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , with its HDI rating and per capita income the highest among South Asian nations ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_George_(politician)', 'summary': "Andrew Henry George ( born 2 December 1958 [ citation needed ] ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of St Ives in Cornwall from 1997 to 2015 , when he was defeated by the Conservatives ' Derek Thomas . He was the Vice-Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Housing and Planning Group in the 2010 parliament ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MA Agricultural Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agricultural_Economics', 'summary': 'Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber . Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage , it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem . Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader . Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas , having considerable overlap with conventional economics . Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics , econometrics , development economics , and environmental economics . Agricultural economics influences food policy , agricultural policy , and environmental policy .'}]}, {'value': 'Liberal Democrat MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)', 'summary': "The Liberal Democrats ( Lib Dems ) are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom . The party currently has 11 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons , 94 members of the House of Lords , five Members of the Scottish Parliament and one member in each of the Welsh Assembly and the London Assembly . It was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party from 2010-15 . In 1981 , an electoral alliance was established between the Liberal Party , a group which was the direct descendant of the 18th-century Whigs , and the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , a splinter group from the Labour Party . In 1988 , the parties merged as the Social and Liberal Democrats , adopting their present name over a year later . Under the leadership of Paddy Ashdown and later Charles Kennedy , the party grew during the 1990s and 2000s , focusing its campaigns on specific seats and becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons . Under the leadership of Nick Clegg , the Liberal Democrats were junior partners in David Cameron 's Conservative-led coalition government in which Clegg served as Deputy Prime Minister . Although it allowed them to implement some of their policies , the coalition damaged the Liberal Democrats ' electoral prospects and it suffered heavy losses at the 2015 general election . Since then , under the leaderships of Tim Farron , Sir Vince Cable and Jo Swinson , it has refocused itself as a party opposing Brexit . Positioned in the centre ground of British politics , the Liberal Democrats ideologically draw upon both liberalism and social democracy . Different factions have dominated the party at different points in its history , each with its own ideological bent , some leaning towards the centre-left and others the centre-right . The party calls for constitutional reform , including a transition from the first-past-the-post voting system to proportional representation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Fuller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Bedford_MP)', 'summary': 'Richard Quentin Fuller ( born 30 May 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North East Bedfordshire since the 2019 general election . He was first elected at the 2010 general election as the MP for Bedford , where he was born , and served until being defeated in the 2017 general election . Fuller had previously achieved prominence as a leader of the Young Conservatives .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conservative MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philip Hammond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Hammond', 'summary': 'Philip Hammond ( born 4 December 1955 ) is a British former politician who was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2016 to 2019 under Prime Minister Theresa May . He served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Runnymede and Weybridge from 1997 to 2019 . First elected as a Conservative , Hammond had the Conservative whip removed on 3 September 2019 for voting against the Boris Johnson government and subsequently sat as an independent MP . On 5 November 2019 he announced he would not stand for re-election in the December general election . Hammond was born in Epping , Essex , and studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics at University College , Oxford . He worked from 1984 as a company director at Castlemead Ltd - a healthcare and nursing company . From 1995 to 1997 he acted as an adviser to the government of Malawi before his election to Parliament . He served in the Shadow Cabinets of Michael Howard and David Cameron as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions . After the formation of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council . Upon the resignation of Liam Fox over a scandal in October 2011 , Hammond was promoted to replace him as Secretary of State for Defence , before being further promoted in July 2014 to become Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs . In July 2016 , after Theresa May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister , Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Hammond suggested that the government may begin a reduction in austerity measures .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics', 'summary': "Philosophy , politics and economics or politics , philosophy , and economics ( PPE ) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines . The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s . This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi , Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar , Nobel Peace Prize winner ; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai ; Christopher Hitchens , the British-American polemicist , Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck ; Philippa Foot a British philosopher ; Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and David Cameron , former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ; Hugh Gaitskell , William Hague and Ed Miliband , former Leaders of the Opposition ; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan ; and Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott , former Prime Ministers of Australia . The course received fresh attention in 2017 , when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place . In the 1980s , the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model ; King 's College London , the University of Warwick , the University of Manchester , and other British universities later followed . According to the BBC , the Oxford PPE dominate [ s ] public life ( in the UK ) . It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world . More recently Warwick University and Kings College added a new degree under the name of PPL ( Politics , Philosophy and Law ) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees . In the United States , it is offered by two Ivy League universities -- the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University ( under the designation Ethics , Politics and Economics ) . In the non-English speaking world the French grande école Sciences Po ( Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally , now existing in 8 other big French cities : Aix , Bordeaux , Grenoble , Lille , Lyon , Rennes , Strasbourg and Toulouse ) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives . Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries . A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates , though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective grande école ENA ( École Nationale d'Administration ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer 2016-present , Foreign Secretary 2014-2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer', 'summary': "The Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of Her Majesty 's Exchequer , commonly known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer , [ a ] or simply the Chancellor , is a senior official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of Her Majesty 's Treasury . The office is a British Cabinet-level position . The chancellor is responsible for all economic and financial matters , equivalent to the role of finance minister in other nations . The position is considered one of the four Great Offices of State , and in recent times has come to be the most powerful office in British politics after the prime minister . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is now always Second Lord of the Treasury as one of the Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , it was common for the prime minister also to serve as Chancellor of the Exchequer if he sat in the Commons ; the last chancellor who was simultaneously prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer was Stanley Baldwin in 1923 . Formerly , in cases when the chancellorship was vacant , the Lord Chief Justice of the King 's Bench would act as Chancellor pro tempore . The last Lord Chief Justice to serve in this way was Lord Denman in 1834 . The chancellor is the third-oldest major state office in English and British history ; it originally carried responsibility for the Exchequer , the medieval English institution for the collection and auditing of royal revenues . The earliest surviving records which are the results of the exchequer 's audit , date from 1129-30 under King Henry I and show continuity from previous years . The chancellor controlled monetary policy as well as fiscal policy until 1997 , when the Bank of England was granted independent control of its interest rates . The chancellor also has oversight of public spending across Government departments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs', 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary , is a senior , high-ranking official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The Foreign Secretary is a member of the Cabinet , and the post is considered one of the Great Offices of State . It is considered a position similar to that of Foreign Minister in other countries . The Foreign Secretary reports directly to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . The Foreign Secretary 's remit includes : relations with foreign countries , matters pertaining to the Commonwealth of Nations and the Overseas Territories in addition to the promotion of British interests abroad . The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight for the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) . The Foreign Secretary works out of the Foreign Office in Whitehall , and the post 's official residences are 1 Carlton Gardens in London and Chevening in Kent . Margaret Beckett , appointed in 2006 by Tony Blair , is the only woman to have held the post . The current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs is Dominic Raab , since his appointment by Prime Minister Boris Johnson , in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Hawke ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Hawke', 'summary': "Robert James Lee Hawke , AC , GCL ( 9 December 1929 - 16 May 2019 ) was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia and Leader of the Labor Party from 1983 to 1991 . He was also Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Wills from 1980 to 1992 . Hawke was born in Bordertown , South Australia . He attended the University of Western Australia and went on to study at University College , Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar . In 1956 , Hawke joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU ) as a research officer . Having risen to become responsible for wage arbitration , he was elected ACTU President in 1969 , where he achieved a high public profile . After a decade serving in that role , Hawke announced his intention to enter politics , and was subsequently elected to the House of Representatives as the Labor MP for Wills in Victoria . Three years later , he led Labor to a landslide victory at the 1983 election and was sworn in as Australia 's 23rd Prime Minister . He went on to lead Labor to victory three more times , in 1984 , 1987 and 1990 , making him the most electorally successful Labor Leader in history . The Hawke Government created Medicare and Landcare , brokered the Prices and Incomes Accord , established APEC , floated the Australian dollar , deregulated the financial sector , introduced the Family Assistance Scheme , announced Advance Australia Fair as the official national anthem , initiated superannuation pension schemes for all workers and oversaw passage of the Australia Act that removed all remaining jurisdiction by the United Kingdom from Australia . During his time as Prime Minister , Hawke recorded the highest popularity rating ever measured by an Australian opinion poll , reaching 75% approval in 1984 . In June 1991 , Treasurer Paul Keating unsuccessfully challenged for the leadership , believing that Hawke had reneged on the Kirribilli Agreement ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BLitt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Prime Minister ( Labor )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Festus Mogae ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Festus_Mogae', 'summary': 'Festus Gontebanye Mogae ( born 21 August 1939 ) is a Motswana politician who served as the third President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008 . He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was re-elected in October 2004 ; after ten years in office , he stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Ian Khama .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Economics', 'summary': 'Economics ( /ɛkəˈnɒmɪks , iːkə-/ ) is the social science that studies how individuals , organizations , and societies manage the scarce resources under their control for the satisfaction of their needs and desires . Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how those interactions work particularly and as a whole . Microeconomics analyzes individual agents , industries and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of their interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , saving , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labor , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) . See glossary of economics . Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing what is , and normative economics , advocating what ought to be ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics . Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in real estate , business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment .'}]}, {'value': 'President of Botswana', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colin Moynihan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colin_Moynihan', 'summary': 'Colin Berkeley Moynihan , 4th Baron Moynihan ( born 13 September 1955 ) is a British Olympic coxswain , businessman , Conservative politician , and sports administrator . Lord Moynihan served as chairman of the British Olympic Association ( BOA ) from 2005 to 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA PPE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics', 'summary': "Philosophy , politics and economics or politics , philosophy , and economics ( PPE ) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines . The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s . This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi , Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar , Nobel Peace Prize winner ; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai ; Christopher Hitchens , the British-American polemicist , Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck ; Philippa Foot a British philosopher ; Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and David Cameron , former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ; Hugh Gaitskell , William Hague and Ed Miliband , former Leaders of the Opposition ; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan ; and Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott , former Prime Ministers of Australia . The course received fresh attention in 2017 , when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place . In the 1980s , the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model ; King 's College London , the University of Warwick , the University of Manchester , and other British universities later followed . According to the BBC , the Oxford PPE dominate [ s ] public life ( in the UK ) . It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world . More recently Warwick University and Kings College added a new degree under the name of PPL ( Politics , Philosophy and Law ) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees . In the United States , it is offered by two Ivy League universities -- the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University ( under the designation Ethics , Politics and Economics ) . In the non-English speaking world the French grande école Sciences Po ( Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally , now existing in 8 other big French cities : Aix , Bordeaux , Grenoble , Lille , Lyon , Rennes , Strasbourg and Toulouse ) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives . Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries . A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates , though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective grande école ENA ( École Nationale d'Administration ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver medal 1980 Olympics , Conservative MP 1983-92 , Minister for Sport 1987-90 , Chairman British Olympic Association 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)', 'summary': "The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Reich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Reich', 'summary': "Robert Bernard Reich ( /raɪʃ/ ; born June 24 , 1946 ) is an American liberal economist , professor , author , and political commentator . He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and Bill Clinton . He was Secretary of Labor from 1993 to 1997 . He was a member of President Barack Obama 's economic transition advisory board . Reich has been the Chancellor 's Professor of Public Policy at the Goldman School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley since January 2006 . He was formerly a professor at Harvard University 's John F. Kennedy School of Government and professor of social and economic policy at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management of Brandeis University . He has also been a contributing editor of The New Republic , The American Prospect ( also chairman and founding editor ) , Harvard Business Review , The Atlantic , The New York Times , and The Wall Street Journal . Reich is a political commentator on programs including Erin Burnett OutFront , CNN Tonight , Anderson Cooper 's AC360 , Hardball with Chris Matthews , This Week with George Stephanopoulos , CNBC 's Kudlow & Company , and APM 's Marketplace . In 2008 , Time magazine named him one of the Ten Best Cabinet Members of the century , and The Wall Street Journal in 2008 placed him sixth on its list of Most Influential Business Thinkers . He was appointed a member of President-elect Barack Obama 's economic transition advisory board . Until 2012 , he was married to British-born lawyer Clare Dalton , with whom he has two sons , Sam and Adam . He has published 18 books , including the best-sellers The Work of Nations , Reason , Saving Capitalism , Supercapitalism , Aftershock : The Next Economy and America 's Future , and a best-selling e-book , Beyond Outrage ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics', 'summary': "Philosophy , politics and economics or politics , philosophy , and economics ( PPE ) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines . The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s . This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi , Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar , Nobel Peace Prize winner ; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai ; Christopher Hitchens , the British-American polemicist , Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck ; Philippa Foot a British philosopher ; Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and David Cameron , former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ; Hugh Gaitskell , William Hague and Ed Miliband , former Leaders of the Opposition ; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan ; and Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott , former Prime Ministers of Australia . The course received fresh attention in 2017 , when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place . In the 1980s , the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model ; King 's College London , the University of Warwick , the University of Manchester , and other British universities later followed . According to the BBC , the Oxford PPE dominate [ s ] public life ( in the UK ) . It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world . More recently Warwick University and Kings College added a new degree under the name of PPL ( Politics , Philosophy and Law ) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees . In the United States , it is offered by two Ivy League universities -- the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University ( under the designation Ethics , Politics and Economics ) . In the non-English speaking world the French grande école Sciences Po ( Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally , now existing in 8 other big French cities : Aix , Bordeaux , Grenoble , Lille , Lyon , Rennes , Strasbourg and Toulouse ) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives . Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries . A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates , though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective grande école ENA ( École Nationale d'Administration ) ."}]}, {'value': '22nd United States Secretary of Labor ( Democratic Party )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor', 'summary': 'The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States , and as the head of the United States Department of Labor , controls the department , and enforces and suggests laws involving unions , the workplace , and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies . Formerly , there was a U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor , who led this department along with the U.S. Department of Commerce as one department . Since the two departments split in 1913 , the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U.S. Secretary of Commerce . Eugene Scalia , a son of the late U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , has served as Secretary of Labor since September 30 , 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Renton ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Renton,_Baron_Renton', 'summary': "David Lockhart-Mure Renton , Baron Renton , KBE , TD , PC , QC , DL ( 12 August 1908 - 24 May 2007 ) was a British politician who served for over 60 years in Parliament , 34 in the House of Commons and then 28 in the House of Lords . Renton was Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire for 34 years , from 1945 to 1979 , initially as a Liberal National and then in accordance with the party 's successive mergers with the Conservatives , as a National Liberal and Conservative , then in 1968 he was one of the final three National Liberal MPs who opted to wind up the party and become a full part of the Conservatives . He became a life peer in 1979 , and was the oldest member of the House of Lords from 2004 until his death ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Law', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law', 'summary': "Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct , although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate . It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice . State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . Legal systems vary between countries , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions , a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law . In common law systems , judges make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion case law may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature . Historically , religious law influenced secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries , including Iran and Saudi Arabia . Law 's scope can be divided into two domains ."}]}, {'value': 'MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon', 'summary': 'John Scott , 1st Earl of Eldon , PC , QC , FRS , FSA ( 4 June 1751 - 13 January 1838 ) was a British barrister and politician . He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain between 1801 and 1806 and again between 1807 and 1827 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1770', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Chancellor of Great Britain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roger Short', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Short', 'summary': 'Roger Short MVO ( 9 December 1944 - 20 November 2003 ) was a British diplomat who was killed on 20 November 2003 in a truck bombing in Istanbul while serving as the British Consul-General in Turkey . The bombing killed at least 27 people and may have been targeted directly at Short and his consul staff because they were representatives of the United Kingdom . Short was educated at Malvern College and University College , Oxford . He joined the British Foreign Office in 1969 and was widely considered to be an expert in Turkish affairs . While he had been posted in Turkey for most of his career , he also served as consul-general in Oslo and was the British ambassador to Bulgaria in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British consul-general to Turkey', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajiva Wijesinha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajiva_Wijesinha', 'summary': "Rajiva Wijesinha , MA , DPhil ( Sinhala : රජීව විජේසිංහ ) ( born 16 May 1954 ) is a Sri Lankan writer in English , distinguished for his political analysis as well as creative and critical work . An academic by profession for much of his working career , he was most recently Senior Professor of Languages at the University of Sabaragamuwa , Sri Lanka . In June 2007 President Mahinda Rajapakse appointed him Secretary-General of the Sri Lankan Government Secretariat for Coordinating the Peace Process and in June 2008 he also became concurrently the Secretary to the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights . The Peace Secretariat wound up in July 2009 ) , and in February 2010 he resigned from the Ministry as well as the University , and became a member of parliament on the National List of the United People 's Freedom Alliance following the General Election held in April 2010 , following which he was appointed a member of parliament . He belongs to the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka , and has served as its President and leader , and also as a Vice-President of Liberal International . He is currently Chair of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and was re-elected leader of the Liberal Party Sri Lanka on the proposal of the previous leader following the Liberal Party Annual Congress of 2011 . He has travelled widely , including as a Visiting Professor on the Semester at Sea Programme of the University of Pittsburgh , and has published Beyond the First Circle : Travels in the Second and Third Worlds ."}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Literae humaniores', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University teacher ; Sri Lankan Liberal Party MP , 2010-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tan Jee Say', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tan_Jee_Say', 'summary': 'Tan Jee Say ( born 12 February 1954 ) is a Singaporean investment adviser , politician and former civil servant . He was a principal private secretary to former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong and contested the 2011 general election under the opposition Singapore Democratic Party ( SDP ) , but failed to win a seat . Tan lost in the 2011 presidential election and finished in third place with 25% of the national vote . Tan is also the founder and the current Secretary General of Singaporeans First .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PPE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics', 'summary': "Philosophy , politics and economics or politics , philosophy , and economics ( PPE ) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines . The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s . This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi , Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar , Nobel Peace Prize winner ; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai ; Christopher Hitchens , the British-American polemicist , Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck ; Philippa Foot a British philosopher ; Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and David Cameron , former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ; Hugh Gaitskell , William Hague and Ed Miliband , former Leaders of the Opposition ; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan ; and Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott , former Prime Ministers of Australia . The course received fresh attention in 2017 , when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place . In the 1980s , the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model ; King 's College London , the University of Warwick , the University of Manchester , and other British universities later followed . According to the BBC , the Oxford PPE dominate [ s ] public life ( in the UK ) . It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world . More recently Warwick University and Kings College added a new degree under the name of PPL ( Politics , Philosophy and Law ) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees . In the United States , it is offered by two Ivy League universities -- the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University ( under the designation Ethics , Politics and Economics ) . In the non-English speaking world the French grande école Sciences Po ( Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally , now existing in 8 other big French cities : Aix , Bordeaux , Grenoble , Lille , Lyon , Rennes , Strasbourg and Toulouse ) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives . Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries . A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates , though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective grande école ENA ( École Nationale d'Administration ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Singaporean politician and former civil servant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Thrale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Thrale', 'summary': 'Henry Thrale ( 1724/1730 ? -4 April 1781 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1765 to 1780 . He was a close friend of Samuel Johnson . Like his father , he was the proprietor of the large London brewery , H. Thrale & Co. Born at the Alehouse in Harrow Corner , Southwark , he was the son of the rich brewer Ralph Thrale ( 1698-1758 ) and Mary Thrale . He married Hester Lynch Salusbury on 11 October 1763 ; they had 12 children , and she outlived him . He was MP for Southwark 23 December 1765 - September 1780 , an Alderman , and Sheriff of the City of London : a respected , religious man who was a good hunter and sportsman with a taste for gambling .'}]}, {'value': '1744', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Member_of_parliament', 'summary': 'A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Weld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Weld', 'summary': 'William Floyd Weld ( born July 31 , 1945 ) is an American attorney , businessman , author , and Republican politician who served as the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997 . Weld is currently running for the Republican nomination for President of the United States of America in 2020 . A Harvard and Oxford graduate , Weld began his career as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary before becoming the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and later , the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division . He worked on a series of high-profile public corruption cases and later resigned in protest of an ethics scandal and associated investigations into Attorney General Edwin Meese . Weld was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1990 . In the 1994 election , he was reelected by the largest margin of victory in Massachusetts history . In 1996 , he was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in Massachusetts , losing to Democratic incumbent John Kerry . Weld resigned as governor in 1997 to focus on his nomination by President Bill Clinton to serve as United States Ambassador to Mexico ; due to opposition by socially conservative Senate Foreign Relations committee Chairman Jesse Helms , he was denied a hearing before the Foreign Relations committee and withdrew his nomination . After moving to New York in 2000 , Weld sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New York in the 2006 election ; when the Republican Party instead endorsed John Faso , Weld withdrew from the race . Weld became involved in presidential politics in later years . In 2016 , he left the Republican Party to become the Libertarian Party running mate of former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson . They received nearly 4.5 million votes , the highest number for a Libertarian ticket , and the best for any third-party ticket since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Economics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Economics', 'summary': 'Economics ( /ɛkəˈnɒmɪks , iːkə-/ ) is the social science that studies how individuals , organizations , and societies manage the scarce resources under their control for the satisfaction of their needs and desires . Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how those interactions work particularly and as a whole . Microeconomics analyzes individual agents , industries and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of their interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , saving , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labor , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) . See glossary of economics . Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing what is , and normative economics , advocating what ought to be ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics . Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in real estate , business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment .'}]}, {'value': 'governor of Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Politicians and civil servants', 'section_text': 'Clement Attlee , 1st Earl Attlee Bill Clinton Bob Hawke', 'uid': 'List_of_alumni_of_University_College,_Oxford_0', 'intro': 'A list of alumni of University College, Oxford. University College, Oxford is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford. Its alumni include politicians, lawyers, bishops, poets, and academics. The overwhelming maleness of this list is partially explained by the fact that for over 95% of its history (from its foundation in 1249 until 1979), women were barred from studying at University College.'}	null	null	Who was the oxford alumni that worked for the US government suggesting laws involving workers unions ?	Robert Reich
01b24abfdd4fc77f	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File', 'title': 'Virtual International Authority File', 'header': ['English Wikipedia entry name', 'Identifier', 'Native-language name', 'Location', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bibliotheca Alexandrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina', 'summary': 'The Bibliotheca Alexandrina ( English : Library of Alexandria ; Egyptian Arabic : مكتبة الإسكندرية Maktabat El-Iskandarīyah , Egyptian Arabic : [ mækˈtæb ( e ) t eskendeˈɾejjæ ] ) is a major library and cultural center located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egyptian city of Alexandria . It is both a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria that was lost in antiquity , and an attempt to rekindle something of the brilliance that this earlier center of study and erudition represented . The idea of reviving the old library dates back to 1974 , when a committee set up by Alexandria University selected a plot of land for its new library . Construction work began in 1995 and , after some US $ 220 million had been spent , the complex was officially inaugurated on 16 October 2002 . In 2010 , the library received a donation of 500,000 books from the Bibliothèque nationale de France ( BnF ) . The gift makes the Bibliotheca Alexandrina the sixth-largest Francophone library in the world . The library has shelf space for eight million books , with the main reading room covering 20,000 square metres ( 220,000 sq ft ) . The complex also houses a conference center ; specialized libraries for maps , multimedia , the blind and visually impaired , young people , and for children ; four museums ; four art galleries for temporary exhibitions ; 15 permanent exhibitions ; a planetarium ; and a manuscript restoration laboratory .'}]}, {'value': 'EGAXA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabic : مكتبة الإسكندرية', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabic_language', 'summary': 'Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria', 'summary': 'Alexandria ( /ˌælɪɡˈzændriə/ or /-ˈzɑːnd-/ ; Arabic : الإسكندرية al-ʾIskandariyya ; Egyptian Arabic : اسكندرية Eskendereyya ; Coptic : ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Alexandria or ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ Rakote , Greek : Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandria ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic center . With a population of 5,200,000 , Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean , the sixth-largest city in the Arab world and the ninth-largest in Africa . The city extends about 40 km ( 25 mi ) at the northern coast of Egypt along the Mediterranean Sea . Alexandria is a popular tourist destination , and also an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez . Alexandria was founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great , king of Macedon and leader of the Greek League of Corinth , during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . An Egyptian village named Rhacotis existed at the location and grew into the Egyptian quarter of Alexandria . Alexandria grew rapidly to become an important center of Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1,000 years , until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641 , when a new capital was founded at Fustat ( later absorbed into Cairo ) . Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Pharos ) , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ; its Great Library ( the largest in the ancient world ) ; and the Necropolis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages . Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural center of the ancient Mediterranean world for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity . It was at one time the largest city in the ancient world before being eventually overtaken by Rome . The city was a major center of early Christianity and was the center of the Patriarchate of Alexandria , which was one of the major centers of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire . In the modern world , the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria both lay claim to this ancient heritage .'}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': 'Biblioteca Nacional de Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile', 'summary': "The Biblioteca Nacional de Chile is the national library of Chile . It is located on the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins in Santiago , in a building completed in 1925 , though its history reaches to the early nineteenth century before it was relocated to its current home ."}]}, {'value': 'BNCHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish : Biblioteca Nacional de Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago', 'summary': "Santiago ( /ˌsɒntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ /ˌsæntiˈɑːɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ sanˈtjaɣo ] , derived from Saint-James ) , also known as Santiago de Chile , is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas . It is the center of Chile 's largest and most densely populated conurbation , the Santiago Metropolitan Region , whose total population is 7 million . The city is entirely located in the country 's central valley . Most of the city lies between 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) and 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) above mean sea level . Founded in 1541 by the Spanish conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , Santiago has been the capital city of Chile since colonial times . The city has a downtown core of 19th-century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets , dotted by art deco , neo-gothic , and other styles . Santiago 's cityscape is shaped by several stand-alone hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River , lined by parks such as Parque Forestal . The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city . These mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem , particularly during winter . The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within an hour of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean . Santiago is the cultural , political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations . The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago , but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': 'Biblioteca Nacional de España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_España', 'summary': 'The Biblioteca Nacional de España ( National Library of Spain ) is a major public library , the largest in Spain , and one of the largest in the world . It is located in Madrid , on the Paseo de Recoletos .'}]}, {'value': 'BNE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish : Biblioteca Nacional de España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal', 'summary': 'The Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( Portuguese for National Library of Portugal ) is the Portuguese national library , fulfilling the function of legal deposit and copyright .'}]}, {'value': 'PTBNP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguese : Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_language', 'summary': "Portuguese ( português or , in full , língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula . It is the sole official language of Portugal , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe . It also has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Chinese Macau . As the result of expansion during colonial times , a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa , Daman and Diu in India ; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka ; in the Indonesian island of Flores ; in the Malacca state of Malaysia ; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken , while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole . A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as Lusophone ( Lusófono ) . Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology and lexicon . With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 250 million total speakers , Portuguese is usually listed as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers , and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere . It is also the second-most spoken language , after Spanish , in South America and all of Latin America , one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa and is an official language of the European Union , Mercosur , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization made up of all of the world 's officially Lusophone nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': 'Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibliothèque_et_Archives_nationales_du_Québec', 'summary': "The Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec ( lit . 'National Library and Archives of Quebec ' ) or BAnQ is a Quebec government agency which manages the province 's legal deposit system , national archives , and national library . Located at the Grande Bibliothèque in Montreal , the BAnQ was created by the merging of the Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and the Archives nationales du Québec in 2006 . The Bibliothèque nationale du Québec had previously merged with the Grande Bibliothèque du Québec in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'B2Q', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French : Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Quebec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quebec', 'summary': "Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Bibliothèque nationale de France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibliothèque_nationale_de_France', 'summary': 'The Bibliothèque nationale de France ( French : [ biblijɔtɛk nasjɔnal də fʁɑ̃s ] , National Library of France ; BnF ) is the national library of France , located in Paris . It is the national repository of all that is published in France and also holds extensive historical collections .'}]}, {'value': 'BnF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French : Bibliothèque nationale de France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc ( BNRM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bibliothèque_Nationale_du_Royaume_du_Maroc', 'summary': 'The National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المكتبة الوطنية للمملكة المغربية ; Amazigh : ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉⵜ ; French : Bibliothèque nationale du Royaume du Maroc , previously Bibliothèque générale and Bibliothèque générale et Archives ) is located in Rabat , Morocco with a branch in Tetouan . The Bibliothèque Générale was created in 1924 . In 2003 it was renamed the Bibliothèque nationale du Royaume du Maroc .'}]}, {'value': 'MRBNR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabic : المكتبة الوطنية للمملكة المغربية French : Bibliothèque nationale du Royaume du Maroc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabic_language', 'summary': 'Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Rabat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabat', 'summary': "Rabat ( /rəˈbɑːt/ , also UK : /rəˈbæt/ , US : /rɑːˈbɑːt/ ; Arabic : الرِّبَاط , romanized : ar-ribāṭ ; Berber languages : ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ , romanized : Aṛṛbaṭ ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country 's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 ( 2014 ) and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million . It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region . Rabat is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg , opposite Salé , the city 's main commuter town . Rabat was founded in the 12th century by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min as a military town . The city steadily grew but went into an extended period of decline following the collapse of the Almohads . In the 17th century Rabat became a haven for Barbary pirates . The French established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912 and made Rabat its administrative center . Morocco achieved independence in 1955 and Rabat became its capital . Rabat , Temara , and Salé form a conurbation of over 1.8 million people . Silt-related problems have diminished Rabat 's role as a port ; however , Rabat , and Salé still maintain important textile , food processing and construction industries . In addition , tourism and the presence of all foreign embassies in Morocco serve to make Rabat one of the most important cities in the country . The Moroccan capital was ranked at second place by CNN in its Top Travel Destinations of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Biografisch Portaal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biografisch_Portaal', 'summary': 'The Biografisch Portaal ( Biography Portal ) is an initiative based at the Huygens Institute for Dutch History in The Hague , with the aim of making biographical texts of the Netherlands more accessible . The project was started in February 2010 with material for 40,000 digitized biographies , with the goal to grant digital access to all reliable information about ( deceased ) people of the Netherlands from the earliest beginnings of history up to modern times . The Netherlands as a geographic term includes former colonies , and the term people refers both to people born in the Netherlands and its former colonies , and also to people born elsewhere but active in the Netherlands and its former colonies . As of 2011 [ update ] , only biographical information about deceased people is included . The system used is based on the standards of the Text Encoding Initiative . Access to the Biografisch Portaal is available free through a web-based interface . The project is a cooperative undertaking by ten scientific and cultural bodies in the Netherlands with the Huygens Institute as main contact . The other bodies are :'}]}, {'value': 'BPN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch : Biografisch Portaal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_language', 'summary': 'Dutch ( Nederlands ( help·info ) ) is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language , constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands ( where it is the sole official language countrywide ) and Belgium ( as one of three official languages ) . It is the third-most-widely spoken Germanic language , after its close relatives English and German . Outside the Low Countries , it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname where it also holds an official status , as it does in Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten , which are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean . Historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany , and in Indonesia , [ n 1 ] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States , Canada and Australia combined . [ n 2 ] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans , a mutually intelligible daughter language [ n 3 ] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people , mainly in South Africa and Namibia . [ n 4 ] Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English [ n 5 ] and is colloquially said to be roughly in between them . [ n 6 ] Dutch , like English , has not undergone the High German consonant shift , does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker , has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive , and has levelled much of its morphology , including most of its case system . [ n 7 ] Features shared with German include the survival of two to three grammatical genders - albeit with few grammatical consequences [ n 8 ] - as well as the use of modal particles , final-obstruent devoicing , and a similar word order . [ n 9 ] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates slightly more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English . [ n 10 ] As with German , the vocabulary of Dutch also has strong similarities with the continental Scandinavian languages , but is not mutually intelligible in text or speech with any of them .'}]}, {'value': 'The Hague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hague', 'summary': "The Hague ( /heɪɡ/ ; Dutch : Den Haag [ dɛn ˈɦaːx ] ( listen ) or 's - Gravenhage [ ˌsxraːvə ( n ) ˈɦaːɣə ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea and the capital of the province of South Holland . It is also the seat of government of the Netherlands and hosts the International Court of Justice , one of the most important courts in the world . With a metropolitan population of more than 1 million , it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam and Rotterdam . The Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million , is the 13th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country . Located in the west of the Netherlands , The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation . The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet , the States General , the Supreme Court , and the Council of State of the Netherlands , but the city is not the constitutional capital of the Netherlands , which is Amsterdam . King Willem-Alexander lives in Huis ten Bosch [ a ] and works at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , together with Queen Máxima . Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands are located in the city . The Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and other Dutch companies . The Hague is known as the home of international law and arbitration . The International Court of Justice , the main judicial arm of the United Nations , is located in the city , as well as the International Criminal Court , the Permanent Court of Arbitration , Europol , and approximately 200 other international governmental organisations ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'British Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Library', 'summary': "The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued . It is estimated to contain 150 million+ items from many countries . As a legal deposit library , the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland , including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK . The Library is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . The British Library is a major research library , with items in many languages and in many formats , both print and digital : books , manuscripts , journals , newspapers , magazines , sound and music recordings , videos , play-scripts , patents , databases , maps , stamps , prints , drawings . The Library 's collections include around 14 million books , along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC . In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland ( approximately 8,000 per day ) , the Library has a programme for content acquisitions . The Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres ( 6.0 mi ) of new shelf space . There is space in the library for over 1,200 readers . Prior to 1973 , the Library was part of the British Museum . The British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the museum , but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997 . The Library is now located in a purpose-built building on the north side of Euston Road in St Pancras , London ( between Euston railway station and St Pancras railway station ) , and has a document storage centre and reading room near Boston Spa , near Wetherby in West Yorkshire ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_Agency_for_Culture_and_Palaces', 'summary': 'The Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces ( Danish : Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen ) is an agency under the aegis of the Danish Ministry of Culture . The agency carries out the cultural policies of the Danish government within the visual and performing arts , music , literature , museums , historical and cultural heritage , broadcasting , libraries and all types of printed and electronic media . It works internationally in all fields , and increased internationalisation of Danish arts and cultural life is a top priority . The Danish Agency for Culture was founded on 1 January 2002 when the Danish Heritage Agency , the Danish Arts Agency and the Danish Agency for Libraries and Media merged . The Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces was founded on 1 January 2016 by a fusion of the Danish Agency for Culture and the Danish agency Styrelsen for Slotte & Kulturejendomme .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danish : Kulturstyrelsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_language', 'summary': 'Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .'}]}, {'value': 'Copenhagen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Copenhagen', 'summary': "Copenhagen [ a ] ( Danish : København [ kʰøpm̩ˈhau̯ˀn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark . As of 1 January 2020 , the city had a population of 794,128 , 632,340 in Copenhagen Municipality , 104,305 in Frederiksberg Municipality , 42,989 in Tårnby Municipality , and 14,494 in Dragør Municipality . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen ( population 1,320,629 ) and the Copenhagen metropolitan area ( population 2,557,737 ) . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand ; another small portion of the city is located on Amager , and it is separated from Malmø , Sweden , by the strait of Øresund . The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road . Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand , Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century . Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions , defences and armed forces . During the renaissance the city served as the de facto capital being the seat of government of the Kalmar Union , governing the entire present day Nordic region in a personal union with Sweden and Norway ruled by the Danish monarch serving as the head of state . The city flourished as the cultural and economic center of Scandinavia under the union for well over 120 years , starting in the 15th century up until the beginning of the 16th century when the union was dissolved with Sweden leaving the union through a rebellion . After a plague outbreak and fire in the 18th century , the city underwent a period of redevelopment . This included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts . After further disasters in the early 19th century when Horatio Nelson attacked the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city , rebuilding during the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen 's architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Danish Bibliographic Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_Bibliographic_Centre', 'summary': 'The Danish Bibliographic Centre ( DBC A/S ) , based in Ballerup , Denmark , produces and supplies bibliographic data and information services - for example , the Danish DK5 system ( DK5 Decimalklassedeling ) derived from the Dewey Decimal Classification - to Danish libraries . DBC provides its data via DanBib , a joint bibliography for the entire Danish library system that includes a common reference database of national bibliography [ de ] and holdings in all Danish public and research libraries . The system includes features to facilitate interlibrary loans , reuse of bibliographic data verification as well as links to relevant databases such as the Library of Congress and the ISSN system . The Danish ISBN office , which allocates the Danish ISBN prefixes 87- in the ISBN-10 case and 978-87- in the ISBN-13 case , is part of the Danish Bibliographic Centre .'}]}, {'value': 'DBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danish : Dansk BiblioteksCenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_language', 'summary': 'Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .'}]}, {'value': 'Ballerup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballerup', 'summary': 'Ballerup is a Danish town , seat of the Ballerup Municipality , in the Region Hovedstaden . There are approximately 25 schools in Ballerup Municipality . Ballerup has its own educational institution specialized in the study , training and research of music .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'German National Library ( DNB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_National_Library', 'summary': 'The German National Library ( German : Deutsche Nationalbibliothek or DNB ) is the central archival library and national bibliographic centre for the Federal Republic of Germany . Its task is to collect , permanently archive , comprehensively document and record bibliographically all German and German-language publications since 1913 , foreign publications about Germany , translations of German works , and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between 1933 and 1945 , and to make them available to the public . The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on a national and international level . For example , it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining bibliographic rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international library standards . The cooperation with publishers has been regulated by law since 1935 for the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig and since 1969 for the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt . Duties are shared between the facilities in Leipzig and Frankfurt , with each center focusing its work in specific specialty areas . A third facility has been the Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin ( founded 1970 ) , which deals with all music-related archiving ( both printed and recorded materials ) . Since 2010 the Deutsches Musikarchiv is also located in Leipzig as an integral part of the facility there .'}]}, {'value': 'GND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German : Deutsche Nationalbibliothek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_language', 'summary': 'German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'International Standard Name Identifier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier', 'summary': 'The International Standard Name Identifier ( ISNI ) is an identifier for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books , television programmes , and newspaper articles . Such an identifier consists of 16 digits . It can optionally be displayed as divided into four blocks . ISNI can be used to disambiguate names that might otherwise be confused , and links the data about names that are collected and used in all sectors of the media industries . It was developed under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) as Draft International Standard 27729 ; the valid standard was published on 15 March 2012 . The ISO technical committee 46 , subcommittee 9 ( TC 46/SC 9 ) is responsible for the development of the standard .'}]}, {'value': 'ISNI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Israel Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel_Museum', 'summary': "The Israel Museum ( Hebrew : מוזיאון ישראל , Muze'on Yisrael ) was established in 1965 as Israel 's foremost cultural institution and one of the worlds leading encyclopaedic museums . It is situated on a hill in the Givat Ram neighbourhood of Jerusalem , adjacent to the Bible Lands Museum , the Knesset , the Israeli Supreme Court , and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Its holdings include the worlds most comprehensive collections of the archaeology of the Holy Land , and Jewish Art and Life , as well as significant and extensive holdings in the Fine Arts , the latter encompassing eleven separate departments : Israeli Art ; European Art ; Modern Art ; Contemporary Art ; Prints and Drawings ; Photography ; Design and Architecture ; Asian Art ; African Art ; Oceanic Art ; and Arts of the Americas . Among the unique objects on display are the Venus of Berekhat Ram ; the interior of a 1736 Zedek ve Shalom synagogue from Suriname ; necklaces worn by Jewish brides in Yemen ; a mosaic Islamic prayer niche from 17th-century Persia ; and a nail attesting to the practice of crucifixion in Jesus time . An urn-shaped building on the grounds of the museum , the Shrine of the Book , houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and artifacts discovered at Masada . It is one of the largest museums in the region ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hebrew : מוזיאון ישראל', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hebrew_language', 'summary': 'Hebrew ( /ˈhiːbruː/ ; עִבְרִית , Ivrit Hebrew pronunciation : [ ivˈʁit ] or [ ʕivˈɾit ] ( listen ) ) is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel . In 2013 , Modern Hebrew was spoken by over nine million people worldwide . Historically , it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors , although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh itself . [ note 1 ] The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE . Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family . Hebrew is the only Canaanite language still spoken , and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language . Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE , declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt . [ note 2 ] Aramaic and , to a lesser extent , Greek were already in use as international languages , especially among elites and immigrants . Hebrew survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy , rabbinic literature , intra-Jewish commerce and poetry . With the rise of Zionism in the 19th century , it was revived as a spoken and literary language , becoming the main language of the Yishuv , and subsequently of the State of Israel . According to Ethnologue , in 1998 , Hebrew was the language of five million people worldwide . After Israel , the United States has the second-largest Hebrew-speaking population , with about 220,000 fluent speakers , mostly from Israel .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerusalem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerusalem', 'summary': "Jerusalem [ note 2 ] is a city in the Middle East , located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea . It is one of the oldest cities in the world , and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions - Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital , as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power ; however , neither claim is widely recognized internationally . [ note 3 ] During its long history , Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice , besieged 23 times , captured and recaptured 44 times , and attacked 52 times . The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE , in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds . Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets , probably meaning City of Shalem after a Canaanite deity , during the Canaanite period ( 14th century BCE ) . During the Israelite period , significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE ( Iron Age II ) , and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah . In 1538 , the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent . Today those walls define the Old City , which has been traditionally divided into four quarters - known since the early 19th century as the Armenian , Christian , Jewish , and Muslim Quarters . The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981 , and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger . Since 1860 Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City 's boundaries . In 2015 , Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents , comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis , 350,000 Haredi Jews and 300,000 Palestinians ."}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': 'Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico', 'summary': "The Central Institute for the Union Catalogue of Italian Libraries and for Bibliographic Information ( in Italian : Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche ) is an Italian government agency that was created in 1975 to supersede the Centro nazionale per il catalogo unico ( National Union Catalog Center ) , that had in turn been created in 1951 to build a single catalog of all the libraries in the nation . The Institute today manages an ICT network called National Library Service of Italy ( Servizio bibliotecario nazionale , or SBN ) ; it is answerable to , and technical-scientific advisor for , the Direzione Generale per i Beni librari , gli Istituti culturali ed il Diritto d'autore ( Department of books , cultural institutions and copyright ) within the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities ."}]}, {'value': 'ICCU SBN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian : Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanese National Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_National_Library', 'summary': 'The Lebanese National Library ( Arabic : المكتبة الوطنية , French : Bibliothèque nationale du Liban ) , located in Beirut , is the national library of Lebanon . It closed to the public in 1979 due to the Lebanese Civil War , and its surviving collections were placed in storage . Restoration of its volumes and planning for a new site began in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'LNL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabic : المكتبة الوطنية', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabic_language', 'summary': 'Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .'}]}, {'value': 'Beirut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beirut', 'summary': "Beirut ( /beɪˈruːt/ bay-ROOT ; Arabic : بيروت , romanized : Bayrūt ; French : Beyrouth ) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon . No recent population census has been conducted , but 2007 estimates ranged from slightly more than 1 million to 2.2 million as part of Greater Beirut , which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region and the fifteenth-largest in the Arab world . Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon 's Mediterranean coast , Beirut is an important regional seaport . It is one of the oldest cities in the world , having been inhabited by Amer for more than 5,000 years . The first historical mention of Beirut is found in the Amarna letters from the New Kingdom of Egypt , which date to the 15th century BC . Beirut is Lebanon 's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy , with most banks and corporations based in its Central District , Badaro , Rue Verdun , Hamra , Ryad el Soloh street , and Achrafieh . Following the destructive Lebanese Civil War , Beirut 's cultural landscape underwent major reconstruction . Identified and graded for accountancy , advertising , banking , finance and law , Beirut is ranked as a Beta World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}]}, {'value': 'Library and Archives Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada', 'summary': "Library and Archives Canada ( LAC ; French : Bibliothèque et Archives Canada ) is a federal institution tasked with acquiring , preserving and making Canada 's documentary heritage accessible . It is the fourth biggest library in the world . LAC reports to Parliament through Pablo Rodríguez , the Minister of Canadian Heritage since August 28 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'LAC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French : Bibliothèque et Archives Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa , Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa', 'summary': 'Ottawa ( /ˈɒtəwə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɒtəwɑː/ ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔtawa ] ) is the capital city of Canada . It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario . Ottawa borders Gatineau , Quebec ; the two form the core of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area ( CMA ) and the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . As of 2016 , Ottawa had a city population of 934,243 and a metropolitan population of 1,323,783 making it the fourth-largest city and the fifth-largest CMA in Canada . In June 2019 , the City of Ottawa estimated it had surpassed a population of a million . Founded in 1826 as Bytown , and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855 , the city has evolved into the political centre of Canada . Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area . The city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River , the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa , meaning to trade . Ottawa has the most educated population among Canadian cities and is home to a number of post-secondary , research , and cultural institutions , including the National Arts Centre , the National Gallery , and numerous national museums .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ontario', 'summary': "Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Library of Congress NACO consortium ( Name Authority Cooperative Program )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Library_of_Congress', 'summary': "The Library of Congress ( LOC ) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States . It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States . The library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington , D.C. ; it also maintains the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper , Virginia . The library 's functions are overseen by the librarian of Congress , and its buildings are maintained by the architect of the Capitol . The Library of Congress is one of the largest libraries in the world . Its collections are universal , not limited by subject , format , or national boundary , and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages . Congress moved to Washington , D.C. , in 1800 after sitting for 11 years in the temporary national capitals in New York City and Philadelphia . The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s . Most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814 during the War of 1812 , and the library sought to restore its collection in 1815 . They bought Thomas Jefferson 's entire personal collection of 6,487 books . After a period of slow growth , another fire struck the library in its Capitol chambers in 1851 , again destroying a large amount of the collection , including many of Jefferson 's books . After the American Civil War , the Library of Congress grew rapidly in both size and importance , which sparked a campaign to purchase replacement copies for volumes that had been burned ."}]}, {'value': 'LCCN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'National and University Library in Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb', 'summary': 'National and University Library in Zagreb ( NSK ) ( Croatian : Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu , NSK ; formerly Nacionalna i sveučilišna biblioteka u Zagrebu , NSB ) is the national library of Croatia and central library of the University of Zagreb . The Library was established in 1607 . Its primary mission is the development and preservation of Croatian national written heritage . It holds around 3 million items . Since 1995 the NSK has been located in a purpose-built cubical building in central Zagreb .'}]}, {'value': 'NSK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croatian : Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatian_language', 'summary': "Croatian ( /kroʊˈeɪʃən/ ( listen ) ; hrvatski [ xř̩ʋaːtskiː ] ) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats , principally in Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Serbian province of Vojvodina , and other neighboring countries . It is the official and literary standard of Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union . Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a recognized minority language in Serbia and neighboring countries . Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian , Shtokavian , more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian , which is also the basis of Standard Serbian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin . In the mid-18th century , the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back regional Chakavian , Kajkavian , and Shtokavian vernaculars . The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians , who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century , in addition to designing a phonological orthography . Croatian is written in Gaj 's Latin alphabet . Besides the Shtokavian dialect , on which Standard Croatian is based , there are two other main dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia , Chakavian and Kajkavian . These dialects , and the four national standards , are usually subsumed under the term Serbo-Croatian in English , though this term is controversial for native speakers , and paraphrases such as Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian are therefore sometimes used instead , especially in diplomatic circles ."}]}, {'value': 'Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zagreb', 'summary': "Zagreb ( /ˈzɑːɡrɛb , ˈzæɡrɛb , zɑːˈɡrɛb/ ; Croatian pronunciation : [ zǎːɡreb ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia . It is located in the northwest of the country , along the Sava river , at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain . Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m ( 400 ft ) above sea level . The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678 . The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528 , approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia . Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from the Roman times to the present day . The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today 's Ščitarjevo . The name Zagreb is recorded in 1134 , in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094 . Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242 . In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor , Janko Kamauf . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county ( but separated from Zagreb County ) , and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley , whereas northern and northeastern city districts , such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain , making the city 's geographical image rather diverse ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'National and University Library of Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Slovenia', 'summary': 'The National and University Library ( Slovene : Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica , NUK ) , established in 1774 , is one of the most important national educational and cultural institutions of Slovenia . It is located in the centre of Ljubljana , between Auersperg Street ( Turjaška ulica ) , Gentry Street ( Gosposka ulica ) , and Vega Street ( Vegova ulica ) , in a building designed by the architect Jože Plečnik in the years 1930-31 and constructed between 1936-41 . The building is considered one of the greatest achievements by Plečnik . According to the Mandatory Publications Copy Act , issuers are bound to submit a copy of each publication they publish to the National and University Library . In 2011 , the library kept about 1,307,000 books , 8,700 manuscripts , and numerous other text , visual and multimedia resources , and was ( in 2010 ) subscribed to 7900 periodicals . Books and other resources are kept at storehouses at Auersperg Street ( Turjaška ulica ) and at Leskošek Street ( Leskoškova cesta ) . There have been significant problems with a lack of space and a new modern building has been planned to be built in the vicinity .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slovene : Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovene_language', 'summary': 'Slovene ( /ˈsloʊviːn/ ( listen ) or /sloʊˈviːn , slə-/ ) or Slovenian ( /sloʊˈviːniən , slə-/ ( listen ) ; slovenski jezik or slovenščina ) is a South Slavic language spoken by the Slovenes . It is spoken by about 2.5 million speakers worldwide , the majority of whom live in Slovenia , where it is the only official language . As Slovenia is part of the European Union , Slovene is also one of its 24 official and working languages .'}]}, {'value': 'Ljubljana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ljubljana', 'summary': 'Ljubljana ( UK : /ˌljuːbˈljɑːnə , ˌlʊbliˈɑːnə/ , US : /ˌljuːbliˈɑːnə , liˌuː-/ , Slovene : [ ljuˈbljàːna ] ( listen ) , locally also [ luˈblàːna ] ; also known by other historical names ) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia . It has been the cultural , educational , economic , political , and administrative centre of independent Slovenia since 1991 . During antiquity , a Roman city called Emona stood in the area . Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region , it was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 . After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Participating libraries and organizations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Virtual_International_Authority_File_0', 'intro': 'The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file. It is a joint project of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC).'}	null	null	More than how many languages are included in the place with the identifier LCCN ?	450
01b2c6708295707d	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways', 'title': 'List of New Zealand state highways', 'header': ['No', 'From', 'To', 'Via', 'Length ( km )', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1N', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cape Reinga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Reinga', 'summary': "Cape Reinga /riˈæŋə/ ( Māori : Te Rerenga Wairua ) is the northwesternmost tip of the Aupouri Peninsula , at the northern end of the North Island of New Zealand . Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia . State Highway 1 extends all the way to the cape , but until 2010 was unsealed gravel road for the last 19 km . Suitable vehicles can also travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Kauaeparaoa Stream ( Te Paki Stream ) stream bed . The 'Te Rerenga Wairua ' component of the name in Māori language means the leaping-off place of spirits . The 'Reinga ' part of the name is the Māori language word meaning the underworld . Both refer to the Māori belief that the cape is the point where the spirits of the dead enter the underworld . Cape Reinga is on the tentative list of UNESCO waiting to receive World Heritage Site status . The cape is already a favourite tourist attraction , with over 120,000 visitors a year and around 1,300 cars arriving per day during peak season . Visitor numbers are growing by about five percent a year , and the increase is likely to become even more now that the road to the cape is fully sealed ."}]}, {'value': 'Interislander Wellington ferry terminal / Wellington International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellington_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Wellington International Airport ( formerly known as Rongotai Airport ) ( IATA : WLG , ICAO : NZWN ) is an international airport located in the suburb of Rongotai in Wellington , the capital city of New Zealand . It lies 3 NM or 5.5 km south-east from the city centre . It is a hub for Air New Zealand and its subsidiaries . Wellington International Airport Limited , a joint venture between Infratil and the Wellington City Council , operates the airport . Wellington is the third busiest airport in New Zealand ( after Auckland and Christchurch ) handling a total of 6,049,194 passengers in the year ending 31 March 2017 . It is the second busiest airport in New Zealand for IFR movements ( 84,070 in 2013 ) . Auckland is the busiest ( 105,403 ) with Christchurch third ( 68,764 ) . The airport , in addition to linking many New Zealand destinations with national and regional carriers , also has links to major cities in eastern Australia . It is the home of some smaller general aviation businesses , including the Wellington Aero Club which operates from the general aviation area on the western side of the runway . The airport comprises a small 110-hectare ( 270-acre ) site on the Rongotai isthmus , a stretch of low-lying land between Wellington proper and the Miramar Peninsula . It operates a single 2,081-metre ( 6,827 ft ) runway with ILS in both directions . The airport handles turboprop , narrow-body and wide-body jet aircraft movements .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaitaia , Whangarei , Auckland , Hamilton , Taupo , Wellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaitaia', 'summary': 'Kaitaia ( Māori : Kaitāia ) is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula , about 160 km northwest of Whangarei . It is the last major settlement on State Highway 1 . Ahipara Bay , the southern end of Ninety Mile Beach , is 5 km west . The main industries are forestry and tourism . The population is 4,887 ( 2013 census ) , which makes it second-largest town in the Far North District , after Kerikeri . The name Kaitaia means ample food , kai being the Māori word for food . The Muriwhenua are a group of six northern Māori iwi occupying the northernmost part of the North Island surrounding Kaitaia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auckland', 'summary': 'Auckland ( /ˈɔːklənd/ AWK-lənd ) ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . The most populous urban area in the country , Auckland has an urban population of around 1,570,100 ( June 2018 ) . It is located in the Auckland Region - the area governed by Auckland Council - which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf , resulting in a total population of 1,618,400 . Auckland is a diverse , multicultural and cosmopolitan city , home to the largest Polynesian population in the world . The Māori-language name for Auckland is Tāmaki Makaurau , meaning Tāmaki desired by many , in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography . Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east , the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east , the Manukau Harbour to the south-west , and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west . The surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones . The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitematā Harbour on the Pacific Ocean . Auckland is one of the few cities in the world to have a harbour on each of two separate major bodies of water . The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land . The Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans . After a British colony was established in 1840 , William Hobson , then Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand , chose the area as his new capital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wellington', 'summary': "Wellington ( Māori : Te Whanganui-a-Tara [ tɛ ˈfaŋanʉi a taɾa ] ) is the capital and second-most populous urban area of New Zealand , with 418,500 residents . It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island , between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range . Wellington is the major population centre of the southern North Island , and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region , which also includes the Kapiti Coast and the Wairarapa . It is the world 's southernmost capital of a sovereign state . Wellington features a temperate maritime climate , and is the world 's windiest city by average wind speed . The Wellington metropolitan area comprises four local authorities : Wellington City , on the peninsula between Cook Strait and Wellington Harbour , contains the central business district and about half the population ; Porirua on Porirua Harbour to the north is notable for its large Māori and Pacific Island communities ; Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt are largely suburban areas to the northeast , together known as the Hutt Valley . As the nation 's capital since 1865 , the New Zealand Government and Parliament , Supreme Court and most of the public service are based in the city . Architectural sights include The Old Government Buildings - one of the largest wooden buildings in the world - as well as the iconic Beehive , the executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament . Wellington is also home to several of the largest and oldest cultural institutions in the nation , such the National Archives , the National Library , the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa , and numerous theatres . It plays host to many artistic and cultural organisations , including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra and Royal New Zealand Ballet . One of the world 's most liveable cities , the 2016 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world , and was first in the world for both liveability and non-pollution by Deutsche Bank , from 2017-18 . Wellington 's economy is primarily service-based , with an emphasis on finance , business services , and government ."}]}, {'value': '1106', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1N is used in official documentation , SH 1 is used on maps and signs . Interislander ferry connects State Highway 1N and State Highway 1S between Wellington and Picton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interislander', 'summary': "Interislander is a road and rail ferry service across New Zealand 's Cook Strait , between Wellington in the North Island and Picton in the South Island . It is owned and operated by state-owned rail operator KiwiRail . Three roll-on roll-off ( RORO ) vessels operate the 50 nautical miles ( 93 km ; 58 mi ) route , taking about three hours to complete the crossing . The inter-island rail ferry service began in August 1962 by the New Zealand Railways Department ( NZR ) . The service primarily provided a RORO rail link between its North and South Island networks , allowing NZR to compete directly with coastal shipping companies for inter-island freight . It also provided the first RORO road link between the two islands , which saw the Wellington to Picton ferries compete with , and then completely replace , the Union Company 's Wellington-Lyttelton ferry service . Today , the Interislander service is still well patronised despite competition on the Wellington-Picton sea route with Bluebridge and from airlines , carrying around one million passengers and 230,000 vehicles per year on 5,500 sailings . In 2017 , Interislander became part of The Great Journeys of New Zealand , a new tourism brand created by KiwiRail to unite their four scenic passenger services : Interislander , Northern Explorer , Coastal Pacific and the TranzAlpine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1', 'summary': 'State Highway 1 ( SH 1 ) is the longest and most significant road in the New Zealand road network , running the length of both main islands . It appears on road maps as SH 1 and on road signs as a white number 1 on a red shield , but it has the official designations SH 1N in the North Island , SH 1S in the South Island . SH 1 is 2,033 kilometres ( 1,263 mi ) long , 1,081 km ( 672 mi ) in the North Island and 952 km ( 592 mi ) in the South Island . For the majority of its length it is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , in both rural and urban areas . These sections have some passing lanes . Around 220 km ( 140 mi ) of SH 1 is of motorway or expressway standard as of October 2017 [ update ] : 191 km ( 119 mi ) in the North Island and 28 km ( 17 mi ) in the South Island . Current road construction will see an extra 102 km ( 63 mi ) in the North Island and 6 km ( 4 mi ) in the South Island upgraded to motorway or expressway standard by 2022 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Taupiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taupiri', 'summary': 'Taupiri is a small town of about 450 people on the eastern bank of the Waikato River in the Waikato District of New Zealand . It is overlooked by Taupiri mountain , the sacred burial ground for the Waikato tribes of the Māori people , located just to the north . Taupiri is located near the northern end of the Waikato Basin immediately south of the junction of the Mangawara Stream ( which drains the northern part of the basin ) and the Waikato River . The Waikato River then flows northward through the Taupiri Gorge between the Hākarimata Range to the south and the Taupiri Range to the north , into the Lower Waikato . State Highway 1 ( SH1 ) and the North Island Main Trunk railway line run through the town and the gorge , linking Huntly 8 kilometres to the north and Ngaruawahia 7 kilometres to the south . The intersection of SH1 and State Highway 1b ( SH1B ) is at the northern end of Taupiri . When the Ngaruawahia Bypass section of the Waikato Expressway is completed the first 2 kilometres of SH1b will become SH1 which will mean that SH1 will bypass Taupiri .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Cambridge ( Māori : Kemureti ) is a town in the Waipa District of the Waikato Region of the North Island of New Zealand . Situated 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) southeast of Hamilton , on the banks of the Waikato River , Cambridge is known as The Town of Trees & Champions . The town has a population of 19,150 , making it the largest town in the Waipa District , and third largest urban area in the Waikato ( after Hamilton and Taupo ) . Cambridge was a finalist in the 2017 and 2019 New Zealand 's Most Beautiful Large Town awards , run by Keep New Zealand Beautiful . It was awarded the title New Zealand 's Most Beautiful Large Town in October 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gordonton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern bypass of Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_2', 'summary': "State Highway 2 ( SH 2 ) runs north-south through eastern parts of the North Island of New Zealand from the outskirts of Auckland to Wellington . It runs via Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty , Gisborne , and Napier and Hastings in Hawke 's Bay . It is the second-longest highway in the North Island , after State Highway 1 , which runs the length of both of the country 's main islands . For most of its length it consists of a two-lane single carriageway , with frequent passing lanes . There are sections of expressway ( four lane dual carriageway ) at Maramarua , Tauranga and Wellington ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Pokeno Junction ( 45 km south of Auckland )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Ngauranga Interchange ( 5 km north of Wellington )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ngauranga', 'summary': "Ngauranga is a suburb of New Zealand 's capital city , Wellington , in the lower North Island . Situated on the western bank of Wellington Harbour , it lies to the north of the centre of the city . The name comes from the Maori-language ngā ūranga , meaning the landing place ( for canoes ) . The Ngauranga Railway Station was known as Ngahauranga when it opened in 1874 . It is lightly populated , and for statistical purposes is divided into Ngauranga East and Ngauranga West by Statistics New Zealand . At the 2001 New Zealand census , Ngauranga West registered a population of zero , while Ngauranga East had a population of 39 . This represented an increase of 18.2% or 6 people since the previous census in 1996 . The low population is due to Ngauranga 's rugged terrain . It includes the Ngauranga Gorge , through which State Highway 1 passes on its route out of Wellington to Porirua and the west coast . To the east , State Highway 2 runs wedged between hills and Wellington Harbour on its route from Wellington to the Hutt Valley , Wairarapa , and beyond . Alongside State Highway 2 is the Hutt Valley Line portion of the Wairarapa Line railway , which includes a station in Ngauranga served by frequent commuter trains . The North Island Main Trunk railway also passes through Ngauranga , via two tunnels of the Tawa Flat deviation , with a bridge between them crossing the Ngauranga Gorge ."}]}, {'value': 'Paeroa , Tauranga , Gisborne , Napier , Hastings , Woodville , Masterton , Hutt Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paeroa', 'summary': 'Paeroa , a small town in New Zealand , lies in the northern Waikato region of the Thames Valley . Located at the base of the Coromandel Peninsula , it is close to the junction of the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers , 20 kilometres ( 12.4 miles ) from the coast at the Firth of Thames . Paeroa had a population of 3,888 at the 2013 New Zealand census , a decrease of 87 people since the 2006 census . There were 1,836 males and 2,052 females . 75.5% were European/Pākehā , 31.3% were Māori , 3.4% were Pacific peoples and 2.6% were Asian . New Zealanders know Paeroa for its mineral springs , which used to provide the water used in a local soft drink , Lemon & Paeroa . The town stands at the intersection of State Highways 2 and 26 , and is the central service location for the Hauraki District with the town being a midway stop between Auckland , Tauranga and Rotorua . It is about half way between Auckland and Tauranga , and acts as the southern gateway to the Coromandel Peninsula , and as the western gateway to the Bay of Plenty and the Karangahake Gorge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tauranga', 'summary': "Tauranga ( Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtaʉɾaŋa ] ) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region and the fifth most populous city of New Zealand , with an urban population of 141,600 ( June 2018 ) . It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century , by Europeans in the early 19th century , and was constituted as a city in 1963 . The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty , on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour . The city extends over an area of 168 square kilometres ( 65 sq mi ) , and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem , on the south-western outskirts of the city ; Greerton , on the southern outskirts of the city ; Matua , west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour ; Maungatapu ; Mount Maunganui , located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty ; Otumoetai ; Papamoa , Tauranga 's largest suburb , located on the Bay of Plenty ; Tauranga City ; Tauranga South ; and Welcome Bay . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's main centres for business , international trade , culture , fashion and horticultural science . The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand 's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency . Tauranga is one of New Zealand 's fastest growing cities , with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census , and 11% between the 2006 census and the 2013 census . This rapid population growth has seen Tauranga overtake Dunedin and the Napier-Hastings urban areas to become New Zealand 's fifth-largest city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Gisborne ( Māori : Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa Great standing place of Kiwa ) is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District ( or Gisborne Region ) . It has a population of 37,200 ( June 2018 ) . The district council has its headquarters in Whataupoko , in the central city . The settlement was originally known as Turanga and renamed Gisborne in 1870 in honour of New Zealand Colonial Secretary William Gisborne .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hastings ( /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ ; Māori : Heretaunga ) is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawke 's Bay , on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The population of Hastings is 70,600 ( as of June 2018 ) , with 45,000 living in the contiguous city and Flaxmere , 13,950 in Havelock North , 2,210 in Clive , and the remainder in the peri-urban area around the city . Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities . The city is the administrative centre of the Hastings District . Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres ( 2,019 sq mi ) and has 1.7% of the population of New Zealand , ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities . Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements , Hastings has grown to become one of the largest urban areas in Hawke 's Bay . Hastings District is a food production region . The fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits , pome fruit , kiwifruit and vegetables , and the area is one of New Zealand 's major red wine producers . Associated business include food processing , agricultural services , rural finance and freight . Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Woodville , previously known as The Junction is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand , 75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North . The 2013 census showed that 1401 people reside in Woodville . The town is in the Tararua District and the Manawatu-Wanganui region , although it has strong ties with the Hawke 's Bay region , of which it was once a part , but is often considered to be the northern boundary of Wairarapa . It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River . Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges , close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River . Since the indefinite closure of the Manawatu Gorge , the Saddle Road now provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island , and is a major transportation link . Geologic instability means the Manawatu Gorge road will never be re-opened . A new 4-lane road project was approved by the NZ Government in September 2019 . It will be built between the existing Saddle Road and the Manawatu Gorge , connecting to SH2 west of Woodville ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Masterton', 'summary': 'Masterton ( Māori : Whakaoriori ) is a large town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Masterton District ( a territorial authority or local government district ) . It is the largest town in the Wairarapa , a region separated from Wellington by the Rimutaka ranges . It is 100 kilometres north-east of Wellington , 39.4 kilometres south of Eketahuna , on the Ruamahanga River . Masterton has an urban population of 22,200 , and district population of 26,300 ( June 2018 ) . Masterton businesses include services for surrounding farmers . Three new industrial parks are being developed in Waingawa , Solway and Upper Plain . The town is the headquarters of the annual Golden Shears sheep-shearing competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hutt_Valley', 'summary': "The Hutt Valley ( or 'The Hutt ' ) is the large area of fairly flat land in the Hutt River valley in the Wellington region of New Zealand . Like the river that flows through it , it takes its name from Sir William Hutt , a director of the New Zealand Company in early colonial New Zealand . The river flows roughly along the course of an active geologic fault , which continues to the south to become the main instrument responsible for the uplift of the South Island 's Southern Alps . For this reason , the land rises abruptly to the west of the river ; to the east two floodplains have developed . The higher of these is between 15 and 22 km from the mouth of the river . Beyond this , the river is briefly confined by a steep-sided gorge near Taita , before the land opens up into a long triangular plain close to the outflow into Wellington Harbour . The lower valley contains the city of Lower Hutt , administered by Hutt City Council , while the adjacent , larger but less populous city of Upper Hutt has its centre on the smaller plain above the Taita Gorge . The valley forms a major dormitory suburban area for Wellington , and is a location for manufacturing and heavy industry , educational and recreational facilities , and the region 's motor camps . Petone , on the Wellington Harbour shoreline , was proposed as the initial site for the settlement of Wellington by the New Zealand Company . However , as the chosen site was soon seen to be prone to river flooding , early settlement was relocated to Wellington . A small settlement remained at the Petone site as the whole valley was believed to be well suited as farm land . In 1846 there was fighting between Māori tribes and the Government , known as the Hutt Valley Campaign ."}]}, {'value': '968', 'urls': []}, {'value': "SH 2 was rerouted via the Hawke 's Bay Expressway in August 2019", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hawke's_Bay_Expressway", 'summary': "The Hawke 's Bay Expressway , known also as the Napier-Hastings Expressway , runs from Hawke 's Bay Airport passing through Napier and Taradale , west of Hastings , and ends at Pakipaki just south of Hastings , a total length of 24km ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3', 'summary': "State Highway 3 ( SH 3 ) is one of New Zealand 's eight national state highways . It serves the west coast of the country 's North Island and forms a link between State Highway 1 and State Highway 2 . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH 3 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Hamilton ( Māori : Kirikiriroa ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region , with a territorial population of 165,900 , the country 's fourth most-populous city . Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 ( 42 sq mi ) on the banks of the Waikato River , Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area , which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia , Te Awamutu and Cambridge . The area now covered by the city was originally the site of several Māori villages , including Kirikiriroa , from which the city takes its Māori name . By the time English settlers arrived , most of these villages , which sat beside the Waikato River , were abandoned as a result of the Invasion of Waikato and land-confiscation ( Raupatu ) by the Crown . The new British settlement was renamed Hamilton after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton , the commander of HMS Esk , who was killed in the Battle of Gate Pā , Tauranga . Initially an agricultural service centre , Hamilton now has a diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand , behind Pukekohe and Auckland . Hamilton Gardens is the region 's most popular tourist attraction . Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton 's economy , as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 2 at Woodville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Woodville , previously known as The Junction is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand , 75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North . The 2013 census showed that 1401 people reside in Woodville . The town is in the Tararua District and the Manawatu-Wanganui region , although it has strong ties with the Hawke 's Bay region , of which it was once a part , but is often considered to be the northern boundary of Wairarapa . It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River . Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges , close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River . Since the indefinite closure of the Manawatu Gorge , the Saddle Road now provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island , and is a major transportation link . Geologic instability means the Manawatu Gorge road will never be re-opened . A new 4-lane road project was approved by the NZ Government in September 2019 . It will be built between the existing Saddle Road and the Manawatu Gorge , connecting to SH2 west of Woodville ."}]}, {'value': 'New Plymouth , Whanganui , Palmerston North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Whanganui', 'summary': "Whanganui ( /ˈhwɒŋənuːi/ ; Māori : [ ɸaŋanui ] ) , also spelled Wanganui , is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The Whanganui River , New Zealand 's longest navigable waterway , runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea . Whanganui is part of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Whanganui is the ancestral home of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and other Whanganui Māori tribes . The New Zealand Company began to settle the area in 1840 , establishing its second settlement after Wellington . In the early years most European settlers came via Wellington . Whanganui greatly expanded in the 1870s , and freezing works , woollen mills , phosphate works and wool stores were established in the town . Today , much of Whanganui 's economy relates directly to the fertile and prosperous farming hinterland . Like several New Zealand urban areas , it was officially designated a city until an administrative reorganisation in 1989 , and is now run by a District Council . Although the city was called Wanganui from 1854 , in February 2009 , the New Zealand Geographic Board recommended the spelling be changed to Whanganui . In December 2009 , the government decided that while either spelling was acceptable , Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling . On 17 November 2015 , Land Information New Zealand ( LINZ ) announced that Wanganui District would be renamed to Whanganui District ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Palmerston_North', 'summary': "Palmerston North ( /ˈpɑːmərstən/ ; Māori : Te Papa-i-Oea ) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Located in the eastern Manawatu Plains , the city is near the north bank of the Manawatu River , 35 km ( 22 mi ) from the river 's mouth , and 12 km ( 7 mi ) from the end of the Manawatu Gorge , about 140 km ( 87 mi ) north of the capital , Wellington . Palmerston North is the country 's seventh-largest city and eighth-largest urban area , with an urban population of 86,600 ( June 2018 ) . The official limits of the city take in rural areas to the south , north-east , north-west and west of the main urban area , extending to the Tararua Ranges ; including the town of Ashhurst at the mouth of the Manawatu Gorge , the villages of Bunnythorpe and Longburn in the north and west respectively . The city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres ( 98,000 acres ) . The city 's location was once little more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of Māori , who called it Papa-i-Oea , believed to mean How beautiful it is . In the mid-19th century , it was settled by Europeans - originally by Scandinavians and , later , British colonists . On foundation , the British settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston , in honour of Viscount Palmerston , a former British Prime Minister . The suffix North was added in 1871 to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island . Today , the name is often informally shortened to Palmy . Early Palmerston North relied on public works and sawmilling . The west coast railway was built in 1886 , linking the town to Wellington , and Palmerston North benefited from a booming pastoral farming industry ."}]}, {'value': '489.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_3', 'summary': "State Highway 3 ( SH 3 ) is one of New Zealand 's eight national state highways . It serves the west coast of the country 's North Island and forms a link between State Highway 1 and State Highway 2 . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH 3 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 near Waitara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitara,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand . Waitara is located just off State Highway 3 , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) northeast of New Plymouth . Its population was 6312 in the 2013 census , an increase of 24 from 2006 . Waitara was the site of the outbreak of the Taranaki Wars in 1860 following the attempted purchase of land for English settlers from its Māori owners . Disputes over land that was subsequently confiscated by the Government continue to this day . The commonly accepted meaning of the name Waitara is mountain stream , though Maori legend also states that it was originally Whai-tara - path of the dart . In 1867 the settlement was named Raleigh , after Sir Walter Raleigh . It reverted to its former name with the establishment of the borough of Waitara in 1904 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Inglewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inglewood,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Inglewood is a town in the Taranaki Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) southeast of New Plymouth on State Highway 3 , close to Mount Taranaki/Egmont , and sits 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above sea level . The town services a mainly dairy farming region . The population was 3,246 in the 2013 census , an increase of 156 from 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Plymouth Bypass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Plymouth', 'summary': "New Plymouth ( Māori : Ngāmotu ) is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . It is named after the English city of Plymouth from where the first English settlers to New Zealand migrated . The New Plymouth District , which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns , is the 10th largest district ( out of 67 ) in New Zealand , and has a population of 74,184 - about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and 1.7% of New Zealand 's population . This includes New Plymouth City ( 58,300 ) , Waitara ( 6,483 ) , Inglewood ( 3,380 ) , Oakura ( 1,359 ) , Okato ( 561 ) and Urenui ( 429 ) . The city itself is a service centre for the region 's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities ( mainly dairy farming ) as well as oil , natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production . It is also the region 's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank ( formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank ) , the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks . Notable features are the botanic gardens ( i.e . Pukekura Park ) , the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery , the 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea , the Len Lye-designed 45-metre-tall ( 148 ft ) artwork known as the Wind Wand , Paritutu Rock , and views of Mount Taranaki/Egmont . As described under awards , New Plymouth won multiple awards in 2008 . The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling Model Communities by the government . Based on New Plymouth 's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians , the city received $ 3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programs to boost walking and cycling . It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive , where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard , ski , water ski and surf all in the same day ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_4', 'summary': "State Highway 4 is the shortest of New Zealand 's eight national highways . It runs north-south across rugged hill country , forming a short cut between two points on State Highway 3 thereby avoiding Taranaki and the coasts of the North and South Taranaki Bights . Distances are measured from north to south . For most of its length SH4 is a two-lane single carriageway , with at-grade intersections and property accesses , both in rural and urban areas . The NZ Transport Agency ( NZTA ) classifies SH 4 as a primary collector road , except between National Park ( SH 47 ) and Tohunga Junction ( SH 49 ) where it is classified an arterial road ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Eight Mile Junction ( 11 km south of Te Kuiti )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Kuiti', 'summary': 'Te Kuiti is a town in the north of the King Country region of the North Island of New Zealand . It lies at the junction of State Highways 3 and 30 and on the North Island Main Trunk railway , 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Hamilton . At the 2001 census it had a resident population of 4,374 , a decrease of 5.1% since 1991 . The town promotes itself as the sheep shearing capital of the world and is host to the annual New Zealand National Shearing Championships . Te Kuiti is approximately 80 km south of Hamilton and 19 km south-east of Waitomo . The area around Te Kuiti , commonly known as the King Country , gives its name to the Heartland Championship rugby team based in Te Kuiti .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 3 at Whanganui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whanganui', 'summary': "Whanganui ( /ˈhwɒŋənuːi/ ; Māori : [ ɸaŋanui ] ) , also spelled Wanganui , is a city on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The Whanganui River , New Zealand 's longest navigable waterway , runs from Mount Tongariro to the sea . Whanganui is part of the Manawatū-Whanganui region . Whanganui is the ancestral home of Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi and other Whanganui Māori tribes . The New Zealand Company began to settle the area in 1840 , establishing its second settlement after Wellington . In the early years most European settlers came via Wellington . Whanganui greatly expanded in the 1870s , and freezing works , woollen mills , phosphate works and wool stores were established in the town . Today , much of Whanganui 's economy relates directly to the fertile and prosperous farming hinterland . Like several New Zealand urban areas , it was officially designated a city until an administrative reorganisation in 1989 , and is now run by a District Council . Although the city was called Wanganui from 1854 , in February 2009 , the New Zealand Geographic Board recommended the spelling be changed to Whanganui . In December 2009 , the government decided that while either spelling was acceptable , Crown agencies would use the Whanganui spelling . On 17 November 2015 , Land Information New Zealand ( LINZ ) announced that Wanganui District would be renamed to Whanganui District ."}]}, {'value': 'Taumarunui , Raetihi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taumarunui', 'summary': 'Taumarunui is a small town in the King Country of the central North Island of New Zealand . It is on an alluvial plain set within rugged terrain on the upper reaches of the Whanganui River , 65 km south of Te Kuiti and 55 km west of Turangi . It is under the jurisdiction of Ruapehu District and Manawatu-Wanganui Region . Its population is 4,503 ( 2013 census , this is down 11% from the 2006 census ) , making it the largest centre for a considerable distance in any direction . It is on State Highway 4 and the North Island Main Trunk railway . The name Taumarunui is reported to be the dying words of the Māori chief Pehi Turoa - taumaru meaning screen and nui big , literally translated as Big Screen , being built to shelter him from the sun , or more commonly known to mean - The place of big shelter . There are also references to Taumarunui being known as large sheltered location for growing kumara . In the 1980s publication Roll Back the Years there are some details on how Taumarunui got its name . Extract : According to Frank T Brown , who wrote in the Taumarunui Press in 1926 , the name Taumarunui is closely connected with the arrival of and conquering of that portion of the King Country by the Whanganui River natives during the 18th century . . . The war party that succeeded in capturing the principal pa and taking prisoner the chief of the district was headed by Ki Maru .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raetihi', 'summary': 'Raetihi is a town in the central North Island of New Zealand . It is located at the junction of State Highways 4 and 49 , 11 kilometres west of Ohakune . The 2013 New Zealand census recorded its population as 1,002 . This constitutes a decrease of 3.2% or 33 people since the 2006 census . 65.3% of residents identified as Māori , 55% European , 2.7% Pacific and 1.2% Asian ( some people identified themselves in several ethnic groups and as a result percentages do not add up to 100 ) . The Waimarino district stretches from Mount Ruapehu to the Wanganui River encompassing Raetihi , Pipiriki , Karioi , Horopito , Waiouru , Rangataua and Ohakune . There is evidence of Maori people living here in the fourteenth century . The Ngati Uenuku dwelled at Raetihi and Waimarino ( now National Park ) . There is little evidence of large permanent settlements but hunting parties were common during warmer months . In 1887 the Government purchased the Waimarino block from the Maori . The first European settlement was at Karioi where sheep were grazed on open tussock land . The Waimarino block proved to be a pot of gold .'}]}, {'value': '236.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_5', 'summary': "State Highway 5 ( SH 5 ) , one of New Zealand 's eight national highways , runs from State Highway 1 at Tirau , in the south Waikato , to State Highway 2 , close to the Hawke Bay coast at Bay View , 10 km north of Napier . It is the second shortest of the national highways . SH 5 is a two-lane single carriageway , except for a two-kilometre section of dual carriageway in Rotorua , and has at-grade intersections and property accesses in both rural and urban areas . The NZ Transport Agency classifies SH 5 as a regional strategic highway , except for the section concurrent with SH 1 around Taupo , where it is classified as a national strategic road ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Tirau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tirau', 'summary': 'Tirau ( Māori : Tīrau ) is a small town in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand , 50 kilometres southeast of Hamilton . The town has a population of 690 ( 2013 census ) . In the Māori language , Tīrau means place of many cabbage trees . Tirau is a major junction in the New Zealand state-highway network . Just south of the township is the intersection of State Highway 1 and State Highway 5 , where traffic from Auckland and Hamilton on State Highway 1 split to go either to Rotorua on SH 5 , or continue along SH 1 to Taupo and beyond to Napier , Palmerston North and Wellington . State Highway 27 splits off State Highway 1 in the north of the town , providing a route north to the Coromandel Peninsula and an alternative route to Auckland , bypassing Hamilton . Tirau is primarily a farming town but in recent years has begun to exploit the income that comes from being at a major road junction . The small community of Okoroire ( with hot springs ) is located just north of Tirau . Okoroire railway station was over 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) to the west of the hot springs , on the Kinleith Branch , opened on 8 March 1886 and closed to passengers on 31 July 1962 and to goods on 18 August 1968 . The railway line remains open for freight .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 2 at Bay View ( 10 km north of Napier )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay_View,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Bay View is a settlement in the Hawke 's Bay region of the eastern North Island of New Zealand . It lies on State Highway 2 , nine kilometres north of the city centre of Napier . The Esk River flows into the sea just to the north . Hawke 's Bay Airport and the Napier suburb of Westshore lie just to the south . Bay View has been administered by the Napier City Council since the 1989 local government reforms . William Colenso of the Church Missionary Society established a mission outstation named Bethany here . Māori transliterated Bethany as Pētane and this became the name of the area . Pētane was seized by Maori in the early 1860s with the idea of attacking Napier . The name of the area was changed to Bay View in 1924 to avoid confusion with Petone in the Wellington region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Napier ( /ˈneɪpiər/ NAY-pee-ər ; Māori : Ahuriri ) is a New Zealand city with a seaport , located in Hawke 's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island . The population of Napier is about 62,800 as of June 2019 . About 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings . These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand . The total population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 134,500 people , which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand , closely followed by Dunedin ( 122,000 ) , and trailing Tauranga ( 141,600 ) . Napier is about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) northeast of the capital city of Wellington . Napier ( 63,900 ) has a smaller population than its neighbouring city of Hastings ( 70,600 ) but is seen as the main centre due to it being closer in distance to both the seaport and the main airport that service Hawke 's Bay , and Hastings ' population figure includes 13,000 people living in Havelock North , which is often considered a town in its own right . The City of Napier has a land area of 106 square kilometres ( 41 sq mi ) and a population density of 540.0 per square kilometre . Napier is the nexus of the largest wool centre in the Southern Hemisphere , and it has the primary export seaport for northeastern New Zealand - which is the largest producer of apples , pears , and stone fruit in New Zealand . The Hawke 's Bay wine region is now the second largest in New Zealand after Marlborough , and grapes grown around Hastings and Napier are sent through the Port of Napier for export . Large amounts of sheep 's wool , frozen meat , wood pulp , and timber also pass through Napier annually for export . Smaller amounts of these materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself , such as Auckland , Wellington and Hamilton ."}]}, {'value': 'Rotorua and Taupo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rotorua', 'summary': "Rotorua [ ˌɾɔtɔˈɾʉa ] ( Māori : Te Rotorua-nui-a-Kahumatamomoe The second great lake of Kahumatamomoe ) is a city on the southern shores of Lake Rotorua from which the city takes its name , located in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It is the seat of the Rotorua District , a territorial authority encompassing Rotorua and several other nearby towns . The majority of the Rotorua District is in the Bay of Plenty Region , but a sizeable southern section and a small western section are in the Waikato Region . Rotorua is in the heart of the North Island , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) south of Tauranga , 80 km ( 50 mi ) north of Taupo , 105 km ( 65 mi ) east of Hamilton , and 230 km ( 140 mi ) southeast of the nation 's most populous city , Auckland . Rotorua has an estimated permanent population of 59,500 , making it the country 's 10th largest urban area , and the Bay of Plenty 's second largest urban area behind Tauranga . The Rotorua District has a total estimated population of 74,000 , of which 3,600 live in the Waikato section . Rotorua is a major destination for both domestic and international tourists ; the tourism industry is by far the largest industry in the district . It is known for its geothermal activity , and features geysers - notably the Pohutu Geyser at Whakarewarewa - and hot mud pools . This thermal activity is sourced to the Rotorua caldera , in which the town lies . Rotorua is home to the Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology . The Lakes of Rotorua are a collection of many lakes surrounding Rotorua ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taupo', 'summary': 'Taupo ( /ˈtaʊpoʊ/ ; Māori pronunciation : [ ˈtoʊpɔː ] ; officially Taupō ) is a town on the shore of Lake Taupo , which occupies the caldera of the Taupo Volcano in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand . It is the seat of the Taupo District Council and lies in the southern Waikato Region . Taupo has a population of 24,700 ( June 2018 ) . In 1953 , Taupo was officially constituted as a borough , but from 1989 it has been administered by the Taupo District Council , the district including both Taupo itself and the surrounding hinterland . Despite this , it is occasionally referred to as a city . It is the 20th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second-largest in the Waikato Region ( behind Hamilton ) . The name Taupo , by which the town is commonly known , is the shortened version of its Māori name , Taupō-nui-a-Tia . Literally translated , Taupō-nui-a-Tia means The great cloak of Tia ; the explorer Tia discovered the lake .'}]}, {'value': '247.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Share route with state highway 1 near Taupo for 9.9 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_10', 'summary': "State Highway 10 ( SH 10 ) is a road in the north of the North Island in New Zealand . At both ends it terminates at SH 1 . With the exception of SH 1 , it is the country 's northernmost state highway ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Pakaraka ( 14 km north of Kawakawa )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Awanui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awanui', 'summary': 'Awanui is an historical river port in the far north of New Zealand , on the banks of the Awanui River just before it flows into Rangaunu Bay . Awanui lies at the south end of the Aupouri Peninsula in the Far North District Council of the Northland Region , approximately 7 km north of Kaitaia . The river port has ceased operation and a recreational wharf is located at Unahi , on the shore of Rangaunu Bay , approximately 3 km north of the township . The traditional name of Awanui was Kaiwaka and Awanui proper refers to the River at Kaiwaka . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Awanui has a population of 339 , a decrease of 9 people since the 2006 census . The Tangata Whenua of the locality are represented by two neighbouring Marae . Mahimaru Marae is located on State Highway 10 , representing the Ngai Takoto hapu . Further along State Highway 10 is Kareponia Marae and the Patukoraha hapu o Ngati Kahu Iwi For much of the 20th century , Awanui was dominated by the Kaitaia Co-operative Dairy Factory , located immediately north of the township . The factory was constructed in 1926 , which included the current wharf structure at Unahi . In 1986 , the Kaitaia Co-operative merged with the neighbouring Northland Dairy Company . A sequence of such mergers would eventually form Fonterra . Given the distance away from markets , together with improved farming technology and transportation methods , these mergers eventually forced the factory at Awanui to close by the early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaeo', 'summary': 'Kaeo ( Māori : Kāeo ) is a township in the Far North District of New Zealand , located some 22 km ( 14 mi ) northwest of Kerikeri . The town takes its name from the kāeo or New Zealand freshwater mussel , which is found in the nearby rivers . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Kaeo has a population of 453 , a decrease of 42 people since the 2006 census . Sanfords Fishery factory , one of the main employers in Kaeo , closed in December 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '103.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_11', 'summary': 'State Highway 11 ( SH 11 ) is a 30 kilometre stretch of highway in the North Island of New Zealand . It links SH 10 at Puketona and SH 1 at Kawakawa . Its main destination is the Bay of Islands township of Paihia . Until 2004 , it terminated at Tohitapu Road , in southern Paihia township .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Kawakawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawakawa,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Kawakawa is a small town in the Bay of Islands area of the Northland Region of New Zealand . It had a population of 1,218 in 2013 , down by 132 from the 2006 census . Kawakawa developed as a service town when coal was found there in the 1860s , but coal mining ceased in the early 20th century . The economy is now based on farming . The town is named after the kawakawa shrub .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 10 at Puketona Junction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paihia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paihia', 'summary': "Paihia is the main tourist town in the Bay of Islands in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand . It is 60 kilometres north of Whangarei , located close to the historic towns of Russell and Kerikeri . Missionary Henry Williams named the mission station Marsden 's Vale and eventually the Paihia became the accepted name of the settlement . Nearby to the north is the historic settlement of Waitangi , and the residential and commercial area of Haruru Falls is to the west . The port and township of Opua , and the small settlement of Te Haumi , lie to the south . The population of Paihia was 1,719 in the 2013 Census , a decrease of 54 from 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_12', 'summary': 'State Highway 12 ( SH 12 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the far north of the North Island . It connects with SH 1 at both its northern and southern end . It runs close to the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Ohaeawai ( 79 km south of Kaitaia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaitaia', 'summary': 'Kaitaia ( Māori : Kaitāia ) is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula , about 160 km northwest of Whangarei . It is the last major settlement on State Highway 1 . Ahipara Bay , the southern end of Ninety Mile Beach , is 5 km west . The main industries are forestry and tourism . The population is 4,887 ( 2013 census ) , which makes it second-largest town in the Far North District , after Kerikeri . The name Kaitaia means ample food , kai being the Māori word for food . The Muriwhenua are a group of six northern Māori iwi occupying the northernmost part of the North Island surrounding Kaitaia .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Brynderwyn ( 28 km north of Wellsford )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wellsford', 'summary': 'Wellsford is a town on the Northland Peninsula in the northern North Island of New Zealand . It is the northernmost major settlement in the Auckland Region , and is 77 kilometres northwest of the Auckland CBD . Wellsford is close to a narrowing of the Northland Peninsula caused by an arm of the Kaipara Harbour on the west coast extending inland for 20 kilometres from the body of the harbour , stretching to within 15 kilometres of the east ( Pacific Ocean ) coast . As of the 2013 census , the town had a population of 1,698 , an increase of 27 from 2006 . It is a major regional centre , being located at the junction of State Highways 1 and 16 , almost halfway between Auckland and the Northland city of Whangarei . It is the rural service town for the local areas of Tauhoa , Tapora , Wharehine , Port Albert , Te Hana , Tomarata , Te Arai , Whangaripo and Pakiri .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaikohe , Waipoua Forest , Dargaville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikohe', 'summary': 'Kaikohe is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , situated on State Highway 12 about 260 km from Auckland . It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in the Northland Region . With a population of just under 4000 people it is a shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district and is sometimes referred to as the hub of the north'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waipoua_Forest', 'summary': "Waipoua Forest is a forest , on the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . It preserves some of the best examples of kauri forest remaining in New Zealand . It is notable for having two of the largest living kauri trees , Tāne Mahuta and Te Matua Ngahere . The forest was declared a sanctuary in 1952 . A community-based volunteer organisation , the Waipoua Forest Trust , helps maintain the forest . The sanctuary is bordered to the south by the 350 hectares ( 860 acres ) Professor W.R McGregor Reserve , named after W. R. McGregor ( 1894-1977 ) . In the 1940s , McGregor successfully campaigned to end logging of the forest and to have it declared a sanctuary , a status it achieved in 1952 . Today , the forest is a significant drawcard for visitors to Northland , with approximately 200,000 people visiting Tāne Mahuta every year . This has led to concerns about the health of the forest and the spread of kauri dieback disease . There are also easy walking tracks to Te Matua Ngahere and the Four Sisters , and a longer hiking track south leading past the 7th-largest kauri tree , the Yakas kauri ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dargaville', 'summary': 'Dargaville ( Māori : Takiwira ) is a town in the North Island of New Zealand . It is situated on the bank of the Northern Wairoa River in the Northland region . The town is located 55 kilometres southwest of Whangarei . The population was 4,251 at the 2013 Census , a decrease of 204 since 2006 and 282 from 2001 . It is noted for the high proportion of residents of Croatian descent . The area around it is one of the chief regions in the country for cultivating kumara ( sweet potato ) and so Dargaville is known by many locals as the Kumara Capital of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': '217.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_14', 'summary': 'State Highway 14 ( SH 14 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the north of the North Island . It forms an east to west connection between SH 1 and SH 12 . It runs to the west coast of the Northland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Whangarei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whangarei', 'summary': 'Whangarei ( /ˌfɒŋəˈreɪ/ , or /ˌwɒŋəˈreɪ/ ; Māori : [ faŋaˈɾɛi ] ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region . It is part of the Whangarei District , a local body created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City , Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils , to administer both the city proper and its hinterland . The city population was estimated to be 58,700 in June 2018 , an increase from 47,000 in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 12 at Dargaville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_15', 'summary': 'State Highway 15 ( SH 15 ) is a New Zealand state highway in the Northland region of the North Island . It is 126.5 km long and provides an alternative route to SH 1 between the Kaikohe and Whangarei areas ; a spur also links SH 1 with the Marsden Point Oil Refinery and Northport .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 near Lake Omapere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Omapere', 'summary': 'Lake Omapere is a small lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand . It is located just to the north of the town of Kaikohe . The lake is five km in length and covers 14 km² , but only two to three metres deep at its deepest point . The Lake Omapere Restoration and Management Project aims to develop and implement a voluntary lake management strategy that will work towards improving the health of the lake and help assist the Lake Omapere Trustees in their role as kaitiaki . In May 1845 a battle occurred during the Flagstaff War at the pā of Hone Heke at Puketutu ( Te Mawhe Pā ) on the shores of Lake Omapere .'}]}, {'value': 'Marsden Point Oil Refinery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marsden_Point_Oil_Refinery', 'summary': 'Marsden Point Oil Refinery is a 96,000 BPD refinery located at Marsden Point , Whangarei , Northland , New Zealand . It is the only oil refinery in New Zealand , and is operated by Refining NZ . The point was named after Samuel Marsden . The regional survey map shows it was called Marsden Point in 1907 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaikohe , Titoki , Maungatapere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaikohe', 'summary': 'Kaikohe is a town in the Far North District of New Zealand , situated on State Highway 12 about 260 km from Auckland . It is the largest inland town and highest community above sea level in the Northland Region . With a population of just under 4000 people it is a shopping and service centre for an extensive farming district and is sometimes referred to as the hub of the north'}, {'url': '/wiki/Titoki,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Titoki ( Māori : Tītoki ) is a locality in the Mangakahia Valley of the Northland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . Whangarei is 26 km ( 16 miles ) to the east . The Wairua River passes to the east of Titoki , and the Mangakahia River to the west . A hydroelectric plant has been operating at Wairua Falls since 1916 . It was upgraded to produce 5.4 Gwh per year in 2007 . The local Korokota Marae is a tribal meeting ground of the Ngāpuhi hapū of Te Parawhau and the Ngāti Whātua hapū of Te Parawhau . It features the Tikitiki o Rangi meeting house . Mangakahia Area School is a coeducational composite school ( years 1-15 ) , with a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 157 . The school , previously called Titoki District High School , celebrated its centennial in 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maungatapere', 'summary': 'Maungatapere is a settlement in Northland , New Zealand . State Highway 14 runs through it . Whangarei is 11 km to the east , and Tangiteroria is 18 km to the south west . The settlement takes its name from a rounded volcanic peak of the same name ( a Maori name meaning meeting house by the mountain ) that lies to the southwest , and has a summit 359 meters above sea level . According to the 2013 New Zealand census , Maungatapere has a population of 1,323 , an increase of 42 people since the 2006 census . Maungatapere is at the junction of State Highways 14 and 15 . Maungatapere is the antipode of the city of Tangier , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': '126.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Northland Inland Freight Route . Declared as a state highway in August 2016 which included the full section of former SH 15A . This is the second instance of this highway number being used', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_16', 'summary': "State Highway 16 ( SH 16 ) is a New Zealand state highway linking central Auckland with Wellsford , via Auckland 's Northwestern Motorway , Helensville and Kaukapakapa . It provides an alternative to State Highway 1 for traffic travelling between Auckland and parts of Northland from Wellsford northwards . Within the Auckland metropolitan area , SH 16 mostly runs along the Northwestern Motorway , the major exception being the first 2 km between the Port of Auckland and the Central Motorway Junction . Outside the Auckland metropolitan area , SH 16 is a single carriageway with at-grade intersections ."}]}, {'value': 'Port of Auckland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Wellsford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern Motorway , Helensville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Motorway ( also known historically as the Auckland-Kumeu Motorway ) , part of State Highway 16 ( SH16 ) , is the major western route and secondary northern route out of Auckland in New Zealand . Twenty-one kilometres in length , the motorway runs from Stanley St in Parnell through the Central Motorway Junction , and west through urban Auckland and Waitakere before continuing northwest and terminating outside of Kumeu . Its western terminus is at Brigham Creek Road in Whenuapai . A large part of it forms the middle section of the Western Ring Route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helensville', 'summary': 'Helensville is a town in the North Island of New Zealand . It is sited 40 kilometres northwest of Auckland , close to the southern extremity of the Kaipara Harbour . State Highway 16 passes through the town , connecting it to Waimauku 16 km to the south , and Kaukapakapa about 12 km to the north-east . Parakai is 2 km to the north-west . The Kaipara River runs through the town and into the Kaipara Harbour to the north . The population was 2,643 in the 2013 Census , an increase of 111 from 2006 . Helensville is also the name of an electorate seat in the Parliament of New Zealand . The current member for Helensville is Chris Penk .'}]}, {'value': '107.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_18', 'summary': 'State Highway 18 ( SH 18 ) is a state highway that runs between the Auckland Northern Motorway ( SH 1 ) on the North Shore and the Northwestern Motorway ( SH 16 ) in Waitakere in Auckland , New Zealand . The Upper Harbour Motorway forms most of its length as of 2016 ( the exception being a two-kilometre stretch at the north-eastern end ) . SH 18 forms the northern part of the Western Ring Route , which continues from Waitakere south-east to Manukau .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Upper Harbour Highway interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 16 at Massey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massey,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Massey is a north-western suburb in the city of Auckland , New Zealand . It was formerly a northern suburb of Waitakere City , which existed from 1989 to 2010 before the city was amalgamated into Auckland Council . The suburb was named after former Prime Minister of New Zealand William Massey . Massey is a relatively large suburb and can be divided into three reasonably distinctive areas , Massey West , Massey East ( separated by the north-western motorway ) and Massey North ( situated to the north of Royal Road ) . Parts of Massey East are also known as 'Royal Heights ' , which is home to the Royal Heights shopping centre . The population was 20,085 in the 2013 census , an increase of 1,326 from 2006 . The population given is for the statistical areas of Westgate , Royal Road West , Royal Heights , Waimumu North and Waimumu South Massey is home to one secondary school , Massey High School , where the principal is former Tall Blacks captain Glen Denham as well as several primary schools , including Colwill Primary School , Lincoln Heights School , Royal Road Primary School , Massey Primary School and Don Buck Primary School . Massey is not home to Massey University , which is based in Palmerston North with its Auckland campus at Albany . The suburb features the Massey YMCA Leisure Centre , Library , as well as the Westgate shopping centre on Hobsonville Road next to the north-western motorway and NorthWest Shopping Centre ( which opened in October , 2015 ) to the north of Hobsonville Road . The local rugby club is a member of the North Harbour Rugby Union and won the championship 6 times ( 1993 , 2004 , 2005 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 ) . Former All Black Jonah Lomu signed to play for Massey in 2005 , but due to an injury was unable to play for them that season . He did however eventually make his debut for the club in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Upper Harbour Motorway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Will eventually be converted to full motorway status from Albany Highway to SH 1 ( Auckland Northern Motorway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Northern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Auckland Northern Motorway ( known locally as the Northern Motorway , and historically as the Auckland-Waiwera Motorway ) in the Auckland Region of New Zealand links central Auckland City and Puhoi in the former Rodney District via the Hibiscus Coast and North Shore . It is part of State Highway 1 . It is 38 kilometres ( 24 mi ) in length , with 15 junctions . Until the end of the 1980s , it was largely associated with the Auckland Harbour Bridge as a connection between central Auckland and the North Shore , but since 1994 it has been extended to Puhoi to become the primary route between the Auckland urban area , the Hibiscus Coast satellite towns , the northern Rodney district , and Northland . Between the 1959 opening of the motorway and 1984 , tolls were collected on the Auckland Harbour Bridge , and since 2009 tolls have been collected on the Northern Gateway Toll Road , the northernmost section of the motorway , bypassing the Hibiscus Coast . The Northern Motorway sees heavy traffic , with around 170,000 vehicles crossing the Harbour Bridge each day ( 2019 ) .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 Manukau interchange at Wiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manukau', 'summary': 'Manukau ( /ˈmɑːnʊˌkaʊ/ ) , or Manukau Central , is a suburb of South Auckland , New Zealand , centred on the Manukau City Centre business district . It is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland Central Business District , west of the Southern Motorway , south of Papatoetoe , and north of Manurewa . The industrial and commercial suburb of Wiri lies to the east and south . The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010 . Manukau Central should not be confused with the much larger Manukau City , which was the entire area administered by the city council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wiri', 'summary': "Wiri is a mostly industrial-commercial focused suburb in Auckland , New Zealand . It was formerly part of Manukau City until the merger of all of Auckland 's councils into the 'super city ' in 2010 . As of 2009 , Ports of Auckland is building an inland port / rail siding in Wiri , to connect road freight to the port facilities on the Waitemata Harbour further north . The new facility will allow Ports of Auckland to reduce the number of trucks that have to travel through the Auckland Central area by up to 100,000 trips per year . Auckland Region Women 's Corrections Facility ( ARWCF ) is located in Wiri . ARWCF is the first purpose-built womens prison in New Zealand to accommodate a growing number of female prisoners and services in the upper North Island . The facility can accommodate 286 prisoners and employs 167 staff . The adjacent Auckland South Corrections Facility is a high security mens prison which opened in 2015 . It is operated by Serco New Zealand under a Public Private Partnership with the Department of Corrections . at 20 Hautu Drive , Wiri . As part of the Auckland railway electrification project , the $ 100 million EMU maintenance and stabling depot was built on 4.4 hectares of the old Winstone Quarry in Wiri , located next to the South-Western Motorway and bordered by Roscommon and Wiri Station Roads . It was officially opened by the Mayor of Auckland on 5 July 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'SH 16 interchange at Waterview', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterview,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Waterview is a suburb of Auckland , New Zealand , located along the western side of Auckland 's isthmus . Its boundaries are Oakley Creek in the east , Heron Park in the south , the Waitemata Harbour ( and Motu Manawa ( Pollen Island ) Marine Reserve ) in the west , and the Northwestern Motorway and the Oakley Creek inlet in the north . Waterview is primarily a residential area , with its residents commuting to work . There are few shops : a dairy , laundromat , bakery , and a community-owned cafe . Community facilities are available at Point Chevalier or Avondale , 20-30 minutes walk away ."}]}, {'value': 'Southwestern Motorway', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The link to the Northwestern Motorway via the Waterview Tunnel was completed in 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Motorway', 'summary': 'The Northwestern Motorway ( also known historically as the Auckland-Kumeu Motorway ) , part of State Highway 16 ( SH16 ) , is the major western route and secondary northern route out of Auckland in New Zealand . Twenty-one kilometres in length , the motorway runs from Stanley St in Parnell through the Central Motorway Junction , and west through urban Auckland and Waitakere before continuing northwest and terminating outside of Kumeu . Its western terminus is at Brigham Creek Road in Whenuapai . A large part of it forms the middle section of the Western Ring Route .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waterview_Tunnel', 'summary': "The Waterview Tunnel is a twin road tunnel in west Auckland , New Zealand . At 2,400 metres ( 7,900 ft ) long , it is New Zealand 's longest road tunnel . The tunnel , with three lanes of road vehicle traffic in each direction , connects State Highway 20 in the south at Mount Roskill to State Highway 16 in the west at Point Chevalier as part of the Waterview Connection . Its opening completed the Western Ring Route motorway system ."}]}, {'value': '20A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 20 south of Walmsley Road interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Airport', 'summary': "Auckland Airport ( IATA : AKL , ICAO : NZAA ) is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand , with over 21 million passengers in the year ended March 2019 . The airport is located near Mangere , a residential suburb , and Airport Oaks , a service hub suburb 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) south of the Auckland city centre . It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand , and as the New Zealand hub of Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways . The airport is one of New Zealand 's most important infrastructure assets , providing thousands of jobs for the region . It handled 71 per cent of New Zealand 's international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000 . It is one of only two airports in New Zealand ( the other being Christchurch ) capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft . It has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour , using a single runway that is fully Cat IIIb capable ( at a reduced rate of movements ) . In November 2007 work began on a new northern runway , to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft , freeing up capacity on the main runway . The project was put on hold for at least 12 months in October 2009 , however , and deferred for a further few years in August 2010 following consultation with airlines and a review of capacity management options . The timing of the recommencement of construction of the second runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway . The expected completion date for the second runway is now 2025 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Motorway', 'summary': "State Highway 20 , also known as the Southwestern Motorway , is a New Zealand state highway linking State Highway 1 at Manukau City Centre with State Highway 16 in Point Chevalier , via Mangere and Onehunga . Along with its spurs , State Highway 20A and 20B , the state highway serves Auckland Airport , the country 's largest , therefore making State Highway 20 a key arterial route connecting the airport to the wider Auckland region and most of the upper North Island . The route also forms the southern part of the Western Ring Route , a 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) motorway route bypassing central Auckland . It is the only New Zealand State Highway that is entirely motorway . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'SH 20 at Puhinui Road interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Airport', 'summary': "Auckland Airport ( IATA : AKL , ICAO : NZAA ) is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand , with over 21 million passengers in the year ended March 2019 . The airport is located near Mangere , a residential suburb , and Airport Oaks , a service hub suburb 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) south of the Auckland city centre . It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand , and as the New Zealand hub of Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways . The airport is one of New Zealand 's most important infrastructure assets , providing thousands of jobs for the region . It handled 71 per cent of New Zealand 's international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000 . It is one of only two airports in New Zealand ( the other being Christchurch ) capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft . It has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour , using a single runway that is fully Cat IIIb capable ( at a reduced rate of movements ) . In November 2007 work began on a new northern runway , to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft , freeing up capacity on the main runway . The project was put on hold for at least 12 months in October 2009 , however , and deferred for a further few years in August 2010 following consultation with airlines and a review of capacity management options . The timing of the recommencement of construction of the second runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway . The expected completion date for the second runway is now 2025 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern access to Auckland Airport', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_21', 'summary': 'State Highway 21 ( SH 21 ) is a short 6.7 kilometre stretch of highway in the North Island of New Zealand . It links State Highway 1 , Waikato Expressway at Tamahere and State Highway 3 at Ohaupo . Its main destination is Hamilton Airport and Mystery Creek , where the National Agricultural Fieldays are held . SH 21 was gazetted as a brand new state highway designation in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 5 km south of Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SH 3 5 km south of Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamilton Airport and Mystery Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamilton_Airport_(New_Zealand)', 'summary': 'Hamilton Airport ( IATA : HLZ , ICAO : NZHN ) is an airport located 14 kilometres south of the city of Hamilton in the Waikato region , in New Zealand . It is sited at Rukuhia , which was the name of the Royal New Zealand Air Force base on that site during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mystery_Creek', 'summary': "Mystery Creek Events Centre is one of New Zealand 's biggest events centres . Located in the outskirts of Hamilton , New Zealand , it is home to many events , the largest being the National Agricultural Fieldays which is held annually in June . Mystery Creek Events Centre boasts 114 hectares of land and event versatility with multi-functional facilities and an abundance of indoor and outdoor space ensuring the centre can host all components of an event on one property . From 2004 - 2014 Mystery Creek hosted the annual Parachute Christian Music Festival and from 2015 has hosted the replacement event Festival One . It also hosts Equidays , THE Expo , the New Zealand Motorhome , Caravan & Leisure Show , the BYM Baptist Ministries Easter Camp and many more popular events . The events centre has hosted many sports including ; international netball , Davis Cup tennis matches , Rally New Zealand and boxing . Mystery Creek has been the venue for previous New Zealand Scout Jamborees and was the site of the 19th New Zealand Jamboree 2010/2011 . It is also the venue for the upcoming new Zealand Scout Jamboree ( 28 December 2019 - 7 January 2020 ) ."}]}, {'value': '6.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_22', 'summary': 'State Highway 22 ( SH 22 ) is a New Zealand state highway just south of Auckland . It connects the town of Pukekohe to the Auckland Southern Motorway .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Drury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Drury is a rural town near Auckland , in northern New Zealand . Located 36 kilometres to the south of Auckland CBD , under authority of the Auckland Council . Drury lies at the southern border of the Auckland metropolitan area , 12 kilometres to the northeast of Pukekohe , close to the Papakura Channel , an arm of the Manukau Harbour .'}]}, {'value': 'Pukekohe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pukekohe', 'summary': 'Pukekohe is a town in the Auckland Region of the North Island of New Zealand . Located at the southern edge of the Auckland Region , it is in South Auckland , between the southern shore of the Manukau Harbour and the mouth of the Waikato River . The hills of Pukekohe and nearby Bombay Hills form the natural southern limit of the Auckland region . Pukekohe is located within the political boundaries of the Auckland Council , following the abolition of the Franklin District Council on 1 November 2010 . With a population of 31,400 ( June 2018 ) , Pukekohe is the 18th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the second largest in the Auckland Region behind Auckland itself . Pukekohe is a rural service town for the area formerly known as the Franklin District . It has a population of 31,400 ( June 2018 ) , mainly of European descent , with significant Māori and ethnic Indian and East Asian communities . There are also a notable number of people of South African and Dutch descent . The population growth from 2007 to 2008 was 2.2 percent . The fertile volcanic soil and warm moist climate supports a large horticultural and dairy farming industry ; the Pukekohe long keeper onion is well known internationally .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The continuation south to SH 23 near Raglan has had its State Highway designation revoked', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raglan,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Raglan is a small beachside town located 48 km west of Hamilton , New Zealand on State Highway 23 . It is known for its surfing , and volcanic black sand beaches .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_23', 'summary': 'State Highway 23 ( SH 23 ) is a New Zealand state highway that connects the towns of Raglan and Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': 'SH 1 at Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raglan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raglan,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Raglan is a small beachside town located 48 km west of Hamilton , New Zealand on State Highway 23 . It is known for its surfing , and volcanic black sand beaches .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current -- North Island', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_Zealand_State_Highways_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of highways of the New Zealand state highway network and some touring routes. State highways are administered by the NZ Transport Agency, while all other roads are the responsibility of territorial authorities.'}	null	null	What is the Via route of the highway whose from route is the place that is primarily a residential area , with its residents commuting to work ?	Southwestern Motorway
01b2fa35232fcf98	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_23)', 'title': 'Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 23)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'December 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'LIVE ! in Las Vegas , Blue Man Group , Selena Gomez , Terry Fator , Regis wakes from his own Vegas hangover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Man_Group', 'summary': 'Blue Man Group is an American performance art company formed in 1987 , known worldwide for its stage productions which incorporate many kinds of music and art , both popular and obscure , in its performances . Blue Man Group has continuing shows in Berlin , Boston , Chicago , Las Vegas , New York City , and Orlando . A typical Blue Man production employs 7-9 full-time Blue Men who are selected by audition . In addition to the stage show , Blue Man Group has toured nationally and internationally , appeared on various TV programs as both characters and performers , released multiple studio albums , contributed to a number of film scores , performed with orchestras around the United States , and appeared in ad campaigns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Selena_Gomez', 'summary': "Selena Marie Gomez ( born July 22 , 1992 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , and television producer . After appearing on the children 's television series Barney & Friends ( 2002-2004 ) , she received wider recognition for her portrayal of Alex Russo on the Emmy Award-winning Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place , which aired from 2007 until 2012 . Gomez also starred in the films Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) , Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) , Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) , Ramona and Beezus ( 2010 ) , and Monte Carlo ( 2011 ) . Thereafter , she focused on more mature roles in Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) , Getaway ( 2013 ) , The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) , and The Dead Do n't Die ( 2019 ) . She voices the character of Mavis in the Hotel Transylvania film franchise , and serves as an executive producer of the Netflix television drama series 13 Reasons Why ( 2017-present ) and the Netflix documentary series Living Undocumented ( 2019 ) . With her former band Selena Gomez & the Scene , she attained the gold certified top-ten albums Kiss & Tell ( 2009 ) , A Year Without Rain ( 2010 ) and When the Sun Goes Down ( 2011 ) on the US Billboard 200 . In 2012 , the band went on hiatus , and Gomez focused work on her debut album as a solo artist . The pop and dance influenced Stars Dance ( 2013 ) became her first number-one album on the Billboard 200 , and included Come & Get It , which became her first top-ten entry on the US Billboard Hot 100 . To finish out her contract with Hollywood Records , she released the compilation album For You ( 2014 ) . It included the single The Heart Wants What It Wants , which became her second top-ten entry . After signing with Interscope Records in late 2014 , she released her second studio album , Revival ( 2015 ) . It became her second consecutive number-one regular album on the Billboard 200 , with the highest first week sales of her career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Terry_Fator', 'summary': "Terry Wayne Fator ( /ˈfeɪtər/ ; born June 10 , 1965 ) is an American ventriloquist , impressionist , stand-up comedian , and singer from Dallas , Texas . Fator does ventriloquial impersonations , and uses 15 different puppets in his act . He was the winner of season two of America 's Got Talent , and received the million dollar prize . The following year , he was signed on as the headliner at The Mirage hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada with a five-year , $ 100 million contract ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "LIVE ! in Las Vegas , Jubilee Showgirls , Howie Mandel , Rod Stewart , See what happens on Kelly 's Vegas-style girls night out !", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showgirls', 'summary': "Showgirls is a 1995 erotic drama film written by Joe Eszterhas and directed by Paul Verhoeven . It stars former teen actress Elizabeth Berkley , Kyle MacLachlan , and Gina Gershon . The film centers on a street-smart drifter who ventures to Las Vegas and climbs the seedy hierarchy from stripper to showgirl . Produced on a then-sizable budget of approximately $ 45 million , significant controversy and hype surrounding the film 's amounts of sex and nudity preceded its theatrical release . In the United States , the film was rated NC-17 for nudity and erotic sexuality throughout , some graphic language , and sexual violence . Showgirls was the first ( and to date only ) NC-17 rated film to be given a wide release in mainstream theaters . Distributor United Artists dispatched several hundred staffers to theaters across North America playing Showgirls to ensure that patrons would not sneak into the theater from other films , and to make sure film-goers were over the age of 17 . Audience restriction due to the NC-17 rating coupled with poor reviews resulted in the film becoming a box office bomb , grossing just $ 37 million . Despite a negative theatrical and critical consensus , Showgirls enjoyed success on the home video market , generating more than $ 100 million from video rentals , allowing the film to turn a profit and become one of MGM 's top 20 all-time bestsellers . For its video premiere , Verhoeven prepared an R-rated cut for rental outlets that would not carry NC-17 films . This edited version runs 3 minutes shorter ( 128 minutes ) and deletes some of the more graphic footage . Despite being consistently ranked as one of the worst films ever made , Showgirls has become regarded as a cult classic , was released on Blu-ray in June 2010 and has even been subject to critical re-evaluation , with some notable directors and critics declaring it a serious satire worthy of praise ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Howie_Mandel', 'summary': "Howard Michael Mandel ( born November 29 , 1955 ) is a Canadian comedian , actor , voice actor , and television host . He hosted the CNBC ( originally NBC ) game show Deal or No Deal , as well as the show 's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts . In 1987 , Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man . From 1982 to 1988 , Mandel played rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St . Elsewhere . He also created , voiced , and starred in the FOX 's children 's cartoon Bobby 's World , and judges on NBC 's America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rod_Stewart', 'summary': "Sir Roderick David Stewart CBE ( born 10 January 1945 ) is a British rock singer and songwriter . Born and raised in London , he is of Scottish and English ancestry . Stewart is one of the best-selling music artists of all time , having sold over 120 million records worldwide . He has had nine number-one albums in the UK Albums Chart and his tally of 62 UK hit singles includes 31 that reached the top ten , six of which gained the # 1 position . Stewart has had 16 top ten singles in the US , with four reaching # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . He was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity . With his distinctive raspy singing voice , Stewart came to prominence in the late 1960s and the early 1970s with The Jeff Beck Group , and then with Faces , though his music career had begun in 1962 when he took up busking with a harmonica . In October 1963 , he joined The Dimensions as a harmonica player and part-time vocalist . In 1964 , Stewart joined Long John Baldry and the All Stars , and in August , Stewart signed a solo contract , releasing his first single , Good Morning Little Schoolgirl , in October . He maintained a solo career alongside a group career , releasing his debut solo album , An Old Raincoat Wo n't Ever Let You Down in 1969 . Stewart 's early albums were a fusion of rock , folk music , soul music , and R & B . From the late 1970s through the 1990s , Stewart 's music often took on a new wave or soft rock/middle-of-the-road quality , and in the early 2000s , he released a series of successful albums interpreting the Great American Songbook ."}]}, {'value': 'December 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Ray Romano , Alyssa Milano , Perfect Holiday Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Romano', 'summary': 'Raymond Albert Romano ( born December 21 , 1957 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor and screenwriter . He is best known for his role on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond , for which he received an Emmy Award , and as the voice of Manny in the Ice Age film series . He created and starred in the TNT comedy-drama Men of a Certain Age ( 2009-2011 ) . From 2012 to 2015 , Romano had a recurring role as Hank Rizzoli , a love interest of Sarah Braverman in Parenthood . More recently , he co-starred in the romantic comedy The Big Sick ( 2017 ) and portrayed mob lawyer Bill Bufalino in the epic crime film The Irishman ( 2019 ) . Since 2017 , Romano has portrayed Rick Moreweather in the comedy-drama series Get Shorty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alyssa_Milano', 'summary': "Alyssa Jayne Milano ( born December 19 , 1972 ) is an American actress , producer , activist , and singer . She is known for her roles as Samantha Micelli in Who 's the Boss ? , Jennifer Mancini in Melrose Place , Phoebe Halliwell in Charmed , Billie Cunningham in My Name is Earl , Savannah Savi Davis in Mistresses , Renata Murphy in Wet Hot American Summer : 10 Years Later , and Coralee Armstrong in Insatiable ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'James Franco , Daniel Dae Kim , Perfect Holiday Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Franco', 'summary': "James Edward Franco ( born April 19 , 1978 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , comedian , film producer , television producer , academic , painter and writer . For his role in 127 Hours ( 2010 ) , he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . Franco is known for his roles in live-action films , such as Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy ( 2002-2007 ) ; Milk ( 2008 ) ; Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) ; Eat , Pray , Love ( 2010 ) ; Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ; Spring Breakers ( 2012 ) ; Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) ; This Is the End ( 2013 ) ; and The Disaster Artist ( 2017 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . He is known for his collaborations with fellow actor Seth Rogen , having appeared in eight films and one television series with him . Franco is also known for his work on television ; his first prominent acting role was the character Daniel Desario on the short-lived ensemble comedy-drama Freaks and Geeks ( 1999-2000 ) , which developed a cult following . He portrayed the title character in the television biographical film James Dean ( 2001 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe Award . Franco had a recurring role on the daytime soap opera General Hospital ( 2009-2012 ) and starred in the limited series 11.22.63 ( 2016 ) . He starred in the David Simon-created HBO drama The Deuce ( 2017-2019 ) . Franco volunteers for the Art of Elysium charity , and has taught film classes at New York University , the University of Southern California , UCLA , Studio 4 , Palo Alto High School , and Playhouse West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Dae_Kim', 'summary': 'Daniel Dae Kim ( Korean : 김대현 ; born Kim Dae-hyun on August 4 , 1968 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He is known for his roles as Jin-Soo Kwon in Lost , Chin Ho Kelly in Hawaii Five-0 , Gavin Park in Angel and Johnny Gat in the Saints Row series of video games . He also runs a production company called 3AD , which is currently producing the television series The Good Doctor .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Amy Adams , Natasha Bedingfield , Perfect Holiday Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amy_Adams', 'summary': "Amy Lou Adams ( born August 20 , 1974 ) is an American actress . Known for both her comedic and dramatic performances , she has placed three times in annual rankings of the highest-paid actresses in the world . Her accolades include two Golden Globes , and nominations for six Academy Awards and seven British Academy Film Awards . Born in Vicenza , Italy , and raised in Castle Rock , Colorado , Adams is the fourth of seven siblings . She trained to be a ballerina , but at age 18 , she found musical theater a better fit , and from 1994 to 1998 , she worked in dinner theater . She made her feature film debut with a supporting part in the 1999 satire Drop Dead Gorgeous . After moving to Los Angeles , she made guest appearances in television and took on mean girl parts in small-scale features . Her first major role came in Steven Spielberg 's 2002 biopic Catch Me If You Can , opposite Leonardo DiCaprio , but she was unemployed for a year afterward . Her breakthrough came in the part of a loquacious pregnant woman in the 2005 independent film Junebug . The 2007 musical Enchanted , in which Adams played a cheerful princess , was her first major success as a leading lady . She followed it by playing naïve , optimistic women in a series of films such as the 2008 drama Doubt . She subsequently played stronger parts to positive reviews in the sports film The Fighter ( 2010 ) and the psychological drama The Master ( 2012 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natasha_Bedingfield', 'summary': 'Natasha Anne Bedingfield ( born 26 November 1981 ) is an English singer and songwriter . Bedingfield released her debut album , Unwritten , in 2004 , which contained primarily up-tempo pop songs and was influenced by R & B music . It enjoyed international success with more than 2.3 million copies sold worldwide . Bedingfield received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the title track Unwritten , and at the 2005 and 2006 Brit Awards , she was nominated for Best British Female Artist . Unwritten also produced her only UK number one , These Words . Her second album , N.B . ( 2007 ) , yielded the UK top 10 singles I Wan na Have Your Babies and Soulmate . N.B . was not released in North America , but six tracks from it were included with seven new ones and released in 2008 as her third studio album , Pocketful of Sunshine , with the singles Love Like This and Pocketful of Sunshine earning success on the charts . In December 2010 , Bedingfield released her third album in North America , named Strip Me with the song of the same name charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 at 91 . Bedingfield has sold over 10 million albums and 10 million singles worldwide , totalling over 20 million records worldwide . In 2012 , VH1 ranked Bedingfield number 66 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music .'}]}, {'value': 'December 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Owen Wilson , Lucy Liu , Perfect Holiday Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owen_Wilson', 'summary': 'Owen Cunningham Wilson ( born November 18 , 1968 ) is an American actor , producer , and screenwriter . He has had a long association with filmmaker Wes Anderson , with whom he shared writing and acting credits for Bottle Rocket ( 1996 ) and The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) , the latter of which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . He has appeared in a number of Frat Pack comedies and voiced Lightning McQueen in the Cars franchise . His older brother Andrew and younger brother Luke are also actors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucy_Liu', 'summary': "Lucy Liu ( born December 2 , 1968 ) is an American actress , who is known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series Ally McBeal ( 1998-2002 ) , the assertive assassin O-Ren Ishii in Kill Bill , and Joan Watson in the crime-drama series Elementary ( 2012-2019 ) . Throughout her career , she has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress . She has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and has received nominations for three People 's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards . Liu 's film work includes starring in Payback ( 1999 ) , Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) , Shanghai Noon ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) , Lucky Number Slevin ( 2006 ) , The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) , and Set It Up ( 2018 ) . Liu is also a voice actress and has voiced Master Viper in the Kung Fu Panda franchise ( 2008-2016 ) . She also voiced Silvermist in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) , Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) , Pixie Hollow Games ( 2011 ) , Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) , The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) , and Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) . Her other voice credits include Mulan II ( 2004 ) , as well as the English and Mandarin-dubbed versions of Magic Wonderland ( 2014 ) and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) . In 2008 , she starred in an ABC comedy-drama , Cashmere Mafia , as Mia Mason , which ended after one abbreviated season . The show was one of only a few American television shows to have an Asian American series lead . In 2012 , Liu joined the cast of the TNT series Southland in the recurring role of Jessica Tang , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Guest Actress ."}]}, {'value': 'December 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Nick Lachey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nick_Lachey', 'summary': "Nicholas Scott Lachey ( /ləˈʃeɪ/ lə-SHAY ; born November 9 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and television personality . He rose to fame as the lead singer of the multi-platinum-selling boyband 98 Degrees , and later starred in the reality series Newlyweds : Nick and Jessica with his then-wife , Jessica Simpson . He has released four solo albums : SoulO , What 's Left of Me , A Father 's Lullaby , and Soundtrack of My Life . He also had a recurring role on the television series Charmed ."}]}, {'value': 'Aaron Eckhart , Mike Sorrentino , Perfect Holiday Gift Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart', 'summary': "Aaron Edward Eckhart ( born March 12 , 1968 ) is an American actor . Born in Cupertino , California , Eckhart moved to England at age 13 , when his father relocated the family . Several years later , he began his acting career by performing in school plays , before moving to Australia for his high school senior year . He left high school without graduating , but earned a diploma through an adult education course , and graduated from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in New York City as a struggling , unemployed actor . As an undergraduate at BYU , Eckhart met director and writer Neil LaBute , who cast him in several of his own original plays . Five years later Eckhart made a debut as an unctuous , sociopathic ladies ' man in LaBute 's black comedy film In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) . Under LaBute 's guidance he worked in the director 's films Your Friends & Neighbors ( 1998 ) , Nurse Betty ( 2000 ) , and Possession ( 2002 ) . Eckhart gained wide recognition as George in Steven Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and , in 2006 , he received a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nick Naylor in Thank You for Smoking . Another mainstream breakout occurred in 2008 when he starred in the blockbuster Batman film The Dark Knight as District Attorney Harvey Dent . Other key roles include The Pledge ( 2001 ) , The Core ( 2003 ) , Paycheck ( 2003 ) , Rabbit Hole ( 2010 ) , Battle : Los Angeles ( 2011 ) , Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) and its sequel London Has Fallen ( 2016 ) , I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) , and Sully ( 2016 ) , Midway ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Sorrentino', 'summary': "Michael Sorrentino ( born July 4 , 1982 ) , also known as The Situation , is an American television personality . He appeared on all six seasons of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore , from 2009 through 2012 . In September 2019 , Sorrentino completed an eight-month prison sentence related to his felony conviction for tax evasion , and then resumed his reality-TV role with MTV 's Jersey Shore . Although currently on probation , he is allowed to participate in Jersey Shore Family Vacation as a reality TV star representing himself . In his series , on social media and in the mainstream media , he often openly talks about his felony conviction ."}]}, {'value': 'December 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Alba , Ice-T , Crystal Bowersox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Alba', 'summary': "Jessica Marie Alba ( /ˈælbə/ ; born April 28 , 1981 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . She began her television and movie appearances at age 13 in Camp Nowhere and The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 ) , but rose to prominence at 19 , as the lead actress of the television series Dark Angel ( 2000-2002 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her big screen breakthrough came in Honey ( 2003 ) . She soon established herself as a Hollywood actress , and has starred in numerous box office hits throughout her career , including Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Good Luck Chuck ( 2007 ) , The Eye ( 2008 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Little Fockers ( 2010 ) , and Mechanic : Resurrection ( 2016 ) . She is a frequent collaborator of director Robert Rodriguez , having starred in Sin City ( 2005 ) , Machete ( 2010 ) , Spy Kids : All the Time in the World ( 2011 ) , Machete Kills ( 2013 ) , and Sin City : A Dame to Kill For ( 2014 ) . Since 2019 , Alba stars in the Spectrum action crime series L.A. 's Finest . Alba co-founded The Honest Company , a consumer goods company that sells baby , personal and household products . Magazines including Men 's Health , Vanity Fair and FHM have included her on their lists of the world 's most beautiful women ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ice-T', 'summary': "Tracy Lauren Marrow ( born February 16 , 1958 ) , better known by his stage name Ice-T , is an American musician , rapper , songwriter , actor , record producer , and author . He began his career as an underground rapper in the 1980s and was signed to Sire Records in 1987 , when he released his debut album Rhyme Pays ; the second hip-hop album to carry an explicit content sticker after Slick Rick 's La Di Da Di . The following year , he founded the record label Rhyme $ yndicate Records ( named after his collective of fellow hip-hop artists called the Rhyme $ yndicate ) and released another album , Power , which went on to go Platinum . He also released several other albums that went Gold . He co-founded the heavy metal band Body Count , which he introduced on his 1991 rap album O.G . : Original Gangster , on the track titled Body Count . The band released their self-titled debut album in 1992 . Ice-T encountered controversy over his track Cop Killer , the lyrics of which discussed killing police officers . Ice-T asked to be released from his contract with Warner Bros. Records , and his next solo album , Home Invasion , was released later in February 1993 through Priority Records . Body Count 's next album was released in 1994 , and Ice-T released two more albums in the late-1990s . Since 2000 , he has portrayed NYPD Detective/Sergeant Odafin Tutuola on the NBC police drama Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Crystal_Bowersox', 'summary': "Crystal Lynn Bowersox ( born August 4 , 1985 ) is an American singer , songwriter and actress who was the runner-up on the ninth season of American Idol . She was the first female finalist in three years . Bowersox 's debut album , Farmer 's Daughter , was released on December 14 , 2010 by Jive Records . Bowersox released her second album , All That for This , on March 26 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Bridges , Ricky Gervais , Annie Lennox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Bridges', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Leon Bridges ( born December 4 , 1949 ) is an American actor , singer , comedian and producer . He comes from a prominent acting family and appeared on the television series Sea Hunt ( 1958-60 ) , with his father , Lloyd Bridges and brother , Beau Bridges . He won numerous accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Otis Bad Blake in the 2009 film Crazy Heart , and earned Academy Award nominations for his roles in The Last Picture Show ( 1971 ) , Bad Company ( 1972 ) , Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) , Starman ( 1984 ) , The Contender ( 2000 ) , True Grit ( 2010 ) , and Hell or High Water ( 2016 ) . His other films include Tron ( 1982 ) , Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) , The Fabulous Baker Boys ( 1989 ) , The Fisher King ( 1991 ) , Fearless ( 1993 ) , The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , and The Giver ( 2014 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Gervais', 'summary': "Ricky Dene Gervais ( /dʒərˈveɪz/ jer-VAYS ; born 25 June 1961 ) is an English stand-up comedian , actor , writer , film producer , director , and musician . He is perhaps best known for co-creating , writing , and acting in the British television series The Office ( 2001-2003 ) . He has won seven BAFTA Awards , five British Comedy Awards , two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and the Rose d'Or twice ( 2006 and 2019 ) , as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination . In 2007 , he was placed at No . 11 on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No . 3 on the updated 2010 list . In 2010 , he was named on the Time 100 list of the world 's most influential people . Gervais initially worked in the music industry , attempting a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing and working as the manager of the then unknown band Suede before turning to comedy . Gervais appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000 , garnering a reputation as a blunt and often controversial social critic . In 2000 , he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show , Meet Ricky Gervais . He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office . It was followed by Extras in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Annie_Lennox', 'summary': "Ann Lennox OBE ( born 25 December 1954 ) is a Scottish singer-songwriter , political activist and philanthropist . After achieving moderate success in the late 1970s as part of the new wave band The Tourists , she and fellow musician Dave Stewart went on to achieve international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics . Appearing in the 1983 music video for Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) with orange cropped hair and wearing a man 's business suit , the BBC states , all eyes were on Annie Lennox , the singer whose powerful androgynous look defied the male gaze . Subsequent hits with Eurythmics include There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) and Here Comes the Rain Again . Lennox embarked on a solo career in 1992 with her debut album , Diva , which produced several hit singles including Why and Walking on Broken Glass . The same year , she performed Love Song for a Vampire for Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Her 1995 studio album , Medusa , includes No More I Love You 's and A Whiter Shade of Pale . To date , she has released six solo studio albums and a compilation album , The Annie Lennox Collection ( 2009 ) . With eight Brit Awards , which includes being named Best British Female Artist a record six times , Lennox has been named the Brits Champion of Champions . She has also collected four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . In 2002 , Lennox received a Billboard Century Award ; the highest accolade from Billboard magazine . In 2004 , she received both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Into the West , written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ."}]}, {'value': 'December 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Rudd , Biggest Loser winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Rudd', 'summary': "Paul Stephen Rudd ( born April 6 , 1969 ) is an American actor , comedian , screenwriter , and producer . He studied theater at the University of Kansas and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts before making his acting debut in 1992 with NBC 's drama series Sisters . Rudd 's films include Clueless ( 1995 ) , Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) , Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , The 40-Year-Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Knocked Up ( 2007 ) , This Is 40 ( 2012 ) , Mute ( 2018 ) , and Ideal Home ( 2018 ) . He also has played Ant-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , appearing in Ant-Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Ant-Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . In addition to his film career , Rudd has appeared in numerous television shows , including the NBC sitcom Friends as Mike Hannigan , along with guest roles on Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! and Parks and Recreation , and has also hosted Saturday Night Live . He currently stars in a dual role in the Netflix comedy series Living with Yourself , for which he earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy . He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in July 2015 . He was named as part of the Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biggest_Loser', 'summary': 'The Biggest Loser is a reality television format which started with the American TV show The Biggest Loser in 2004 . The show centers on overweight and obese contestants attempting to lose the most weight ; the winner receives a cash prize . There are different variations of The Biggest Loser around the world . Each country has made its own adaptation of the show ; however , the contestants always have the same goal : to lose the highest percentage of weight ( or most weight ) to become the biggest loser . There is no minimum or maximum weight limit for the show but most males tend to weigh over or near 300 lb ( 136 kg ) . Females tend to weigh over or near 200 lb ( 91 kg ) . In addition to individual contestants , some seasons in some international adaptations have featured couples or even whole families .'}]}, {'value': 'December 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Reese Witherspoon , Teri Polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon', 'summary': "Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( born March 22 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , and entrepreneur . The recipient of several accolades , including an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award , she is among the highest-paid actresses in the world , as of 2019 . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 and 2015 , and Forbes listed her among the World 's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2019 . Born in New Orleans , Louisiana , and raised in Nashville , Tennessee , Witherspoon began her career as a teenager , making her screen debut in The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) . Following a leading role opposite Mark Wahlberg in Fear ( 1996 ) , her breakthrough came in 1999 with a supporting role in Cruel Intentions and for her portrayal of Tracy Flick in the black comedy Election . She achieved wider recognition with her role as Elle Woods in the comedy Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) and its 2003 sequel , and for her starring role in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) . In 2005 , her portrayal of June Carter Cash in the biographical musical film Walk the Line garnered critical acclaim and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress . Following a career downturn , during which her sole commercial success was the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , Witherspoon made her career comeback when she produced the thriller Gone Girl and the drama Wild ( both 2014 ) , under her production company Hello Sunshine . She also starred as Cheryl Strayed in the latter , for which she received a second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Witherspoon ventured into television by producing and starring in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies ( 2017-2019 ) and the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show ( 2019 ) . For the former , she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series . Witherspoon also owns a clothing company Draper James , and she is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Teri_Polo', 'summary': "Theresa Elizabeth Teri Polo ( born June 1 , 1969 ) is an American actress . She starred as Pam Byrnes-Focker in the Meet the Parents trilogy . She was one of the stars of the sitcom I 'm with Her ( 2003-2004 ) , had a recurring role as Helen Santos on the political drama series The West Wing ( 2005-2006 ) and played the role of police officer Stef Adams Foster in the ABC Family series The Fosters ( 2013-2018 ) and its spinoff Good Trouble ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'December 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert De Niro , Michael Eisner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_De_Niro', 'summary': "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. ( /də ˈnɪəroʊ/ , Italian : [ de ˈniːro ] ; born August 17 , 1943 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the Golden Lion , the AFI Life Achievement Award , Presidential Medal of Freedom , and has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . He also has Italian citizenship . De Niro was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II ; he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull . De Niro 's first major film roles were in the sports drama Bang the Drum Slowly ( 1973 ) and Scorsese 's crime film Mean Streets ( 1973 ) . He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) and Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , both directed by Scorsese . De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Cimino 's Vietnam war drama The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Penny Marshall 's drama Awakenings ( 1990 ) , and David O. Russell 's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . He earned BAFTA Award nominations for playing Rupert Pupkin in the black comedy The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) and gangster Jimmy Conway in the crime film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , for his work in the musical drama New York , New York ( 1977 ) , the action comedy Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , the gangster comedy Analyze This ( 1999 ) , and the comedy Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) . Other notable performances include roles in 1900 ( 1976 ) , The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) , Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) , The Mission ( 1986 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , This Boy 's Life ( 1993 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , Casino ( 1995 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , Joker ( 2019 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) . He has directed and starred in films such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) and the spy film The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Eisner', 'summary': 'Michael Dammann Eisner ( born March 7 , 1942 ) is an American businessman . Eisner was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) of The Walt Disney Company from September 1984 to September 2005 . Prior to Disney , Eisner was President and CEO of rival film studio Paramount Pictures from 1976 to 1984 , and had brief stints at the major television networks NBC , CBS , and ABC .'}]}, {'value': 'December 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Stiller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Stiller', 'summary': "Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller ( born November 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , producer , musician and director . He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara . After beginning his acting career with a play , Stiller wrote several mockumentaries and was offered his own show , titled The Ben Stiller Show , which he produced and hosted for its 13-episode run . Having previously acted in television , he began acting in films . He made his directorial debut with Reality Bites . Throughout his career he has written , starred in , directed , or produced more than 50 films including The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , Zoolander , The Cable Guy , There 's Something About Mary , the Meet the Parents trilogy , DodgeBall , Tropic Thunder , the Madagascar series , and the Night at the Museum trilogy . He has also made numerous cameos in music videos , television shows , and films . Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack . His films have grossed more than $ 2.6 billion in Canada and the United States , with an average of $ 79 million per film . Throughout his career , he has received various awards and honors , including an Emmy Award , multiple MTV Movie Awards , a Britannia Award and a Teen Choice Award ."}]}, {'value': 'December 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "LIVE 's Holiday Skating Party , Bette Midler , Katharine McPhee , Disney On Ice", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bette_Midler', 'summary': "Bette Midler ( /bɛt/ ; born December 1 , 1945 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actress , comedian , and film producer . Born in Honolulu , Hawaii , Midler began her professional career in several Off-Off-Broadway plays , prior to her engagements in Fiddler on the Roof and Salvation on Broadway in the late 1960s . She came to prominence in 1970 when she began singing in the Continental Baths , a local gay bathhouse where she managed to build up a core following . Since 1970 , Midler has released 14 studio albums as a solo artist . Throughout her career , many of her songs became hits on the record charts , including her renditions of The Rose , Wind Beneath My Wings , Do You Want to Dance , Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy , and From a Distance . Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with The Rose , which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress , as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She has since starred in a number of hit films , which include : Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) , Ruthless People ( 1986 ) , Outrageous Fortune ( 1987 ) , Big Business ( 1988 ) , Beaches ( 1988 ) , Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , The Stepford Wives ( 2004 ) , and Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) . She also starred in For the Boys ( 1991 ) and Gypsy ( 1993 ) , winning two additional Golden Globes for these films and receiving a second Academy Award nomination for the former . In 2008 , she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled Bette Midler : The Showgirl Must Go On , which ended in 2010 . In a career spanning almost half a century , Midler has won three Grammy Awards , four Golden Globes , three Emmy Awards , and a Tony Award . She has sold over 30 million records worldwide , and has received four Gold , three Platinum , and three Multiplatinum albums by RIAA . Midler 's latest work included appearing on Broadway in a revival of Hello , Dolly ! , which began preview performances on March 15 , 2017 and premiered at the Shubert Theatre on April 20 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katharine_McPhee', 'summary': "Katharine Hope McPhee Foster ( born March 25 , 1984 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . In May 2006 , she was the runner-up on the fifth season of American Idol . Her self-titled debut album was released on RCA Records on January 30 , 2007 , and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 381,000 copies ( as of December 2010 ) . The album 's first single , Over It , was a Pop Top 30 hit and was certified gold in 2008 . Her second album , Unbroken , was released on Verve Forecast Records on January 5 , 2010 , and debuted at No . 27 on the Billboard 200 . The album featured the single Had It All , which peaked at number 22 on the AC chart . It has sold 45,000 copies as of January 2011 . Her third album , the holiday-themed Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You , was released on October 12 , 2010 . The album debuted at number 11 on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart , while the single Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas peaked at number 16 on the Billboard AC chart . As of January 2011 , this album had sold 23,000 copies . McPhee released her fourth album , Hysteria , on September 18 , 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Disney_On_Ice', 'summary': "Disney on Ice , originally Walt Disney 's World on Ice , is a series of touring ice shows produced by Feld Entertainment 's Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc. under agreement with The Walt Disney Company . Aimed primarily at children , the shows feature figure skaters portraying the roles of Disney characters in performances derived from various Disney films . Feld Entertainment licensed the rights to Disney material for ice shows and includes shared merchandising revenue between Disney and Ice Follies ."}]}, {'value': 'December 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "LIVE 's Holiday Flashback Special : Raiding the Live Vault", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': '2010 Farewell Special : A Year In Review', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'December 2010', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_23)_3', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 23rd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}	null	null	Which year did the guest appearing on the same episode as the host of Deal or No Deal , join Long John Baldry and the All Stars ?	1964
01b41cf97eedd7ab	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FC_Seoul_season', 'title': '2007 FC Seoul season', 'header': ['No', 'Pos', 'Name'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim Byung-Ji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Byung-Ji', 'summary': 'Kim Byung-ji ( born 8 April 1970 ) is a former football goalkeeper who played for the South Korea national team as well as several clubs in the K League . He is currently working as a football commentator and a YouTuber .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Choi Won-Kwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Choi_Won-Kwon', 'summary': 'Choi Won-Kwon ( born 8 November 1981 ) is a South Korean former football player who currently works as a coach for Daegu FC . He was part of the South Korea U-23 team in the 2004 Summer Olympics that finished second in Group A , making it through to the next round before being defeated by the eventual silver medalists , Paraguay .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Chi-Gon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Chi-Gon', 'summary': 'Kim Chi-gon ( born 29 July 1983 ) is a South Korean football former player who last plays as a defender for Sarawak in Malaysia Premier League . He was part of the South Korea football team in 2004 Olympic , who finished second in Group A , making it through to the next round , before being defeated by silver medal winners Paraguay . He also capped for South Korea U-20 football team at 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kim Han-Yoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Han-Yoon', 'summary': "Kim Han-Yoon ( born 11 July 1974 ) is a South Korean footballer who is the coach for FC Seoul . His previous clubs include FC Seoul , Bucheon SK ( currently Jeju United FC ) , Pohang Steelers and Busan I'Park . He came out of retirement to sign as playing coach for Busan I'Park in April 2011 , making his debut on 20 April 2011 , and scoring in a 2-1 win for Busan over Sangju Sangmu Phoenix in the 2011 Rush & Cash Cup . Kim Han Yoon wrote himself into I'Park folklore with a winning goal in the dying minutes of the Rush Cash & Cup semi final against Suwon on 7 July 2011 . In 2019 , he assisted coach Park Hang-seo helping Vietnam win a gold medal at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Adilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adilson_dos_Santos', 'summary': 'Adilson dos Santos , shortly Adi or Adilson ( born 12 May 1976 ) , is a former Brazilian footballer , who last played as a left-back for South Korean K League Classic side FC Seoul .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Chung-Yong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Chung-Yong', 'summary': 'Lee Chung-yong ( Korean : 이청용 ; Hanja : 李靑龍 ; Korean pronunciation : [ i.tɕʰʌŋ.joŋ ] ; born 2 July 1988 ) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a winger for 2 . Bundesliga club VfL Bochum and is a South Korean international . He is nicknamed Blue Dragon , which is a literal translation of his given name Chung-yong . He joined in the 2004 season and ever since his early debut at the age of 18 for the South Korean side FC Seoul in the 2006 season of K League , Lee has gathered much attention from domestic football fans of South Korea in general , particularly because in South Korean football , where new players mostly make their entrance into professional clubs through a draft system , dropping out of middle school to sign a contract with a top division football club was a very rare case . In January 2009 , The Times named Lee as one of the top 50 rising stars in football .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim Dong-Suk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Dong-Suk', 'summary': 'Kim Dong-Suk ( Korean : 김동석 ; born 26 March 1987 ) is a South Korean football player who currently plays for Incheon United .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ki Sung-Yueng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ki_Sung-Yueng', 'summary': 'Ki Sung-yueng ( Hangul : 기성용 ; Hanja : 奇誠庸 ; Korean pronunciation : [ ki.sʌŋ.joŋ ] ; born 24 January 1989 ) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder , and last played for English club Newcastle United . Ki is known for his vision , technique , long-range passing and shooting , along with his good set-pieces . [ citation needed ] He has been a full international for South Korea since 2007 , gaining over 100 caps . Ki was selected in their squads for three World Cups and the 2011 and 2015 AFC Asian Cups , finishing as runner-up in the latter tournament . He has also played at two Olympic Games with his country , winning bronze in 2012 . On 20 May 2015 , Ki was voted as Swansea City Player of the Year as he scored eight goals in 33 appearances .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Eul-Yong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Eul-Yong', 'summary': 'Lee Eul-Yong ( Hangul : 이을용 ) ( born September 8 , 1975 ) is a South Korean former football player and a coach who is currently coaching FC Seoul since 20 January . Lee was born in Taebaek , Gangwon . He attended high school in Gangneung and went on to graduate from Dankook University .'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Sang-Hup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Sang-Hup', 'summary': "Lee Sang-hup ( Korean : 이상협 ; born 3 August 1986 in Yongin , Gyeonggi ) is a retired South Korean footballer who played as winger . Both accuracy and strength that perfect left-foot are once evaluated as best in South Korea . His nickname is 'crazy left-foot ' ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Dudu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduardo_Francisco_de_Silva_Neto', 'summary': "Eduardo Francisco de Silva Neto , also known as Dudu ( born February 2 , 1980 , Brazil ) is a Brazilian footballer , who has currently plays for Bonsucesso Futebol Clube . In 2008 , he won South Korea 's K-League top scorer with 15 goals ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_FC_Seoul_season_0', 'intro': 'Fixtures and Results at FC Seoul Official Website (in English)'}	null	null	What high school did the player attend who plays the position that arguably has the most possession during a game ?	Gangneung
01b7dd552694e653	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Chinese Taipei at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lien Te-an', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lien_Te-an', 'summary': "Lien Te-an ( Chinese : 連德安 ; pinyin : Lián Dé'ān ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ ljɛ̌n tɤ̌ án ] ; born October 29 , 1994 in Taiwan ) is a Taiwanese luger who has competed since 2012 . He competed in the first ever Youth Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , where he finished 20th out of 25th . Te-An also competed for Chinese Taipei at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia , where he placed 39th in the men 's single competition ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang , South Korea . A total of four luge events were held , between 10 and 15 February 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isheau Wong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isheau_Wong', 'summary': "Wong I-sheau ( 汪亦岫 , Pinyin : Wāng Yìxiù ; born February 12 , 1989 in Taipei , Taiwan ) is a Taiwanese equestrian who competes in show jumping . She represented Chinese Taipei at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil where she competed in the Equestrian Jumping Individual event . She finished in 68th place . Wong was the flagbearer for the Chinese Taipei Olympic Team in the 2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations . She is the first athlete to compete in the Equestrian events in the history of the country . Wong qualified for the Rio 2016 Games in the Group G FEI qualifier in Hagen , Germany on August 25 , 2015 . Her horse is an 11-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare named Zadarijke V. Wong also trains with a Dutch gelding named Quinlan . Having represented Taiwan in the past 3 Asian Games , Wong will be once again riding for Team Taipei in the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta . Wong 's sister is artist Ilyn Wong ."}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The equestrian events at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were held between 6 and 19 August at National Equestrian Center in Deodoro . Medals were awarded in three disciplines for both individual and team competitions .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sung Ching-yang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sung_Ching-yang', 'summary': "Sung Ching-yang ( Chinese : 宋青陽 ; pinyin : Sòng Qīngyáng ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ sʊ̂ŋ tɕʰíŋ jǎŋ ] ; born 18 October 1992 ) is a Taiwanese inline speed skater and long track speed skater who specialises in the sprint distances . In international competitions he competes under the flag of Chinese Taipei . At the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou , Sung won two gold medals in roller sports , winning both the 300 metres time trial and the 500 metres sprint . In ice skating Sung participated in the 2013-14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup - Men 's 500 metres and 2013-14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup - Men 's 1000 metres and has represented Chinese Taipei at the 2014 Winter Olympics in both events in Sochi . In December 2013 he won a bronze medal at the 1000 metres at the 2013 Winter Universiade speed skating . Ching-Yang became the first speed skater to represent his country at the Winter Olympics ( in 2014 ) . In 2017 he was named to Chinese Taipei 's team at the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo , Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Adler Arena , Sochi , Russia , between 8 and 22 February 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chen Shih-chieh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chen_Shih-chieh', 'summary': "Chen Shih-chieh ( Chinese : 陳士杰 ; born 27 November 1989 in Pingtung , Taiwan , Republic of China ) is a Taiwanese male weightlifter . At the 2012 Summer Olympics he competed for his country in the Men 's +105 kg , finishing in 10th with a total of 418 kg . He earned a bronze medal at the 2014 Asian Games in the same event , lifting a combined 424 kg . The 191 kg Chen lifted in the snatch set a new Chinese Taipei record . He was unable to finish the competition at the 2016 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Weightlifting competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were held from 28 July to 7 August in the ExCeL venue . Fifteen gold medals were awarded and 260 athletes took part ( 156 men and 104 women ) .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ma Chih-Hung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ma_Chih-Hung', 'summary': "Ma Chih-hung ( Chinese : 馬志鴻 ; pinyin : Mǎ Zhìhóng ; sometimes listed as Chih-Hung Ma ; born November 5 , 1985 in Pingtung County , Taiwan ) is an aboriginal Taiwanese luger who has competed since 2003 . The youngest competitor in men 's luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin at the age of 20 , he finished 28th in the men 's singles event and qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver where he finished 34th . He is also noted for being the only competitor to represent Taiwan in these two Winter events ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lai Sheng-Jung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lai_Sheng-Jung', 'summary': "Lai Sheng-jung ( simplified Chinese : 赖圣蓉 ; traditional Chinese : 賴聖蓉 ; pinyin : Lài Shèngróng ) is a Taiwanese softball player . She carried Chinese Taipei 's Olympic Flag at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Softball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Softball at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place over a ten-day period starting August 12 and culminating in the medal finals on August 21 . All games were played at the Fengtai Softball Field . Olympic softball is a women only competition , with men competing in the similar sport of baseball . This is the most recently contested softball tournament in Olympic history , as the International Olympic Committee voted to remove baseball from the program in the 2012 Olympics . Along with baseball , softball was rejected for inclusion in the 2016 Summer Olympics at the IOC 's meeting in October 2009 . However , following a 2016 IOC vote , softball will again be conducted for the 2020 Games ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2006 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games ( Italian : XX Giochi olimpici invernali ) and commonly known as Turin 2006 or Torino 2006 , was a winter multi-sport event which was held in Turin , Piedmont , Italy from February 10 to 26 , 2006 . This marked the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games , the first being the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Italy also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome . Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999 . The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here . The official logo depicts a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building , drawn in white and blue ice crystals , signifying the snow and the sky . The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community . The Olympic mascots of the Games were Neve ( snow in Italian ) , a female snowball , and Gliz , a male ice cube . Italy will host the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo 20 years after these games ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ma Chih-Hung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ma_Chih-Hung', 'summary': "Ma Chih-hung ( Chinese : 馬志鴻 ; pinyin : Mǎ Zhìhóng ; sometimes listed as Chih-Hung Ma ; born November 5 , 1985 in Pingtung County , Taiwan ) is an aboriginal Taiwanese luger who has competed since 2003 . The youngest competitor in men 's luge at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin at the age of 20 , he finished 28th in the men 's singles event and qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver where he finished 34th . He is also noted for being the only competitor to represent Taiwan in these two Winter events ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Luge competition at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games was held at Cesana Pariol in Cesana , Italy . Three events were staged , taking place from February 11 to February 15 . These were the first games where a qualifying system was used to determine the enterants into the games .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chen Chih-Yuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chen_Chih-Yuan', 'summary': 'Chen Chih-yuan ( Chinese : 陳致遠 ; Wade-Giles : Chen2 Chih4 Yuan3 ; born October 27 , 1976 in Taoyuan County , Taiwan ) is a Taiwanese aborigine ( tribe : Amis ) former professional baseball player ( position : outfielder ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Baseball at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on two separate diamonds within the Helliniko Olympic Complex , from August 15th to August 25th . For the second time in Olympic competition , professional baseball players were eligible to participate , though no active players from Major League Baseball were available . The competition consisted of a preliminary round with each team playing all the other teams once , for a total of seven games . The top four teams at the end of this round advanced to the medals round . The medals round consisted of two semifinal games with the winners advancing to the gold medal game . The losing teams of the semifinals would play in the bronze medal game .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lin Chui-Bin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Luge competition at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games was held at Utah Olympic Park in Park City . Three events were staged , taking place from February 10 to February 14 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chiang Peng-Lung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiang_Peng-Lung', 'summary': 'Chiang Peng-lung ( Chinese : 蔣澎龍 ; pinyin : Jiǎng Pénglóng ; born 24 July 1976 in Penghu ) is a Taiwanese male professional table tennis player .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The table tennis competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics consisted of four events .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Kuang-Ming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Kuang-Ming', 'summary': 'Sun Kuang-ming ( born 5 January 1961 ) is a Taiwanese bobsledder . He competed at the 1984 , 1988 , 1994 and the 1998 Winter Olympics . He also competed in the luge at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of two events at Spiral . The competition took place between February 16 and February 23 , 1998 .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tu Tsai-Hsing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The shooting competitions at the 1996 Summer Olympics took place at the Wolf Creek Shooting Complex near Atlanta , United States . Competitions were held in men 's events and women 's events . For men 's and women 's double trap , it was the first Olympic competition , a women 's shotgun event also had been added . In addition , the number of targets in trap and skeet had been reduced from 200 to 125 , and the final rules for all events were changed so that any post-final ties would be broken by shoot-offs , as opposed to the previous rule that preferred the shooter with worse qualification score and better final score ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sun Kuang-Ming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sun_Kuang-Ming', 'summary': 'Sun Kuang-ming ( born 5 January 1961 ) is a Taiwanese bobsledder . He competed at the 1984 , 1988 , 1994 and the 1998 Winter Olympics . He also competed in the luge at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wang Kuang-Shih', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wang_Kuang-Shih', 'summary': 'Wang Kuang-Shih ( Chinese : 王光熙 ; pinyin : Wáng Guāngxī ; born 2 August 1967 ) is a Taiwanese baseball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics . He was part of the Chinese Taipei baseball team which won the silver medal . He played as infielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Baseball had its debut as an official medal sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . Eight nations competed , with the preliminary phase consisting of each team playing every other team . Playoffs were then held , with the four highest ranked teams advancing . For the semifinals , the 1st place team played the 4th place team and the 2nd place team played against the 3rd place team . The winners of those semifinals competed against each other for the gold medal , with the loser getting the silver medal . The teams defeated in the semifinal played a match for the bronze medal . Baseball was an event open only to amateurs .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Fu-an', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Fu-an', 'summary': "Lee Fu-an ( Chinese : 李福恩 ; pinyin : Lǐ Fú'ēn ; born 4 June 1964 ) is a Taiwanese decathlete . In 1990 , he set a national record for the pole vault at 5.30 meters . Hsieh Chia-han beat the record by one centimeter in 2011 . Lee twice competed once at the World Championships in Athletics , doing so in 1987 , though he failed to complete all ten events . He was twice champion at the Asian Athletics Championships , winning the gold medal at the 1983 and 1989 editions . He was the first man from Taiwan to win that title and was shortly after succeeded by his compatriot Ku Chin-shui ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul a total number of 42 events in athletics were contested : 24 by men and 18 by women . There were a total number of 1617 participating athletes from 149 countries .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chen Chin-San', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chen_Chin-San', 'summary': 'Chen Chin-san ( born 18 January 1959 ) is a Taiwanese bobsledder . He competed at the 1984 , 1988 , 1992 and the 2002 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of two events , at Canada Olympic Park . The competition took place between February 20 and February 28 , 1988 . The event included competitors from countries with little or no snow . These countries included Jamaica ( whose involvement spurred the Walt Disney Pictures film Cool Runnings ) , Mexico , and New Zealand . An informal Caribbean Cup of such countries was won by New Zealand 's Alexander Peterson and Peter Henry , who finished equal twentieth . In the two-man event , the best result from a completely snow-less country was twenty-ninth by Bart Carpentier Alting and Bart Dreschsel of the Netherlands Antilles . Alting also competed in luge , finishing thirty-sixth out of thirty-eight . This was the second and last time that Soviet Union took part in bobsleigh teams ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Fu-an', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Fu-an', 'summary': "Lee Fu-an ( Chinese : 李福恩 ; pinyin : Lǐ Fú'ēn ; born 4 June 1964 ) is a Taiwanese decathlete . In 1990 , he set a national record for the pole vault at 5.30 meters . Hsieh Chia-han beat the record by one centimeter in 2011 . Lee twice competed once at the World Championships in Athletics , doing so in 1987 , though he failed to complete all ten events . He was twice champion at the Asian Athletics Championships , winning the gold medal at the 1983 and 1989 editions . He was the first man from Taiwan to win that title and was shortly after succeeded by his compatriot Ku Chin-shui ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , 41 events in athletics were contested . There were a total number of 1273 participating athletes from 124 countries . Womens marathon and womens 3000 meters were contested for the first time at these Games .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chi Cheng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chi_Cheng_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Chi Cheng ( born March 15 , 1944 in Hsinchu , Japanese Taiwan ) , is a Taiwanese track and field athlete . She was an Olympic medalist in 1968 and was named the Associated Press Athlete of the Year for 1970 . She was a former pentathlete turned sprinter .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , 38 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 14 for women . There were a total number of 1324 participating athletes from 104 countries .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Chinese Taipei at theOlympicsChinese Taipei Olympic flagIOC codeTPENOCChinese Taipei Olympic Committee ( Taiwan ) Websitewww.tpenoc.net ( in Chinese and English ) Medals Gold 5 Silver 7 Bronze 12 Total 24 Summer appearances195619601964196819721976–19801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances1972197619801984198819921994199820022006201020142018Other related appearances Republic of China ( 1932–76 ) This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Chinese Taipei at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Chinese Taipei at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}	null	null	How any times has Ma Chih-Hung been the Chinese Taipei Flag bearer for the Winter Olympic games ?	2
01b7fd6401f8de01	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sporting_Kansas_City_season', 'title': '2012 Sporting Kansas City season', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Nielsen ( Captain )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Nielsen', 'summary': 'Jimmy Nielsen ( born 6 August 1977 ) is a Danish-American retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper who most recently served as head coach of Hartford Athletic in the USL Championship . Until June 2007 , he played 398 games for Danish team AaB Fodbold . Playing every league match for AaB since 1997 , Nielsen won the 1999 Danish Superliga championship with AaB . Nielsen has on occasion featured in the Danish national team setup as an unused substitute . He won the 1998 and 2004 Danish Goalkeeper of the Year award .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Captain_(association_football)', 'summary': 'The team captain of an association football team , sometimes known as the skipper , is a team member chosen to be the on-pitch leader of the team ; it is often one of the older/or more experienced members of the squad , or a player that can heavily influence a game or have good leadership qualities . The team captain is usually identified by the wearing of an armband .'}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Harrington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Harrington_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Michael Harrington ( born January 24 , 1986 ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Korede Aiyegbusi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korede_Aiyegbusi', 'summary': 'Olukorede Afolabi O. O. Korede Aiyegbusi ( born 15 July 1988 in London ) is an English footballer who plays for Swiss FC Amical Saint-Prex .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Ellis ( HGP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Ellis_(American_soccer)', 'summary': 'Kevin Ellis ( born June 30 , 1991 as Kevin Boydston ) is an American professional soccer player who plays for the Kansas City Comets in the Major Arena Soccer League .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Matt Besler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Besler', 'summary': 'Matthew Scott Matt Besler ( /ˈbiːzlər/ ; born February 11 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer . A left-sided central defender with the ability to play leftback , he has spent his entire career with Sporting Kansas City , currently serving as captain . He has also been a regular with the United States national team , including at the 2014 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Paulo Nagamura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulo_Nagamura', 'summary': 'Paulo Roberto Corradi Nagamura ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈpawlu naɡaˈmuɾɐ ] ; born March 2 , 1983 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer who is currently the head coach of USL Championship side Sporting Kansas City II .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Chance Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chance_Myers', 'summary': 'Chance Russell Myers ( born December 7 , 1987 in Thousand Oaks , California ) is an American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Graham Zusi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Zusi', 'summary': 'Graham Jonathan Zusi ( /ˈzuːsi/ ; born August 18 , 1986 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a midfielder or defender for Sporting Kansas City and the United States national team .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Teal Bunbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teal_Bunbury', 'summary': 'Teal Alexander Bunbury ( born February 27 , 1990 ) is a Canadian-American soccer player who currently plays as forward or midfielder for the New England Revolution in Major League Soccer . Teals father , Alex Bunbury is a Canadian of Guyanese descent , and his mother , Patty , is a Canadian of Italian descent .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Convey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Convey', 'summary': 'Robert Francis Bobby Convey ( /ˈkɒnvi/ ; born May 27 , 1983 ) is an American soccer player who most recently played for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer . In addition to several MLS clubs , Convey spent five years in England with Reading , whom he helped into the Premier League for the first time . He played in 46 international matches for the United States , and made their squads for the 2003 Gold Cup and 2006 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Konrad Warzycha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konrad_Warzycha', 'summary': 'Konrad Warzycha ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈkɔnrat vaˈʐɨxa ] ; born February 14 , 1989 in Zabrze ) is a Polish footballer who is currently without a club .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Lawrence Olum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawrence_Olum', 'summary': 'Lawrence Olum ( born 10 July 1984 ) is a Kenyan professional footballer who plays as a defender and midfielder for Miami FC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Dom Dwyer ( GA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dom_Dwyer', 'summary': "Dominic James Dwyer ( born July 30 , 1990 ) is an English-American soccer player who plays as a forward for MLS side Orlando City and the United States men 's national soccer team . Born in England , Dwyer represented among other teams Norwich City as a youth . In 2009 , he moved to the United States on a soccer scholarship and played for Tyler Junior College and the South Florida Bulls . He was drafted by Sporting Kansas City of Major League Soccer in 2012 , and won the MLS Cup with them in 2013 . In 2017 , he joined Orlando in the largest transfer between two MLS clubs . Dwyer became an American citizen in March 2017 , and was called up to the U.S. national team later that year for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup , winning the tournament ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Generation_Adidas', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Espinoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Espinoza', 'summary': 'Roger Aníbal Espinoza Ramírez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈroʝeɾ espiˈnosa ] ; born 25 October 1986 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer . Capable of playing both as a defensive midfielder and as a wing back , Espinoza has represented Honduras at two World Cups and the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Honduras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honduras', 'summary': "Honduras ( /hɒnˈdjʊərəs , -ˈdʊər-/ ( listen ) , /-æs/ ; Spanish : [ onˈduɾas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Honduras ( Spanish : República de Honduras ) , is a country in Central America . The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by Nicaragua , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures , most notably the Maya , before the Spanish Colonization in the sixteenth century . The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism and the now predominant Spanish language , along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture . Honduras became independent in 1821 and has since been a republic , although it has consistently endured much social strife and political instability , and remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere . In 1960 , the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice . The nation 's economy is primarily agricultural , making it especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998 . The lower class is primarily agriculturally based while wealth is concentrated in the country 's urban centers . Honduras has a Human Development Index of 0.625 , classifying it as a nation with medium development . When the Index is adjusted for income inequality , its Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is 0.443 . Honduran society is predominantly Mestizo ; however , American Indian , black and white individuals also live in Honduras ( 2017 ) . The nation had a relatively high political stability until its 2009 coup and again with the 2017 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Seth Sinovic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seth_Sinovic', 'summary': 'Seth Sinovic ( /sɪˈnoʊvɪk/ ; born January 28 , 1987 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a left back for New England Revolution in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'C. J. Sapong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C._J._Sapong', 'summary': 'Charles CJ Nana Kwabena Sapong ( /səˈpɒŋ/ ; born December 27 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a forward for Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Kronberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Kronberg', 'summary': 'Eric Kronberg ( /ˈkrɒnbɜːrɡ/ ; born June 7 , 1983 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Peterson Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peterson_Joseph', 'summary': 'Peterson Joseph ( born 24 April 1990 ) is a Haitian footballer . Known for having a soft touch on the ball and playing with quick one to two touch passes throughout the field , Joseph is known as the Haitian Xavi .'}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Oriol Rosell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oriol_Rosell', 'summary': 'Oriol Uri Rosell Argerich ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈuɾi ruˈzeʎ ] ; born 7 July 1992 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Major League Soccer club Orlando City SC . He also represents the Catalonia national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jon Kempin ( HGP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jon_Kempin', 'summary': "Jonathan Kempin ( born April 8 , 1993 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer ( MLS ) club Columbus Crew SC . He previously appeared for Sporting Kansas City ( SKC ) and LA Galaxy and spent time on loan with Orlando City , OKC Energy , San Antonio Scorpions , Swope Park Rangers , LA Galaxy II , and Hartford Athletic . Kempin was born in Leawood , Kansas and attended Blue Valley North High School , winning a state title as a freshman and being inducted into the school 's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2017 . He played club soccer in the Kansas City Wizards system , climbing through the club 's academy setup before signing for the first team as a homegrown player in August 2010 . Kempin made his debut for the renamed Sporting Kansas City in May 2012 , going on to appear 12 times for the team in seven seasons . He took part in the iconic Double Post game against Portland Timbers in the 2015 MLS Cup Playoffs . Kempin spent four spells on loan while with SKC , winning a USL Pro championship with Orlando City and also spending time with OKC Energy , San Antonio Scorpions , and Swope Park Rangers . After being released by Sporting KC , he spent a year in the LA Galaxy organization before joining Columbus Crew SC ahead of the 2018 season . Kempin represented the United States from U14 to U23 level . He was a part of the U17 residency program at the IMG Soccer Academy while in high school , and represented the U18 , U20 , and U23 teams in competitive matches . Kempin earned his only senior call-up in January 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Homegrown_Player_Rule_(Major_League_Soccer)', 'summary': "The Homegrown Player Rule is a Major League Soccer program that allows MLS teams to sign local players from their own development academies directly to MLS first team rosters . Before the creation of the rule in 2008 , every player entering Major League Soccer would have to be assigned through one of the existing MLS player allocation processes , such as the MLS SuperDraft . MLS roster rules allow a team to sign players to contracts similar to Generation adidas contracts , which do not count against the MLS salary budget and may earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . MLS has since removed this wording from the roster rules . That means homegrown players will not count against the salary budget only if they are registered using supplemental roster slots , but will still count against the salary budget if they are registered using senior roster slots . There is , however , supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds . To place a player on its homegrown player list , making him eligible to sign as a homegrown player , players must have resided in that club 's home territory and participated in the club 's youth development system for at least one year , as well as meeting other unspecified league requirements . If a player on a team 's homegrown list goes to college or U17 , U20 , and U23 United States men 's national soccer teams , he remains eligible to sign as a homegrown player at any time as long as he is registered with the club as a homegrown player first . In 2014 , Seattle 's DeAndre Yedlin became the first MLS Homegrown player to compete in a World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Squad -- First team roster', 'section_text': 'As of December 12 , 2012 . [ 12 ]', 'uid': '2012_Sporting_Kansas_City_season_0', 'intro': "The 2012 Sporting Kansas City season was the seventeenth season of the team's existence in Major League Soccer and the second year played under the Sporting Kansas City moniker."}	null	null	How many players from 2012 Sporting Kansas City have played for the United States National Soccer Team ?	5
01b818546d6318de	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_de_Joux_Plane', 'title': 'Col de Joux Plane', 'header': ['Year', 'Stage', 'Category', 'Start', 'Finish', 'Leader at the summit'], 'data': [{'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 1978 Tour de France was the 65th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It took place between 29 June and 23 July , with 22 stages covering a distance of 3,908 km ( 2,428 mi ) . The 1978 Tour had a high-profile doping case when Michel Pollentier was caught in an attempt to cheat the doping test , after he had won the 16th stage to Alpe d'Huez , and had taken the lead in the general classification . Pollentier left the race , and the overall victory became a battle between Joop Zoetemelk and Bernard Hinault . In the end , it was won by debutant Bernard Hinault , for the first of his five victories . The points classification was won by Freddy Maertens , and the mountains classification by Mariano Martínez ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenoble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenoble', 'summary': "Grenoble ( /ɡrəˈnoʊbəl/ grə-NOH-bəl , French : [ ɡʁənɔbl ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Grenoblo ) is a city in southeastern France , at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère . Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère and is an important European scientific centre . The city advertises itself as the Capital of the Alps , due to its size and its proximity to the mountains . Grenoble 's history goes back over 2,000 years , to a time when it was a small Gallic village . It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century . Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries . This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries , continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries , and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968 . The city has grown to be one of Europe 's most important research , technology , and innovation centers , with each fifth inhabitant working directly in these domains . The population of the city ( commune ) of Grenoble was 158,180 at the 2016 census , while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area ( French : aire urbaine de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise ) was 687,985 . The residents of the city are called Grenoblois . The many suburb communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include three with populations exceeding 20,000 : Saint-Martin-d'Hères , Échirolles , and Fontaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Seznec ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Seznec', 'summary': 'Christian Seznec ( born 19 November 1952 , in Brest ) was a French professional road bicycle racer .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 1980 Tour de France was the 67th edition of the Tour de France . The total distance was 3,842 km ( 2,387 mi ) over 22 stages . In the first half of the race , Bernard Hinault started out strong by winning the prologue and two stages . However , knee problems forced Hinault to abandon the race while still in the lead . Joop Zoetemelk became the new leader , and defended that position successfully . Just as in 1979 when Hinault and Zoetemelk finished nearly a half hour ahead of the rest of the field , the 1980 edition was a battle between these two riders until Hinault abandoned . At the time Hinault was just 21 seconds ahead of Zoetemelk and the race was about to enter the Pyrenees . Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey during stage 13 though he did in every stage thereafter finishing the race with nearly a seven-minute advantage over second place Hennie Kuiper . It was his first Tour victory in his tenth attempt , after already having finished second in five editions . The points classification was won by Rudy Pevenage , who also won the intermediate sprints classification . The mountains classification was won by Raymond Martin , and Johan van der Velde won the young rider classification .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Serre-Chevalier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serre-Chevalier', 'summary': "Serre Chevalier is a major ski resort in Southeastern France , in the Hautes-Alpes department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region . Located near Écrins National Park , the resort encompasses a large skiing area , with 250 km ( 155 mi ) of slopes and favourable weather , boasting 300 days of sunshine a year . In Serre Chevalier , 80 km ( 50 mi ) of the slopes are covered by snow cannons to supplement natural snowfall . It is owned by Compagnie des Alpes . Serre Chevalier consists of the town of Briançon , with the villages of Chantemerle , Villeneuve , and Le Monêtier-les-Bains . World Cup champion ski racer Luc Alphand was born and lives in the valley below the resort ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Martínez ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Martínez_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Mariano Martínez ( born 20 September 1948 in Burgos ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist . He won the King of the Mountains competition in 1978 Tour de France . Although he was born in Spain , he became a naturalized French citizen in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 1981 Tour de France was the 68th edition of the Tour de France , taking place between 25 June and 19 July . The total race distance was 24 stages over 3,753 km ( 2,332 mi ) . It was dominated by Bernard Hinault , who led the race from the sixth stage on , increasing his lead almost every stage . Only Phil Anderson was able to stay close to him , until the 16th stage when he fell behind by about 7:00 , and then on the 17th stage he would lose another 17 minutes . In the end only Lucien Van Impe , Robert Alban and Joop Zoetemelk were able to finish inside 20:00 of the now three time champ . The points classification was won by Freddy Maertens , who did so by winning five stages . The mountains classification was won by Lucien Van Impe , Peter Winnen won the young rider classification , and the Peugeot team won the team classification .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Thonon-les-Bains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thonon-les-Bains', 'summary': 'Thonon-les-Bains ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ tɔ.nɔ̃.lɛ.bɛ̃ ] ; Arpitan : Tonon ) is a town ( commune ) in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department . Thonon is part of a transborder agglomeration known as Grand Genève . The town is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva ( French : Lac Léman , or simply Le Léman ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Alban ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Alban', 'summary': "Robert Alban ( 9 April 1952 ) was a French professional road bicycle racer . Alban won the stage 18 in the 1981 Tour de France , and finished third place in that year 's overall classification . Alban was born in Saint-André-d'Huiriat ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 1982 Tour de France was the 69th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 2 to 25 July . The total race distance was 22 stages over 3,507 km ( 2,179 mi ) . It was won by Bernard Hinault , his fourth victory so far .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bourg-d'Oisans", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bourg-d'Oisans", 'summary': "Le Bourg-d'Oisans is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France . It is located in the Oisans region of the French Alps . Le Bourg-d'Oisans is located in the valley of the Romanche river , on the road from Grenoble to Briançon , and on the south side of the Col de la Croix de Fer . It is often on the route of the Tour de France , as the town sits at the base of the road to Alpe d'Huez and the legendary switchbacks to the top of the mountain ( those wanting to test their skills against the professional cyclists ' times can rent bicycles in Bourg d'Oisans and ride to the top where the tourist office offers a certificate of official completion that costs one Euro ) . It is surrounded by several well-known mountain resorts , including the Alpe d'Huez and Les Deux Alpes . The Écrins National Park lies to the southeast of Le Bourg-d'Oisans ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Winnen ( NLD )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Winnen', 'summary': "Peter Johannes Gertrudis Winnen ( born 5 September 1957 ) is a Dutch former road racing cyclist . He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in road racing and finished in 26th place . After the Games he turned professional in 1981 . Among his 14 victories were two stages at Alpe d'Huez in the Tour de France and a national championship . He came third in the Tour de France in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 1983 Tour de France was the 70th edition of the Tour de France , run from 1 to 24 July , with 22 stages and a prologue covering a total distance of 3,809 km ( 2,367 mi ) The race was won by French rider Laurent Fignon . Sean Kelly of Ireland won the points classification , and Lucien Van Impe of Belgium won the mountains classification .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Alpe d'Huez", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Alpe_d'Huez", 'summary': "L'Alpe d'Huez ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ l‿al.pə d‿ɥɛz ] ) is a ski resort in southeastern France at 1,250 to 3,330 metres ( 4,100 to 10,925 ft ) . It is a mountain pasture in the Central French Western Alps , in the commune of Huez , which is part of the department of Isère in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . It is part of the Grandes Rousses [ fr ] massif , over the Oisans , and is 59 km ( 37 mi ) from Grenoble . The Alpe d'Huez resort is accessible from Grenoble by the RD 1091 [ fr ] , which runs along the Romanche Valley passing through the communes of Livet-et-Gavet and Le Bourg-d'Oisans as well as Haut-Oisans via the Col de Sarenne . Alpe d'Huez is used regularly in the Tour de France cycle race , including twice on the same day in 2013 . Alberto Contador holds the record for the fastest ascent of the climb with 37 ' 30 , achieved during the 2010 Critérium du Dauphiné . In 2019 , it became the site of the first Tomorrowland winter festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Michaud ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Michaud', 'summary': 'Jacques Michaud ( born 11 July 1951 in Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , Haute-Savoie ) was a French professional road bicycle racer , who won the eighteenth stage in the 1983 Tour de France . In that stage , he climbed the Col des Aravis , the Col de la Colombière and the Col de Joux Plane first , and finished with an advantage of 66 seconds on the next cyclist . Michaud rode the Tour de France five times ; he completed the course all five times , and his best result in the general classification was 18th .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 1984 Tour de France was the 71st edition of the Tour de France , run over 4,021 km ( 2,499 mi ) in 23 stages and a prologue , from 29 June to 22 July . The race was dominated by the Renault team , who won the team classification and ten stages : Renault 's French rider Laurent Fignon won his second consecutive Tour , beating former teammate Bernard Hinault by over 10 minutes . Hinault was pursuing his fifth Tour victory after having sat out the 1983 Tour because of injuries . Also that year , Fignon 's team-mate Greg LeMond became the first American rider to finish in the top three and stand on the podium , and he also took the young rider classification . Belgian cyclist Frank Hoste won the points classification , and British Robert Millar won the mountains classification . The race consisted of 23 stages , totaling 4,020 kilometers ( 2,500 mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Plagne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Plagne', 'summary': "La Plagne is a French ski area in the alpine valley of the Tarentaise ( Savoie ) . Since 2003 , La Plagne and the neighbouring resort of Les Arcs form Paradiski 's ski area . It is currently owned by Compagnie des Alpes . La Plagne is the most popular ski resort in the world with more than 2.5 million visitors a season on average ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Ángel Arroyo ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ángel_Arroyo', 'summary': 'Angel Arroyo Lanchas ( born 2 August 1956 in El Barraco ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer . In the 1983 Tour de France , Arroyo won one stage and finished 2nd place in the general classification . In stage 17 of the 1982 Vuelta a España , while leading the race , Arroyo was tested positive for Methylphenidate , and got a 10 minutes time penalty . This effectively stripped him of victory and put him back in 13th place .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 1987 Tour de France was the 74th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 1 to 26 July . It consisted of 25 stages over 4,231 km ( 2,629 mi ) . It was the closest three-way finish in the Tour until the 2007 Tour de France , and was won by Stephen Roche , the first and so far only Irishman to do so . The winner of the 1986 Tour de France , Greg LeMond was unable to defend his title following a shooting accident in April . Following Stage 1 , Poland 's Lech Piasecki became the first rider from the Eastern Bloc to lead the Tour de France . He was one of eight different men to wear yellow , a new record for the Tour ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'La Plagne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Plagne', 'summary': "La Plagne is a French ski area in the alpine valley of the Tarentaise ( Savoie ) . Since 2003 , La Plagne and the neighbouring resort of Les Arcs form Paradiski 's ski area . It is currently owned by Compagnie des Alpes . La Plagne is the most popular ski resort in the world with more than 2.5 million visitors a season on average ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Eduardo Chozas ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eduardo_Chozas', 'summary': "Eduardo Chozas Olmo ( born 5 July 1960 in Madrid ) is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist . He won four stages at the Tour de France and three in the Giro d'Italia . He was also chosen as the most combative rider of 1990 Tour de France . As of 2014 , Chozas holds the record for most Grand Tour participations and finishes . He started in a total of 26 Grand Tours ( 6 Tours , 7 Giros and 13 Vueltas ) , and finished in 25 of them , only abandoning the 1984 Vuelta a España on the last stage ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 1991 Tour de France was the 78th edition of the Tour de France , taking place from 6 to 28 July . The total race distance was 22 stages over 3,914 km ( 2,432 mi ) . The race was won by Miguel Indurain , whose Banesto team also won the team classification . The points classification was won by Djamolidine Abdoujaparov , although he almost crashed out in the final stage . The mountains classification was won by Claudio Chiappucci , and the young rider classification by Álvaro Mejía .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': "Bourg-d'Oisans", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bourg-d'Oisans", 'summary': "Le Bourg-d'Oisans is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France . It is located in the Oisans region of the French Alps . Le Bourg-d'Oisans is located in the valley of the Romanche river , on the road from Grenoble to Briançon , and on the south side of the Col de la Croix de Fer . It is often on the route of the Tour de France , as the town sits at the base of the road to Alpe d'Huez and the legendary switchbacks to the top of the mountain ( those wanting to test their skills against the professional cyclists ' times can rent bicycles in Bourg d'Oisans and ride to the top where the tourist office offers a certificate of official completion that costs one Euro ) . It is surrounded by several well-known mountain resorts , including the Alpe d'Huez and Les Deux Alpes . The Écrins National Park lies to the southeast of Le Bourg-d'Oisans ."}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Thierry Claveyrolat ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thierry_Claveyrolat', 'summary': 'Thierry Claveyrolat ( 31 March 1959 , in La Tronche , Rhône-Alpes , France - 7 September 1999 , in Notre-Dame-de-Mésage , Isère ) was a French road bicycle racer . He was King of the Mountains in the 1990 Tour de France .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 1997 Tour de France was the 84th edition of the Tour de France and took place from 5 to 27 July . Jan Ullrich 's victory margin , of 9:09 was the largest margin of victory since Laurent Fignon won the 1984 Tour de France by 10:32 . Since 1997 no rider has had this convincing of a win with the closest margin to Ullrich 's victory being Vincenzo Nibali winning the 2014 Tour de France with a gap of 7:39 . Ullrich 's simultaneous victories in both the general classification and the young riders ' classification marked the first time the same rider had won both categories in the same Tour since Laurent Fignon in 1983 . The points classification was won by Ullrich 's teammate Erik Zabel , for the second time , and their team Team Telekom also won the team classification . The mountains classification was won by Richard Virenque for the fourth time ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Courchevel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courchevel', 'summary': "Courchevel is a French Alps ski resort . It is a part of Les Trois Vallées , the largest linked ski areas in the world . Courchevel also refers to the towns of Courchevel 1300 ( Le Praz ) , Courchevel 1550 , Courchevel 1650 ( Moriond ) , and Courchevel 1850 , which are named for their altitudes in metres . The resort centre of Courchevel is at 1,747 metres ( 5,732 ft ) . The name Courchevel 1850 was chosen for marketing reasons to compete with rival ski resort Val d'Isère . It is the Jardin Alpin area of Courchevel 1850 rather than the centre which is located at 1,850 metres ( 6,070 ft ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Pantani ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Pantani', 'summary': "Marco Pantani ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmarko panˈtaːni ] ; 13 January 1970 - 14 February 2004 ) was an Italian road racing cyclist , widely considered one of the best climbers of all time in professional road bicycle racing . He won both the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia in 1998 , being the sixth Italian after Ottavio Bottecchia , Gino Bartali , Fausto Coppi , Felice Gimondi and Gastone Nencini to win the Tour de France . He is the last cyclist , and one of only seven , to win the Giro and the Tour in the same year . Pantani 's attacking style and aggressive riding turned him into a fan favorite in the late 1990s . He was known as Il Pirata ( English : The pirate ) because of his shaven head and the rakish bandana and earrings he always wore . At 1.72 m and 57 kg , he had the classic build for a mountain climber . His style contrasted with that of time-trialling experts such as the five-times Tour winner Miguel Indurain . Although Pantani never tested positive during his career , his career was beset by doping allegations . In the 1999 Giro d'Italia , he was expelled due to his irregular blood values . Although he was disqualified for health reasons , it was implied that Pantani 's high haematocrit was the product of EPO use . Following later accusations , Pantani went into a severe mental depression from which he never fully recovered . He died of acute cocaine poisoning in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Tour_de_France', 'summary': 'The 2000 Tour de France was a multiple stage bicycle race held from 1 to 23 July , and the 87th edition of the Tour de France . It has no overall winner - although American cyclist Lance Armstrong originally won the event , the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced in August 2012 that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1998 , including his seven Tour de France wins from 1999 to 2005 ; the Union Cycliste Internationale has confirmed this verdict . The Tour started with an individual time trial in Futuroscope ( not an official prologue because it was longer than 8 km ) and ended , traditionally , in Paris . The distance travelled was 3663 km ( counter-clockwise around France ) . The Tour passed through Switzerland and Germany . Before the race started , there were several favourites : Armstrong , after his 1999 Tour de France victory ; Jan Ullrich , having won the 1997 Tour de France , finishing second in the 1996 and 1998 tours , and not entering the 1999 Tour due to an injury ; and 1998 Tour winner Marco Pantani . Richard Virenque finished 8th place in the 1999 Tour despite bad preparation , and for the 2000 edition he was considered an important rider . Fernando Escartín , Bobby Julich , Alexander Vinokourov and Alex Zülle were also considered contenders .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Courchevel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courchevel', 'summary': "Courchevel is a French Alps ski resort . It is a part of Les Trois Vallées , the largest linked ski areas in the world . Courchevel also refers to the towns of Courchevel 1300 ( Le Praz ) , Courchevel 1550 , Courchevel 1650 ( Moriond ) , and Courchevel 1850 , which are named for their altitudes in metres . The resort centre of Courchevel is at 1,747 metres ( 5,732 ft ) . The name Courchevel 1850 was chosen for marketing reasons to compete with rival ski resort Val d'Isère . It is the Jardin Alpin area of Courchevel 1850 rather than the centre which is located at 1,850 metres ( 6,070 ft ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Virenque ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Virenque', 'summary': "Richard Virenque [ n 1 ] ( born 19 November 1969 ) is a retired French professional road racing cyclist . He was one of the most popular French riders with fans for his boyish personality and his long , lone attacks . [ n 2 ] He was a climber , best remembered for winning the King of the Mountains competition of the Tour de France a record seven times and also for being one of the central figures in a widespread doping scandal in 1998 : the Festina Affair . As a result of this he was regularly displayed as a moronic rubber puppet with hypodermics in his head on the satirical television programme , Les Guignols de l'info . Virenque finished twice on the podium in the Tour de France ( third in 1996 and second in 1997 ) and won several stages , among them Mont Ventoux in 2002 . He is the 18th rider in the Tour to have won stages over 10 years apart . [ n 3 ] He wore the Maillot Jaune for two days in his entire career , perhaps ironically each day was also about ten years apart ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 2006 Tour de France was the 93rd edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It took between 1 and 23 July . It was won by Óscar Pereiro following the disqualification of apparent winner Floyd Landis . Due to United States Anti-Doping Agency announcing in August 2012 that they had disqualified Lance Armstrong from all his results since 1998 , including his seven Tour de France wins from 1999-2005 , this is the first Tour to have an overall winner since 1998 . The Tour began with a prologue in Strasbourg , on the French-German border , and ended on Sunday 23 July in Paris . The distance of the course ( run counterclockwise around France ) was 3,657 km ( 2,272 mi ) . The race was the third fastest in average speed . Along the way , the cyclists passed through six different countries including France , The Netherlands ( a stop at Valkenburg in Stage 3 ) , Belgium ( at Huy , Stages 3 and 4 ) , Luxembourg ( at Esch-sur-Alzette , Stages 2 and 3 ) , Germany ( though not stopping there , Stage 1 ) and Spain ( Pla-de-Beret , Stage 11 ) . The presentation of the course was made by the new director of Le Tour , Christian Prudhomme . For the first time since the 1999 edition , there was no team time trial . The event , as with some of the Tours of the late 1990s , was marred by doping scandals . Prior to the tour , numerous riders - including the two favourites Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso - were expelled from the Tour due to their link with the Operación Puerto doping case ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne', 'summary': 'Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ sɛ̃ʒɑ̃ d ( ə ) mɔʁjɛn ] ; Arpetan : Sent-Jian-de-Môrièna Italian : San Giovanni di Moriana ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department . It lies in the Maurienne , the valley of the River Arc . It was also an Episcopal See of Savoy during the Ancien Régime and again from 1825 to 1966 . Its original name was simply Maurienne , or Moriana in Italian and Latin .'}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Floyd Landis ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Floyd_Landis', 'summary': "Floyd Landis ( born October 14 , 1975 ) is an American former professional road racing cyclist . Landis at first appeared to be the winner of the 2006 Tour de France , and the third non-European winner in the event 's history , before testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs . The competition was ultimately won by Óscar Pereiro . Landis was an all-around rider , with special skills in climbing , time-trialing , and descending . Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team . He joined the U.S . Postal Service team in 2002 , and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005 . In January 2010 , a French judge issued a national arrest warrant for Landis on computer hacking charges related to the 2006 doping allegations . Until 2010 , Landis maintained his innocence and mounted a defense . Although Landis 's legal team documented inconsistencies in the handling and evaluation of his urine samples , the disqualification was upheld . He was suspended from professional competition through January 30 , 2009 , following an arbitration panel 's 2-to-1 ruling on September 20 , 2007 . Landis appealed the result of the arbitration hearing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , which subsequently upheld the panel 's ruling ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The 2016 Tour de France was the 103rd edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The 3,529 km ( 2,193 mi ) -long race consisted of 21 stages , starting on 2 July in Mont Saint-Michel , Normandy , and concluding on 24 July with the Champs-Élysées stage in Paris . A total of 198 riders from 22 teams entered the race . The overall general classification was won by Chris Froome of Team Sky , with the second and third places were taken by Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) and Nairo Quintana ( Movistar Team ) , respectively . Mark Cavendish of Team Dimension Data won the opening stage to take the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Tinkoff rider Peter Sagan won the second stage to claim yellow and held onto it until the fifth stage when Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) took the stage and the yellow jersey . Van Avermaet lost ground in the mountainous eighth stage , finishing over 25 minutes behind the stage winner Froome , who took the yellow jersey . Froome retained the yellow jersey through to stage 17 and extended his lead further following a strong performance in the stage 18 's mountain time trial . Bardet won the mountainous 19th stage and moved into second place overall and despite crashing in the rain , Froome was able to extend his lead . He then held the lead into the finish in Paris . The points classification was won by Sagan , who won three stages . Tinkoff 's Rafał Majka won the mountains classification ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hors_Categorie', 'summary': 'Hors catégorie ( HC ) is a French term used in stage bicycle races to designate a climb that is beyond categorization . The term was originally used for those mountain roads where cars were not expected to be able to pass . The HC climb is the most difficult type of climb in a race . It is more demanding than a Category 1 climb which in turn is more demanding than a Category 2 climb and so on . The easiest category is Category 4 . These five categories are defined by their steepness and length . In addition , their position on the route can play a role . For instance , a climb that would normally be a Category 1 climb can become a HC climb if it is the final climb of a stage . The average HC climb in the Tour de France from 2012 to 2016 is 16.1 kilometers long and has a grade of 7.4 . There are around 7 HC climbs per Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Megève', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megève', 'summary': 'Megève ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ məʒɛv ] ; Arpitan : Megéva ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France with a population of more than 3,000 residents . The town is well known as a ski resort near Mont Blanc in the French Alps . Conceived in the 1920s as a French alternative to St. Moritz by the Rothschilds , it was the first purpose-built resort in the Alps . Originally it was a prime destination for the French aristocracy . It remains one of the most famous and fanciest ski resorts in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Morzine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morzine', 'summary': 'Morzine ( Arpitan : Morzena ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France . A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil , Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge , bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions . Situated at an altitude of 1000 m , it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts , and weatherwise benefits from the Mont Blanc microclimate . The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities , as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself . The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune .'}]}, {'value': 'Ion Izagirre ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ion_Izagirre', 'summary': 'Ion Izagirre Insausti ( born 4 February 1989 ) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer and cyclo-cross rider , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . He is sometimes referred to as Jon Izaguirre , to retain the correct pronunciation under Castilian orthography .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Tour de France', 'section_text': 'Col de Joux Plane has been used a total of 12 times by the Tour de France since its debut in 1978 . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'Col_de_Joux_Plane_0', 'intro': 'Col de Joux Plane (el. 1691 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Alps in Haute-Savoie, France, linking Morzine with Samoëns. The climb has been featured several times in the Tour de France cycling race'}	null	null	What kind of industry was there in this city , which served as the starting point of the 65th edition of the Tour de France , in the 18th and 19th centuries ?	glove industry
01b93c2d3eeae1f5	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly', 'title': 'American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly', 'header': ['Year', 'Horse', 'Trainer', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monomoy Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monomoy_Girl', 'summary': "Monomoy Girl ( foaled March 26 , 2015 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2018 Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She showed very promising form as a juvenile in 2017 when she won her first three races before being narrowly beaten in the Golden Rod Stakes . In the following spring she took the Rachel Alexandra Stakes and the Ashland Stakes before winning the Kentucky Oaks , the filly equivalent of the Kentucky Derby . She followed this up with wins in the Acorn Stakes and Coaching Club American Oaks , but was disqualified to second for interference in the Cotillion Stakes . She then rebounded to win the Breeders ' Cup Distaff while facing older horses for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Brad Cox', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sol Kumin , Michael Dubb , Elkstone Group & Bethlehem Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sol_Kumin', 'summary': 'Sol Kumin ( born 13 May 1975 ) is an American business leader , Thoroughbred racehorse owner and philanthropist . In May 2018 , he became the first owner since 1952 to have Kentucky Oaks and Derby winners in the same weekend . He was a co-owner of Justify ; winner of the Triple Crown - one of the hardest feats in sport .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abel Tasman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abel_Tasman_(horse)', 'summary': "Abel Tasman ( foaled March 12 , 2014 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse . After finishing fifth in her first start at age two , she won her next three races including the Starlet Stakes . At age three , she finished second in both the Santa Ysabel and Santa Anita Oaks before winning the Grade I Kentucky Oaks , the female equivalent of the Kentucky Derby . She extended her winning streak by taking the Acorn Stakes and Coaching Club American Oaks , before finishing the year with second-place finishes in both the Cotillion Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She was named the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2017 . At age four , Abel Tasman finished fourth in her first start of the year in the La Troienne Stakes , then rebounded to win the Ogden Phipps and Personal Ensign . She finished her career with 8 wins from 16 starts and winnings of $ 2,793,385 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Baffert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Baffert', 'summary': "Robert A. Baffert ( born January 13 , 1953 ) is an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify . Baffert 's horses have won five Kentucky Derbies , seven Preakness Stakes , three Belmont Stakes and three Kentucky Oaks ."}]}, {'value': 'China Horse Club International & Clearsky Farms', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Songbird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songbird_(horse)', 'summary': "Songbird ( foaled April 30 , 2013 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who was a two-time Eclipse Award winner . She won thirteen times , nine of them in Grade I races , and had career earnings of almost $ 4.7 million . She was the 2015 American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly after being undefeated in four starts , including Grade I victories in the Del Mar Debutante Stakes , Chandelier Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies . She was undefeated against three-year-old fillies in 2016 including the Grade I Santa Anita Oaks , Coaching Club American Oaks , Alabama and Cotillion Stakes . Her 11-race undefeated streak ended in the Breeders ' Cup Distaff , where she was second by a scant nose to the 6-year-old champion mare , Beholder . Despite the loss , she was a unanimous selection as the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2016 . In 2017 after her return to the racetrack was delayed by injury , she won the Grade I Ogden Phipps after a seven-month layoff and then won the Delaware Handicap in July for her ninth Grade I victory . In August , she finished second , beaten by just a neck , in the Personal Ensign Stakes in what became her final start . After the race , an exam uncovered some hidden injuries to her front and hind legs , causing her to be retired . She was sold as a broodmare at the November Fasig-Tipton sale for a near-record price of $ 9.5 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Hollendorfer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Hollendorfer', 'summary': 'Jerry Hollendorfer ( born June 18 , 1946 in Akron , Ohio ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer whose notable horses include Eclipse Award winners Blind Luck , Shared Belief and Songbird . He has the most wins in the history of Northern California race horse trainers . In 2011 , he was inducted into the US Racing Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Hill Farms Inc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stellar Wind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stellar_Wind_(horse)', 'summary': "Stellar Wind ( foaled February 13 , 2012 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse , known for her Eclipse Award winning three-year-old season , and later for her rivalry with the champion mare Beholder . Bred in Virginia , she raced in Maryland as a juvenile , winning one minor race from two starts . As a three-year-old , racing mainly in California , she improved to become arguably the best filly of her generation ( in North America ) . In the spring of 2015 , she won the Santa Ysabel Stakes and the Santa Anita Oaks before finishing a troubled fourth in the Kentucky Oaks . On her return to California , she recorded further victories in the Summertime Oaks and the Torrey Pines Stakes , and then ended her season by finishing a strong second in the Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She was voted American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2015 . At age four , Stellar Wind won two of her starts , beating Beholder in both the Clement L. Hirsch and Zenyatta while finishing second to her in the Vanity Mile and fourth in the Distaff . At age five , Stellar Wind won the Apple Blossom Handicap , the newly renamed Beholder Mile and the Clement L. Hirsch . Her only loss that year was in the Distaff , bringing her career record to 10 wins from 16 starts . She was sold as a broodmare prospect in November 2017 for $ 6 million ."}]}, {'value': 'John W. Sadler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_W._Sadler', 'summary': "John W. Sadler ( born July 30 , 1956 in Long Beach , California ) is an American horse trainer in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing . Sadler got his first win in 1979 at Golden Gate Fields racetrack in the San Francisco Bay Area . Since then he has developed into a prominent figure in California racing , and has won numerous important races including the 2018 Breeders ' Cup Classic . In April 1991 John Sadler won the first match race in the history of Santa Anita Park when Valiant Pete , winner of the 1990 California Cup Sprint , equaled the world record of 0:44 2/5 for four furlongs in defeating champion American Quarter Horse Griswold in a $ 100,000 winner-take-all race . At Hollywood Park on June 28 , 2008 , Sadler won three stakes races when Whatsthescript won the Grade II American Handicap , Dearest Trickski triumphed in the Grade II A Gleam Handicap , and Emmy Darling won the Landaluce Stakes . On December 26 , 2010 , he repeated this performance at Santa Anita , as Twirling Candy won the Grade I Malibu Stakes , Switch won the Grade I La Brea Stakes and Sidney 's Candy won the Grade II Sir Beaufort Stakes . Sadler won 3 stakes races for the third time at Hollywood Park on July 17 , 2012 when Scherer Magic won the Grade III Hollywood Juvenile Championship , Switch in the Grade II A Gleam Handicap , and Lady of Shamrock in the Grade I Hollywood Oaks . Sadler in 2011 surpassed $ 70 million earned in purses . His purse earnings passed $ 100 million in 2015 . In November 2012 , John Sadler won his 2,000th race when Rooster City won a claiming race at Betfair Hollywood Park . Sadler has won training titles at Hollywood Park , Santa Anita , Del Mar . Other top runners for Sadler include Alpha Kitten , Appealing Missy , Belmont Cat , Black Mamba , Cost of Freedom , Dawn After Dawn , Dearest Trickski , Evita Argentina , Frost Free , Geronimo , Get Funky , Hasty Kris , Healthy Addiction , Lady of Shamrock , Musique Toujours , Noble Court , Oil Man , Olympic Prospect , Tasha 's Miracle , Taste of Paradise , Three Peat , Tizbud , Track Gal , Victory Encounter and Zappa ."}]}, {'value': 'Hronis Racing', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Untapable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Untapable', 'summary': "Untapable ( foaled 13 February 2011 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . She showed promise as a two-year-old in 2013 when she won two of her four races including the Pocahontas Stakes and was placed in the Starlet Stakes . In 2014 she emerged as a top-class racehorse , winning the Rachel Alexandra Stakes , Fair Grounds Oaks , Kentucky Oaks , Mother Goose Stakes , Cotillion Handicap and Breeders ' Cup Distaff and was named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Asmussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Asmussen', 'summary': "Steven Mark Asmussen ( born November 18 , 1965 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . He is a two-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2016 . His horses have won the Breeders ' Cup Classic , Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , Breeders ' Cup Distaff , Kentucky Oaks and Dubai World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Winchell', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beholder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beholder_(horse)', 'summary': "Beholder ( foaled May 9 , 2010 ) is an American Thoroughbred race horse and multiple Eclipse Award winner . She was purchased as a yearling by B. Wayne Hughes of Spendthrift Farm . She had an early reputation for being difficult to handle , but trainer Richard Mandella worked extensively with the fractious young horse , gradually developing her from a temperamental front-runner into a seasoned veteran who could be placed in strategic positions . As a two-year-old in 2012 , she won three of her five races including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly . In the following season , she won five of her seven races , including the Breeders ' Cup Distaff . With the Breeders ' Cup win , she became the first horse to win both the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and the Distaff in consecutive years , and concluded her three-year old season by being named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly . After a four-year-old season plagued by injuries and illness , with a single graded stakes win in three attempts , she returned to form as a five-year-old with multiple stakes wins , becoming the first filly or mare to win the Pacific Classic and was voted American Champion Older Dirt Female Horse . In doing so , she became the first horse since 1976 , male or female , to win Grade 1 stakes races at age 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . In 2016 , she extended this achievement by winning the Grade I Vanity Stakes , and in doing so tied the record of John Henry for winning a Grade I race five years in a row . She closed out her career winning the 2016 Breeders ' Cup Distaff in a dramatic stretch run , prevailing by a scant nose over the Songbird . She received her second Eclipse Award as Champion Older Dirt Female Horse at the end of the year and retired having tied Goldikova as one of only two horses to have ever won three Breeders ' Cup Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard E. Mandella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_E._Mandella', 'summary': "Richard Eugene Mandella ( born November 5 , 1950 in Altadena , California ) is a Thoroughbred horse trainer and a member of the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Mandella 's father , a blacksmith , introduced him to horses at an early age and while still in high school he began starting and training horses at a nearby ranch . He spent a year in New York as assistant to Lefty Nickerson and then took a job with Texas horseman Roger Braugh in 1974 . Two years later , Richard Mandella returned to California and opened his own stable . His wins began almost immediately with Bad ' n Big and continued with Phone Trick , Dare and Go , and Pleasantly Perfect . Between 1996 and 1998 Mandella won six straight million dollar races in Southern California with Dare and Go , Siphon , Gentlemen and Malek . Mandella has seen six of his horses run in the Kentucky Derby . Mandella was inducted in the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame in 2001 and in 2003 he had four winners in the Breeders ' Cup : Pleasantly Perfect , Johar , Halfbridled , and Action This Day . In 2006 Mandella wrote the introduction to Santa Anita Morning Rhapsody , by photographer-author Karen S. Davis , a book documenting morning thoroughbred racetrack training . Most people who enjoy racing do n't realize how special these early hours are , watching ."}]}, {'value': 'Spendthrift Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spendthrift_Farm', 'summary': "Spendthrift Farm is a thoroughbred race horse breeding farm and burial site in Lexington , Kentucky currently owned by B. Wayne Hughes . It was founded by Leslie Combs II and named for the great stallion Spendthrift , who was owned by Combs ' ancestor , Daniel Swigert of Elmendorf Farm . Spendthrift was the great-grandfather of Man o ' War . Although Spendthrift Farm is known mostly as a commercial breeding operation , they maintain a small racing stable as well . Their most notable runners are Beholder , a 4-time Eclipse Award winning mare , Lord Nelson , a three-time Gr.I winning sprinter , and Court Vision , who won the Breeders ' Cup Mile and now stands at Spendthrift ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Questing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Questing_(horse)', 'summary': 'Questing ( foaled 2009 ) is a British-bred Thoroughbred filly . After beginning her career in England she was transferred to the United States where she won the Coaching Club American Oaks and Alabama Stakes . In the Eclipse Awards for 2012 she was voted American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiaran McLaughlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiaran_McLaughlin', 'summary': 'Kiaran P. McLaughlin ( born November 15 , 1960 in Lexington , Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer best known for training 2006 Horse of the Year Invasor .'}]}, {'value': 'Godolphin Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Godolphin_Racing', 'summary': "Godolphin ( Arabic : جودلفين ) is the Maktoum family 's private Thoroughbred horseracing stable and was named in honour of the Godolphin Arabian , who came from the desert to become one of the three founding stallions of the modern Thoroughbred . Godolphin is buried at Wandlebury Park in Cambridge , where there is a stone to commemorate this horse in the passageway of the old buildings . Godolphin 's headquarters are in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . It operates two racing stables in Newmarket , UK , two in Sydney , Australia , one in Melbourne , Australia , and also has horses in training with independent trainers in Great Britain , Australia , France , Japan , The United States of America and Ireland . UAE Vice President , Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai , H.H . Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum is the driving force behind Godolphin . The family 's breeding operation , Darley , is named in honour of another of the three original Thoroughbred stallions . Darley breeds horses in Australia , France , Ireland , Japan , United Kingdom and the United States . Stallions who have stood at Dalham Hall include the great Dubai Millennium who won the Dubai World Cup at Nad Al Sheba , UAE and the Prince Of Wales 's Stakes at Royal Ascot , UK in 2000 . Godolphin has won over 5,000 races worldwide and numerous awards since its inception in 1992 , marking their 5,000th win in August 2018 . Its most successful years numerically are 2015 ( 650 wins ) , 2017 ( 607 wins ) , 2016 ( 597 wins ) and 2014 ( 361 wins ) . Godolphin was leading owner at the Dubai World Cup Carnival on eleven successive years from 2008 to 2018 , and crowned British Champion Owner on twelve occasions - 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Delta', 'summary': "Royal Delta ( February 2 , 2008 - February 10 , 2017 ) was a Champion American Thoroughbred racehorse . The daughter of Empire Maker was best known for winning back-to-back editions of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies Classic ( later renamed the Breeders ' Cup Distaff ) and three consecutive Eclipse Awards ( as American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2011 and American Champion Older Female Horse of both 2012 and 2013 ) . She won the Grade I Alabama , Beldame , Delaware and Personal Ensign Stakes in addition to her Breeders ' Cup triumphs . On February 10 , 2017 , it was announced that she had died due to foaling complications . On April 22 , 2019 , Royal Delta was voted into the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Mott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Mott', 'summary': "William I . Bill Mott ( born July 29 , 1953 , in Mobridge , South Dakota ) is an American horse trainer , most notable for his work with Cigar . Mott earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in 1995 and 1996 . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1998 at the age of 45 , becoming the youngest thoroughbred trainer ever inducted . Mott started training thoroughbreds at age 15 and won the South Dakota Futurity with Kosmic Tour before he was out of high school . He worked his way up the ranks by becoming first an exercise rider , then an assistant trainer for Hall of Fame Trainer Jack Van Berg . In 1976 , Mott , trainer Frank Brothers ( who was also Van Berg 's assistant trainer ) , and a stable crew guided Van Berg 's horses through the wins at Sportsman 's , Hawthorne and Arlington Park race tracks in Chicago . They were so successful that Van Berg was named leading trainer at Arlington Park and leading trainer in the Nation with 496 wins in 1976 , a record that stood until Steve Asmussen broke it in 2003 with 555 wins . Asmussen broke his own record in 2008 and 2009 . Mott worked as an assistant trainer for Van Berg for three years before striking out on his own in 1978 . On the July 28 , 2007 , ABC Sports broadcast of the Diana Handicap , Hall of Fame jockey and race commentator Jerry Bailey said Mott is generally regarded as the best trainer for racing on turf in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Saud bin Khaled', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blind Luck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blind_Luck', 'summary': 'Blind Luck ( foaled April 20 , 2007 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Hollendorfer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Hollendorfer', 'summary': 'Jerry Hollendorfer ( born June 18 , 1946 in Akron , Ohio ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer whose notable horses include Eclipse Award winners Blind Luck , Shared Belief and Songbird . He has the most wins in the history of Northern California race horse trainers . In 2011 , he was inducted into the US Racing Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'M. Dedomenico , J . Carver , J. Hollendorfer , Abruzz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Alexandra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Alexandra', 'summary': "Rachel Alexandra ( foaled January 29 , 2006 in Kentucky ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse and the 2009 Horse of the Year . When she won the 2009 Preakness Stakes , the second leg of the Triple Crown , she became the first filly to win the race in 85 years ( the last filly to win was Nellie Morse , in 1924 ) . She also won races in six states ( KY , LA , AR , MD , NY , NJ ) , on eight different tracks , against fillies and Grade 1 colts and older horses , achieving a long string of consecutive wins including numerous Grade 1 stakes . Rachel Alexandra neared or broke multiple stakes records , track records and winning margin records throughout her career . On September 28 , 2010 , owner Jess Jackson announced Rachel Alexandra 's retirement . She was bred to 2007/2008 Horse of the Year Curlin and delivered a colt on January 22 , 2012 . Rachel Alexandra is a bay mare with a distinctive upside-down exclamation-point-shaped white blaze . She stands an estimated 16 hands at the withers . Her preferred style of running is generally that of a front runner ( running on the lead ) or a stalker ( running close to and just behind the lead ) , though she occasionally competed from off of the pace ( Mother Goose Stakes ) . Rachel Alexandra was bred and originally owned by Dolphus Morrison , who named her after his granddaughter . Before she became successful as a racehorse , Morrison sold part interest in her to Michael Lauffer . Her initial trainer was Hal Wiggins , Morrison 's regular trainer , who trained her until the Kentucky Oaks 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Asmussen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Asmussen', 'summary': "Steven Mark Asmussen ( born November 18 , 1965 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . He is a two-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2016 . His horses have won the Breeders ' Cup Classic , Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , Breeders ' Cup Distaff , Kentucky Oaks and Dubai World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Stonestreet Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stonestreet_Stables', 'summary': "Jess Stonestreet Jackson Jr. ( February 18 , 1930 - April 21 , 2011 ) was an American wine entrepreneur , lawyer and self-made businessman . He started the Kendall-Jackson wine business with the family 's 1974 purchase of an 80-acre ( 32 ha ) pear and walnut orchard in Lakeport , California that was converted to a vineyard . The first release of Vintner 's Reserve Chardonnay in 1982 closed the gap between the super premium and cheap wine market . As of 2010 , Vintner 's Reserve Chardonnay was one of the most popular wines on the market . His style as a vintner was focused upon single-vineyard , mountain grown wines ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proud Spell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proud_Spell', 'summary': "Proud Spell ( foaled May 13 , 2005 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . As a two-year-old in 2007 she was rated one of the best juvenile fillies in the United States , winning her first three races including the Matron Stakes before finishing second in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies . She was even more successful in her second season , winning four races including the Fair Grounds Oaks , Kentucky Oaks , Delaware Oaks and Alabama Stakes . She was retired from racing after a single unsuccessful appearance as a four-year-old ."}]}, {'value': 'J. Larry Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Larry_Jones', 'summary': 'J. Larry Jones ( born September 2 , 1956 in Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer . He has trained over one thousand winners , including three winners of the Kentucky Oaks : Proud Spell in 2008 , Believe You Can in 2012 , and Lovely Maria in 2015 . He has trained two horses who have finished second in the Kentucky Derby ; Hard Spun , and the filly Eight Belles .'}]}, {'value': 'Brereton C. Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brereton_C._Jones', 'summary': "Brereton Chandler Jones ( born June 27 , 1939 ) is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky . From 1987 to 1991 , he served as the 50th lieutenant governor of Kentucky and from 1991 to 1995 , he was the state 's 58th governor . He now chairs the Kentucky Equine Education Project ( KEEP ) , a lobbying organization for the Kentucky horse industry . Born in Ohio and raised in West Virginia , Jones became the youngest-ever member of the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1964 . Two years later , he was chosen as the Republican floor leader in the House . In 1968 , he decided to leave politics and focus on his real estate business . He married Elizabeth Libby Lloyd in 1970 and in 1972 , the family moved to historic Airdrie Farm , Libby 's family estate in Woodford County , Kentucky . There , Jones founded Airdrie Stud , now an internationally recognized Thoroughbred farm . Although he remained mostly out of politics , Jones changed his party affiliation to Democratic in 1975 , and was appointed to various boards and commissions by governors John Y . Brown , Jr. and Martha Layne Collins . In 1987 , Jones announced his candidacy for lieutenant governor , admitting that he considered the office a stepping stone to some day becoming governor . He was elected , but experienced a poor relationship with Governor Wallace Wilkinson throughout their four-year terms ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rags to Riches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rags_to_Riches_(horse)', 'summary': 'Rags to Riches ( foaled February 27 , 2004 , in Kentucky ) is an American thoroughbred racehorse who in 2007 became the first filly to win the Belmont Stakes in over a century .'}]}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Tabor & Derrick Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Tabor', 'summary': 'Michael Barry Tabor ( born 28 October 1941 ) is a British businessman , bookmaker , gambler and owner of thoroughbred racehorses . Tabor regularly appears on the Sunday Times Rich List of the richest people in Britain . In 2012 his fortune was estimated to be £550 million ; two years previously the business magazine Management Today had suggested it was $ 2 billion .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wait A While', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wait_A_While', 'summary': "Wait A While ( foaled March 4 , 2003 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . Although she showed some good form on dirt she had her greatest success on turf and won twelve of her twenty-four races in a track career which lasted from August 2005 until October 2008 . As a two-year-old she won two of her four races including the Miss Grillo Stakes . In the following year she won the Davona Dale Stakes , Sands Point Stakes , American Oaks , Lake Placid Stakes and Yellow Ribbon Stakes in a campaign which saw her being voted that season 's American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly . Her third season was disrupted by illness and injury but she did win the Honey Fox Stakes and the Ballston Spa Handicap . In her final season Wait A While won the San Gorgonio Handicap and recorded repeat victories in the Ballston Spa Handicap and the Yellow Ribbon Stakes . Her racing career ended controversially when she was disqualified for failing a drug test after finishing third in the Breeders ' Cup Filly & Mare Turf ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Arindel Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smuggler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smuggler_(horse)', 'summary': "Smuggler ( May 20 , 2002 in Kentucky - April 16 , 2015 ) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racing mare . She was a homebred owned by Ogden Mills Phipps and trained by U.S . Racing Hall of Fame trainer Claude Shug McGaughey . Smuggler had a very short and brief career on the race track but proved to be a Champion in that brief time . She had a record of 5 wins in 9 lifetime starts . Her biggest victories included wins in the ( Grade 1 ) Mother Goose Stakes and ( Grade 1 ) Coaching Club American Oaks , both at Belmont Park . Smuggler 's mother is the Hall of Fame Champion Thoroughbred Inside Information , and her sire was Champion Kentucky Derby winner Unbridled . In 2005 , Smuggler was awarded the Eclipse Award as Champion Three Year Old Filly . She was retired from racing in September 2006 . She died on April 16 , 2015 due to complications from foaling ."}]}, {'value': 'Claude R. McGaughey III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claude_R._McGaughey_III', 'summary': "Claude R. Shug McGaughey III ( born January 6 , 1951 ) is an American Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer . McGaughey began working as a trainer in 1979 and to date has won more than 240 graded stakes races . In 1986 , he got his big break when Ogden Phipps hired him to train his stable of horses . In 1988 , McGaughey won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in the United States . Among his many wins , he has captured the Jockey Club Gold Cup three times , the Travers Stakes four times , and won the 1989 Belmont Stakes with Hall of Fame Champion Easy Goer as well as the 2013 Kentucky Derby with Orb . McGaughey 's nine Breeders ' Cup victories ranks second to D. Wayne Lukas . Among the other horses he has trained are back-to-back Breeders ' Cup Mile winner Lure and Hall of Famer Personal Ensign . McGaughey has accomplished the rare trifecta of training a Breeders ' Cup winner , her daughter , and her granddaughter in the troika of Personal Ensign , My Flag and Storm Flag Flying . In 2013 he won his first Kentucky Derby with Orb . In 2004 , McGaughey was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . At his induction ceremony , he said : My deepest debt of gratitude always has been and always will be to the Phipps family and My affiliation with the Phipps family is one of the great highlights of my life . I would n't be here without them ."}]}, {'value': 'Ogden Mills Phipps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ogden_Mills_Phipps', 'summary': "Ogden Mills Dinny Phipps ( September 18 , 1940 - April 6 , 2016 ) was an American financier , Thoroughbred racehorse industry executive , and horse breeder . Widely known by the nickname Dinny , he was chairman of the family 's Bessemer Trust until retiring in 1994 , and served as its vice chairman ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashado', 'summary': "Ashado ( foaled February 4 , 2001 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racemare whose seven Grade I wins included the 2004 Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She won Eclipse Awards as the Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2004 and Champion Older Female of 2005 , and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2014 . At the end of the 2005 racing season , her owners sold her at the Keeneland Sales November auction for $ 9 million , a world-record price for a broodmare/broodmare prospect ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonabell Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bird Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bird_Town', 'summary': 'Bird Town ( foaled April 11 , 2000 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . After showing some promise when winning one of her four starts as a two-year-old in 2002 , she emerged as one of the best North American fillies of her generation in the following summer with wins in the Kentucky Oaks and the Acorn Stakes . She also finished second in the Test Stakes and the Beldame Stakes before being retired at the end of the season with a record of four wins in twelve races .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Zito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Zito', 'summary': "Nicholas Philip Zito ( born February 6 , 1948 in New York City , New York ) is an American Thoroughbred horse trainer . Zito began his career as a hot walker and worked his way up to a groom , to an assistant trainer , and to a trainer . His first top level horse was Thirty Six Red with which he won the 1990 Grade 1 Wood Memorial Stakes and earned a second-place finish in that year 's Belmont Stakes . Nick Zito went on to win the Preakness once , and the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes twice . He got his big break in 1991 when he won his first Kentucky Derby on Strike the Gold . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2005 , a year that his stable won more than $ 8 million in purses . Zito has also trained the 1996 U.S. Champion2-Year-Old Filly Storm Song as well as Bird Town who was voted the 2003 U.S. Champion 3-Year-Old Filly . Nick Zito is a National Spokesperson and Honorary Director of the National Horse Protection Coalition . Zito and his wife , Kim , advocates for the just treatment of horses and are involved with the Thoroughbred Retirement Foundation . Other Graded stakes race wins ( partial list ) :"}]}, {'value': 'Marylou Whitney Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marylou_Whitney', 'summary': 'Marie Louise Marylou Whitney ( née Schroeder ; December 24 , 1925 - July 19 , 2019 ) was an American philanthropist and socialite . A prominent owner and breeder of thoroughbred racehorses , Whitney was notable for reigning for decades as the social queen of the Saratoga and Lexington racing seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farda Amiga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farda_Amiga', 'summary': "Farda Amiga ( foaled February 1 , 1999 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . Bred in Kentucky , but owned and trained by Brazilian horsemen , she showed some promise racing on turf as a juvenile in 2001 , winning on her racecourse debut and finishing fifth at Grade III level on her only subsequent start . In the following season she won one of her first two races on turf before being switched to run on dirt and showed improved form . After a third-place finish in the Santa Anita Oaks , she recorded an upset win in the Kentucky Oaks and then recovered from illness to win the Alabama Stakes in August . She was retired after finishing second to the American Horse of the Year Azeri in the Breeders ' Cup Distaff . Her record as broodmare has not been impressive ."}]}, {'value': 'Paulo Lobo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escolastica Stable et al', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xtra Heat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xtra_Heat', 'summary': 'Xtra Heat ( foaled March 3 , 1998 in Kentucky ) is a retired American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse and broodmare . Despite competing almost exclusively at sprint distances , she was named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly at the Eclipse Awards for 2001 . She was inducted into the National Museum of Racing & Hall of Fame on August 7 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'John E. Salzman Sr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. E. Salzman Sr. , Ken Taylor , Harry Deitchman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surfside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surfside_(horse)', 'summary': "Surfside ( foaled January 21 , 1997 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . She was one of the best juvenile fillies in North America in 1999 , winning four of her six races including the Frizette Stakes and the Hollywood Starlet Stakes as well a finishing third in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies . In the spring of the following year she won the Santa Ysabel Stakes , Las Virgenes Stakes and the Santa Anita Oaks and returned from injury to win the Clark Handicap . She was retired after two unsuccessful races as a four-year-old ."}]}, {'value': 'D. Wayne Lukas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas', 'summary': "Darrell Wayne Lukas ( born September 2 , 1935 in Antigo , Wisconsin ) is an American horse trainer and a U.S . Racing Hall of Fame inductee . He has won twenty Breeders ' Cup races , received five Eclipse Awards for his accomplishments , and his horses have won 25 year-end Eclipse Awards . He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Overbrook Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Overbrook_Farm', 'summary': 'William T. Young ( February 15 , 1918 - January 12 , 2004 ) was an American businessman and major owner of thoroughbred racehorses . William T. Young attended the University of Kentucky where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . Young graduated with high distinction in 1939 with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering . After a short employment with Bailey Meter in Cleveland , Ohio , he served as a captain in the United States Army from 1941 to 1945 .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silverbulletday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverbulletday', 'summary': "Silverbulletday ( foaled January 22 , 1996 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse . Bred in Kentucky , she was sired by Silver Deputy and out of the GII winning mare Rokeby Rose . Her damsire was Tom Rolfe , the 1965 Preakness Stakes winner and that year 's U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt . Her grandsire was Deputy Minister , the 1981 Canadian Horse of the Year and a very important North American sire ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Baffert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Baffert', 'summary': "Robert A. Baffert ( born January 13 , 1953 ) is an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify . Baffert 's horses have won five Kentucky Derbies , seven Preakness Stakes , three Belmont Stakes and three Kentucky Oaks ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael E. Pegram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_E._Pegram', 'summary': "Michael E. Pegram ( born February 16 , 1952 in Fort Knox , Kentucky ) is the co-owner of the 2010 Preakness Stakes winner Lookin at Lucky and owner of the 1998 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Real Quiet . He grew up in Princeton , Indiana going to the races at Ellis Park Racecourse and Churchill Downs and dreamed of someday owning a Kentucky Derby winner . He also won the 1998 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies with Silverbulletday and after she was voted that year 's Eclipse Award for Outstanding 2-Year-Old Filly , came back in 1999 to win the Kentucky Oaks . Among his other horses , Pegram owned Captain Steve , High Stakes Player , Queen of Money , Miss Gibson County , Wheeler Oil , Argolid , Favored One , Arches of Gold , Pussycat Doll , and The Texas Tunnel . Pegram became successful as an owner of a number of McDonald 's restaurant franchises in the state of Washington , a business that his father , Jim , had been involved with . Pegram has since moved his restaurant empire to Phoenix , where he lives part-time . Pegram also lives in Del Mar , California . He has three children : Amie and Tim Pegram and Tiffany Peach ; and three brothers : Jim ( a jockey agent ) , Demont , and Gil . Pegram also enjoyed success by winning the 2 million Breeders ' Cup Sprint at Monmouth Park in 2007 with Midnight Lute , who trainer Bob Baffert stated was the best horse he 'd ever brought to the Breeder 's Cup . His champion returned the following year at Santa Anita Park to capture the same race , the first sprinter to ever do so ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Honorees -- Eclipse Awards', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Champion_Three-Year-Old_Filly_0', 'intro': "The American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly is an American Thoroughbred horse racing honor awarded annually to a female horse in Thoroughbred flat racing. It became part of the Eclipse Awards program in 1971. The award originated in 1936 when both the Daily Racing Form (DRF) and Turf and Sports Digest (TSD) magazine began naming an annual champion. Starting in 1950, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations (TRA) began naming its own champion. The following list provides the name of the horses chosen by these organizations. There were several disagreements, with more than one champion being recognized on five occasions. In 1949, two Calumet Farm fillies, Wistful and Two Lea, shared the Champion's title after finishing equal top of the Daily Racing Form poll. The Daily Racing Form, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations, and the National Turf Writers Association all joined forces in 1971 to create the Eclipse Award. In 1978, the voting resulted in a tie between two fillies. Champions from 1887 through 1935 were selected retrospectively by a panel of experts as published by The Blood-Horse magazine."}	null	null	Which years did the trainer of the 2011 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly earn the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer ?	1995 and 1996
01b9c4334b119d7a	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rhys', 'title': 'Matthew Rhys', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'House of America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/House_of_America', 'summary': "House of America is a 1997 British film directed by Marc Evans . The film , set in a depressed Welsh mining town , centres on a dysfunctional family unit of brothers Boyo and Sid , their sister Gwenny and their controlling mother . The film tackles issues such as Welsh identity , its need for indigenous heroes and the nation 's perceived inferiority complex . The film was the theatrical debut for director Marc Evans , and the film won him the 'Best Directorial Debut ' award at the Stockholm International Film Festival . The film also took four awards at the 1998 BAFTA Cymru awards . It is a part of the cultural era known as Cool Cymru along with other similar independent films of the time ."}]}, {'value': 'Boyo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Titus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Titus_(movie)', 'summary': "Titus is a 1999 film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus , about the downfall of a Roman general , the first theatrically-released feature film adaptation of the play . Starring Anthony Hopkins and Jessica Lange , it was the directorial debut of Julie Taymor , who co-produced with Jody Patton and Conchita Airoldi , and wrote the screenplay . The film was a co-production of the United States , the United Kingdom , and Italy ; produced by Overseas Filmgroup and Clear Blue Sky Productions and released by Fox Searchlight Pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Demetrius', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whatever_Happened_to_Harold_Smith?', 'summary': "Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? is a 1999 film directed by Peter Hewitt and written by Ben Steiner . It was filmed in Doncaster and Sheffield . The film is a love story set in the 1970s , showing Vince Smith 's efforts to date his office colleague Joanna Robinson . Vince attempts to get her to join him at the local disco , but unbeknown to him , Joanna is a punk . This happens against a backdrop of Vince 's father Harold becoming a minor celebrity due to his psychic powers , essentially forms of mind reading and telekinesis ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorted', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorted_(film)', 'summary': 'Sorted is a 2000 British thriller film directed by Alexander Jovy and starring Matthew Rhys , Sienna Guillory , Fay Masterson , and Tim Curry .'}]}, {'value': 'Carl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Very Annie Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Very_Annie_Mary', 'summary': "Very Annie Mary is a 2001 musical comedy film , written and directed by Sara Sugarman and starring Rachel Griffiths and Jonathan Pryce . It is a coming-of-age tale , set in south Wales , about a woman in her 30s who lives with her verbally abusive father . It was filmed on location in Bridgend and at Workingman 's Institute and Memorial Hall , Newbridge , Wales ."}]}, {'value': 'Nob', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Abduction Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Abduction_Club', 'summary': 'The Abduction Club is a 2002 Anglo Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz . Based loosely on real events , the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them . It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten ( the British director and writer , not the American comedian )'}]}, {'value': 'James Strang', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deathwatch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deathwatch_(2002_film)', 'summary': 'Deathwatch is a 2002 British-German horror war film written and directed by M.J. Bassett ( then known as Michael J. Bassett ) and starring Jamie Bell , Laurence Fox , Kris Marshall , Matthew Rhys and Andy Serkis .'}]}, {'value': 'Doc Fairweather', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shooters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooters_(2002_film)', 'summary': "Shooters is a 2002 British crime drama film from directors Colin Teague and Glenn Durfort , and writers Andrew Howard , Louis Dempsey and Gary Young . It was filmed in London in 1999 and released theatrically in the UK on 25 January 2002 . In addition to co-writing the screenplay , Howard and Dempsey also play the film 's two leading roles ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Y Mabinogi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Y_Mabinogi', 'summary': "Y Mabinogi ( English title Otherworld : not a literal translation ) is a 2003 Welsh film based on a series of Welsh tales written by bards in the Middle Ages . It is mostly animated , although the very beginning and end sequences are live action . It follows three main characters who find themselves moving from their world in West Wales to the setting of the tales of Welsh mythology known as the Four Branches of the Mabinogi ( Welsh : Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi , often referred to as simply Y Mabinogi ) , from which the film 's title is derived . The film is available in both Welsh and English language versions , as is the graphic novel on which the film is based ."}]}, {'value': 'Lleu Llaw Gyffes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fakers', 'summary': 'Fakers is a 2004 British film directed by Richard Janes and starring Matthew Rhys as con-man with a big debt to pay off to wanna-be crime lord Art Malik . It was produced by Richard Janes Claire Bee and Todd Kleparski , three graduates from Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication . Completely funded via independent routes the film cost $ 1,500,000 to make and has opened theatrically in the United Kingdom , America and Japan as well as other territories . The title track was written and performed by Andrea Britton and produced by Andrew J Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Nick Edwards', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love and Other Disasters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_and_Other_Disasters', 'summary': "Love and Other Disasters is a 2006 romantic comedy produced by Ruby Film , Europa Corp. and Skyline Films presented at the Toronto International Film Festival . In 2008 , it had its UK premiere in London as the gala screening for the BFI 22nd London Gay and Lesbian Film Festival . The director and producer were in attendance . Brittany Murphy portrays an assistant at British Vogue who is the catalyst for a group of young friends as they try to find love . OutFest 2007 presented the film as one of their features . Originally director Alek Keshishian had wanted Gwyneth Paltrow to play 'Jacks ' but she was at the time pregnant , later Paltrow got a cameo role ."}]}, {'value': 'Peter Simon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virgin Territory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virgin_Territory', 'summary': "Virgin Territory is a 2007 romantic comedy film directed by David Leland and starring Hayden Christensen , Mischa Barton , Tim Roth , Rosalind Halstead and Kate Groombridge . Based upon Giovanni Boccaccio 's Decameron , it has also been known under the working titles The Decameron , Angels and Virgins , Guilty Pleasures and Chasing Temptation . The film 's Italian title Decameron Pie pays tribute to both the title of the original source inspiration and to American comedy film American Pie . The film was released in France on December 12 , 2007 , under the title Medieval Pie , and was released directly-to-DVD in the U.S. in August 2008 . It was the last film produced by Dino De Laurentiis ."}]}, {'value': 'Count Dzerzhinsky', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Edge of Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Edge_of_Love', 'summary': "The Edge of Love is a 2008 British biographical romantic drama film directed by John Maybury and starring Keira Knightley , Sienna Miller , Cillian Murphy and Matthew Rhys . The script was written by Knightley 's mother , Sharman Macdonald . Originally titled The Best Time of Our Lives , the fictional story concerns Welsh poet Dylan Thomas ( played by Rhys ) , his wife Caitlin Macnamara ( played by Miller ) and their married friends , the Killicks ( played by Knightley and Murphy ) . The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival . The story is loosely based on real events and people , drawing on Rebekah Gilbertson 's idea and David N. Thomas ' book Dylan Thomas : A Farm , Two Mansions and a Bungalow ."}]}, {'value': 'Dylan Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dylan_Thomas', 'summary': "Dylan Marlais Thomas ( 27 October 1914 - 9 November 1953 ) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems Do not go gentle into that good night and And death shall have no dominion ; the 'play for voices ' Under Milk Wood ; and stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child 's Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog . He became widely popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death at the age of 39 in New York City . By then he had acquired a reputation , which he had encouraged , as a roistering , drunken and doomed poet . Thomas was born in Swansea , Wales , in 1914 . An undistinguished pupil , he left school at 16 and became a journalist for a short time . Many of his works appeared in print while he was still a teenager , and the publication in 1934 of Light breaks where no sun shines caught the attention of the literary world . While living in London , Thomas met Caitlin Macnamara , whom he married in 1937 . In 1938 , they moved to the Welsh fishing village of Laugharne where from 1949 they settled permanently and brought up their three children . Thomas came to be appreciated as a popular poet during his lifetime , though he found earning a living as a writer difficult . He began augmenting his income with reading tours and radio broadcasts . His radio recordings for the BBC during the late 1940s brought him to the public 's attention , and he was frequently used by the BBC as an accessible voice of the literary scene . Thomas first travelled to the United States in the 1950s ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Think Tank', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patagonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patagonia_(film)', 'summary': 'Patagonia is a 2010 British-Argentine drama film co-written and directed by Marc Evans . The story centers on Welsh and Argentine people connected to Y Wladfa , the Welsh settlement in Patagonia , Argentina . The film stars several well-known Welsh actors including Matthew Rhys , Nia Roberts and the singer Duffy . It premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival on 10 June 2010 and had its UK premiere in Cardiff on 4 March 2011 . It was selected as the British entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist .'}]}, {'value': 'Mateo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everything Carries Me To You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damien', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Scapegoat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(2012_film)', 'summary': "The Scapegoat is a British film adaptation of Daphne du Maurier 's 1957 novel of the same name . The drama is written and directed by Charles Sturridge and stars Matthew Rhys as lookalike characters John Standing and Johnny Spence . It was broadcast on ITV on 9 September 2012 . The novel was first adapted into film in 1959 by director Robert Hamer , with Sir Alec Guinness playing the parts of John Barratt and Jacques de Gué ."}]}, {'value': 'John Standing / Johnny Spence', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burnt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnt_(film)', 'summary': 'Burnt is a 2015 American drama film directed by John Wells and written by Steven Knight , from a story by Michael Kalesniko . The film stars an ensemble cast including Bradley Cooper , Sienna Miller , Omar Sy , Daniel Brühl , Matthew Rhys , Riccardo Scamarcio , Alicia Vikander , Uma Thurman and Emma Thompson . The film was released on October 30 , 2015 , by The Weinstein Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Reece', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': "En mai , fais ce qu'il te plait", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/En_mai,_fais_ce_qu'il_te_plait", 'summary': "Come What May ( original title : En mai , fais ce qu'il te plaît ; also titled Darling Buds of May ) is a 2015 French war drama film directed by Christian Carion . It stars August Diehl and Olivier Gourmet in lead roles , and was released on 4 November 2015 . The film score was composed by Ennio Morricone ."}]}, {'value': 'Percy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Post', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Post_(film)', 'summary': "The Post is a 2017 American historical political thriller film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , and written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer . It stars Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham , the first female publisher of a major American newspaper , and Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee , the executive editor of The Washington Post , with Sarah Paulson , Bob Odenkirk , Tracy Letts , Bradley Whitford , David Cross , Bruce Greenwood , Carrie Coon , Alison Brie , and Matthew Rhys in supporting roles . Set in 1971 , The Post depicts the true story of attempts by journalists at The Washington Post to publish the Pentagon Papers , classified documents regarding the 20-year involvement of the United States government in the Vietnam War . Principal photography began in New York City in May 2017 . The film premiered at the Newseum in Washington , D.C. , on December 14 , 2017 , and went into limited release in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . It entered wide release on January 12 , 2018 , and grossed $ 179 million worldwide . The film received positive reviews : Critics praised the performances - particularly those of Streep , Hanks , and Odenkirk - and the film 's references and allusions to the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Donald Trump . The Post was chosen by the National Board of Review as the best film of 2017 and was named as one of the top-10 films of the year by Time and the American Film Institute . The Post was nominated for Best Picture and Best Actress ( for Streep ) at the 90th Academy Awards , and received six nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture - Drama , Best Director , Best Actress - Drama ( for Streep ) , Best Actor - Drama ( for Hanks ) , Best Screenplay , and Best Original Score ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Ellsberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg', 'summary': 'Daniel Ellsberg ( born April 7 , 1931 ) is an American economist , activist and former United States military analyst who , while employed by the RAND Corporation , precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers , a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War , to The New York Times and other newspapers . On January 3 , 1973 , Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy , carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years . Due to governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering , and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson , Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11 , 1973 . Ellsberg was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006 . He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory , the Ellsberg paradox , his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy , and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks , Chelsea Manning , and Edward Snowden . Ellsberg was awarded the 2018 Olof Palme Prize for his profound humanism and exceptional moral courage .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Matthew_Rhys_0', 'intro': 'Matthew Rhys Evans (born 4 November 1974; /riːs/) is a Welsh actor. He is known for playing Kevin Walker in Brothers & Sisters (2006-2011) and Philip Jennings in the The Americans (2013-2018), for which he received two Golden Globe Award nominations and a Primetime Emmy Award. In film, he has appeared as Dylan Thomas in the film The Edge of Love (2008), Daniel Ellsberg in the film The Post (2017) and starred in A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019).'}	null	null	Who stars in the 2001 film ?	Rachel Griffiths and Jonathan Pryce
01bade7b65090134	hybridqa	{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romantic-era_composers', 'title': 'List of Romantic-era composers', 'header': ['Name', 'Date born', 'Date died', 'Nationality', 'Comments'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky', 'summary': "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky [ a 1 ] ( English : /tʃaɪˈkɒfski/ chy-KOF-skee ; Russian : Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский [ a 2 ] , tr . Pëtr Ilʹič Čajkovskij , IPA : [ pʲɵtr ɪlʲˈjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj ] ( listen ) ; 7 May [ O.S . 25 April ] 1840 - 6 November [ O.S . 25 October ] 1893 [ a 3 ] ) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period . He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally , bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States . He was honored in 1884 by Emperor Alexander III , and awarded a lifetime pension . Although musically precocious , Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant . There was scant opportunity for a musical career in Russia at that time and no system of public music education . When an opportunity for such an education arose , he entered the nascent Saint Petersburg Conservatory , from which he graduated in 1865 . The formal Western-oriented teaching he received there set him apart from composers of the contemporary nationalist movement embodied by the Russian composers of The Five , with whom his professional relationship was mixed . Tchaikovsky 's training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood . From this reconciliation he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style - a task that did not prove easy ."}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composer , best known for his three ballets , The Nutcracker , Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty , his opera , Eugene Onegin , his 1812 Overture , his Piano Concerto No . 1 , his Violin Concerto and his six symphonies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky', 'summary': "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky [ a 1 ] ( English : /tʃaɪˈkɒfski/ chy-KOF-skee ; Russian : Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский [ a 2 ] , tr . Pëtr Ilʹič Čajkovskij , IPA : [ pʲɵtr ɪlʲˈjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj ] ( listen ) ; 7 May [ O.S . 25 April ] 1840 - 6 November [ O.S . 25 October ] 1893 [ a 3 ] ) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period . He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally , bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States . He was honored in 1884 by Emperor Alexander III , and awarded a lifetime pension . Although musically precocious , Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant . There was scant opportunity for a musical career in Russia at that time and no system of public music education . When an opportunity for such an education arose , he entered the nascent Saint Petersburg Conservatory , from which he graduated in 1865 . The formal Western-oriented teaching he received there set him apart from composers of the contemporary nationalist movement embodied by the Russian composers of The Five , with whom his professional relationship was mixed . Tchaikovsky 's training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood . From this reconciliation he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style - a task that did not prove easy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Nutcracker', 'summary': "The Nutcracker ( Russian : Щелкунчик [ a ] , tr . Shchelkunchik listen ( help·info ) ) is an 1892 two-act ballet ( fairy ballet ; Russian : балет-феерия , balet-feyeriya ) , originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( Op . 71 ) . The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann 's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King . Although the original production was not a success , the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was . However , the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies , primarily during the Christmas season , especially in North America . Major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker . The ballet 's score has been used in several film adaptations of Hoffmann 's story . Tchaikovsky 's score has become one of his most famous compositions . Among other things , the score is noted for its use of the celesta , an instrument that the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad The Voyevoda ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swan_Lake', 'summary': "Swan Lake ( Russian : Лебеди́ное о́зеро , romanized : Lebedínoye ózero ) , Op . 20 , is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875-76 . Despite its initial failure , it is now one of the most popular ballets of all time . The scenario , initially in two acts , was fashioned from Russian and German folk tales [ a ] and tells the story of Odette , a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer 's curse . The choreographer of the original production was Julius Reisinger ( Václav Reisinger ) . The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March [ O.S . 20 February ] 1877 at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow . Although it is presented in many different versions , most ballet companies base their stagings both choreographically and musically on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov , first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895 , at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg . For this revival , Tchaikovsky 's score was revised by the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatre 's chief conductor and composer Riccardo Drigo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)', 'summary': "The Sleeping Beauty ( Russian : Спящая красавица / Spyashaya krasavitsa ) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts , first performed in 1890 . The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( his opus 66 ) . The score was completed in 1889 , and is the second of his three ballets . The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky , and is based on Charles Perrault 's La Belle au bois dormant . The choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa . The premiere performance took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15 , 1890 . The work has become one of the classical repertoire 's most famous ballets ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)', 'summary': "Eugene Onegin ( Russian : Евгений Онегин , Yevgény Onégin , IPA : [ jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj ɐˈnʲeɡʲɪn ] ) , Op . 24 , is an opera ( lyrical scenes ) in 3 acts ( 7 scenes ) , composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . The libretto , organised by the composer himself , very closely follows certain passages in Alexander Pushkin 's novel in verse , retaining much of his poetry . Tchaikovsky 's friend Konstantin Shilovsky contributed M. Triquet 's verses in Act 2 , Scene 1 , while Tchaikovsky himself arranged the text for Lensky 's arioso in Act 1 , Scene 1 , and almost all of Prince Gremin 's aria in Act 3 , Scene 1 . Eugene Onegin is a well-known example of lyric opera , to which Tchaikovsky added music of a dramatic nature . The story concerns a selfish hero who lives to regret his blasé rejection of a young woman 's love and his careless incitement of a fatal duel with his best friend . The opera was first performed in Moscow in 1879 . There are several recordings of it , and it is regularly performed . The work 's title refers to the protagonist ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1812_Overture', 'summary': "The Year 1812 Solemn Overture , festival overture in E♭ major , Op . 49 , popularly known as the 1812 Overture , is a concert overture written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defence against Napoleon 's invading Grande Armée in 1812 . The overture debuted in Moscow on August 20 , 1882 , conducted by Ippolit Al'tani under a tent near the then-unfinished Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which also memorialized the 1812 defence of Russia . Tchaikovsky himself conducted another performance at the dedication of Carnegie Hall in New York City . That was one of the first times a major European composer visited the United States . The 15 minute overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire , ringing chimes , and brass fanfare finale . It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays on the United States ' Independence Day . The 1812 Overture went on to become one of Tchaikovsky 's most popular works , along with his ballet scores to The Nutcracker , The Sleeping Beauty , and Swan Lake ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)', 'summary': "The Piano Concerto No . 1 in B♭ minor , Op . 23 , was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky between November 1874 and February 1875 . It was revised in the summer of 1879 and again in December 1888 . The first version received heavy criticism from Nikolai Rubinstein , Tchaikovsky 's desired pianist . Rubinstein later repudiated his previous accusations and became a fervent champion of the work . It is one of the most popular of Tchaikovsky 's compositions and among the best known of all piano concertos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Tchaikovsky)', 'summary': 'The Violin Concerto in D major , Op . 35 , written by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1878 , is one of the best-known violin concertos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Symphonies_by_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky', 'summary': "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky struggled with sonata form , the primary Western principle for building large-scale musical structures since the middle of the 19th century . Traditional Russian treatment of melody , harmony and structure actually worked against sonata form 's modus operandi of movement , growth and development . Russian music - the Russian creative mentality as a whole , in fact - functioned on the principle of stasis . Russian novels , plays and operas were written as collections of self-contained tableaux , with the plots proceeding from one set-piece to the next . Russian folk music operated along the same lines , with songs comprised as a series of self-contained melodic units repeated continually . Compared to this mindset , the precepts of sonata form probably seemed as alien as if they had arrived from the moon . Sonata form also was not designed to accommodate the emotionally charged statements that Tchaikovsky wanted to make . In this , he was far from alone - it was a major preoccupation of the Romantic age , to the point that the validity of the symphony was questioned seriously and alternatives to it were actually devised . These alternatives , which included program music in general and the symphonic poem in particular , did not offer a complete solution . Instead , they left Tchaikovsky facing a paradox . He reportedly did not care for program music , to the point of reproaching himself for writing the fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet . Yet the notion of writing symphonies as purely intellectual patterns of chords , rhythms and modulations was at least equally abhorrent ."}]}, {'value': 'John Stainer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Stainer', 'summary': "Sir John Stainer ( 6 June 1840 - 31 March 1901 ) was an English composer and organist whose music , though not generally much performed today ( except for The Crucifixion , still heard at Passiontide in many churches of the Anglican Communion ) , was very popular during his lifetime . His work as choir trainer and organist set standards for Anglican church music that are still influential . He was also active as an academic , becoming Heather Professor of Music at Oxford . Stainer was born in Southwark , London , in 1840 , the son of a cabinet maker . He became a chorister at St Paul 's Cathedral when aged ten and was appointed to the position of organist at St Michael 's College , Tenbury at the age of sixteen . He later became organist at Magdalen College , Oxford , and subsequently organist at St Paul 's Cathedral . When he retired due to his poor eyesight and deteriorating health , he returned to Oxford to become Professor of Music at the university . He died unexpectedly while on holiday in Italy in 1901 ."}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer and organist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis-Albert_Bourgault-Ducoudray', 'summary': 'Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray ( 2 February 1840 - 4 July 1910 ) was a French Breton composer , pianist , and professor of music history/theory at the Conservatoire de Paris as well as a Prix de Rome laureate . He was born at Nantes and died at Vernouillet , near Dreux . Debussy was one of his protégés .'}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1910', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johan Svendsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johan_Svendsen', 'summary': "Johan Severin Svendsen ( 30 September 1840 - 14 June 1911 ) was a Norwegian composer , conductor and violinist . Born in Christiania ( now Oslo ) , Norway , he lived most his life in Copenhagen , Denmark . Svendsen 's output includes two symphonies , a violin concerto , a cello concerto , and the Romance for violin , as well as a number of Norwegian Rhapsodies for orchestra . At one time Svendsen was an intimate friend of the German composer Richard Wagner ."}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwegian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer , conductor and violinist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Brassin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Brassin', 'summary': "Louis Brassin ( 24 June 1840 - 17 May 1884 ) was a Belgian pianist , composer and music educator . He is best known now for his piano transcription of the Magic Fire Music from Wagner 's Die Walküre ."}]}, {'value': '1840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgian', 'urls': []}, {'value': "pianist , composer and music educator , best known for his piano transcription of the Magic Fire Music from Wagner 's Die Walküre", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Wagner', 'summary': "Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/ VAHG-nər , German : [ ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ ] ( listen ) ; 22 May 1813 - 13 February 1883 ) was a German composer , theatre director , polemicist , and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas ( or , as some of his mature works were later known , music dramas ) . Unlike most opera composers , Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works . Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer , Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ( total work of art ) , by which he sought to synthesise the poetic , visual , musical and dramatic arts , with music subsidiary to drama . He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852 . Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung ) . His compositions , particularly those of his later period , are notable for their complex textures , rich harmonies and orchestration , and the elaborate use of leitmotifs - musical phrases associated with individual characters , places , ideas , or plot elements . His advances in musical language , such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres , greatly influenced the development of classical music . His Tristan und Isolde is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music . Wagner had his own opera house built , the Bayreuth Festspielhaus , which embodied many novel design features . The Ring and Parsifal were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival , run by his descendants . His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again , and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works , including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg ( The Mastersingers of Nuremberg ) . Until his final years , Wagner 's life was characterised by political exile , turbulent love affairs , poverty and repeated flight from his creditors ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Die_Walküre', 'summary': "Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie ) , WWV 86B is the second of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen , ( English : The Ring of the Nibelung ) . It was performed , as a single opera , at the National Theatre Munich on 26 June 1870 , and received its first performance as part of the Ring cycle at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 14 August 1876 . As the Ring cycle was conceived by Wagner in reverse order of performance , Die Walküre was the penultimate of the four texts to be written , although Wagner composed the music in performance-sequence . The text was completed by July 1852 , and the music by March 1856 . Wagner largely followed the principles related to the form of musical drama which he had set out in his 1851 essay Opera and Drama under which the music would interpret the text emotionally , reflecting the feelings and moods behind the work , using a system of recurring leitmotifs to represent people , ideas and situations rather than the conventional operatic units of arias , ensembles , and choruses . Wagner showed flexibility in the application of these principles here , particularly in Act 3 when the Valkyries engage in frequent ensemble singing . As with Das Rheingold , Wagner wished to defer any performance of the new work until it could be shown in the context of the completed cycle , but the 1870 Munich premiere was arranged at the insistence of his patron , King Ludwig II of Bavaria . More than the other Ring dramas , Die Walküre has achieved some popularity as a stand-alone work , and continues to be performed independently from its role in the tetralogy . The story of Die Walküre is based on the Norse mythology told in the Volsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda . In this version the Volsung twins Sieglinde and Siegmund , separated in childhood , meet and fall in love . This union angers the gods who demand that Siegmund must die . Sieglinde and the couple 's unborn child are saved by the defiant actions of Wotan 's daughter , the title character , Valkyrie Brünnhilde , who as a result faces the gods ' retribution ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Chabrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier', 'summary': "Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier ( French : [ ɛmanɥɛl ʃabʁie ] ; 18 January 1841 - 13 September 1894 ) was a Romantic composer and pianist , born in Ambert , central France . His bourgeois family did not approve of a musical career for him , and he studied law in Paris and then worked as a civil servant until the age of thirty-nine while immersing himself in the modernist artistic life of the French capital and composing in his spare time . From 1880 until his final illness he was a full-time composer . Although known primarily for two of his orchestral works , España and Joyeuse marche , Chabrier left a corpus of operas ( including L'étoile ) , songs , and piano music , but no symphonies , concertos , quartets , sonatas , or religious or liturgical music . His lack of academic training left him free to create his own musical language , unaffected by established rules , and he was regarded by many later composers as an important innovator and a catalyst who paved the way for French modernism . He was admired by , and influenced , composers as diverse as Debussy , Ravel , Richard Strauss , Satie , Stravinsky , and the group of composers known as Les six . Writing at a time when French musicians were generally proponents or opponents of the music of Wagner , Chabrier steered a middle course , sometimes incorporating Wagnerian traits into his music and at other times avoiding them . Chabrier was associated with some of the leading writers and painters of his time . Among his closest friends was the painter Édouard Manet , and Chabrier collected Impressionist paintings long before they became fashionable . A number of such paintings from his personal collection by artists known to him are now housed in some of the world 's leading art museums . He penned a large number of letters to friends and colleagues which offer an insight into his musical opinions and character . Chabrier died in Paris at the age of fifty-three from a neurological disease , probably caused by syphilis ."}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Emmanuel Chabrier composer who influenced Maurice Ravel , Les Six , Jean Françaix and many other French composers , known for the opera , L'étoile and the rhapsody , España", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier', 'summary': "Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier ( French : [ ɛmanɥɛl ʃabʁie ] ; 18 January 1841 - 13 September 1894 ) was a Romantic composer and pianist , born in Ambert , central France . His bourgeois family did not approve of a musical career for him , and he studied law in Paris and then worked as a civil servant until the age of thirty-nine while immersing himself in the modernist artistic life of the French capital and composing in his spare time . From 1880 until his final illness he was a full-time composer . Although known primarily for two of his orchestral works , España and Joyeuse marche , Chabrier left a corpus of operas ( including L'étoile ) , songs , and piano music , but no symphonies , concertos , quartets , sonatas , or religious or liturgical music . His lack of academic training left him free to create his own musical language , unaffected by established rules , and he was regarded by many later composers as an important innovator and a catalyst who paved the way for French modernism . He was admired by , and influenced , composers as diverse as Debussy , Ravel , Richard Strauss , Satie , Stravinsky , and the group of composers known as Les six . Writing at a time when French musicians were generally proponents or opponents of the music of Wagner , Chabrier steered a middle course , sometimes incorporating Wagnerian traits into his music and at other times avoiding them . Chabrier was associated with some of the leading writers and painters of his time . Among his closest friends was the painter Édouard Manet , and Chabrier collected Impressionist paintings long before they became fashionable . A number of such paintings from his personal collection by artists known to him are now housed in some of the world 's leading art museums . He penned a large number of letters to friends and colleagues which offer an insight into his musical opinions and character . Chabrier died in Paris at the age of fifty-three from a neurological disease , probably caused by syphilis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Ravel', 'summary': "Joseph Maurice Ravel French : [ ʒɔzɛf mɔʁis ʁavɛl ] [ n 1 ] ; 7 March 1875 - 28 December 1937 ) was a French composer , pianist and conductor . He is often associated with impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy , although both composers rejected the term . In the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as France 's greatest living composer . Born to a music-loving family , Ravel attended France 's premier music college , the Paris Conservatoire ; he was not well regarded by its conservative establishment , whose biased treatment of him caused a scandal . After leaving the conservatoire , Ravel found his own way as a composer , developing a style of great clarity and incorporating elements of baroque , neoclassicism and , in his later works , jazz . He liked to experiment with musical form , as in his best-known work , Boléro ( 1928 ) , in which repetition takes the place of development . He made some orchestral arrangements of other composers ' music , of which his 1922 version of Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known . A slow and painstaking worker , Ravel composed fewer pieces than many of his contemporaries . Among his works to enter the repertoire are pieces for piano , chamber music , two piano concertos , ballet music , two operas and eight song cycles ; he wrote no symphonies or church music . Many of his works exist in two versions : first , a piano score and later an orchestration . Some of his piano music , such as Gaspard de la nuit ( 1908 ) , is exceptionally difficult to play , and his complex orchestral works such as Daphnis et Chloé ( 1912 ) require skilful balance in performance . Ravel was among the first composers to recognise the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Les_Six', 'summary': "Les Six ( pronounced [ le sis ] ) is a name given to a group of six French composers who worked in Montparnasse . The name , inspired by Mily Balakirev 's The Five , originates in critic Henri Collet 's 1920 article Les cinq Russes , les six Français et M. Satie ( Comœdia [ fr ] , 16 January 1920 ) . Their music is often seen as a reaction against both the musical style of Richard Wagner and the impressionist music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel . The members were Georges Auric ( 1899-1983 ) , Louis Durey ( 1888-1979 ) , Arthur Honegger ( 1892-1955 ) , Darius Milhaud ( 1892-1974 ) , Francis Poulenc ( 1899-1963 ) , and Germaine Tailleferre ( 1892-1983 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Françaix', 'summary': 'Jean René Désiré Françaix ( French : [ fʁɑ̃sɛ ] ; 23 May 1912 in Le Mans - 25 September 1997 in Paris ) was a French neoclassical composer , pianist , and orchestrator , known for his prolific output and vibrant style .'}, {'url': "/wiki/L'étoile_(opera)", 'summary': "L'étoile is an opéra bouffe in three acts by Emmanuel Chabrier with a libretto by Eugène Leterrier and Albert Vanloo . Chabrier met his librettists at the home of a mutual friend , the painter Gaston Hirsh , in 1875 . Chabrier played to them early versions of the romance O petite étoile and the ensemble Le pal , est de tous les supplices . ( with words by Verlaine which Leterrier and Vanloo found too bold and toned down ) . They agreed to collaborate and Chabrier set about composition with enthusiasm . The story echoes some of the characters and situations of Chabrier 's Fisch-Ton-Kan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/España_(Chabrier)', 'summary': 'España , rhapsody for orchestra ( French : España , rapsodie pour orchestre or Rapsodie España ) is the most famous orchestral composition by French composer Emmanuel Chabrier ( 1841-1894 ) . Written in 1883 after a trip to Spain , it was dedicated to the conductor Charles Lamoureux , who conducted the first public performance on 4 November 1883 , at the Théâtre du Château dEau for the Société des Nouveaux Concerts in Paris .'}]}, {'value': 'Felip Pedrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felip_Pedrell', 'summary': 'Felip Pedrell Sabaté ( Spanish : Felipe ) ( 19 February 1841 - 19 August 1922 ) was a Spanish composer , guitarist and musicologist .'}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer of opera , zarzuela and church music who taught and influenced Isaac Albéniz , Enrique Granados and Manuel de Falla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zarzuela', 'summary': 'Zarzuela ( Spanish pronunciation : [ θaɾˈθwela ] ) is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes , the latter incorporating operatic and popular songs , as well as dance . The etymology of the name is uncertain , but some propose it may derive from the name of a Royal hunting lodge , the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid , where , allegedly , this type of entertainment was first presented to the court . The palace was named after the place called La Zarzuela because of the profusion of brambles ( zarzas ) that grew there , and so the festivities held within the walls became known as Zarzuelas . There are two main forms of zarzuela : Baroque zarzuela ( c. 1630-1750 ) , the earliest style , and Romantic zarzuela ( c. 1850-1950 ) , which can be further divided into two . Main subgenres are género grande and género chico , although other sub-divisions exist . Zarzuela spread to the Spanish dominions , and many Hispanic countries - notably Cuba - developed their own traditions . There is also a strong tradition in the Philippines where it is also known as sarswela/sarsuela . Other regional and linguistic variants in Spain include the Basque zartzuela and the Catalan sarsuela . A masque-like musical theatre had existed in Spain since the time of Juan del Encina . The zarzuela genre was innovative in giving a dramatic function to the musical numbers , which were integrated into the argument of the work . Dances and choruses were incorporated as well as solo and ensemble numbers , all to orchestral accompaniment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Albéniz', 'summary': 'Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈsak alˈβeniθ ] ; 29 May 1860 - 18 May 1909 ) was a Spanish virtuoso pianist , composer , and conductor . He is one of the foremost composers of the Post-Romantic era who also had a significant influence on his contemporaries and younger composers . He is best known for his piano works based on Spanish folk music idioms . Transcriptions of many of his pieces , such as Asturias ( Leyenda ) , Granada , Sevilla , Cadiz , Córdoba , Cataluña , Mallorca , and Tango in D , are important pieces for classical guitar , though he never composed for the guitar . The personal papers of Albéniz are preserved , among other institutions , in the Biblioteca de Catalunya .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Granados', 'summary': 'Enrique Granados Campiña ( 27 July 1867 - 24 March 1916 ) was a Spanish pianist and composer of classical music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla', 'summary': "Manuel de Falla y Matheu ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maˈnwel ðe ˈfaʎa ] , 23 November 1876 - 14 November 1946 ) was a Spanish composer . Along with Isaac Albéniz , Francisco Tárrega , and Enrique Granados , he was one of Spain 's most important musicians of the first half of the 20th century . His image appeared on Spain 's 1970 100-pesetas banknote ."}]}, {'value': 'Giovanni Sgambati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Sgambati', 'summary': 'Giovanni Sgambati ( 28 May 1841 - 14 December 1914 ) was an Italian pianist and composer .'}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer , conductor and pianist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonín Dvořák', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonín_Dvořák', 'summary': "Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( /d ( ə ) ˈvɔːrʒɑːk , -ʒæk/ d ( ə- ) VOR-zha ( h ) k , Czech : [ ˈantoɲiːn ˈlɛopold ˈdvor̝aːk ] ( listen ) ; 8 September 1841 - 1 May 1904 ) was a Czech composer , one of the first to achieve worldwide recognition . Following the Romantic-era nationalist example of his predecessor Bedřich Smetana , Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia . Dvořák 's own style has been described as the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition , absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them . Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age , being an apt violin student from age six . The first public performances of his works were in Prague in 1872 and , with special success , in 1873 , when he was aged 31 . Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area , he submitted a score of his First Symphony to a prize competition in Germany , but did not win , and the unreturned manuscript was lost until rediscovered many decades later . In 1874 he made a submission to the Austrian State Prize for Composition , including scores of two further symphonies and other works . Although Dvořák was not aware of it , Johannes Brahms was the leading member of the jury and was highly impressed . The prize was awarded to Dvořák in 1874 [ a ] and again in 1876 and in 1877 , when Brahms and the prominent critic Eduard Hanslick , also a member of the jury , made themselves known to him . Brahms recommended Dvořák to his publisher , Simrock , who soon afterward commissioned what became the Slavonic Dances , Op . 46 . These were highly praised by the Berlin music critic Louis Ehlert in 1878 , the sheet music ( of the original piano 4-hands version ) had excellent sales , and Dvořák 's international reputation was launched at last ."}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonín Dvořák composer , best known for New World Symphony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonín_Dvořák', 'summary': "Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( /d ( ə ) ˈvɔːrʒɑːk , -ʒæk/ d ( ə- ) VOR-zha ( h ) k , Czech : [ ˈantoɲiːn ˈlɛopold ˈdvor̝aːk ] ( listen ) ; 8 September 1841 - 1 May 1904 ) was a Czech composer , one of the first to achieve worldwide recognition . Following the Romantic-era nationalist example of his predecessor Bedřich Smetana , Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia . Dvořák 's own style has been described as the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition , absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them . Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age , being an apt violin student from age six . The first public performances of his works were in Prague in 1872 and , with special success , in 1873 , when he was aged 31 . Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area , he submitted a score of his First Symphony to a prize competition in Germany , but did not win , and the unreturned manuscript was lost until rediscovered many decades later . In 1874 he made a submission to the Austrian State Prize for Composition , including scores of two further symphonies and other works . Although Dvořák was not aware of it , Johannes Brahms was the leading member of the jury and was highly impressed . The prize was awarded to Dvořák in 1874 [ a ] and again in 1876 and in 1877 , when Brahms and the prominent critic Eduard Hanslick , also a member of the jury , made themselves known to him . Brahms recommended Dvořák to his publisher , Simrock , who soon afterward commissioned what became the Slavonic Dances , Op . 46 . These were highly praised by the Berlin music critic Louis Ehlert in 1878 , the sheet music ( of the original piano 4-hands version ) had excellent sales , and Dvořák 's international reputation was launched at last ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Dvořák)', 'summary': 'The Symphony No . 9 in E minor , From the New World , Op . 95 , B . 178 , popularly known as the New World Symphony , was composed by Antonín Dvořák in 1893 while he was the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America from 1892 to 1895 . It has been described as one of the most popular of all symphonies . In older literature and recordings , this symphony was - as for its first publication - numbered as Symphony No . 5 . Astronaut Neil Armstrong took a tape recording of the New World Symphony along during the Apollo 11 mission , the first Moon landing , in 1969 . The symphony was completed in the building that now houses the Bily Clocks Museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Silvestri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Silvestri', 'summary': "Giuseppe Silvestri ( 1841-1921 ) was an Italian classical composer and mandolin virtuoso . He is principally remembered today for his role as a mandolinist and for his composition Serenade d'Autrefois ( Serenata medioevale or Serenade of Olden Times ) . He was a celebrated teacher of the mandolin in Naples and Paris , and became popular enough to get the criticism that he was causing Parisians to leave the piano for the mandolin . His fame spread after the Paris Exhibition of 1878 , in which he performed to enthusiastic crowds and reviews . One review said that he made the mandolin produce sounds that resembled those made with the violin , and in other hands the instrument sounded meagre ."}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer and mandolin virtuoso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrigo Boito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrigo_Boito', 'summary': "Arrigo Boito ( Italian : [ arˈriːɡo ˈbɔito ] ; 24 February 1842 - 10 June 1918 ) ( whose original name was Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito and who wrote essays under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio ) was an Italian poet , journalist , novelist , librettist and composer , best known today for his libretti , especially those for Giuseppe Verdi 's last two monumental operas Otello and Falstaff ( not to mention Amilcare Ponchielli 's operatic masterpiece La Gioconda ) and his own opera Mefistofele . Along with Emilio Praga and his own brother Camillo Boito , he is regarded as one of the prominent representatives of the Scapigliatura artistic movement ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrigo Boito composer and librettist , known as a composer for his opera , Mefistofele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrigo_Boito', 'summary': "Arrigo Boito ( Italian : [ arˈriːɡo ˈbɔito ] ; 24 February 1842 - 10 June 1918 ) ( whose original name was Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito and who wrote essays under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio ) was an Italian poet , journalist , novelist , librettist and composer , best known today for his libretti , especially those for Giuseppe Verdi 's last two monumental operas Otello and Falstaff ( not to mention Amilcare Ponchielli 's operatic masterpiece La Gioconda ) and his own opera Mefistofele . Along with Emilio Praga and his own brother Camillo Boito , he is regarded as one of the prominent representatives of the Scapigliatura artistic movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Librettist', 'summary': "A libretto ( lit . booklet ) is the text used in , or intended for , an extended musical work such as an opera , operetta , masque , oratorio , cantata or musical . The term libretto is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works , such as the Mass , requiem and sacred cantata , or the story line of a ballet . Libretto ( pronounced [ liˈbretto ] ; plural libretti [ liˈbretti ] ) , from Italian , is the diminutive of the word libro ( book ) . Sometimes other-language equivalents are used for libretti in that language , livret for French works and Textbuch for German . A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or scenario of the plot , in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions , while a synopsis summarizes the plot . Some ballet historians also use the word libretto to refer to the 15-40 page books which were on sale to 19th century ballet audiences in Paris and contained a very detailed description of the ballet 's story , scene by scene . The relationship of the librettist ( that is , the writer of a libretto ) to the composer in the creation of a musical work has varied over the centuries , as have the sources and the writing techniques employed . In the context of a modern English language musical theatre piece , the libretto is often referred to as the book of the work , though this usage typically excludes sung lyrics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mefistofele', 'summary': 'Mefistofele ( Italian pronunciation : [ mefiˈstɔːfele ] ) is an opera in a prologue , four acts and an epilogue , the only completed opera with music by the Italian composer-librettist Arrigo Boito ( there are several completed operas for which he was librettist only ) . The opera was given its premiere on 5 March 1868 at La Scala , Milan , under the baton of the composer , despite his lack of experience and skill as a conductor . However , it was not a success and was immediately withdrawn after only two performances . Revisions in 1875 resulted in success in Bologna and , with further adjustments in 1876 for Venice , the opera was performed elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': 'Mykola Lysenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko', 'summary': 'Mykola Vitaliyovych Lysenko ( Ukrainian : Мико́ла Віта́лійович Ли́сенко , 22 March [ O.S . 10 March ] 1842 - 6 November [ O.S . 24 October ] 1912 ) was a Ukrainian composer , pianist , conductor and ethnomusicologist .'}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukrainian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mykola Lysenko composer , pianist , conductor and ethnomusicologist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko', 'summary': 'Mykola Vitaliyovych Lysenko ( Ukrainian : Мико́ла Віта́лійович Ли́сенко , 22 March [ O.S . 10 March ] 1842 - 6 November [ O.S . 24 October ] 1912 ) was a Ukrainian composer , pianist , conductor and ethnomusicologist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ethnomusicologist', 'summary': 'Ethnomusicology is the study of music from the cultural and social aspects of the people who make it . It encompasses distinct theoretical and methodical approaches that emphasize cultural , social , material , cognitive , biological , and other dimensions or contexts of musical behavior , instead of only its isolated sound component . Folklorists , who began preserving and studying folklore music in Europe and the US in the 19th century , are considered the precursors of the field prior to the Second World War . The term ethnomusicology is said to have been first coined by Jaap Kunst from the Greek words ἔθνος ( ethnos , nation ) and μουσική ( mousike , music ) , It is often defined as the anthropology or ethnography of music , or as musical anthropology . During its early development from comparative musicology in the 1950s , ethnomusicology was primarily oriented toward non-Western music , but for several decades it has included the study of all and any musics of the world ( including Western art music and popular music ) from anthropological , sociological and intercultural perspectives . Bruno Nettl once characterized ethnomusicology as a product of Western thinking , proclaiming that ethnomusicology as western culture knows it is actually a western phenomenon ; in 1992 , Jeff Todd Titon described it as the study of people making music .'}]}, {'value': 'Johann Nepomuk Fuchs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Fuchs_(composer)', 'summary': "Johann Nepomuk Fuchs ( 5 May 1842 - 15 October 1899 ) was an Austrian composer , opera conductor , teacher and editor . His editorial work included an important role in the preparation of the first complete edition of Schubert 's works . He was an older brother of the composer Robert Fuchs ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austrian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer , conductor , teacher and editor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jules Massenet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jules_Massenet', 'summary': "Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ ] ; [ n 1 ] 12 May 1842 - 13 August 1912 ) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas , of which he wrote more than thirty . The two most frequently staged are Manon ( 1884 ) and Werther ( 1892 ) . He also composed oratorios , ballets , orchestral works , incidental music , piano pieces , songs and other music . While still a schoolboy , Massenet was admitted to France 's principal music college , the Paris Conservatoire . There he studied under Ambroise Thomas , whom he greatly admired . After winning the country 's top musical prize , the Prix de Rome , in 1863 , he composed prolifically in many genres , but quickly became best known for his operas . Between 1867 and his death forty-five years later he wrote more than forty stage works in a wide variety of styles , from opéra-comique to grand-scale depictions of classical myths , romantic comedies , lyric dramas , as well as oratorios , cantatas and ballets . Massenet had a good sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public . Despite some miscalculations , he produced a series of successes that made him the leading composer of opera in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Like many prominent French composers of the period , Massenet became a professor at the Conservatoire . He taught composition there from 1878 until 1896 , when he resigned after the death of the director , Ambroise Thomas . Among his students were Gustave Charpentier , Ernest Chausson , Reynaldo Hahn and Gabriel Pierné ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jules Massenet composer , best known for his two operas , Manon and Werther and the Méditation for violin from the opera , Thaïs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jules_Massenet', 'summary': "Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ ] ; [ n 1 ] 12 May 1842 - 13 August 1912 ) was a French composer of the Romantic era best known for his operas , of which he wrote more than thirty . The two most frequently staged are Manon ( 1884 ) and Werther ( 1892 ) . He also composed oratorios , ballets , orchestral works , incidental music , piano pieces , songs and other music . While still a schoolboy , Massenet was admitted to France 's principal music college , the Paris Conservatoire . There he studied under Ambroise Thomas , whom he greatly admired . After winning the country 's top musical prize , the Prix de Rome , in 1863 , he composed prolifically in many genres , but quickly became best known for his operas . Between 1867 and his death forty-five years later he wrote more than forty stage works in a wide variety of styles , from opéra-comique to grand-scale depictions of classical myths , romantic comedies , lyric dramas , as well as oratorios , cantatas and ballets . Massenet had a good sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public . Despite some miscalculations , he produced a series of successes that made him the leading composer of opera in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Like many prominent French composers of the period , Massenet became a professor at the Conservatoire . He taught composition there from 1878 until 1896 , when he resigned after the death of the director , Ambroise Thomas . Among his students were Gustave Charpentier , Ernest Chausson , Reynaldo Hahn and Gabriel Pierné ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manon', 'summary': "Manon ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ manɔ̃ ] ) is an opéra comique in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Philippe Gille , based on the 1731 novel Lhistoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut by the Abbé Prévost . It was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 19 January 1884 , with sets designed by Eugène Carpezat ( act 1 ) , Auguste Alfred Rubé and Philippe Chaperon ( acts 2 and 3 ) , and Jean-Baptiste Lavastre ( act 4 ) . Prior to Massenet 's work , Halévy ( Manon Lescaut , ballet , 1830 ) and Auber ( Manon Lescaut , opéra comique , 1856 ) had used the subject for musical stage works . Massenet also wrote a one-act sequel to Manon , Le portrait de Manon ( 1894 ) , involving the Chevalier des Grieux as an older man . The composer worked at the score of Manon at his country home outside Paris and also at a house at The Hague once occupied by Prévost himself . Manon is Massenet 's most popular and enduring opera and , having quickly conquered the world 's stages , it has maintained an important place in the repertory since its creation . It is the quintessential example of the charm and vitality of the music and culture of the Parisian Belle Époque . In 1893 an opera by Giacomo Puccini entitled Manon Lescaut , and based on the same novel was premiered and has also become popular ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Werther', 'summary': "Werther is an opera ( drame lyrique ) in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Édouard Blau , Paul Milliet and Georges Hartmann ( who used the pseudonym Henri Grémont ) . It is loosely based on the German epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , which was based both on fact and on Goethe 's own early life . Earlier examples of operas using the story were made by Kreutzer ( 1792 ) and Pucitta ( 1802 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Méditation_(Thaïs)', 'summary': 'Méditation ( pronounced [ meditasjɔ̃ ] ) is a symphonic intermezzo from the opera Thaïs by French composer Jules Massenet . The piece is written for solo violin and orchestra . The opera premiered at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on March 16 , 1894 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thaïs_(opera)', 'summary': "Thaïs ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ta.is ] ) is an opera , a comédie lyrique in three acts and seven tableaux , by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet , based on the novel Thaïs by Anatole France . It was first performed at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on 16 March 1894 , starring the American soprano Sibyl Sanderson , for whom Massenet had written the title role . The original production was directed by Alexandre Lapissida , with costumes designed by Charles Bianchini and sets by Marcel Jambon ( act 1 , scene 1 ; act 3 ) and Eugène Carpezat ( act 1 , scene 2 ; act 2 ) . The opera was later revised by the composer and was premiered at the same opera house on 13 April 1898 . The work was first performed in Italy at the Teatro Lirico Internazionale in Milan on 17 October 1903 with Lina Cavalieri in the title role and Francesco Maria Bonini as Athanaël . In 1907 , the role served as Mary Garden 's American debut in New York in the U.S. premiere performance . Thaïs takes place in Egypt under the rule of the Roman Empire , where a Cenobite monk , Athanaël , attempts to convert Thaïs , an Alexandrian courtesan and devotee of Venus , to Christianity , but discovers too late that his obsession with her is rooted in lust ; while the courtesan 's true purity of heart is revealed , so is the religious man 's baser nature . The work is often described as bearing a sort of religious eroticism , and has had many controversial productions . Its famous Méditation , the entr'acte for violin and orchestra played between the scenes of act 2 , is an oft-performed concert music piece ; it has been arranged for many different instruments . The role of Thaïs , similar to another Massenet heroine also written for Sibyl Sanderson , Esclarmonde , is notoriously difficult to sing and is reserved for only the most gifted of performers . Modern interpreters have included Carol Neblett , Anna Moffo , Beverly Sills , Leontyne Price , Renée Fleming , and Elizabeth Futral . Géori Boué was the first to record the opera , in 1952 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan', 'summary': "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO ( 13 May 1842 - 22 November 1900 ) was an English composer . He is best known for 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert , including H.M.S . Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado . His works include 24 operas , 11 major orchestral works , ten choral works and oratorios , two ballets , incidental music to several plays , and numerous church pieces , songs , and piano and chamber pieces . His hymns and songs include Onward , Christian Soldiers and The Lost Chord . The son of a military bandmaster , Sullivan composed his first anthem at the age of eight and was later a soloist in the boys ' choir of the Chapel Royal . In 1856 , at 14 , he was awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship by the Royal Academy of Music , which allowed him to study at the academy and then at the Leipzig Conservatoire in Germany . His graduation piece , incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( 1861 ) , was received with acclaim on its first performance in London . Among his early major works were a ballet , L'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) , a symphony , a cello concerto ( both 1866 ) , and his Overture di Ballo ( 1870 ) . To supplement the income from his concert works he wrote hymns , parlour ballads and other light pieces , and worked as a church organist and music teacher . In 1866 Sullivan composed a one-act comic opera , Cox and Box , which is still widely performed . He wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert , Thespis , in 1871 ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Sullivan composer , known for his operettas in collaboration with William Schwenck Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan', 'summary': "Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO ( 13 May 1842 - 22 November 1900 ) was an English composer . He is best known for 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert , including H.M.S . Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado . His works include 24 operas , 11 major orchestral works , ten choral works and oratorios , two ballets , incidental music to several plays , and numerous church pieces , songs , and piano and chamber pieces . His hymns and songs include Onward , Christian Soldiers and The Lost Chord . The son of a military bandmaster , Sullivan composed his first anthem at the age of eight and was later a soloist in the boys ' choir of the Chapel Royal . In 1856 , at 14 , he was awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship by the Royal Academy of Music , which allowed him to study at the academy and then at the Leipzig Conservatoire in Germany . His graduation piece , incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( 1861 ) , was received with acclaim on its first performance in London . Among his early major works were a ballet , L'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) , a symphony , a cello concerto ( both 1866 ) , and his Overture di Ballo ( 1870 ) . To supplement the income from his concert works he wrote hymns , parlour ballads and other light pieces , and worked as a church organist and music teacher . In 1866 Sullivan composed a one-act comic opera , Cox and Box , which is still widely performed . He wrote his first opera with W. S. Gilbert , Thespis , in 1871 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Operetta', 'summary': 'Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera , light in terms of both music and subject matter . It includes spoken dialogue , songs , and dances . Operetta is the Italian diminutive of opera and was used originally to describe a shorter , perhaps less ambitious work than an opera . Operetta became a recognizable form in the mid-1800s in France , and its popularity led to the development of many national styles of operetta . Operetta as a genre lost favor in the 1930s and gave way to modern musical theatre . Important operetta composers include Johann Strauss , Jacques Offenbach and Franz Lehar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/W._S._Gilbert', 'summary': "Sir William Schwenck Gilbert [ n 1 ] ( 18 November 1836 - 29 May 1911 ) was an English dramatist , librettist , poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan , which produced fourteen comic operas . The most famous of these include H.M.S . Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre , The Mikado . The popularity of these works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them , in Britain and abroad , by the repertory company that Gilbert , Sullivan and their producer Richard D'Oyly Carte founded , the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company . These Savoy operas are still frequently performed in the English-speaking world and beyond . Gilbert 's creative output included over 75 plays and libretti , and numerous short stories , poems and lyrics , both comic and serious . After brief careers as a government clerk and a lawyer , Gilbert began to focus , in the 1860s , on writing light verse , including his Bab Ballads , short stories , theatre reviews and illustrations , often for Fun magazine . He also began to write burlesques and his first comic plays , developing a unique absurdist , inverted style that would later be known as his topsy-turvy style . He also developed a realistic method of stage direction and a reputation as a strict theatre director . In the 1870s , Gilbert wrote 40 plays and libretti , including his German Reed Entertainments , several blank-verse fairy comedies , some serious plays , and his first five collaborations with Sullivan : Thespis , Trial by Jury , The Sorcerer , H.M.S . Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance . In the 1880s , Gilbert focused on the Savoy operas , including Patience , Iolanthe , The Mikado , The Yeomen of the Guard and The Gondoliers ."}]}, {'value': 'Calixa Lavallée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calixa_Lavallée', 'summary': 'Calixa Lavallée ( December 28 , 1842 - January 21 , 1891 ) was a French-Canadian-American musician and Union Army band musician during the American Civil War . He is best known for composing the music for O Canada , which officially became the national anthem of Canada in 1980 , after a vote in the Senate and the House of Commons . The same 1980 Act of Parliament also changed some of the English lyrics . A slight alteration to the English lyrics was made again in 2018 . The original French lyrics and the music , however , have remained unchanged since 1880 .'}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer , known for the Canadian national anthem , O Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O_Canada', 'summary': "O Canada ( French : Ô Canada ) is the national anthem of Canada . The song was originally commissioned by Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Théodore Robitaille for the 1880 Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony ; Calixa Lavallée composed the music , after which , words were written by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier . The original lyrics were in French ; an English translation was published in 1906 . Multiple English versions ensued , with Robert Stanley Weir 's version in 1908 gaining the most popularity , eventually serving as the basis for the official lyrics enacted by Parliament . Weir 's lyrics have been revised three times , most recently when An Act to amend the National Anthem Act ( gender ) was enacted in 2018 . The French lyrics remain unaltered . O Canada had served as a de facto national anthem since 1939 , officially becoming the country 's national anthem in 1980 when Canada 's National Anthem Act received royal assent and became effective on July 1 as part of that year 's Dominion Day ( today 's Canada Day ) celebrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Émile Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Émile_Bernard_(composer)', 'summary': 'Jean Émile Auguste Bernard ( 28 November 1843 - 11 September 1902 ) was a French Romantic composer and organist . Bernard was born in Marseille and studied at the Paris Conservatoire ; his organ teacher was François Benoist and his piano teacher was Antoine François Marmontel . He was organist at the Notre Dame des Champs from 1885 until his retirement in 1895 . He died in Paris . His Fantasy and Fugue won the 1877 prize of the Société de Compositeurs de Paris . His Violin Concerto was dedicated to and performed by Pablo de Sarasate in 1895 at the Conservatoire . Other works include a Suite for Violin and Piano , a Concertstück for Piano and Orchestra , a Rondo for Cello and Orchestra , and a Divertissement for Doubled Wind Quintet ( Op . 36 ) which was first written for the Société des Instruments à Vent .'}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer and organist , known for his Divertissement For Doubled Wind Quintet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edvard Grieg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edvard_Grieg', 'summary': "Edvard Hagerup Grieg ( /ɡriːɡ/ GREEG , Norwegian : [ ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈhɑ̀ːɡərʉp ˈɡrɪɡː ] ; 15 June 1843 - 4 September 1907 ) was a Norwegian composer and pianist . He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers , and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide . His use and development of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions brought the music of Norway to international consciousness , as well as helping to develop a national identity , much as Jean Sibelius did in Finland and Bedřich Smetana did in Bohemia , respectively . Grieg is the most celebrated person from the city of Bergen , with numerous statues depicting his image , and many cultural entities named after him : the city 's largest concert building ( Grieg Hall ) , its most advanced music school ( Grieg Academy ) and its professional choir ( Edvard Grieg Kor ) . The Edvard Grieg Museum at Grieg 's former home , Troldhaugen , is dedicated to his legacy ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwegian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edvard Grieg composer , known for his 1875 incidental music , Peer Gynt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edvard_Grieg', 'summary': "Edvard Hagerup Grieg ( /ɡriːɡ/ GREEG , Norwegian : [ ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈhɑ̀ːɡərʉp ˈɡrɪɡː ] ; 15 June 1843 - 4 September 1907 ) was a Norwegian composer and pianist . He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers , and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide . His use and development of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions brought the music of Norway to international consciousness , as well as helping to develop a national identity , much as Jean Sibelius did in Finland and Bedřich Smetana did in Bohemia , respectively . Grieg is the most celebrated person from the city of Bergen , with numerous statues depicting his image , and many cultural entities named after him : the city 's largest concert building ( Grieg Hall ) , its most advanced music school ( Grieg Academy ) and its professional choir ( Edvard Grieg Kor ) . The Edvard Grieg Museum at Grieg 's former home , Troldhaugen , is dedicated to his legacy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(Grieg)', 'summary': "Peer Gynt , Op . 23 , is the incidental music to Henrik Ibsen 's 1867 play of the same name , written by the Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg in 1875 . It premiered along with the play on 24 February 1876 in Christiania ( now Oslo ) . Grieg later created two suites from his Peer Gynt music . Some of the music from these suites has received coverage in popular culture ; see Grieg 's music in popular culture ."}]}, {'value': 'David Popper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Popper', 'summary': 'David Popper ( June 16 , 1843 - August 7 , 1913 ) was a Bohemian cellist and composer .'}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czech', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'composer and virtuoso cellist , known for his 40 etudes , 4 concertos and Hungarian Rhapsody for cello and orchestra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Taffanel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Taffanel', 'summary': 'Claude-Paul Taffanel ( 16 September 1844 - 22 November 1908 ) was a French flautist , conductor and instructor , regarded as the founder of the French Flute School that dominated much of flute composition and performance during the mid-20th century .'}]}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Taffanel flautist , conductor and instructor , regarded as the founder of the French Flute School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Taffanel', 'summary': 'Claude-Paul Taffanel ( 16 September 1844 - 22 November 1908 ) was a French flautist , conductor and instructor , regarded as the founder of the French Flute School that dominated much of flute composition and performance during the mid-20th century .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Flute_School', 'summary': "The French Flute School , as practiced by pupils of Claude-Paul Taffanel at the Paris Conservatoire , employed a playing style featuring a light tone and vibrato . Students strived to capture the sound quality of Taffanel in their own playing . Louis Fleury described Taffanel 's tone as , captivating , and also very full.This reference of a full sound has often been described as powerful and brassy , which can be taken as derogatory . However , when Gaubert was questioned once about this , he redressed the balance by reiterating the word 'full ' by insisting that Taffanel produced a perfectly homogenous tone throughout the entire range of the instrument . This became fundamental quality common to the great flautists of the French School and can be seen in Taffanel 's successors . These flautists used metal flutes of the modified Boehm system by Louis Lot and others . This stood in contrast to the mostly wooden German and English instruments , which their flautists played with a strong and steady sound ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Late Romantic-era composers ( born 1840–59 )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Romantic-era_composers_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of Romantic-era composers. Note that this list is purely chronological, and also includes a substantial number of composers, especially those born after 1860, whose works cannot be conveniently classified as Romantic.'}	null	null	Who was the brother of the Austrian composer who lived from 1842-1899 ?	Robert Fuchs

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.